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Prajapati M, Aryal M, Li Y, Zhang Z, Acharya MP, Clive S, Frossard JP. Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus identified in 2021 from Nepal. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1267571. [PMID: 38628941 PMCID: PMC11018977 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1267571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), an important viral disease of swine caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) was first confirmed in Nepal in 2013. Since then, the virus has spread throughout the country and has now become endemic affecting the pig production nationally. However, molecular characterization of circulating strains has not been done in Nepal yet. In the present study, serum samples were collected from outbreak areas of different districts of Nepal and samples positive for PRRSV by ELISA were sent to Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), United Kingdom for sequence analysis. Out of 35 samples that were sent to APHA, only one sample was found positive by PCR and subjected to sequence analysis based on ORF5, ORF7 and Nsp2. The results from the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the PRRSV strain belongs to PRRSV-2 and lineage 8 strain. The sequences from the Nepalese PRRSV strain revealed a high degree of similarity with the strains isolated from India, China and Vietnam, with the closest genetic relatedness to the Indian isolates from 2020 and 2018. This is the first study on molecular characterization of PRRS virus circulating in Nepal. Further studies on strains circulating in Nepal are very essential to understand the virus diversity, its spread and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Prajapati
- National Animal Health Research Centre, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Manita Aryal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Madhav Prasad Acharya
- National Animal Health Research Centre, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Zhao SS, Qian Q, Chen XX, Lu Q, Xing G, Qiao S, Li R, Zhang G. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus triggers Golgi apparatus fragmentation-mediated autophagy to facilitate viral self-replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0184223. [PMID: 38179942 PMCID: PMC10878038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01842-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling process that maintains the homeostasis of organisms. A growing number of studies have reported that autophagy participates in infection by a variety of viruses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe financial losses to the global swine industry. Although much research has shown that PRRSV triggers autophagy for its own benefits, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in PRRSV-triggered autophagy remain to be fully elucidated. In the current study, we demonstrated that PRRSV infection significantly induced Golgi apparatus (GA) fragmentation, which promoted autophagy to facilitate viral self-replication. Mechanistically, PRRSV nonstructural protein 2 was identified to interact with and degrade the Golgi reassembly and stacking protein 65 dependent on its papain-like cysteine protease 2 activity, resulting in GA fragmentation. Upon GA fragmentation, GA-resident Ras-like protein in brain 2 was disassociated from Golgi matrix protein 130 and subsequently bound to unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), which enhanced phosphorylation of ULK1 and promoted autophagy. Taken together, all these results expand the knowledge of PRRSV-triggered autophagy as well as PRRSV pathogenesis to support novel potential avenues for prevention and control of the virus. More importantly, these results provide the detailed mechanism of GA fragmentation-mediated autophagy, deepening the understanding of autophagic processes.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection results in a serious swine disease affecting pig farming worldwide. Despite that numerous studies have shown that PRRSV triggers autophagy for its self-replication, how PRRSV induces autophagy is incompletely understood. Here, we identify that PRRSV Nsp2 degrades GRASP65 to induce GA fragmentation, which dissociates RAB2 from GM130 and activates RAB2-ULK1-mediated autophagy to enhance viral replication. This work expands our understanding of PRRSV-induced autophagy and PRRSV replication, which is beneficial for anti-viral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-shuang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qisheng Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Diao F, Bai J, Jiang C, Sun Y, Gao Y, Nauwynck H, Jiang P, Liu X. The Papain-Like Protease of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Impedes STING Translocation from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus by Deubiquitinating STIM1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0018823. [PMID: 37039642 PMCID: PMC10134850 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00188-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) was recently pinpointed as an antiviral innate immune factor during the infection of RNA viruses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the swine arterivirus, is an enveloped RNA virus which has evolved many strategies to evade innate immunity. To date, the interactive network between PRRSV and STING remains to be fully established. Herein, we report that STING suppresses PRRSV replication through type I interferon signaling. However, PRRSV impedes STING trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, leading to the decreased phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Furthermore, PRRSV nonstructural protein 2 (Nsp2) colocalizes with STING, blocks STING translocation, and disrupts the STING-TBK1-IRF3 complex. Mechanistically, PRRSV Nsp2 retains STING at the ER by increasing the level of Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) protein. Functional analysis reveals that PRRSV Nsp2 deubiquitinates STIM1 by virtue of its papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) deubiquitinating (DUB) activity. