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Zou Y, Liu X, Wu K, Zhou Z, Xu M. The effect of multiple factors on changes in organic-inorganic fractions of condensable particulate matter during coal combustion. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141638. [PMID: 38442775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Condensable particulate matter (CPM) from coal combustion is the focus of current pollutant emission studies, and CPM can be divided into inorganic and organic fractions according to the component characteristics. At present, the effects of different factors in the combustion process on the organic and inorganic components of CPM have not been discussed systematically. Here, we conducted combustion experiments collected the generated CPM on a well-controlled drip tube furnace, and investigated the effects of different factors on the generation of organic and inorganic components of CPM by varying the furnace wall insulation temperature, the ratio of gas supply components and the water vapor content in the flue gas. The results showed that the increase in combustion temperature (1300-1500 °C) and oxygen concentration (15-25%) reduced the total CPM generation by 9.8% and 19.98%, respectively, and the intervention of water vapor increased the ability of the whole CPM sampling device to capture ultrafine condensable particles. The generation of CPM organic components decreased with the enhancement of combustion temperature and oxygen content on combustion characteristics, and alkanes shifted to low carbon content. The amount of CPM inorganic components increased with the increase of water vapor content in the flue gas, and this change was dominated by SO42-. The above results provide a feasible idea for the next step of the precise reduction of CPM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Kui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Zijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Minghou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Paredes-Molina FJ, Chaparro OR, Navarro JM, Cubillos VM, Paschke K, Márquez F, Averbuj A, Zabala MS, Bökenhans V, Pechenik JA. Upwelling as a stressor event during embryonic development: Consequences for encapsulated and early juvenile stages of the marine gastropod Acanthina monodon. Mar Environ Res 2024; 193:106270. [PMID: 38011827 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Upwelling phenomena alter the physical and chemical parameters of the sea's subsurface waters, producing low levels of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen, which can seriously impact the early developmental stages of marine organisms. To understand how upwelling can affect the encapsulated development of the gastropod Acanthina monodon, capsules containing embryos at different stages of development (initial, intermediate and advanced) were exposed to upwelling conditions (pH = 7.6; O2 = 3 mg L-1; T° = 9 °C) for a period of 7 days. Effects of treatment were determined by estimating parameters such as time to hatching, number of hatchlings per capsule, percentage of individuals with incomplete development, and shell parameters such as shell shape and size, shell strength, and the percentage of the organic/inorganic content. We found no significant impacts on hatching time, number of hatchlings per capsule, or percentage of incomplete development in either the presence or absence of upwelling, regardless of developmental stage. On the other hand, latent effects on encapsulated stages of A. monodon were detected in embryos that had been exposed to upwelling stress in the initial embryonic stage. The juveniles from this treatment hatched at smaller sizes and with higher organic content in their shells, resulting in a higher resistance to cracking 30 days after hatching, due to greater elasticity. Geometric morphometric analysis showed that exposure to upwelling condition induced a change in the morphology of shell growth in all post-hatching juveniles (0-30 days), regardless of embryonic developmental stage at the time of exposure. Thus, more elongated shells (siphonal canal and posterior region) and more globular shells were observed in newly hatched juveniles that had been exposed to the upwelling condition. The neutral or even positive upwelling exposure results suggests that exposure to upwelling events during the encapsulated embryonic phase of A. monodon development might not have major impacts on the future juvenile stages. However, this should be taken with caution in consideration of the increased frequency and intensity of upwelling events predicted for the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Paredes-Molina
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - O R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - V M Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - K Paschke
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - F Márquez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (LARBIM)-IBIOMAR, CCT, CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - A Averbuj
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (LARBIM)-IBIOMAR, CCT, CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - M S Zabala
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (LARBIM)-IBIOMAR, CCT, CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - V Bökenhans
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (LARBIM)-IBIOMAR, CCT, CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - J A Pechenik
- Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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3
