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Cho I, An SH, Yoon JH, Namgung N, Kong C. Growth performance and nitrogen excretion of broiler chickens fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. J Anim Sci Technol 2024; 66:145-155. [PMID: 38618035 PMCID: PMC11007463 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of amino acid (AA) supplementation in low-protein (LP) diets on growth performance and nitrogen (N) excretion. A total of 175 7-day-old Ross 308 male broilers, with a mean body weight (BW) of 165 g (standard deviation = 11.2 g), were grouped into five blocks by BW and allocated to seven treatments according to a randomized complete block design with five replicate cages at five birds per cage. Dietary treatments comprised a control diet containing 20.0% crude protein (CP) and six LP diets containing either 18.5% or 17.0% CP. These LP diets were supplemented with either no AA supplementation, indispensable AA, or both indispensable and dispensable AA (glutamic acid and glycine). Birds were fed experimental grower diets from day 7 to 21 and then commercial finisher diets until day 28. During the grower period (day 7 to 21), birds fed LP diets supplemented with indispensable AA exhibited greater (p < 0.05) BW, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than birds fed LP diets without crystalline AA and were comparable to birds fed the control diet. During the finisher period (day 21 to 28), birds fed LP diets supplemented with indispensable AA showed greater (p < 0.05) BW than birds fed LP diets without crystalline AA, and their growth performance was comparable to birds fed the control diet. Throughout the overall period, supplementing indispensable AA in LP diets resulted in elevated (p < 0.05) BWG, FI, and G:F more than those of LP diets without crystalline AA and were comparable to those of the control diet. Supplementing indispensable AA in LP diets decreased amount and coefficient of N excretion as much as the control diet. Dispensable AA supplementation in LP diets did not influence growth performance and N excretion. In conclusion, supplementing indispensable AA in LP diets maintains growth performance and N excretion until the dietary CP lowers from 20.0% to 17.0% during the grower period. As long as dietary CP is above 17.0%, dispensable AA may not be deficient in LP diets during the grower period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Cho
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
| | - Su Hyun An
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal
Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
| | - June Hyeok Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
| | - Nyun Namgung
- Livestock Science R&D Center, Easy
Holdings Co., Ltd., Seoul 06253, Korea
| | - Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal
Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook
National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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Ferreira M, Delagarde R, Edouard N. Nitrogen balance in dairy cows fed low-nitrogen diets based on various proportions of fresh grass and maize silage. Animal 2023; 17:100976. [PMID: 37757524 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure sustainable and efficient production, dairy farms must reduce their environmental impacts and nitrogen losses, which are sources of pollution, while increasing their feed self-sufficiency. Grass-based dairy systems, frequently combine fresh grass with maize silage when grass is scarce or during dietary transitions. However, the effects of combining fresh grass and maize silage on cow performance and N excretion are poorly known. This study aimed to quantify the effects of increasing the proportion of maize silage in a fresh grass diet on cow N flows and metabolism, in the context of grass-based dairy systems. Four proportions of maize silage in a fresh grass diet (objectives of 0, 17, 34 and 51% DM of maize silage) were investigated. The experiment was performed in a 4 × 3 Latin square design using eight lactating cows during three 3-week periods. DM intake (DMI), milk yield, faeces and urine outputs, and their N concentrations were measured for each cow. The fresh grass CP concentration was lower than planned (106 ± 13.0 g/kg DM). This resulted in very low dietary CP concentration, which decreased from 108 to 86 g/kg DM when maize silage in the diet increased from 0 to 51% DM, respectively. DM intake and milk yield both decreased linearly by 3.3 kg/day from 0 to 51% DM of maize silage in the diet. Thus, N intake decreased linearly by 100 g/day from 0 to 51% DM of maize silage in the diet. The N concentration of milk was highest for the diet with 0% DM of maize silage. Nitrogen excreted in faeces and urine decreased linearly by 29 and 23 g/day, respectively, from 0 to 51% DM of maize silage in the diet. The low dietary N concentration resulted in low ruminal NH3-N concentrations (8 mg/L, on average) and urinary urea excretion (down to 8% urea N in urinary N). Increasing the proportion of maize silage in an unusually low-N grass diet, without protein-rich concentrates, induced highly N-deficient diets with minimal N losses in faeces and urine but large and unsustainable decreases in DMI and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferreira