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of STIM1 is associated with an elevated IFN response and restricts PRRSV replication. This work delineates the relationship between PRRSV infection and STING signaling and the importance of papain-like proteases (PLPs) in interfering in this axis. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a member of the family Arteriviridae, is responsible for reproductive disorders in pregnant sows and respiratory problems in piglets, resulting in huge losses in the swine industry worldwide. Of note, PRRSV infection causes immunosuppression, of which the mechanism is not completely understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that STING, a protein typically associated with the antiviral response in DNA viruses, plays a critical role in controlling PRRSV infection. However, PRRSV utilizes its encoded protein Nsp2 to inhibit STING activity by blocking its translocation from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. In particular, Nsp2 retains STING at the ER by interacting with and further deubiquitinating STIM1. For this process, the activity of the viral PLP2 DUB enzyme is indispensable. The study describes a novel mechanism by which PLP2 plays a critical role in suppressing the innate immune response against arteriviruses and potentially other viruses that encode similar proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Gao S, Han B, Xu B, Wang N, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang M, Wang G, Guan X, Huang J, Liu M, Shi W. SAV Nsp2 regulates NF-κB signaling to induce inflammatory responses by targeting host DDX3. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 140:104612. [PMID: 36473548 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmon alphavirus (SAV) infection leads to severe pancreas disease (PD) with typical inflammatory responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nsp2, an important nonstructural protein of SAV, can activate NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce inflammatory responses. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the ML (279-421aa) of Nsp2 was revealed to be the key domain for activating NF-κB. We focused on a host protein, DEAD-box RNA helicase 3 (DDX3), that may interact with Nsp2 to regulate NF-κB-induced inflammatory. The interaction between DDX3 and Nsp2 was confirmed in vitro. Overexpression of DDX3 inhibited the activation of NF-κB by Nsp2. SAV Nsp2 relieves the inhibitory effect of DDX3 on NF-κB, thereby initiating the innate immune response. This study revealed the molecular mechanism of Nsp2-induced inflammatory response by targeting DDX3 to activate NF-κB, providing a theoretical basis for revealing the underlying infection mechanism and pathogenesis of SAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Baoxing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Exprerimental Medicine Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Zhu Z, Zhang M, Yuan L, Xu Y, Zhou H, Lian Z, Liu P, Li X. LGP2 Promotes Type I Interferon Production To Inhibit PRRSV Infection via Enhancing MDA5-Mediated Signaling. J Virol 2023; 97:e0184322. [PMID: 36622220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the global pig industry, which modulates the host's innate antiviral immunity to achieve immune evasion. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) sense viral RNA and activate the interferon signaling pathway. LGP2, a member of the RLR family, plays an important role in regulating innate immunity. However, the role of LGP2 in virus infection is controversial. Whether LGP2 has a role during infection with PRRSV remains unclear. Here, we found that LGP2 overexpression restrained the replication of PRRSV, while LGP2 silencing facilitated PRRSV replication. LGP2 was prone to interact with MDA5 and enhanced viral RNA enrichment and recognition by MDA5, thus promoting the activation of RIG-I/IRF3 and NF-κB signaling pathways and reinforcing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon during PRRSV infection. Meanwhile, there was a decreased protein expression of LGP2 upon PRRSV infection in vitro. PRRSV Nsp1 and Nsp2 interacted with LGP2 and promoted K63-linked ubiquitination of LGP2, ultimately leading to the degradation of LGP2. These novel findings indicate that LGP2 plays a role in regulating PRRSV replication through synergistic interaction with MDA5. Moreover, targeting LGP2 is responsible for PRRSV immune evasion. Our work describes a novel mechanism of virus-host interaction and provides the basis for preventing and controlling PRRSV. IMPORTANCE LGP2, a member of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), shows higher-affinity binding to RNA and work synergism with RIG-I or MDA5. However, LGP2 has divergent responses to different viruses, which remains controversial in antiviral immune responses. Here, we present the detailed process of LGP2 in positively regulating the anti-PRRSV response. Upon PRRSV infection, LGP2 was prone to bind to MDA5 and enhanced MDA5 signaling, manifesting the enrichment of viral RNA on MDA5 and the activation of downstream IRF3 and NF-κB, which results in increased proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon expression, ultimately inhibiting PRRSV at the early stage of infection. Moreover, PRRSV Nsp1 and Nsp2 interacted with LGP2 via ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, thus blocking LGP2-mediated immune response. This research helps us understand the host recognition and innate antiviral response to PRRSV infection by neglected pattern recognition receptors, which sheds light on the detailed mechanism of virus-host interaction.