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Liu S, Ren D, Qin H, Yin Q, Yang Y, Liu T, Zhang S, Mao J. Exploring major variable factors influencing flavor and microbial characteristics of upper jiupei. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113057. [PMID: 37689852 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The flavor quality of jiupei gradually decreased with the increase of cellar height. In this study, high-throughput sequencing, metabolomics and HS-SPME-GC-MS techniques were used to explore the mechanism of flavor quality decline in upper jiupei in mud sealed cellars. The results showed the total content of flavor compounds increased from 1947.48 mg/L in top-site to 3855.51 mg/L in bottom of the cellar, and 19 differential flavor compounds were identified based on OPLS-DA, mainly including 12 esters such as ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butyrate, propyl hexanoate, hexyl caproate and 5 other substances such as caprylic acid, decanal and nonaldehyde. Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Methanobacterium were dominant genus of bacteria in all of cellars, while Thermomyces, Aspergillus, Pichia, Trichosporon and Rhizopus were the dominant genera of fungi. Oxygen was the key factor causing the quality heterogeneity of flavor substances and microbial communities in jiupei at different depths. Anaerobic micro-pressure sealed cellars (AMSC) method was developed and applied to jiupei fermentation, the difference in oxygen content between top site (5.90 ± 0.62 %) and bottom of the cellar (4.17 ± 0.75 %) in AMSC was smaller than that in mud sealed cellars, there were no significant differences in flavor substances content between top site and bottom of the cellar, and microbial communities showed no significant differences of the four-layer jiupei. This study provides a theoretical support for improving the flavor quality of upper jiupei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dongliang Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co. Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co. Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Suyi Zhang
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co. Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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4
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Qiu J, Nguyen TH, Lee YJ, Kim S, Kim S, Kim SJ, Song MT, Huang WJ, Chen XB, Yang IS. Strong oxygen-content dependence of the magnetic excitations in antiferromagnetic NiO nanoparticles: A Raman probe. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 297:122700. [PMID: 37060656 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured antiferromagnetic (AFM) NiO has attracted much attention from both the fundamental and applied perspectives. Understanding the two-magnon (2 M) is of great significance in NiO applications such as spin valves and next-generation magnetic random access memories (MRAM). We investigated the phonon modes and antiferromagnetically ordered states of NiO nanoparticles prepared by empirically controlled measurements. An intensity enhancement of the 2 M mode was observed by Raman spectroscopy as the NiO nanoparticles were vacuum annealed at 650 ℃. The increased 2 M peak intensity in NiO nanoparticles is explained by the local symmetry conversions from NiO5 to NiO6 configurations due to the oxygen redistribution during the vacuum annealing. The change of the splitting of anisotropic transverse optical (TO) phonon with different oxygen contents was also revealed by the Raman spectroscopy. We have shown that the changes in the oxygen environment underlie both the change in the 2 M intensity and the splitting of TO phonon in the NiO nanoparticles. Our work offers an efficient avenue to strengthen the AFM ordering and emphasizes the effect of vacuum annealing of the NiO nanoparticles, opening the interesting possibility of individual parameter control in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qiu
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Thi Huyen Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Meng-Ting Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Wen-Juan Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiang-Bai Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - In-Sang Yang
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea.
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Sun Y, Liu C, Gao Y, Zhang T, Jia Y, Wang S. All-in-one strategy to prepare molded biochar with magnetism from sewage sludge for high-efficiency removal of Cd(Ⅱ). J Hazard Mater 2023; 454:131488. [PMID: 37121035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochar in powder could lead to the separation difficulties after using and easy dispersion by wind with non-necessary consumption during the practical application. The current method for preparing molded biochar is multi-step, tedious, and required exogenous reagents. Moreover, the dehydration of sewage sludge with high water content (>85%) causes expensive production cost, limiting its secondary utilization. Therefore, an "all-in-one" strategy was developed to prepare molded biochar with magnetism by using sewage sludge as endogenetic binder, water source, carbon source, as well as magnetic source, and biomass wastes as water moderator and pore-forming agent. The molded biochar showed high removal capacity towards Cd(Ⅱ) of 456.2 mg/g, which was 6 times higher than the commercial activated carbon in powder (69.1 mg/g). The excellent removal performance of the molded biochar was in linear correlation the O/C ratio (R2 =0.855), resulting in the complexation with Cd(Ⅱ). DFT calculations indicated the amounts and species of oxygen changed the electron distribution and electron-donation properties of biochar for Cd(Ⅱ). Moreover, the Na+ exchanges with Cd(Ⅱ) were also an important removal mechanism. This study provided a novel synthesis strategy for the molded biochar with both high particle density and high adsorption capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Chuanqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Tingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Liu J, Wang S, Yi H, Tang X, Li Z, Yu Q, Zhao S, Gao F, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Air pollutant emission