1
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Korangath P, Jin L, Yang CT, Healy S, Guo X, Ke S, Grüttner C, Hu C, Gabrielson K, Foote J, Clarke R, Ivkov R. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Inhibit Tumor Progression and Suppress Lung Metastases in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer. ACS Nano 2024; 18:10509-10526. [PMID: 38564478 PMCID: PMC11025112 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Systemic exposure to starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) can stimulate antitumor T cell responses, even when little IONP is retained within the tumor. Here, we demonstrate in mouse models of metastatic breast cancer that IONPs can alter the host immune landscape, leading to systemic immune-mediated disease suppression. We report that a single intravenous injection of IONPs can inhibit primary tumor growth, suppress metastases, and extend survival. Gene expression analysis revealed the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways involving signaling via Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), a TLR pathway adaptor protein. Requisite participation of TRIF in suppressing tumor progression was demonstrated with histopathologic evidence of upregulated IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a downstream protein, and confirmed in a TRIF knockout syngeneic mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Neither starch-coated polystyrene nanoparticles lacking iron, nor iron-containing dextran-coated parenteral iron replacement agent, induced significant antitumor effects, suggesting a dependence on the type of IONP formulation. Analysis of multiple independent clinical databases supports a hypothesis that upregulation of TLR3 and IRF3 correlates with increased overall survival among breast cancer patients. Taken together, these data support a compelling rationale to re-examine IONP formulations as harboring anticancer immune (nano)adjuvant properties to generate a therapeutic benefit without requiring uptake by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Korangath
- Department
of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Lu Jin
- The
Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, United States
| | - Chun-Ting Yang
- Department
of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Sean Healy
- Department
of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Xin Guo
- Department
of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Suqi Ke
- Department
of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer
Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | | | - Chen Hu
- Department
of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer
Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department
of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jeremy Foote
- Department
of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University
of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Robert Clarke
- The
Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, United States
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department
of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department
of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of
Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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2
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Cochrane RW, Robino RA, Granger B, Allen E, Vaena S, Romeo MJ, de Cubas AA, Berto S, Ferreira LM. High affinity chimeric antigen receptor signaling induces an inflammatory program in human regulatory T cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.31.587467. [PMID: 38617240 PMCID: PMC11014479 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are promising cellular therapies to induce immune tolerance in organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for cancer has sparked interest in using CARs to generate antigen-specific Tregs. Here, we compared CAR with endogenous T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 activation in human Tregs. Strikingly, CAR Tregs displayed increased cytotoxicity and diminished suppression of antigen-presenting cells and effector T (Teff) cells compared with TCR/CD28 activated Tregs. RNA sequencing revealed that CAR Tregs activate Teff cell gene programs. Indeed, CAR Tregs secreted high levels of inflammatory cytokines, with a subset of FOXP3+ CAR Tregs uniquely acquiring CD40L surface expression and producing IFNγ. Interestingly, decreasing CAR antigen affinity reduced Teff cell gene expression and inflammatory cytokine production by CAR Tregs. Our findings showcase the impact of engineered receptor activation on Treg biology and support tailoring CAR constructs to Tregs for maximal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Cochrane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rob A. Robino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bryan Granger
- Bioinformatics Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eva Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Silvia Vaena
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Martin J. Romeo
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Aguirre A. de Cubas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stefano Berto
- Bioinformatics Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Leonardo M.R. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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3