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Zhou L, Yang Y, Xia Q, Guan Z, Zhang J, Li B, Qiu Y, Liu K, Shao D, Ma Z, Wang X, Wei J. Genetic characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from Eastern China during 2017-2022. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:971817. [PMID: 36312912 PMCID: PMC9606797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.971817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by PRSS virus (PRRSV). PRRSV mainly causes reproductive disorders in pregnant sows and respiratory diseases in piglets. Recently, it has emerged as one of the most important diseases of the pig industry across the globe. In this study, we have collected 231 samples from differently sized pig farms in Eastern China from 2017 to 2022 to investigate the epidemic characteristics of the disease. All samples were screened by RT-PCR and analyzed further using Nsp2 and ORF5 genes. The result showed that the positive rate of PRRSV was 24% (54/231). Phylogenetic analysis (13 positive samples) revealed that all isolates belonged to genotype 2, and they were mainly distributed in four lineages (i.e., lineage 1, 3, 5, and 8). Nsp2 is the most variable protein among all PRRSV NSPs, several isolates from this study had amino acid deletions within Nsp2 compared to that of strain VR-2332. The major structural protein glycoprotein (GP5) protein is encoded by ORF5. Epitope analysis of the 13 isolated strains and additional reference strains revealed that all 13 strains had some mutations on the decoy epitope, the primary neutralizing epitope, T cell epitopes, and B cell epitopes. This study showed that the prevalent PRRSV strain in Eastern China was still HP-PRRSV, while the proportion of NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains have increased. This study further enriches the epidemiological data of PRRS in Eastern China and provides a theoretical basis for vaccine development and prevention and control of the disease across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixin Guan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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Gao S, Liu X, Han B, Wang N, Lv X, Guan X, Xu G, Huang J, Shi W, Liu M. Salmonid alphavirus non-structural protein 2 is a key protein that activates the NF-κB signaling pathway to mediate inflammatory responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 129:182-190. [PMID: 36058437 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) causes pancreas disease (PD) with typical inflammatory responses, such as necrosis of the exocrine pancreas, cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy. However, the pathogenic mechanism underlying SAV infection is still unclear. Inflammation may cause damage to the body, but it is a defense response against infection by pathogenic microorganisms, of which nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is the main regulator. This study revealed that SAV can activate NF-κB, of which the viral nonstructural protein Nsp2 is the major activating protein. SAV activates the NF-κB signaling pathway by simultaneously up-regulating TLR3, 7, 8 and then the expression of the signaling molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). We found that Nsp2 can induce IκB degradation and p65 phosphorylation and transnucleation, and activate NF-κB downstream inflammatory cytokines. Nsp2 may simultaneously activate NF-κB through TLR3,7,8-dependent signaling pathways. Overexpression of Nsp2 can up-regulate mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and then promote the expression of IFNa1 and antiviral protein Mx, which inhibits viral replication. This study shows that Nsp2 acts as a key activator protein for the NF-κB signaling pathway, which induces inflammation post-SAV infection. This study systematically analyzes the molecular mechanism of SAV activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and provides a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of innate immune response and inflammatory injury caused by SAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Lv