and reduction potentials from the sintering process of the iron and steel industry in China in 2017. Environ Pollut 2022; 307:119512. [PMID: 35605835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The iron and steel industry (ISI) is one of the most energy-intensive industries in China, which makes a substantial contribution to the emissions of air pollutants. Among the various manufacturing processes, sintering is the major emitting process, which shares over half of the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) for the entire industry. In this study we made a comprehensive evaluation of the air pollutant emissions from the sintering process of China's ISI in 2017 based on the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) database and estimated the future reduction potentials. We found that there was a general decreasing trend of emission concentrations in the sintering flue gas in response to the strengthened emission control policies, but the mild increase of the oxygen content in the second half of the year flattened the decreasing trend, indicating the necessity for simultaneous control of the oxygen content in the flue gas. Despite the relative high standard-reaching rates of 90% to the emission concentration limits in GB 28662-2012, the standard-reaching rates to the ultra-low emission standards were only 12%, 40% and 27% for NOx, SO2 and PM respectively, with the lowest value mostly occurred in the western provinces. In 2017, the NOx, SO2 and PM emissions from the sintering process were 378.6 kt, 169.0 kt and 51.9 kt, respectively. If the ultra-low emission standards were met, the corresponding NOx, SO2 and PM emissions would decrease by 69.9%, 52.9%, and 56.4% respectively, illustrating large emission reducing potentials by achieving the ultra-low emission standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Information Atlas Fujian Provincial University, Putian University, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Honghong Yi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipal Industry Pollutant Resources Processing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipal Industry Pollutant Resources Processing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhangliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Information Atlas Fujian Provincial University, Putian University, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Qingjun Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipal Industry Pollutant Resources Processing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunzheng Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipal Industry Pollutant Resources Processing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fengyu Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipal Industry Pollutant Resources Processing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuansong Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipal Industry Pollutant Resources Processing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Lei X, Yao L, Lian Q, Zhang X, Wang T, Holmes W, Ding G, Gang DD, Zappi ME. Enhanced adsorption of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) onto low oxygen content ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC): Adsorption behaviors and mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 2022; 421:126810. [PMID: 34365231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water bodies has been a serious threat to environment and human health. Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) with different oxygen contents were prepared and first used for adsorbing PFOA from aqueous solutions. The OMC-900 with a lower oxygen content has a higher PFOA adsorption capacity than the oxygen-rich OMC-700. OMCs require a much shorter time to reach the adsorption equilibrium comparing with other adsorbents reported in literature. The mesopores play an important role in this rapid adsorption kinetics. The pseudo-second-order model better fitted the kinetic data. The multilayers adsorption was proposed for the adsorption of PFOA onto OMCs since the Freundlich isotherm model fits the experimental data well. The micelle or hemi-micelle structures may be formed during the adsorption. Various background salts showed a positive effect on PFOA adsorption due to the salting-out and divalent bridge effects. The humic acid can lead to a discernible reduction in PFOA adsorption by competing for adsorption sites on OMCs. The hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction adsorption mechanisms were proposed and verified by the adsorption data. The high adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics of the OMC make it a potential adsorbent for PFOA removal in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Rd, Nanyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Qiyu Lian
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance genes, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Nanyang Vocational College of Agriculture, Nanyang 473000, PR China
| | - William Holmes
- Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Guoyu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiatong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Daniel Dianchen Gang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Mark E Zappi
- Center for Environmental Technology, The Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P. O. Box 43597, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
