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Koutník J, Leitges M, Siegmund K. T cell-intrinsic protein kinase D3 is dispensable for the cells' activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049033. [PMID: 36466811 PMCID: PMC9713823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases D (PKDs) are implicated in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Of the two T cell-expressed isoforms PKD2 and PKD3, however, only the former one is rather well understood in this immune cell type. Recently, we have observed a putative hyper-phenotype of T cells from conventional PKD3-knockout mice, which we explained as a secondary effect due to a skewed T cell compartment from naïve towards effector/memory T cells already under steady state conditions. Nonetheless, to this end it is not clear whether these aberrations are mediated by a T cell-intrinsic or -extrinsic function of PKD3. To address this question, we have investigated mice lacking PKD3 specifically in the T cell compartment. We could show that T cells from CD4-Cre-driven conditional knockout mice did not phenocopy the ones from conventional PKD3-knockout mice. In brief, no skewing in the T cell compartment of peripheral lymphoid organs, no hyper-activation upon stimulation in vitro or in vivo as well as no aberrations in follicular helper T cells (TFH) upon immunization were observed. Hence, although PKD3 is strongly regulated upon TCR stimulation, in T cells this kinase seems to be dispensable for their activation. The described skewing in the T cell compartment of conventional PKD3-deficient mice seems to be mediated by T cell-extrinsic mechanisms, thus once more emphasizing the importance of cell type-specific mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Koutník
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Protein kinase D3 (PRKD3), a serine/threonine kinase, belongs to protein kinase D family, which contains three members: PRKD1, PRKD2, and PRKD3. PRKD3 is activated by many stimuli including phorbol esters, and G-protein-coupled receptor agonists. PRKD3 promotes cancer cell proliferation, growth, migration, and invasion in various tumor types including colorectal, gastric, hepatic, prostate, and breast cancer. Accumulating data supports that PRKD3 is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of cancer. This review discusses the functions and mechanisms of PRKD3 in promoting tumorigenesis and tumor progression of various tumor types as well as the latest developments of small-molecule inhibitors selection for PRKD/PRKD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Institute of cancer, Department of biochemistry, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, P. R.China
| | - Yehui Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, P. R.China
| | - Zhenghong Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, P. R.China
| | - Liming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Institute of cancer, Department of biochemistry, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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He JH, Li BX, Han ZP, Zou MX, Wang L, Lv YB, Zhou JB, Cao MR, Li YG, Zhang JZ. Snail-activated long non-coding RNA PCA3 up-regulates PRKD3 expression by miR-1261 sponging, thereby promotes invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5450-y. [PMID: 27743381 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly accumulated evidence has shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) disregulation is involved in human tumorigenesis in many cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). LncRNAs can regulate essential pathways that contribute to tumor initiation and progression with tissue specificity, which suggests that lncRNAs could be valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), also known as differential display code 3 (DD3), is one such lncRNA that maps to chromosome 9q21-22. PCA3 expression is highly specific to PCa. In the present study, the level of PCA3 expression in prostate cancer cells was reduced by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Subsequently, the ability of LNCaP cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of PCa was compromised both in vivo and in vitro with the occurrence of cell autophagy. Recently, a novel regulatory mechanism has been proposed in which RNAs cross talk via competing with the shared microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, lncRNAs can directly interact with RNA-binding proteins and then bind to the gene promoter region to further regulate gene expression. The proposed competitive endogenous RNAs mediate the bioavailability of miRNAs on their targets, thus imposing another level of post-transcriptional regulation. Here, we demonstrated that binding of Snail to the promoter region of PCA3 could activate the expression of PCA3. Down-regulation of PCA3 by silencing could increase the expression of the miRNA-1261, which then targeted at the PRKD3 gene (protein kinase D3) through competitive sponging. In summary, these results suggest that the transcription factor, Snail, activated the expression of lncRNA PCA3, which could inhibit the translation of PRKD3 protein via competitive miR-1261 sponging, and thus high expression of PRKD3 further promoted invasion and migration of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua He
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ze-Ping Han
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Xian Zou
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bing Lv
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Rong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Yu-Guang Li
- Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Panyu District, 8 Fuyu Dong Road, Shiqiao, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Zhi Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510620, People's Republic of China.
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