- Beijing Aquaculture Technology Extention Station, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gefeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Mompeán M, Treviño MÁ, Laurents DV. Partial structure, dampened mobility, and modest impact of a His tag in the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp2 C-terminal region. Eur Biophys J 2021; 50:1129-1137. [PMID: 34633480 PMCID: PMC8503394 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play essential roles in regulating physiological processes in eukaryotic cells. Many viruses use their own IDPs to "hack" these processes to deactivate host defenses and promote viral growth. Thus, viral IDPs are attractive drug targets. While IDPs are hard to study by X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM, atomic level information on their conformational preferences and dynamics can be obtained using NMR spectroscopy. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp2, whose C-terminal region (CtR) is predicted to be disordered, interacts with human proteins that regulate translation initiation and endosome vesicle sorting. Molecules that block these interactions could be valuable leads for drug development. The 13Cβ and backbone 13CO, 1HN, 13Cα, and 15N nuclei of Nsp2's 45-residue CtR were assigned and used to characterize its structure and dynamics in three contexts; namely: (1) retaining an N-terminal His tag, (2) without the His tag and with an adventitious internal cleavage, and (3) lacking both the His tag and the internal cleavage. Two five-residue segments adopting a minor extended population were identified. Overall, the dynamic behavior is midway between a completely rigid and a fully flexible chain. Whereas the presence of an N-terminal His tag and internal cleavage stiffen and loosen, respectively, neighboring residues, they do not affect the tendency of two regions to populate extended conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mompeán
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Treviño
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen P, Tan X, Lao M, Wu X, Zhao X, Zhou S, Yu J, Zhu J, Yu L, Tong W, Gao F, Yu H, Liu C, Jiang Y, Tong G, Zhou Y. The Novel PRRSV Strain HBap4-2018 with a Unique Recombinant Pattern Is Highly Pathogenic to Piglets. Virol Sin 2021. [PMID: 34635987 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, various porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) variants emerged worldwide with different genetic characteristics and pathogenicity, increasing the difficulty of PRRS control. In this study, a PRRSV strain named HBap4-2018 was isolated from swine herds suffering severe respiratory disease with high morbidity in Hebei Province of China in 2018. The genome of HBap4-2018 is 15,003 nucleotides in length, and compared with NADC30-like PRRSV, nsp2 of HBap4-2018 has an additional continuous deletion of five amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome and ORF5 showed that HBap4-2018 belonged to lineage 8 of PRRSV-2, which was characterized by highly variable genome. However, HBap4-2018 was classified into lineage 1 based on phylogenetic analysis of nsp2, sharing higher amino acid homology (85.3%-85.5%) with NADC30-like PRRSV. Further analysis suggested that HBap4-2018 was a novel natural recombinant PRRSV with three recombinant fragments in the genome, of which highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) served as the major parental strains, while NADC30-like PRRSV served as the minor parental strains. Five recombination break points were identified in nsp2, nsp3, nsp5, nsp9 and ORF6, respectively, presenting a novel recombinant pattern in the genome. Piglets inoculated with HBap4-2018 presented typical clinical signs with a mortality rate of 60%. High levels of viremia and obvious macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the lungs were observed, revealing the high pathogenicity of HBap4-2018 in piglets.