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - R Delagarde
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - N Edouard
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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Méndez-Narváez J, Warkentin KM. Early onset of urea synthesis and ammonia detoxification pathways in three terrestrially developing frogs. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:523-543. [PMID: 37639061 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Frogs evolved terrestrial development multiple times, necessitating mechanisms to avoid ammonia toxicity at early stages. Urea synthesis from ammonia is a key adaptation that reduces water dependence after metamorphosis. We tested for early expression and plasticity of enzymatic mechanisms of ammonia detoxification in three terrestrial-breeding frogs: foam-nest-dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis (Lf) and arboreal embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Hf) and Agalychnis callidryas (Ac). Activity of two ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) enzymes, arginase and CPSase, and levels of their products urea and CP in tissues were high in Lf regardless of nest hydration, but reduced in experimental low- vs. high-ammonia environments. High OUC activity in wet and dry nests, comparable to that under experimental high ammonia, suggests terrestrial Lf larvae maintain high capacity for urea excretion regardless of their immediate risk of ammonia toxicity. This may aid survival through unpredictably long waiting periods before rain enables their transition to water. Moderate levels of urea and CP were present in Hf and Ac tissues and enzymatic activities were lower than in Lf. In both species, embryos in drying clutches can hatch and enter the water early, behaviorally avoiding ammonia toxicity. Moreover, glutamine synthetase was active in early stages of all three species, condensing ammonia and glutamate to glutamine as another mechanism of detoxification. Enzyme activity appeared highest in Lf, although substrate and product levels were higher in Ac and Lf. Our results reveal that multiple biochemical mechanisms of ammonia detoxification occur in early life stages of anuran lineages that evolved terrestrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Méndez-Narváez
- Calima, Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Cali, Colombia.
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama
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Devant M, Pérez A, Medinyà C, Riera J, Grau J, Fernández B, Prenafeta-Boldú FX. Effect of decreasing dietary crude protein in fattening calves on the emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases from manure stored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Animal 2022; 16:100471. [PMID: 35245785 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary strategies can potentially help to reduce nitrogen (N) emissions and decrease the environmental impact of beef production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on animal performance, N excretion, and manure N volatilisation of finishing Holstein animals. In a first study, 105 Holstein bulls (BW 344 ± 2.6 kg; age 252 ± 0.9 days) were allocated to eight pens to evaluate the effect of two treatments (medium (M) and low (L), which contained CP 14.5% and 12% on a DM basis, respectively) on performance, and results confirmed that dietary CP decrease did not impair animal growth. In a second study, N excretion study, 24 Holstein heifers (BW 310 ± 5.3 kg; age 251 ± 1.4 days) were distributed randomly depending on the initial BW to three treatments (high (H), M, and L, which contained CP 17%, 14.5% and 12% on a DM basis, respectively). Based on N excretion, urinary N excretion was greater (P < 0.001) in H than in M and L diets, but no differences in faecal N excretion were observed among treatments. A third study with in vitro assays under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was designed to analyse gaseous emissions (volatilisation of N and carbon, C) during the storage stage of manure. Manure, faecal and urine samples, mixed at a ratio of 1:1 (wet weight), were collected during the N excretion study (manure-H, manure-M, manure-L). Under aerobic conditions, manure-M and manure-L showed a delay of 4-5 days in manure ammonia emission compared with manure-H (P < 0.01). Total N content was lower (P < 0.01) in manure-L compared with manure-M and manure-H, but N volatilisation (percentage relative to initial N) in manure-L and manure-M was greater (P < 0.01) than in manure-H. In contrast, the anaerobic N volatilisation was 20 times greater in manure-M and 10 times greater in manure-H compared with manure-L. Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the emission of C, as C-CO2 and C-CH4, was greater in manure-L than in manure-H and manure-M. Therefore, the decrease of dietary CP concentration from 17% to 14.5% and 12% is an efficient strategy to reduce urinary N excretion by 40%, without impairing performance, and also to reduce manure N losses through ammonia volatilisation under anaerobic conditions. However, a dietary CP content of 14.5% resulted in less environmental impact than a CP content of 12.8% when also considering manure emissions under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Devant