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Qian H, Meng J, Yuan T, Jiang H, Zhou L, Zhang L, Zhao J, Bao N. Gene Expression in Synovium of Rotator Cuff Tear Patients Determined by RNA Sequencing. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:452-467. [PMID: 37380850 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is a common shoulder disorder related to pain and dysfunction. However, the pathological mechanism of RCT remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to investigate the molecular events in RCT synovium and identify possible target genes and pathways as determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The synovial tissue was biopsied from 3 patients with RCT (RCT group) and 3 patients with shoulder instability (Control group) during arthroscopic surgery. Then, differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs) were comprehensively profiled by RNA-Seq. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis were performed to identify the potential functions of these DE genes. 447 mRNAs, 103 lncRNAs and 15 miRNAs were identified differentially expressed. The DE mRNAs were highlighted in inflammatory pathway including up-regulated T cell costimulation, positive regulation of T cell activation, and T cell receptor signaling. Down-regulated fatty acid degradation pathway and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in RCT group are also enriched. Validation assay showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules including IL21R, CCR5, TNFSF11, and MMP11 was significantly increased in RCT group compared with Control group. CeRNA analysis further revealed lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks involving IL21R and TNFSF11 in RCT. Activated synovial inflammation is the remarkable event of RCT. Importantly, increased T cell activation and disordered fatty acid metabolism signaling might play a significant role. ceRNA networks involving IL21R and TNFSF11 identified could potentially control the progression of RCT. In conclusion, our findings could provide new evidence for the molecular mechanisms of RCT and might identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Nirong Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, #305, East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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4
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Nishi W, Wakamatsu E, Machiyama H, Matsushima R, Yoshida Y, Nishikawa T, Toyota H, Furuhata M, Nishijima H, Takeuchi A, Suzuki M, Yokosuka T. Molecular Imaging of PD-1 Unveils Unknown Characteristics of PD-1 Itself by Visualizing "PD-1 Microclusters". Adv Exp Med Biol 2024; 1444:197-205. [PMID: 38467981 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is one of the most famous coinhibitory receptors that are expressed on effector T cells to regulate their function. The PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are expressed by various cells throughout the body at steady state and their expression was further regulated within different pathological conditions such as tumor-bearing and chronic inflammatory diseases. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 has become a standard treatment for various malignancies and has shown remarkable antitumor effects. Since the discovery of PD-1 in 1992, a huge number of studies have been conducted to elucidate the function of PD-1. Herein, this paper provides an overview of PD-1 biological findings and sheds some light on the current technology for molecular imaging of PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nishi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ei Wakamatsu
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryohei Matsushima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshida
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Toyota
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masae Furuhata
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Arata Takeuchi
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokosuka
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Horvath RM, Brumme ZL, Sadowski I. CDK8 inhibitors antagonize HIV-1 reactivation and promote provirus latency in T cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092323. [PMID: 37671866 PMCID: PMC10537590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV-1 provirus represents the barrier toward a cure for infection and is dependent upon the host RNA Polymerase (Pol) II machinery for reemergence. Here, we find that inhibitors of the RNA Pol II mediator kinases CDK8/19, Senexin A and BRD6989, inhibit induction of HIV-1 expression in response to latency-reversing agents and T cell signaling agonists. These inhibitors were found to impair recruitment of RNA Pol II to the HIV-1 LTR. Furthermore, HIV-1 expression in response to several latency reversal agents was impaired upon disruption of CDK8 by shRNA or gene knockout. However, the effects of CDK8 depletion did not entirely mimic CDK8/19 kinase inhibition suggesting that the mediator kinases are not functionally redundant. Additionally, treatment of CD4+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from people living with HIV-1 and who are receiving antiretroviral therapy with Senexin A inhibited induction of viral replication in response to T cell stimulation by PMA and ionomycin. These observations indicate that the mediator kinases, CDK8 and CDK19, play a significant role for regulation of HIV-1 transcription and that small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes may contribute to therapies designed to promote deep latency involving the durable suppression of provirus expression. IMPORTANCE A cure for HIV-1 infection will require novel therapies that can force elimination of cells that contain copies of the virus genome inserted into the cell chromosome, but which is shut off, or silenced. These are known as latently-infected cells, which represent the main reason why current treatment for HIV/AIDS cannot cure the infection because the virus in these cells is unaffected by current drugs. Our results indicate that chemical inhibitors of Cdk8 also inhibit the expression of latent HIV provirus. Cdk8 is an important enzyme that regulates the expression of genes in response to signals to which cells need to respond and which is produced by a gene that is frequently mutated in cancers. Our observations indicate that Cdk8 inhibitors may be employed in novel therapies to prevent expression from latent provirus, which might eventually enable infected individuals to cease treatment with antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M. Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Huang W, Lin W, Chen B, Zhang J, Gao P, Fan Y, Lin Y, Wei P. NFAT and NF-κB dynamically co-regulate TCR and CAR signaling responses in human T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112663. [PMID: 37347664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has been established that the responses of T cells to antigens are combinatorially regulated by multiple signaling pathways, it remains elusive what mechanisms cells utilize to quantitatively modulate T cell responses during pathway integration. Here, we show that two key pathways in T cell signaling, calcium/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and protein kinase C (PKC)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), integrate through a dynamic and combinatorial strategy to fine-tune T cell response genes. At the cis-regulatory level, the two pathways integrate through co-binding of NFAT and NF-κB to immune response genes. Pathway integration is further regulated temporally, where T cell receptor (TCR) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) activation signals modulate the temporal relationships between the nuclear localization dynamics of NFAT and NF-κB. Such physical and temporal integrations together contribute to distinct modes of expression modulation for genes. Thus, the temporal relationships between regulators can be modulated to affect their co-targets during immune responses, underscoring the importance of dynamic combinatorial regulation in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoqiang Chen
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianhan Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peifen Gao
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yihan Lin
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ping Wei
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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7
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McKenzie C, El-Kholy M, Parekh F, Robson M, Lamb K, Allen C, Sillibourne J, Cordoba S, Thomas S, Pule M. Novel Fas-TNFR chimeras that prevent Fas ligand-mediated kill and signal synergistically to enhance CAR T cell efficacy. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2023; 32:603-621. [PMID: 37200859 PMCID: PMC10185706 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The hostile tumor microenvironment limits the efficacy of adoptive cell therapies. Activation of the Fas death receptor initiates apoptosis and disrupting these receptors could be key to increasing CAR T cell efficacy. We screened a library of Fas-TNFR proteins identifying several novel chimeras that not only prevented Fas ligand-mediated kill, but also enhanced CAR T cell efficacy by signaling synergistically with the CAR. Upon binding Fas ligand, Fas-CD40 activated the NF-κB pathway, inducing greatest proliferation and IFN-γ release out of all Fas-TNFRs tested. Fas-CD40 induced profound transcriptional modifications, particularly genes relating to the cell cycle, metabolism, and chemokine signaling. Co-expression of Fas-CD40 with either 4-1BB- or CD28-containing CARs increased in vitro efficacy by augmenting CAR T cell proliferation and cancer target cytotoxicity, and enhanced tumor killing and overall mouse survival in vivo. Functional activity of the Fas-TNFRs were dependent on the co-stimulatory domain within the CAR, highlighting crosstalk between signaling pathways. Furthermore, we show that a major source for Fas-TNFR activation derives from CAR T cells themselves via activation-induced Fas ligand upregulation, highlighting a universal role of Fas-TNFRs in augmenting CAR T cell responses. We have identified Fas-CD40 as the optimal chimera for overcoming Fas ligand-mediated kill and enhancing CAR T cell efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Pule
- Autolus Therapeutics, London W12 7FP, UK
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Corresponding author Martin Pule, Autolus Therapeutics, London W12 7FP, UK.
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8
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Hope JL, Otero DC, Bae EA, Stairiker CJ, Palete AB, Faso HA, Lin M, Henriquez ML, Roy S, Seo H, Lei X, Wang ES, Chow S, Tinoco R, Daniels GA, Yip K, Campos AR, Yin J, Adams PD, Rao A, Bradley LM. PSGL-1 attenuates early TCR signaling to suppress CD8 + T cell progenitor differentiation and elicit terminal CD8 + T cell exhaustion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112436. [PMID: 37115668 PMCID: PMC10403047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein-1) is a T cell-intrinsic checkpoint regulator of exhaustion with an unknown mechanism of action. Here, we show that PSGL-1 acts upstream of PD-1 and requires co-ligation with the T cell receptor (TCR) to attenuate activation of mouse and human CD8+ T cells and drive terminal T cell exhaustion. PSGL-1 directly restrains TCR signaling via Zap70 and maintains expression of the Zap70 inhibitor Sts-1. PSGL-1 deficiency empowers CD8+ T cells to respond to low-affinity TCR ligands and inhibit growth of PD-1-blockade-resistant melanoma by enabling tumor-infiltrating T cells to sustain an elevated metabolic gene signature supportive of increased glycolysis and glucose uptake to promote effector function. This outcome is coupled to an increased abundance of CD8+ T cell stem cell-like progenitors that maintain effector functions. Additionally, pharmacologic blockade of PSGL-1 curtails T cell exhaustion, indicating that PSGL-1 represents an immunotherapeutic target for PD-1-blockade-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hope
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis C Otero
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eun-Ah Bae
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher J Stairiker
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ashley B Palete
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah A Faso
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle Lin
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Monique L Henriquez
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sreeja Roy
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hyungseok Seo
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xue Lei
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric S Wang
- Cancer Molecular Therapeutics, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Savio Chow
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roberto Tinoco
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory A Daniels
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Yip