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Zheng YX, Wang L, Kong WS, Chen H, Wang XN, Meng Q, Zhang HN, Guo SJ, Jiang HW, Tao SC. Nsp2 has the potential to be a drug target revealed by global identification of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp2-interacting proteins. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1134-1141. [PMID: 34159380 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health threat since December 2019, and there is still no highly effective drug to control the pandemic. To facilitate drug target identification for drug development, studies on molecular mechanisms, such as SARS-CoV-2 protein interactions, are urgently needed. In this study, we focused on Nsp2, a non-structural protein with largely unknown function and mechanism. The interactome of Nsp2 was revealed through the combination of affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), and 84 proteins of high-confidence were identified. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that Nsp2-interacting proteins are involved in several biological processes such as endosome transport and translation. Network analysis generated two clusters, including ribosome assembly and vesicular transport. Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) assay confirmed the bindings between Nsp2- and 4-interacting proteins, i.e. STAU2 (Staufen2), HNRNPLL, ATP6V1B2, and RAP1GDS1 (SmgGDS), which were randomly selected from the list of 84 proteins. Our findings provide insights into the Nsp2-host interplay and indicate that Nsp2 may play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and serve as a potential drug target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xiao Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei-Sha Kong
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xue-Ning Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingfeng Meng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shu-Juan Guo
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Chaithra G, Ravishankar C, Sebastian SR, Rajasekhar R, Anoopraj R, Mani BK, Sumod K, Deorao CV, Logeshwaran G, Nandhakumar D, John K. Molecular characterisation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from pigs in Kerala. Virusdisease 2020; 31:560-565. [PMID: 33381629 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by an arterivirus is characterised by reproductive disorders in sows, and post-weaning pneumonia and growth reduction in piglets. Though the virus has been detected in Kerala, no systematic study has been carried out to ascertain its genotype and molecular epidemiology. In the present study, 7 PRRS virus (PRRSV) positive samples collected from incidences of PRRS in Kerala during 2017-2019 were subjected to ORF5, ORF7 and Nsp2 gene based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the specific amplicons generated were sequenced. On BLAST analysis it was revealed that all the sequences were of genotype 2 (North American genotype). Phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 sequences, grouped them under subgenotype 4 with close clustering with other isolates from Kerala, Mizoram and Assam. Nsp2 gene sequence based phylogenetic analysis grouped the isolates under subgenotype 3 with similarities to isolates from Mizoram. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF7, clustered the isolates under study with PRRSV isolates from Mizoram and Meghalaya. In Nsp2 sequences, a 30 amino acid discontinuous deletion was observed. On analysis of amino acid sequences of ORF5 of Kerala isolates and those from India, it was seen that the Kerala isolates showed closer similarity to PRRSV isolates from Assam than to the other Indian isolates. The study reveals that PRRSV strains prevalent in Kerala share close relationship with other PRRSV isolates in India. This may be due to spread of the virus from these regions to Kerala due to animal movement. Concerted efforts should be undertaken to check unauthorized animal movement to control spread of this economically important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chaithra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - Stephy Rose Sebastian
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - R Rajasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - R Anoopraj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - Binu K Mani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - K Sumod
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - Chandankar Vaidehi Deorao
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - G Logeshwaran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - D Nandhakumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
| | - Koshy John
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, 673576 Kerala India
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12
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Wang L, Qiao X, Zhang S, Qin Y, Guo T, Hao Z, Sun L, Wang X, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Tang L, Xu Y, Li Y. Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus nonstructural protein 2 contributes to inflammation via NF-κB activation. Virulence 2019; 9:1685-1698. [PMID: 30322331 PMCID: PMC7000202 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1536632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection causes acute enteritis in swine of all ages, and especially in suckling piglets. Small intestinal inflammation is considered a central event in the pathogenesis of TGEV infections, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor in the inflammatory response. However, it is unclear whether NF-κB is crucial for inducing inflammation during a TGEV infection. Our results show that NF-κB was activated in swine testicular (ST) cells and intestinal epithelial cell lines J2 (IPEC-J2) cells infected with TGEV, which is consistent with the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Treatment of TGEV-infected ST cells and IPEC-J2 cells with the NF-κB-specific inhibitor caused the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, but did not significantly affect TGEV replication. Individual TGEV protein screening results demonstrated that Nsp2 exhibited a high potential for activating NF-κB and enhancing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Functional domain analyzes indicated that the first 120 amino acid residues of Nsp2 were essential for NF-κB activation. Taken together, these data suggested that NF-κB activation was a major contributor to TGEV infection-induced inflammation, and that Nsp2 was the key viral protein involved in the regulation of inflammation, with amino acids 1–120 playing a critical role in activating NF-κB. Abbreviations: TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious dose; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FBS: fetal bovine serum; IFA: Indirect immunofluorescence; IκB: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B; IL: interleukin; IPEC-J2: intestinal epithelial cell lines J2; IKK: IκB kinase; Luc: luciferase reporter gene; mAbs: monoclonal antibodies; MOI: multiple of infection; Nsp: nonstructural protein; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa ; ORFs: open reading frames; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; p65 p-p65: phosphorylated; RT-PCR: reverse transcription PC; SeV: Sendai virus; ST: swine testicular; TGEV: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; UV-TGEV: Ultraviolet light-inactivated TGEV; ZnF: zinc finger