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Joram N, Beqiri E, Pezzato S, Andrea M, Robba C, Liet JM, Chenouard A, Bourgoin P, Czosnyka M, Léger PL, Smielewski P. Impact of Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Content on Cerebral Autoregulation Monitoring Among Children Supported by ECMO. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:480-490. [PMID: 33686559 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral autoregulation (CA) impairment is associated with neurological complications among children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Severe variations of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) and O2 (PaO2) tension after ECMO onset are common and associate with mortality and poor neurological outcome. The impact of gas exchange on CA among critically ill patients is poorly studied. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively from 30 children treated with veno-arterial or veno-venous ECMO in the PICU of Nantes University Hospital, France. A correlation coefficient between the variations of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and the variations of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was calculated as an index of CA (cerebral oxygenation reactivity index, COx). Cox-MAP plots were investigated allowing determining lower limit of autoregulation (LLA) and upper limit of autoregulation (ULA) limits of autoregulation. Age-based normal blood pressure was used to adjust the MAP, LLA, and ULA data from each patient and then reported as percentage (nMAP, nLLA, and nULA, respectively). RSO2, COx, nMAP, nLLA, and nULA values were averaged over one hour before each arterial blood gas (ABG) sample during ECMO run. RESULTS Thirty children (median age 4.8 months [Interquartile range (IQR) 0.7-39.1], median weight 5 kg [IQR 4-15]) experiencing 31 ECMO runs were included in the study. Three hundred and ninety ABGs were analyzed. The highest values of COx were observed on day 1 (D1) of ECMO. The relationship between COx and PaCO2 was nonlinear, but COx values tended to be lower in case of hypercapnia compared to normocapnia. During the whole ECMO run, a weak but significant correlation between PaCO2 and nULA was observed (R = 0.432, p = 0.02). On D1 of ECMO, this correlation was stronger (R = 0.85, p = 0.03) and a positive correlation between nLLA and PaCO2 was also found (R = 0.726, p < 0.001). A very weak negative correlation between PaO2 and nULA was observed within the whole ECMO run and on D1 of ECMO (R = -0.07 p = 0.04 and R = -0.135 p = <0.001, respectively). The difference between nULA and nLLA representing the span of the autoregulation plateau was positively correlated with PaCO2 and negatively correlated with PaO2 (R = 0.224, p = 0.01 and R = -0.051, p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We observed a complex relationship between PaCO2 and CA, influenced by the level of blood pressure. Hypercapnia seems to be globally protective in normotensive or hypertensive condition, while, in case of very low MAP, hypercapnia may disturb CA as it increases LLA. These data add additional arguments for very cautiously lower PaCO2, especially after ECMO start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Joram
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) 1413, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France. .,INSERM U955-ENVA, University Paris 12, Paris, France.
| | - Erta Beqiri
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology and Transplantation, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Pezzato
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Moscatelli Andrea
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Policlinico San Martino IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genova, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Liet
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) 1413, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Chenouard
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) 1413, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Bourgoin
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) 1413, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marek Czosnyka
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre-Louis Léger
- INSERM U955-ENVA, University Paris 12, Paris, France.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Trousseau University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Peter Smielewski
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Yang X, Hu L, Bai J, Mao X, Chen X, Wang X, Wang S. Increased structural defects of graphene oxide compromised reductive capacity of ZVI towards hexavalent chromium. Chemosphere 2021; 277:130308. [PMID: 33774231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was treated with irradiation beams to understand the defective degree of carbon structure of GO in relation to electron transfer property of impregnated zerovalent iron (ZVI). The GO-supported ZVI (ZVI/GO) was synthesized and then characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the oxygen-bearing functional groups, oxygen content and structural disorder were increased as a function of irradiation beam intensity. ZVI was dominant in the composites, but proportion of iron oxide increased with greater oxygen content. Batch sorption revealed that Cr(VI) removal decreased from 20.11 g kg-1 to 2.30 g kg-1 as solution pH rose from 3 to 9. Cr(VI) removal capacity was 26.39 g kg-1, 23.12 g kg-1 and 12.35 g kg-1 for ZVI/GO0, ZVI/GO12.3 and ZVI/GO36.9, respectively. The reduction capacity of sorbents followed similar trends as Cr(VI) sorption as per desorption experiment, which accounted for a major Cr(VI) detoxification mechanism by ZVI/GO composites. The electrochemical tests demonstrated that unfavorable electron transfer rate of ZVI/GO composites was aggravated by greater structural disorder of GO. Thus, higher dose of irradiations could create more disorder in graphitic carbon and promote oxidation of ZVI, which hindered Cr(VI) reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianni Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering & Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, PR China
| | - Linlin Hu
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Jing Bai
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering & Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, PR China.