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - A Pérez
- Corporación Alimentaria Guissona, S.A., 25210 Guissona, Lleida, Spain
| | - C Medinyà
- Nutrición Animal S.L., 08650 Sallent, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Riera
- Nanta S.A., 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Grau
- Setna Nutrición Animal SAU, 28521 Rivas Vaciamadrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Fernández
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - F X Prenafeta-Boldú
- IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Koch F, Derno M, Langhammer M, Tuchscherer A, Hammon HM, Mielenz M, Metges CC, Kuhla B. A high-protein diet containing inulin/oligofructose supports body weight gain associated with lower energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation, and alters faecal microbiota in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e50. [PMID: 34290864 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic supplements and high-protein (HP) diets reduce body weight and modulate intestinal microbiota. Our aim was to elucidate the combined effect of an inulin/oligofructose (FOS) and HP diet on body weight gain, energy metabolism and faecal microbiota. Forty male C57BL/6NCrl mice were fed a control (C) diet for 2 weeks and allocated to a C or HP (40 % protein) diet including no or 10 % inulin/FOS (C + I and HP + I) for 4 weeks. Inulin/FOS was added in place of starch and cellulose. Body weight, food intake, faecal energy and nitrogen were determined. Indirect calorimetry and faecal microbiota analysis were performed after 3 weeks on diets. Body weight gain of HP-fed mice was 36 % lower than HP + I- and C-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Diet digestibility and food conversion efficiency were higher in HP + I- than HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅01), while food intake was comparable between groups. Total energy expenditure (heat production) was 25 % lower in HP + I- than in C-, HP- and C + I-fed mice (P < 0⋅001). Carbohydrate oxidation tended to be 24 % higher in HP- than in HP + I-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Faecal nitrogen excretion was 31-45 % lower in C-, C + I- and HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Faecal Bacteroides-Prevotella DNA was 2⋅3-fold higher in C + I- and HP + I- relative to C-fed mice (P < 0⋅05), but Clostridium leptum DNA abundances was 79 % lower in HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). We suggest that the higher conversion efficiency of dietary energy of HP + I but not C + I-fed mice is caused by higher digestibility and lower heat production, resulting in increased body mass.
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Singer P, Bendavid I, BenArie I, Stadlander L, Kagan I. Feasibility of achieving different protein targets using a hypocaloric high-protein enteral formula in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2021; 25:204. [PMID: 34116714 PMCID: PMC8194118 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Combining energy and protein targets during the acute phase of critical illness is challenging. Energy should be provided progressively to reach targets while avoiding overfeeding and ensuring sufficient protein provision. This prospective observational study evaluated the feasibility of achieving protein targets guided by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion while avoiding overfeeding when administering a high protein-to-energy ratio enteral nutrition (EN) formula. Methods Critically ill adult mechanically ventilated patients with an APACHE II score > 15, SOFA > 4 and without gastrointestinal dysfunction received EN with hypocaloric content for 7 days. Protein need was determined by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion, up to 1.2 g/kg (Group A, N = 10) or up to 1.5 g/kg (Group B, N = 22). Variables assessed included nitrogen intake, excretion, balance; resting energy expenditure (REE); phase angle (PhA); gastrointestinal tolerance of EN. Results Demographic characteristics of groups were similar. Protein target was achieved using urinary nitrogen excretion measurements. Nitrogen balance worsened in Group A but improved in Group B. Daily protein and calorie intake and balance were significantly increased in Group B compared to Group A. REE was correlated to PhA measurements. Gastric tolerance of EN was good. Conclusions Achieving the protein target using urinary nitrogen loss up to 1.5 g/kg/day was feasible in this hypercatabolic population. Reaching a higher protein and calorie target did not induce higher nitrogen excretion and was associated with improved nitrogen balance and a better energy intake without overfeeding. PhA appears to be related to REE and may reflect metabolism level, suggestive of a new phenotype for nutritional status. Trial registration 0795-18-RMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jabotinsky Street, 49100, Petah Tikva, Israel.