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yue Qin
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Zhenye Hao
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Li Sun
- c College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yanan Wang
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Lijie Tang
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yigang Xu
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yijing Li
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China.,b Northeastern Science Inspection Station , China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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13
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Zhou L, Kang R, Ji G, Tian Y, Ge M, Xie B, Yang X, Wang H. Molecular characterization and recombination analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerged in southwestern China during 2012-2016. Virus Genes 2018; 54:98-110. [PMID: 29138994 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important swine pathogen causing tremendous economic losses to the swine industry. To investigate the prevalence of PRRSV of genotype 2 (North American type, NA-type) in southwestern China, the Nsp2 hypervariable region (Nsp2 HV) and ORF5 of 61 PRRS viruses collected during 2012-2016 were sequenced and analyzed. All the virus detected clustered into the JXA1-like (52/61), VR-2332-like (7/61), and NADC30-like (2/61) sub-genotypes. Five deletions in Nsp2 HV were detected in addition to the typical 30aa discontinuous deletion in HP-PRRSV, and two of these five were not reported previously. Strikingly, two PRRS virus (SCnj16 and SCcd16) isolated in 2016 contained the classic HP-PRRSV molecular marker in the Nsp2-coding region, but belonged to the NADC30-like sub-genotype on the ORF5 gene. Further recombination and phylogenetic analysis on the two complete genomic sequences revealed that they may have originated from recombination events between the NADC30 and Chinese HP-PRRSV strains. The present study suggests that the endemic PRRSVs in the region have continuously evolved and new vaccine strategies are necessary for more efficient control of the virus.
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14
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Wang LJ, Xie W, Chen XX, Qiao S, Zhao M, Gu Y, Zhao BL, Zhang G. Molecular epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Central China since 2014: The prevalence of NADC30-like PRRSVs. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:20-28. [PMID: 28512020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), characterized by respiratory disorders in piglets and reproductive failure in sows, is still the great threat of swine industry. Recently, Emergence of the novel NADC30-like PRRS viruses (PRRSVs) has caused widespread outbreaks of PRRS. To investigate the epidemic characteristics of PRRSVs in Central China since 2014, 6372 clinical serum samples were tested by ELISA, 250 tissue samples were tested by RT-PCR, and among these, 30 ORF5 and 17 Nsp2 genes sequences were analyzed. Phylogenetic tree based on ORF5 revealed that, 17 isolates were clustered into subgroup 1, represented by the NADC30. And for the Nsp2, The strains which had a discontinuous 131-amino-acid deletion in Nsp2, called NADC30-like strains, were clustered into subgroup 2. Our data suggested that the NADC30-like PRRSV strains spread quickly and are now circulating and prevalent in Central China as well as the classical HP-PRRSV strains. In addition, amino acid variation analysis of GP5 revealed that the amino acid sequences of NADC30-like PRRSV strains underwent rapid evolution and contained extensive amino acid substitutions in important motifs, such as potential neutralization epitope and the N-glycosylation sites. In summary, our data would provide a large amount of detailed information on molecular variation and genetic diversity of PRRSV in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Weitao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Bao-Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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15
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Liu JK, Wei CH, Dai AL, Fan KW, Yang BH, Huang CF, Li XH, Yang XY, Luo ML. Complete genomic characterization of two European-genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in Fujian province of China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:823-33. [PMID: 27858288 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered one of the most devastating swine diseases worldwide, resulting in immense economic losses. PRRS virus (PRRSV) is divided into two major genotypes, European (type 1) and the North American (type 2). Type 1 PRRSV have recently emerged in Fujian province (South China), and this might have a significant impact on the Chinese pig industry. From 2013 to 2014, two type 1 PRRSV strains, named FJEU13 and FJQEU14, were isolated from piglets and sows with respiratory problems and reproductive disorders in Fujian province. The full genome length of the two isolates was 14,869-15,062 nucleotides (nt), excluding the poly(A) tail. These isolates shared 86.0-89.9% sequence identity with the prototypic strains Lelystad virus (LV) and 82.8-92% with Chinese type 1 PRRSV strains, but only 59.9-60.1% with the North American reference strain VR-2332. However, they were 82.9% identical to each other. Nonstructural protein 2 (Nsp2) and ORF3-ORF5 were the most variable regions when compared to other type 1 PRRSV strains. Nsp2 and ORF3 contained multiple discontinuous deletions and a 204-bp deletion in NSP2 in isolate FJQEU14, which has never been described in other Chinese type 1 PRRSV strains. All of these results might be useful for understanding the epidemic status of type 1 PRRSV in China.
