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Fang Z, Sallach JB, Hodson ME. Size- and concentration-dependent effects of microplastics on soil aggregate formation and properties. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133395. [PMID: 38218032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Plastics fragment and threaten soil ecosystems. Degradation of soil structure is one of the risks. Despite this, data on impacts of different sized microplastics (MPs) on soil aggregates is lacking. This study systematically investigated the effects of pristine polyethylene powders of different sizes (< 35, < 125, < 500 µm) and concentrations (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10 wt%) on aggregate formation and their properties for two contrasting soils (woodland soil, WS; agricultural soil, AS). 75 day wet-dry cycles produced newly-formed aggregates in all treatments. MP size and concentration impacted the incorporation of MPs in aggregates and this varied with aggregate size; the size distribution of aggregates also varied with MP size and concentration. Aggregates produced in soil containing 10 wt% < 35 µm MPs had significantly lower MWDs (mean weight diameters) than controls. The wettability of aggregates (> 4 mm) reduced with increasing MP exposure concentration and decreasing MP exposure size. MP incorporation decreased the water stability of aggregates (1-2 mm) in WS but increased it in AS. The particle density of aggregates (> 4 mm) significantly decreased with increasing MP concentration, whereas MP size had no effect. As MPs breakdown, fragment and become smaller over time, their potential risk to the aggregated structure of soil increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fang
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
| | - J B Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - M E Hodson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
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Berkenkemper S, Kleinebudde P. Evaluation of alternative methods to derive particle density from compression data. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122582. [PMID: 36610520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The determination of particle density is a critical part of material characterization regarding compression analyses. Helium pycnometry as the most commonly used method is criticized for different aspects. Most prominent is the susceptibility to errors when measuring water-containing powders. Alternative methods for determining particle density using compression data have already been described. However, a systematic investigation and evaluation is still missing. In this study, the methods by Sun and Krumme were investigated in detail regarding their robustness against variations in tableting settings. Twelve pharmaceutical excipients were tableted at five different settings to verify the applicability and sensitivity to changes in the experimental set-up. Both methods were found to be robust against influencing parameters from the experiments. A sufficiently high compression pressure to approach a constant density value of the corresponding material during tableting was considered to be an essential requirement for the performance of the methods. Brittle materials with high yield pressure were found to be unsuitable for the application of both methods. The method of Krumme gave small deviations to measurements of helium pycnometry for water-free materials. By using the tablet density after in-die elastic recovery, Krumme's method could be used for water-containing materials as well. The method of Sun was found to give significantly smaller values for particle density due to inclusion of slow elastic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Berkenkemper
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Universitaetsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Rückerl R, Schneider A, Hampel R, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Kraus U, Gu J, Soentgen J, Koenig W, Peters A. Association of novel metrics of particulate matter with vascular markers of inflammation and coagulation in susceptible populations -results from a panel study. Environ Res 2016; 150:337-347. [PMID: 27344265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological studies have shown adverse effects of ambient air pollutants on health with inflammation and oxidative stress playing an important role. We examine the association between blood biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation and physical attributes of particulate matter which are not routinely measured such as particle length or surface area concentration and apparent density of PM. METHODS Between 3/2007 and 12/2008 187 non-smoking individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were examined within the framework of the KORA Study in Augsburg, Germany. In addition, we selected 87 participants with a potential genetic predisposition on detoxifying and inflammatory pathways. This was defined by the null polymorphism for glutathione S-transferase M1 in combination with a certain single nucleotide polymorphism on the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene (rs1205) or the fibrinogen gene (rs1800790). Participants had blood drawn up to seven different times, resulting in 1765 blood samples. Air pollutants were collected at a central measurement station and individual 24-h averages calculated. Associations between air pollutants and high sensitivity CRP, myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)-6 and fibrinogen were analysed using additive mixed models. RESULTS For the panel with genetic susceptibility, increases were seen for CRP and MPO with most attributes, specifically particle length and active surface concentration. The %change of geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals for the 5-day average exposure for CRP and MPO were 34.6% [21.8;48.8] and 8.3% [3.2;13.6] per interquartile range increase of particle length concentration and 29.8% [15.9;45.3] and 10.4 [4.4;16.7] for active surface area. Results for the panel of T2D and IGT and the other blood biomarkers were less conclusive. CONCLUSIONS Particle length concentration and active surface concentration showed strong positive associations with blood biomarkers reflecting inflammation. These air pollution metrics might reflect harmful aerosol properties better than particulate mass or number concentration. They might therefore be important for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Rückerl
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Regina Hampel
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Josef Cyrys
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ute Kraus
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jianwei Gu
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jens Soentgen
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Klinik für Herz-& Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München, Germany.