| | - Itai Bendavid
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jabotinsky Street, 49100, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ilana BenArie
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jabotinsky Street, 49100, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Liran Stadlander
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jabotinsky Street, 49100, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ilya Kagan
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jabotinsky Street, 49100, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Vargas JAC, Santos VFS, Lustosa TNM, Alves KS, Maciel RP, Gomes DI, Mezzomo R. Multivariate relationship between the nitrogen excretion and the protein and fiber utilization in hair sheep fed Mombasa grass silage mixed with açai palm seeds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:254. [PMID: 33837863 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the multivariate relationship among the crude protein (CP) intake and digestibility, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility, and the nitrogen excretion in hair sheep fed Mombasa grass silage mixed with açai palm seeds using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). For this purpose, a dataset was constructed using the information derived from a metabolic experiment with Santa Ines sheep (BW ± SE: 33.9 ± 1.37 kg) allocated into a 5 × 5 Latin square. The following two multivariate relationships were explored using CCA: (1) the N in both feces (Nfeces) and urine (Nurine) (canonical variate U) versus the intake of both CP (CPI) and NDF (NDFI) (canonical variate V). (2) the Nfeces and Nurine (canonical variate W) versus the digestibility of both CP (CPD) and NDF (NDFD) (canonical variate Z). Canonical loadings for relationship No. 1 revealed that Nfeces (0.971) and Nurine (- 0.249) had a positive and negative correlation, respectively, with U. Both CPI (0.960) and NDFI (0.997) had a positive and similar correlation with V. Regarding relationship No. 2, both Nfeces (0.860) and Nurine (0.500) had a positive correlation with W. Conversely, both CPD (- 0.910) and NDFD (- 0.889) had a negative and similar association with Z. In conclusion, our data showed that when a multivariate approach is used, an increase in both CPI and NDFI produces an increase in Nfeces, as well as a decrease in Nurine. Additionally, a decrease in both CPD and NDFD produces an increase in both Nfeces and Nurine.
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Fujii T, Kakino K, Tanaka M, Lee JM, Kusakabe T, Banno Y. A defect in purine nucleotide metabolism in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, causes a translucent larval integument and male infertility. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 126:103458. [PMID: 32861775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
p-oily (op) is a novel mutant of Bombyx mori exhibiting translucent larval integument and male infertility. Elucidation of the causative gene of the op mutant will help understand the genetic mechanism underlying larval integument coloration and male fertility. Using polymorphisms between B. mori and B. mandarina, the op locus was narrowed down to a 375-kb region. Using RNA-seq analysis, we found that op mutants have a frameshift mutation in the KWMTBOMO13770 gene located in the 375-kb region. A database search indicated that this gene is the human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II gene (cN-II) homolog in Bombyx, which mediates the conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) to inosine, a precursor of uric acid. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout mutants of the Bm-cN-II gene showed translucent integuments, and there appeared translucent larvae in the crosses between knockout moths and +/op moths. Moreover, the translucent phenotype of, and decreased uric acid content in the larval integument caused by the mutations in the Bm-cN-II gene were rescued by oral administration of inosine. These results indicated that the Bm-cN-II gene is responsible for the op phenotype and that the molecular function of the Bm-cN-II gene is the conversion of IMP to inosine. We also discuss the genetic relationship between the Bm-cN-II gene and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguru Fujii
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kohei Kakino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miyu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yutaka Banno
- Laboratory of Silkworm Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Graduate School of BioResources and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Pelster B, Wood CM, Braz-Mota S, Val AL. Gills and air-breathing organ in O 2 uptake, CO 2 excretion, N-waste excretion, and ionoregulation in small and large pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:569-583. [PMID: 32529591 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), gill surface area and thus gas exchange capacity of the gills are reduced with proceeding development. It, therefore, is expected that A. gigas, starting as a water breather, progressively turns into an obligate air-breathing fish using an air-breathing organ (ABO) for gas exchange. We assessed the air-breathing activity, O2 and CO2 exchange into air and water, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion, ion flux rates, and activities of ion transport ATPases in large versus small pirarucu. We found that even very young A. gigas (4-6 g, 2-3 weeks post-hatch) with extensive gills are air-breathers (18.1 breaths*h-1) and cover most (63%) of their O2 requirements from the air whereas 600-700-g animals (about 3-4 months post-hatch), with reduced gills, obtain 75% of their O2 from the air (10.8 breaths*h-1). Accordingly, the reduction in gill surface area hardly affected O2 uptake, but development had a significant effect on aerial CO2 excretion, which was very low (3%) in small fish and increased to 12% in larger fish, yielding a hyper-allometric scaling coefficient (1.12) in contrast to 0.82-0.84 for aquatic and total CO2 excretion. Mass-specific