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16
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Rajkhowa TK, Jagan Mohanarao G, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L. Indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus bears discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2. Virusdisease 2016; 27:287-293. [PMID: 28466041 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first outbreak in 2013, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has established as an enzootic disease in pig population of Mizoram state, India. Our previous studies based on phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and ORF7 gene sequences revealed close relationship of Indian PRRSV with the highly pathogenic variant of PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) of Chinese origin. Despite the control measures, second major outbreak of the disease was recorded in Aizawl district of Mizoram in 2015. The objective of the present study was to examine the origin of PRRSV isolates of 2015 outbreak, identification of deleted region in Nsp2 gene and determination of any genetic variation between 2013 and 2015 isolates of PRRSV. The outbreak was confirmed by the detection of PRRSV-specific antibodies in 57 out of 92 serum samples (61.96 %) and also by RT-PCR in 42 out of 42 necropsy samples (100 %). Nucleotide sequence analysis of Nsp2 coding region of Indian isolates and comparison with reference sequences revealed 90 nucleotides discontinuous deletion further establishes the closeness of Indian PRRSV to Chinese HP-PRRSV. Further, sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ORF5, ORF7 and Nsp2 genes of Indian PRRSV from both 2013 and 2015 revealed that the outbreaks were caused by two different strains of HP-PRRSV closely associated with the Chinese 10 HEB-3 isolate and 07QN isolates of Vietnam origin respectively. The present study confirms that the Indian PRRSV is a highly pathogenic variant of PRRSV and this study serves as the basis for developing practical and effective control measures against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Rajkhowa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - G Jagan Mohanarao
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - A Gogoi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - L Hauhnar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
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17
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Zhang Q, Xu X, You S, Li Y, Wang H, Bai J, Jiang P. Emerging of two new subgenotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in Southeast China. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:27-33. [PMID: 27224859 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the leading swine pathogens and causes major economic loss to the global swine industry. In this study, a total of 49 PRRSV isolates were collected from different swine herds in seven provinces in Southeast China from 2014 to 2015. All the ORF5 genes and some Nsp2 genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the isolates belonged to the North America genotype. Among them, five isolates formed a new subgenotype IV derived from highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). Six isolates formed subgenotype III, which were closely related to the NADC30 strain in the US. These isolates formed 13 putative N-linked glycosylation site (NGS) patterns based on N30, 33, 34, 35, 44 and 51. There were fewer NGSs of isolates in subgenotype IV than in subgenotype III. This indicates that the two new subgenotypes of PRRSV strains with different NGS patterns were spreading in those regions of China. The genetic diversity should be considered for the control and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shumei You
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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18
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Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causal agent of a serious disease of swine. Here, we report the genome sequence of PRRSV strain HB-XL isolated from a pig farm with a clinical outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. The genome is 15,323 bp long and has nine open reading frames (GenBank: KP162169). Comparative and phylogenetic analysis showed that HB-XL belongs to the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) subfamily in the family PRRSV. The viral nonstructural protein 2 (Nsp2) of the HB-XL strain contained 30 discontinuous amino acid (AA) deletions relative to that of the Nsp2 of the VR2332 strain. The AA substitutions R13 and R151 suggested high virulence of the HB-XL strain. The unique mutations in glycoprotein 5 (GP5) and Nsp2 revealed that HB-XL might be a novel variant PRRSV strain recombined with vaccine strains. However, the low morbidity and mortality in the pig herd from which HB-XL was isolated indicate that the virulence of the virus was weak, so it has potential as a future vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zuo
- College of Animal Medicine, Agriculture University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
- Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Animal Medicine, Agriculture University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
- Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Jiguo Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Agriculture University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
- Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding 071001, China.