| | - Shengsen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering & Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, PR China; Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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10
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Zhang C, Wang X, Wei L, Wang B, Chen S. Time-resolved characteristics and production pathways of simulated landfilling N 2O emission under different oxygen concentrations. Environ Int 2021; 149:106396. [PMID: 33524669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse gas, is emitted from landfill reservoirs, especially in the working face, where nitrification and denitrification occur under different O2 concentrations. In order to explore the effects of O2 concentration on N2O emissions and production pathways, the production of N2O from simulated fresh waste landfilling under 0%, 5%, 10%, and 21% (vol/vol) O2 concentrations were examined, and 15N isotopes were used as tracers to determine the contributions of nitrification (NF), heterotrophic denitrification (HD), and nitrification-coupled denitrification (NCD) to N2O production over a 72-h incubation period. Equal amounts of total nitrogen consumption occurred for all studied O2 concentration and the simulated waste tended to release more N2O under 0% and 21% O2. Heterotrophic denitrification was the main source of N2O release at the studied oxygen concentrations, contributing 90.51%, 69.04%, 80.75%, and 57.51% of N2O under O2 concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 21%, respectively. Only denitrification was observed in the simulated fresh waste when the oxygen concentration of the bulk atmosphere was 0%. The nitrate reductase (nirS)-encoding denitrifiers in the simulated landfill were also studied and significant differences were observed in the richness and diversity of the denitrifying community at different taxonomic levels. It was determined that optimising the O2 content is a crucial factor in N2O production that may allow greenhouse gas emissions and N turnover during landfill aeration to be minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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11
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Li N, Xing X, Cheng J, Zhang Z, Hao Z. Influence of oxygen and water content on the formation of polychlorinated organic by-products from catalytic degradation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene over a Pd/ZSM-5 catalyst. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123952. [PMID: 33264996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the generation and influence mechanism of polychlorinated organic by-products during the catalytic degradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) is essential to the safe and environmentally friendly treatment of those pollutants. In this study, a systematic investigation of the catalytic oxidation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) was conducted using various oxygen and water contents over a Pd/ZSM-5(25) catalyst. It was found that decreasing the oxygen content and increasing the water content resulted in the improvement of the 1,2-DCB catalytic activity, while the amount and variety of polychlorinated organic by-products decreased. More importantly, when water was the sole oxidant, the Pd/ZSM-5(25) catalyst also demonstrated high activity towards 1,2-DCB catalytic degradation. Only chlorobenzene and 1,3-dichlorobenzene were detected as by-products. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and UV-vis DRS spectra results indicated that the polychlorinated organic by-products were suppressed mainly due to inhibition of the chlorination of the palladium species by regulating the oxygen and water content in the reaction atmosphere. Similar surface species were formed under aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres via the study of the in situ FTIR spectra. We therefore proposed that 1,2-DCB undergoes similar catalytic degradation reaction mechanisms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xin Xing
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China.
| | - Zhongshen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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12
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Lim CS, Lim JH, Cha JS, Lim JY. Comparative effects of oxygenates-gasoline blended fuels on the exhaust emissions in gasoline-powered vehicles. J Environ Manage 2019; 239:103-113. [PMID: 30897476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the comparative effects of oxygenates such as ethanol (EA), methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) by fixing the oxygen contents as 0.82 wt% 1.65 wt%, and 2.74 wt% of the fuels on the regulated (CO, NMHC and NOx) and unregulated (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and BTEX) exhaust emissions in gasoline-powered vehicles. The most widely used type of vehicles (light-duty, medium-duty, heavy-duty) in Korea were tested on a chassis dynamometer under the CVS-75 Cycle. When EA, MTBE and ETBE percentage increased, the CO and NMHC concentration decreased. The NOx emission decreased at 1.65 wt% and 2.74 wt% oxygen content of MTBE and ETBE. The emissions of CO decreased by 0.363 g/km, 0.266 g/km and 0.356 g/km for light-duty vehicle when EA, MTBE and ETBE oxygenates blending ratio increased. Increased EA, MTBE and ETBE oxygenates blending ratio demonstrated no specific reducing effect on CO emissions from low-mileage vehicle, but NMHC emissions decreased by 0.011 g/km (medium-duty), 0.015 g/km (light-duty) and 0.018 g/km (heavy-duty). More CO was emitted from MTBE among three oxygenates at same oxygen content. The emitted concentrations of NMHC from three oxygenates at same oxygen content were almost similar, but reduced NOx emissions from EA (10%) to MTBE (20.4%) and ETBE (23.6%) were observed at 2.74 wt% oxygen content. Reducing effect on CO emissions was order of EA > ETBE > MTBE. Formaldehyde emissions increased up to 54.3% as MTBE ratio increased. When oxygen content of ETBE, EA, and MTBE increased from 0.82 wt% to 2.74 wt%, the acetaldehyde emissions increased up to 177.4%, 39.5% and 31.0%, respectively. There was significant formaldehyde concentration difference between high emission vehicle type (light-duty and medium-duty) and low emission vehicle type (heavy-duty and low-mileage) for three oxygenates. Reduction effect of MTBE and ETBE on BTEX was the order of toluene > benzene > ethylbenzene > xylene, and MTBE showed more reduction effect than ETBE at same oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Soo Lim