ammonia excretion decreased in approximate proportion to mass-specific O2 consumption as the fish grew, but urea-N excretion dropped from 18% (at 4-6 g) to 8% (at 600-700 g) of total N-excretion; scaling coefficients for all these parameters were 0.70-0.80. Mass-specific sodium influx and efflux rates, as well as potassium net loss rates, departed from this pattern, being greater in larger fish; hyper-allometric scaling coefficients were > 1.0. Gill V-type H+ ATPase activities were greater than Na+, K+-ATPase activities, but levels were generally low and comparable in large and small fish, and similar activities were detected in the ABO. A. gigas is a carnivorous fish throughout its lifecycle, and, despite fasting, protein oxidation accounted for the major portion (61-82%) of aerobic metabolism in both large and small animals. ABO PO2 and PCO2 (measured in 600-700-g fish) were quite variable, and aerial hypoxia resulted in lower ABO PO2 values. Under normoxic conditions, a positive correlation between breath volume and ABP PO2 was detected, and on average with a single breath more than 50% of the ABO volume was exchanged. ABO PCO2 values were in the range of 1.95-3.89 kPa, close to previously recorded blood PCO2 levels. Aerial hypoxia (PO2 down to 12.65 kPa) did not increase either air-breathing frequency or breath volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Susana Braz-Mota
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adalberto L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus, Brazil
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Sun W, Li Y, Tang Z, Chen H, Wan K, An R, Wu L, Sun Z. Effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate to low-protein diets on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera and liver of pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:36. [PMID: 32308979 PMCID: PMC7153232 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying regulatory measures to promote glucose oxidative metabolism while simultaneously reducing amino acid oxidative metabolism is one of the foremost challenges in formulating low-protein (LP) diets designed to reduce the excretion of nitrogen-containing substances known to be potential pollutants. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) to a LP diet on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of pigs.To measure nitrogen balance, 18 barrows (40 ± 1.0 kg) were fed one of three diets (n = 6 per group): 18% crude protein (CP, control), 13.5% CP (LP), and 13.5% CP + 100 mg DCA/kg dry matter (LP-DCA). To measure amino acid metabolism in the PDV and liver, 15 barrows (40 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the three diets (n = 5 per group). Four essential amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp) were added to the LP diets such that these had amino acid levels comparable to those of the control diet. Results The LP-DCA diet reduced nitrogen excretion in pigs relative to that of pigs fed the control diet (P < 0.05), without any negative effects on nitrogen retention (P > 0.05). There were no differences between the control and LP-DCA groups with respect to amino acid supply to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues in pigs (P > 0.05). The net release of ammonia into the portal vein and production rate of urea in the liver of pigs fed the LP-DCA diet was reduced relative to that of pigs fed the control and LP diets (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that addition of DCA to a LP diet can efficiently reduce nitrogen excretion in pigs and maximize the supply of amino acids to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Sun
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- 2Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wan
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui An
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Wu
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- 1Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 People's Republic of China
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Morris C, O'Donnell M. Multiple functions of ion transport by the nuchal organ in embryos and neonates of the freshwater branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.211128. [PMID: 31645374 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuchal organ, also referred to as the dorsal organ or neck organ, is a dorsal structure located posteriorly to the compound eye, between the bases of the second antennae of embryonic and neonate branchiopod crustaceans such as the water flea, Daphnia magna The ultrastructure of the nuchal organ is similar to ion-transporting tissues in other crustaceans, including abundant mitochondria and extensive amplification of apical and basal plasma membranes through microvilli and infoldings, but direct evidence for ion transport is lacking. We used the scanning ion-selective electrode technique to measure transport of Na+, K+, H+, Cl-, NH4 + and Ca2+ across the nuchal organ and body surface of embryos and neonates bathed in dechlorinated Hamilton tap water. Influx of Na+ and efflux of H+ and NH4 + was found to occur across the nuchal organ of both embryos and neonates. We propose that the efflux of K+ and Cl- across the nuchal organ in embryos is related to the expansion of the haemocoel and release of intracellular solutes into the extracellular space during development. K+ is taken up across the nuchal organ later during development, coincident with expansion of the intracellular compartment through the development of gills and other organs. Ca2+ influx across the nuchal organ and body surface of neonates but not embryos is presumably related to calcification of the exoskeleton. Increases in the levels of Na+ and Ca2+ in the water within the brood chamber suggest maternal provisioning of ions for uptake by the embryos. Our data thus support roles for the nuchal organ in ionoregulation, pH regulation and nitrogenous waste excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Morris
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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12