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Mostafa E, Nannen C, Henseler J, Diekmann B, Gates R, Buescher W. Physical properties of particulate matter from animal houses-empirical studies to improve emission modelling. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:12253-12263. [PMID: 26976010 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining and preserving the environment from pollutants are of utmost importance. Particulate matter (PM) is considered one of the main air pollutants. In addition to the harmful effects of PM in the environment, it has also a negative indoor impact on human and animal health. The specific forms of damage of particulate emission from livestock buildings depend on its physical properties. The physical properties of particulates from livestock facilities are largely unknown. Most studies assume the livestock particles to be spherical with a constant density which can result in biased estimations, leading to inaccurate results and errors in the calculation of particle mass concentration in livestock buildings. The physical properties of PM, including difference in density as a function of particle size and shape, can have a significant impact on the predictions of particles' behaviour. The aim of this research was to characterize the physical properties of PM from different animal houses and consequently determine PM mass concentration. The mean densities of collected PM from laying hens, dairy cows and pig barns were 1450, 1520 and 2030 kg m(-3), respectively, whilst the mass factors were 2.17 × 10(-3), 2.18 × 10(-3) and 5.36 × 10(-3) μm, respectively. The highest mass concentration was observed in pig barns generally followed by laying hen barns, and the lowest concentration was in dairy cow buildings. Results are presented in such a way that they can be used in subsequent research for simulation purposes and to form the basis for a data set of PM physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mostafa
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, El-Gammaa Street, 12613, Giza, Egypt.
- Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Bonn University, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Nannen
- Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Bonn University, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica Henseler
- Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Bonn University, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Diekmann
- Institute of Physics, Bonn University, Nussallee 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard Gates
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, 360C AESB, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wolfgang Buescher
- Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Bonn University, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Yesiller N, Hanson JL, Cox JT, Noce DE. Determination of specific gravity of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 2014; 34:848-858. [PMID: 24613593 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was conducted to evaluate experimental determination of specific gravity (Gs) of municipal solid waste (MSW). Water pycnometry, typically used for testing soils was adapted for testing MSW using a large flask with 2000 mL capacity and specimens with 100-350 g masses. Tests were conducted on manufactured waste samples prepared using US waste constituent components; fresh wastes obtained prior and subsequent to compaction at an MSW landfill; and wastes obtained from various depths at the same landfill. Factors that influence specific gravity were investigated including waste particle size, compaction, and combined decomposition and stress history. The measured average specific gravities were 1.377 and 1.530 for as-prepared/uncompacted and compacted manufactured wastes, respectively; 1.072 and 1.258 for uncompacted and compacted fresh wastes, respectively; and 2.201 for old wastes. The average organic content and degree of decomposition were 77.2% and 0%, respectively for fresh wastes and 22.8% and 88.3%, respectively for old wastes. The Gs increased with decreasing particle size, compaction, and increasing waste age. For fresh wastes, reductions in particle size and compaction caused occluded intraparticle pores to be exposed and waste particles to be deformed resulting in increases in specific gravity. For old wastes, the high Gs resulted from loss of biodegradable components that have low Gs as well as potential access to previously occluded pores and deformation of particles due to both degradation processes and applied mechanical stresses. The Gs was correlated to the degree of decomposition with a linear relationship. Unlike soils, the Gs for MSW was not unique, but varied in a landfill environment due both to physical/mechanical processes and biochemical processes. Specific gravity testing is recommended to be conducted not only using representative waste composition, but also using representative compaction, stress, and degradation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Yesiller
- Global Waste Research Institute, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - James L Hanson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Jason T Cox
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Danielle E Noce
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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