- Global Environment Research Division, Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lim
- Global Environment Research Division, Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Seok Cha
- Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Unit, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Fiji
| | - Jae-Yong Lim
- The University of Suwon, Graduate School of Engineering, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18323, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhang Q, Gao B, Chang Y. The numerical study on the effects of cardiac function on the aortic oxygen distribution. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 56:1305-1313. [PMID: 29280094 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was widely used in clinical practice, the effects of cardiac output on the aortic oxygen distribution were still unclear. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of cardiac function on the aortic oxygen distribution under VA-ECMO support. A novel model, combining computational fluid dynamics, multiphase fluid approach, and oxygen transport theory together, was established. According to the clinical practice, four cardiac output conditions, including 0, 1, 2, and 2.5 L/min, were designed. The results demonstrated that the proposed method could accurately calculate the distribution of oxygen in the aorta. Moreover, the aortic oxygen distribution was significantly regulated by the local blood flow pattern. The deoxygenated blood flow and oxygenated blood flow met at the aortic arch and formed the so-called oxygenshed phenomenon. Along with the cardiac output increase, the oxygenshed was moved from the proximal of the aortic arch to the descending aorta. Meanwhile, the oxygen contents in the brachiocephalic artery and left common carotid artery were reduced along with the increase of cardiac output. The study could provide much useful information on the oxygen distribution in the aorta to surgeons and operators of VA-ECMO. Graphical abstract The results showed the deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood met at the aortic arch and formed the so-called "oxygenshed" phenomenon. This phenomenon is consistent with the phenomenon called "watershed".
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Life Science and BioEngineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Gao
- School of Life Science and BioEngineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Chang
- School of Life Science and BioEngineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Pan L, Nishimura Y, Takaesu H, Matsui Y, Matsushita T, Shirasaki N. Effects of decreasing activated carbon particle diameter from 30 μm to 140 nm on equilibrium adsorption capacity. Water Res 2017; 124:425-434. [PMID: 28787680 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of activated carbon particles with median diameters (D50s) of >∼1 μm for adsorption of hydrophobic micropollutants such as 2-methylisolborneol (MIB) increases with decreasing particle size because the pollutants are adsorbed mostly on the exterior (shell) of the particles owing to the limited diffusion penetration depth. However, particles with D50s of <1 μm have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we prepared particles with D50s of ∼30 μm-∼140 nm and evaluated their adsorption capacities for MIB and several other environmentally relevant adsorbates. The adsorption capacities for low-molecular-weight adsorbates, including MIB, deceased with decreasing particle size for D50s of less than a few micrometers, whereas adsorption capacities increased with decreasing particle size for larger particles. The oxygen content of the particles increased substantially with decreasing particle size for D50s of less than a few micrometers, and oxygen content was negatively correlated with adsorption capacity. The decrease in adsorption capacity with decreasing particle size for the smaller particles was due to particle oxidation during the micromilling procedure used to decrease D50 to ∼140 nm. When oxidation was partially inhibited, the MIB adsorption capacity decrease was attenuated. For high-molecular-weight adsorbates, adsorption capacity increased with decreasing particle size over the entire range of tested particle sizes, even though particle oxygen content increased with decreasing particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hideki Takaesu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Taku Matsushita
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shirasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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15
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Abstract
This review tackles the unresolved issue of the existence of oxygen sensor in the body. The sensor that would respond to changes in tissue oxygen content, possibly along the hypoxia-normoxia-hyperoxia spectrum, rather than to a given level of oxygen, and would translate the response into lung ventilation changes, the major adaptive process. Studies on oxygen sensing, for decades, concentrated around the hypoxic ventilatory response generated mostly by carotid body chemoreceptor cells. Despite gaining a substantial insight into the cellular transduction pathways in carotid chemoreceptors, the exact molecular mechanisms of the chemoreflex have never been conclusively verified. The article briefly sums up the older studies and presents novel theories on oxygen, notably, hypoxia sensing. These theories have to do with the role of transient receptor potential cation TRPA1 channels and brain astrocytes in hypoxia sensing. Although both play a substantial role in shaping the ventilatory response to hypoxia, neither can yet be considered the ultimate sensor of hypoxia. The enigma of oxygen sensing in tissue still remains to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczyslaw Pokorski
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center, 2-37-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
- Opole Medical School in Opole, 68 Katowicka Street, 45-060, Opole, Poland.