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Zhao Y, Tian G, Chen D, Zheng P, Yu J, He J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Yu B. Effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 31534715 PMCID: PMC6745769 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. Forty-two barrows (25.00 ± 0.39 kg) were randomly assigned to 7 diets. Diet 1: the high crude protein diet with balanced for 10 essential amino acids (EAAs). Diet 2: the medium crude protein diet with 2% (approx) decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs. Diet 3: the low crude protein diet with 4% decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs. The protein levels of Diet 4, 5, 6 and 7 were the same as that of Diet 3. Diet 4 was only balanced for lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr) and tryptophan (Trp); Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra isoleucine (Ile) or valine (Val), respectively; Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile + Val. Results Over the 112 days trial, the reduction of dietary protein by 2% or 4% with balanced10 EAAs significantly decreased nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05), but had no effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics (P > 0.05). In low protein diet, Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25–50 kg phase (P < 0.05), while Ile supplementation at 75–100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase significantly reduced the ratio of feed to gain (P < 0.05). No effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on carcass characteristics was observed (P > 0.05). The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile, or Val, or Ile + Val diets. Conclusion In low protein diet, Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage (25–50 kg), while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage (75–125 kg). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0381-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
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Lassaletta L, Estellés F, Beusen AHW, Bouwman L, Calvet S, van Grinsven HJM, Doelman JC, Stehfest E, Uwizeye A, Westhoek H. Future global pig production systems according to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:739-751. [PMID: 30790747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Global pork production has increased fourfold over the last 50 years and is expected to continue growing during the next three decades. This may have considerable implications for feed use, land requirements, and nitrogen emissions. To analyze the development of the pig production sector at the scale of world regions, we developed the IMAGE-Pig model to describe changes in feed demand, feed conversion ratios (FCRs), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen excretion for backyard, intermediate and intensive systems during the past few decades as a basis to explore future scenarios. For each region and production system, total production, productive characteristics and dietary compositions were defined for the 1970-2005 period. The results show that due to the growing pork production total feed demand has increased by a factor of two (from 229 to 471Tg DM). This is despite the improvement of FCRs during the 1970-2005 period, which has reduced the feed use per kg of product. The increase of nitrogen use efficiency was slower than the improvement of FCRs due to increasing protein content in the feed rations. As a result, total N excretion increased by more than a factor of two in the 1970-2005 period (from 4.6 to 11.1 Tg N/year). For the period up to 2050, the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) provide information on levels of human consumption, technical development and environmental awareness. The sustainability of pig production systems for the coming decades will be based not only on the expected efficiency improvements at the level of animal breeds, but also on four additional pillars: (i) use of alternative feed sources not competing with human food, (ii) reduction of the crude protein content in rations, (iii) the proper use of slurries as fertilizers through coupling of crop and livestock production and (iv) moderation of the human pork consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Lassaletta
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 GH The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands; CEIGRAM/Department of Agricultural Production, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Fernando Estellés
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arthur H W Beusen
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 GH The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lex Bouwman
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 GH The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Salvador Calvet
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jonathan C Doelman
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 GH The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 GH The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Aimable Uwizeye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy; Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Teagasc - Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Henk Westhoek
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2500 GH The Hague, the Netherlands