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19
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Liu X, Bai J, Wang H, Fan B, Li Y, Jiang P. Effect of amino acids residues 323-433 and 628-747 in Nsp2 of representative porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains on inflammatory response in vitro. Virus Res 2015; 208:13-21. [PMID: 26043979 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that is responsible for large economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. In PRRSV strains, many genetic variations occur in the central hypervariable region (HV2) of the Nsp2 gene, which encodes non-structural protein 2. For example, PRRSV strains VR2332, Em2007, MN184C, and TJM-F92 contained variations in the Nsp2 sequences and exhibited differing levels of virulence in adult pigs. However, the role of HV2 with respect to PRRSV immunity is unclear. In this study, four recombinant PRRSV strains (rBB/+30aa, rBB/Δ68aa, rBB/Δ111aa, and rBB/Δ120aa) were rescued using a highly pathogenic type 2 PRRSV cDNA clone (pBB). All rescued strains displayed similar growth characteristics to the parental rBB virus in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly lower, at the mRNA and protein level, for groups infected with rBB/Δ111aa and rBB/Δ120aa than those in the rBB group. Levels of these inflammatory cytokines in the rBB/+30aa and rBB/Δ68aa groups were not significantly different with those in the rBB group. Phosphorylation levels of IκB were decreased to a greater extent in the rBB/Δ111aa and rBB/Δ120aa groups compared with those in the rBB/+30aa, rBB/Δ68aa, and rBB groups. Our results indicate that amino acids 323-433 and 628-747 of Nsp2 failed to exert significant effects on PRRSV replication in PAMs, but modulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro.
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Xie J, Cui T, Cui J, Chen Y, Zhang M, Zhou P, Deng S, Su S, Zhang G. Epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics of the PRRSV in Southern China from 2010 to 2013. Microb Pathog 2014; 75:7-15. [PMID: 25131748 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, a highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) emerged in China and caused lasting damage to the swine industry. To analyze the genetic variation of PRRSV in Southern China, 126 tissue samples were collected; 41 ORF5 and partial Nsp2 genes were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the PRRSV positive rate was 32.54% over the last four years, that there are two main subgenotypes in Southern China, and that the dominant strain is HP-PRRSV. An amino acid analysis of Nsp2 showed that 40 strains contained a 30-amino acid deletion in the hypervariable region. However, the 13YJ6-8 mutant exhibited a unique amino acid deletion at positions 508-514 of Nsp2. A phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 revealed that this mutant and five other strains, belong to an intermediate subgenotype (inter-subgenotype), which is characterized by extensive mutations, especially in the signal peptide and N-glycosylation sites. The results of this study demonstrate the genetic diversity of PRRSV in Southern China and provide basic knowledge of the PRRSV epidemic in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Xie
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tiantian Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yao Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minze Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shengchao Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Xiao YH, Wang TT, Zhao Q, Wang CB, Lv JH, Nie L, Gao JM, Ma XC, Hsu WH, Zhou EM. Development of indirect ELISAs for differential serodiagnosis of classical and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:341-9. [PMID: 23217174 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) for detection of serum antibodies against classical vaccine strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). To detect the common antibodies against classical and HP-PRRSV, the coating antigen used in the iELISA (designated iELISA-180) was the antigen of Nsp2-180, the 180aa at amino terminal of Nsp2. To detect the different antibodies against classical and HP-PRRSV, the coating antigen in the second iELISA (designated iELISA-D29) was Nsp2-D29, the deleted 29aa in Nsp2 of HP-PRRSV. The antigen concentration and serum dilutions were optimized using a draughtboard titration. The cut-off values of 0.361 at OD(450nm) for the iELISA-180 and 0.27 at OD(450nm) for the iELISA-D29 were determined by testing a panel of 120 classical PRRSV positive and 198 PRRSV negative pig serum samples, which generated the specificity of 97.1% and 96.7%, the sensitivity of 96.9% and 96.3% for iELISA-180 and iELISA-D29, respectively. The agreements between the Western blot and iELISA-180 and iELISA-D29 were 98%, 96.7%, respectively. The developed iELISAs can be used to differentiate serologically HP-PRRSV from the vaccinated or classical PRRSV in clinical serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
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