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center, 2-37-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
- Fujita Memorial Nanakuri Institute, Fujita Health University, 423 Oodori-cho, Tsu, 514-1296, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okada
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center, 2-37-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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16
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Devarajan Y, Munuswamy DB, Nagappan B. Emissions analysis on diesel engine fuelled with cashew nut shell biodiesel and pentanol blends. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:13136-13141. [PMID: 28386884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work is intended to investigate the emission characteristics of neat cashew nut shell methyl ester (CNSME100) by adding pentanol at two different proportions and compared with the baseline diesel. CNSME100 is prepared by the conventional transesterification process. CNSME100 is chosen due to its non-edible nature. Pentanol is chosen as an additive because of its higher inbuilt oxygen content and surface to volume ratio which reduces the drawbacks of neat CNSME100. Emission characteristics were carried out in single cylinder naturally aspirated CI engine fuelled with neat cashew nut shell methyl ester (CNSME), cashew nut shell methyl ester and pentanol by 10% volume (CNSME90P10), cashew nut shell methyl ester and pentanol by 20% volume (CNSME80P20), and diesel. This work also aims to investigate the feasibility of operating an engine fuelled with neat methyl ester and alcohol blends. Experimental results showed that by blending higher alcohol to neat cashew nut shell methyl ester reduces the emissions significantly. It is also found that the emission from neat methyl ester and pentanol blends is lesser than diesel at all loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvarajan Devarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr.SR University, Chennai, India.
| | | | - BeemKumar Nagappan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India
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17
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Shen H, Ie IR, Yuan CS, Hung CH, Chen WH, Luo J, Jen YH. Enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury by TiO2 in a high temperature environment. J Hazard Mater 2015; 289:235-243. [PMID: 25733397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The photo-oxidation of Hg(0) in a lab-scale reactor by titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated on the surface of glass beads was investigated at high temperatures. TiO2 was calcinated at four different temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C (noted as Ti300, Ti400, Ti500 and Ti600) and characterized for its physicochemical properties. The calcinated TiO2 coating on the glass beads was then tested to compare the photo-oxidation efficiencies of Hg(0) with an incident light of 365 nm. The results showed that the oxidation efficiencies of Hg(0) for Ti400 and Ti500 were higher than those of Ti300 and Ti600. To enhance the photo-oxidation efficiency of Hg(0), Ti400 was selected to examine the wave lengths (λ) of 254 nm, 365 nm and visible light with various influent Hg(0) concentrations. The effects of irradiation strength and the presence of oxygen on the photo-oxidation efficiency of Hg(0) were further investigated, respectively. This study revealed that the wave length (λ) of 254 nm could promote the photo-oxidation efficiency of Hg(0) at 140 and 160 °C, while increasing the influent Hg(0) concentration and could enhance the photo-oxidation rate of Hg(0). However, the influence of 5% O2 present in the flue gas for the enhancement of Hg(0) oxidation was limited. Moreover, the intensity of the incident wave length of 365 nm and visible light were demonstrated to boost the photo-oxidation efficiency of Hg(0) effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Shen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Iau-Ren Ie
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Hsuang Hung
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology No. 2, Juoyue Road, Nantz District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jinjing Luo
- College of the Environmental & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yi-Hsiu Jen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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