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Ceglia L, Dawson-Hughes B. Increasing alkali supplementation decreases urinary nitrogen excretion when adjusted for same day nitrogen intake. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:3355-3359. [PMID: 28842733 PMCID: PMC6592622 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined whether escalating doses of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) supplements alter urinary nitrogen excretion expressed as a ratio to same day nitrogen intake (measure of muscle-protein breakdown). The ratio declined significantly from placebo to low to high dose of KHCO3 supplementation in older adults over 3 months, suggesting muscle-sparing. INTRODUCTION Neutralization of dietary acid load with alkali supplementation (i.e., KHCO3) has been hypothesized to have muscle protein-sparing effects. In controlled feeding studies with fixed nitrogen (N) intake/day, 24-h urinary N excretion is a good marker of muscle breakdown. However, in studies with self-selected diets, changes in 24-h urinary N excretion can be influenced by shifts in N intake. METHODS We evaluated changes in 24-h total urinary N excretion as a ratio of N excretion to concurrent N intake in 233 older men and women who participated in an 84-day KHCO3 supplementation randomized placebo-controlled trial. RESULTS After adjustment for relevant cofactors, escalating doses of KHCO3 (1 mmol/kg/day [low] or 1.5 mmol/kg/day [high]) resulted in a progressive decline in urinary N excretion/N intake compared to placebo (overall P for trend = 0.042). The 84-day change in urinary N excretion/N intake in the high-dose KHCO3 group was statistically significantly lower compared to placebo (P = 0.012) but not compared to the low-dose KHCO3 group (P = 0.276). The 84-day change in urinary N excretion/N intake in the low-dose KHCO3 group did not differ significantly from placebo (P = 0.145). CONCLUSIONS Urinary N excretion expressed as ratio to same day N intake declined steadily with increasing doses of KHCO3 supplementation from low 1 mmol/kg/day to high 1.5 mmol/kg/day, suggesting a nitrogen-sparing effect. Compared to urinary N excretion alone, this ratio could be a more reasonable measure of muscle protein metabolism in large-scale long-term human studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT1475214.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ceglia
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - B Dawson-Hughes
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Charan-Dixon H, Gaw S, Goldstien SJ, Glover CN. Effects of waterborne cadmium on energy metabolism in the tropical sea cucumber, Stichopus horrens, and a comparison of tissue-specific cadmium accumulation with the temperate sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 141:1-8. [PMID: 28284150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sea cucumber Stichopus horrens is an important component of near-shore ecosystems, and in the Kingdom of Tonga it also comprises an important commercial and subsistence fishery. To assess the sensitivity of this species to the toxic trace metal cadmium (Cd), adult S. horrens were exposed for 96h to an environmental (15µgL-1) or effect (765µgL-1) concentration of waterborne Cd. The respiratory tree and intestine accumulated higher concentrations of Cd than the muscle and body wall, but there were no effects of Cd on tissue ions (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium). For comparison, Cd accumulation was also examined in the Australasian sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis. This species displayed a similar pattern of tissue-specific accumulation to S. horrens, but exhibited lower tissue Cd burdens, likely a consequence of lower experimental temperature. Effects on gonad ion content were also seen in this species. At the highest Cd exposure concentration, S. horrens showed impaired ammonia excretion rates and an increased molar oxygen:nitrogen ratio (O:N), indicative of a decreased reliance on protein metabolism. Overall, this study suggests that S. horrens is relatively tolerant of Cd exposure, but raises concerns regarding the subsistence fishery practice of consuming the viscera of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Gaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - Chris N Glover
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Athabasca River Basin Research Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada.
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16
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Fulton J, LeMoine CMR, Bucking C, Brix KV, Walsh PJ, McDonald MD. A waterborne chemical cue from Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, prompts pulsatile urea excretion in conspecifics. Physiol Behav 2017; 171:92-99. [PMID: 28040487 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) has a fully functional ornithine urea cycle (O-UC) that allows it to excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea. Interestingly, urea is excreted in a pulse across the gill that lasts 1-3h and occurs once or twice a day. Both the stress hormone, cortisol, and the neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-HT) are involved in the control of pulsatile urea excretion. This and other evidence suggests that urea pulsing may be linked to toadfish social behavior. The hypothesis of the present study was that toadfish urea pulses can be triggered by waterborne chemical cues from conspecifics. Our findings indicate that exposure to seawater that held a donor conspecific for up to 48h (pre-conditioned seawater; PC-SW) induced a urea pulse within 7h in naïve conspecifics compared to a pulse latency of 20h when exposed to seawater alone. Factors such as PC-SW intensity and donor body mass influenced the pulse latency response of naïve conspecifics. Fractionation and heat treatment of PC-SW to narrow possible signal candidates revealed that the active chemical was both water-soluble and heat-stable. Fish exposed to urea, cortisol or 5-HT in seawater did not have a pulse latency that was significantly different than seawater alone; however, ammonia, perhaps in the form of NH4Cl, was found to be a factor in the pulse latency response of toadfish to PC-SW and could be one component of a multi-component cue used for chemical communication in toadfish. Further studies are needed to fully identify the chemical cue as well as determine its adaptive significance in this marine teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Fulton
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christophe M R LeMoine
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Carol Bucking
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Kevin V Brix
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - M Danielle McDonald
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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Chandurvelan R, Marsden ID, Gaw S, Glover CN. Acute and sub-chronic effects of sub-lethal cadmium exposure on energy metabolism in the freshwater shrimp, Paratya curvirostris. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 135:60-67. [PMID: 27685671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic trace element enriched in waters through activities such as mining and agriculture. The freshwater shrimp Paratya curvirostris inhabits near-coastal, lowland streams potentially impacted by Cd, but nothing is known regarding its sensitivity to this metal. An acute (96h) median lethal concentration (LC50) of 405µgL-1 was derived for P. curvirostris, placing it among the most tolerant of freshwater shrimp species. Acute (4 d; 0, 50 and 100µgL-1) and sub-chronic (10 d; 0, 25 and 50µgL-1) exposures then investigated effects of Cd on energy metabolism (respiration rate, excretion rate, O:N ratio). In contrast to effects in previously studied species, Cd induced an increased respiration rate, which when coupled with an unchanged excretion rate, resulted in an increased O:N ratio. These data were explained by an increased reliance on carbohydrate and/or lipid as a metabolic substrate stimulated by increased metabolic costs of toxicant exposure. Similar effects were seen across all time-points, although the lowest effective Cd concentration decreased with increased exposure time. Overall, results suggest that Cd is unlikely to be a significant environmental stressor to P. curvirostris, except in highly contaminated freshwaters, and/or where Cd co-occurs with hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Islay D Marsden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Chris N Glover
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Athabasca River Basin Research Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Pasparakis C, Mager EM, Stieglitz JD, Benetti D, Grosell M. Effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil exposure, temperature and developmental stage on oxygen consumption of embryonic and larval mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Aquat Toxicol 2016; 181:113-123. [PMID: 27829195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The timing and location of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident within the Gulf of Mexico resulted in crude oil exposure of many commercially and ecologically important fish species, such as mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), during the sensitive early life stages. Previous research has shown that oil exposure during the embryonic stage of predatory pelagic fish reduces cardiac function - a particularly important trait for fast-swimming predators with high aerobic demands. However, it is unclear whether reductions in cardiac function translate to impacts on oxygen consumption in these developing embryos and larvae. A 24-channel optical-fluorescence oxygen-sensing system for high-throughput respiration measurements was used to investigate the effects of oil exposure, temperature and developmental stage on oxygen consumption rates in embryonic and larval mahi-mahi. Oil-exposed developing mahi-mahi displayed increased oxygen consumption, despite clear cardiac deformities and bradycardia, confirming oxygen uptake and delivery from a source other than the circulatory system. In addition to metabolic rate measurements, nitrogenous waste excretion was measured to test the hypothesis that increased energy demand was fueled by protein catabolism. This is the first study to our knowledge that demonstrates increased energy demand and energy depletion in oil-exposed developing mahi-mahi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States.
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Daniel Benetti
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, United States
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Wardenaar FC, Steennis J, Ceelen IJ, Mensink M, Witkamp R, de Vries JH. Validation of web-based, multiple 24-h recalls combined with nutritional supplement intake questionnaires against nitrogen excretions to determine protein intake in Dutch elite athletes. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:2083-92. [PMID: 26435534 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515003839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Information on dietary composition is vitally important for elite athletes to optimise their performance and recovery, which requires valid tools. The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity of assessing protein intake using three web-based 24-h recalls and questionnaires, by comparing these with three urinary N excretions on the same day. A total of forty-seven Dutch elite top athletes, both disabled and non-disabled, aged between 18 and 35 years, with a BMI of 17·5-31 kg/m2, exercising >12 h/week were recruited. Estimated mean dietary protein intake was 109·6 (sd 33·0) g/d by recalls and questionnaires v. 141·3 (sd 38·2) g/d based on N excretions in urine; the difference was 25·5 (sd 21·3) % between the methods (P<0·05). We found a reasonably good association between methods for protein intake of 0·65 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·79). On an individual level, under-reporting was larger with higher protein intakes than with lower intakes. No significant differences were found in reporting absolute differences between subcategories (sex, under-reporting, BMI, collection of recalls within a certain amount of time and using protein supplements or not). In conclusion, combined, multiple, 24-h recalls and questionnaires underestimated protein intake in these young elite athletes more than that reported for non-athlete populations. The method proved to be suitable for ranking athletes according to their protein intake as needed in epidemiological studies. On an individual level, the magnitude of underestimation was about equal for all athletes except for those with very high protein intakes.
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