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandre Rosa Campos
- Proteomics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Bioinformatics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter D Adams
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linda M Bradley
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Patel AG, Moxham S, Bamezai AK. Ly-6A-Induced Growth Inhibition and Cell Death in a Transformed CD4 + T Cell Line: Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:4. [PMID: 36725744 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ly-6A, a member of the Ly-6/uPAR supergene family of proteins, is a cell adhesion and cell signaling protein. Signaling through Ly-6A activates the cell-intrinsic apoptotic cell death pathway in CD4+ T cell lines, as indicated by the release of cytochrome C, and activation of caspases 9 and 3. In addition, Ly-6A induces cytokine production and growth inhibition. The mechanism underlying the distinct cellular responses that are triggered by engaging Ly-6A protein has remained unknown. To examine the relatedness of these distinct responses, we have quantified the production of pro-apoptotic, growth inhibitory and tumor suppressive cytokines, such as TNF-α, TGF-β and a related protein GDF-10, in response to Ly-6A signaling. Anti-Ly-6A monoclonal antibody-induced activation of YH16.33 CD4+ T cell line generated low levels of TGF-β and GDF-10 but elevated levels of TNF-α. Blocking the biological activity of TNF-α resulted in reduced Ly-6A-induced apoptosis in T cells. The Ly-6A-induced response in the T cell line was distinct, as signaling through the antigen receptor complex did not cause growth inhibition and apoptosis despite high levels of TGF-β and GDF-10 that were detected in these cultures. Additionally, in response to antigen receptor complex signaling, lower amount of TNF-α was detected. These results indicate the contribution of TNF-α in the observed Ly-6A-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis and provide a mechanistic explanation for the biologically distinct responses observed in CD4+ T cells after engaging Ly-6A protein. Additionally, the findings reported here will aid in the understanding of inhibitory signaling initiated by Ly-6A protein, especially in the context of its potential immune checkpoint inhibitory role in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay G Patel
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Sarah Moxham
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anil K Bamezai
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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10
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O’Neill TJ, Gewies A, Seeholzer T, Krappmann D. TRAF6 controls T cell homeostasis by maintaining the equilibrium of MALT1 scaffolding and protease functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111398. [PMID: 36761777 PMCID: PMC9902345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
MALT1 is a core component of the CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome, in which it acts as a scaffold and a protease to bridge T cell receptor (TCR) ligation to immune activation. As a scaffold, MALT1 binds to TRAF6, and T cell-specific TRAF6 ablation or destruction of MALT1-TRAF6 interaction provokes activation of conventional T (Tconv) effector cells. In contrast, MALT1 protease activity controls the development and suppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells in a T cell-intrinsic manner. Thus, complete loss of TRAF6 or selective inactivation of MALT1 catalytic function in mice skews the immune system towards autoimmune inflammation, but distinct mechanisms are responsible for these immune disorders. Here we demonstrate that TRAF6 deletion or MALT1 paracaspase inactivation are highly interdependent in causing the distinct immune pathologies. We crossed mice with T cell-specific TRAF6 ablation (Traf6-ΔT) and mice with a mutation rendering the MALT1 paracaspase dead in T cells (Malt1 PD-T) to yield Traf6-ΔT;Malt1 PD-T double mutant mice. These mice reveal that the autoimmune inflammation caused by TRAF6-ablation relies strictly on the function of the MALT1 protease to drive the activation of Tconv cells. Vice versa, despite the complete loss of Treg cells in Traf6-ΔT;Malt1 PD-T double mutant mice, inactivation of the MALT1 protease is unable to cause autoinflammation, because the Tconv effector cells are not activated in the absence of TRAF6. Consequentially, combined MALT1 paracaspase inactivation and TRAF6 deficiency in T cells mirrors the immunodeficiency seen upon T cell-specific MALT1 ablation.
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11
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Lin X, Gao Y, Ding Y, Zhao B. Editorial: Revisiting the thymus: the origin of T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197066. [PMID: 37122760 PMCID: PMC10137674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yi Ding
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhao, ;
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12
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Zegallai HM, Abu-El-Rub E, Mejia EM, Sparagna GC, Cole LK, Marshall AJ, Hatch GM. Tafazzin deficiency attenuates anti-cluster of differentiation 40 and interleukin-4 activation of mouse B lymphocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:429-439. [PMID: 36129532 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disease caused by mutations in TAFAZZIN. The tafazzin (Taz) protein is a cardiolipin remodeling enzyme required for maintaining mitochondrial function. Patients with BTHS exhibit impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain and metabolic function and are susceptible to serious infections. B lymphocytes (B cells) play a vital role in humoral immunity required to eradicate circulating antigens from pathogens. Intact mitochondrial respiration is required for proper B-cell function. We investigated whether Taz deficiency in mouse B cells altered their response to activation by anti-cluster of differentiation 40 (anti-CD40) + interleukin-4 (IL-4). B cells were isolated from 3-4-month-old wild type (WT) or tafazzin knockdown (TazKD) mice and were stimulated with anti-CD40 + IL-4 for 24 h and cellular bioenergetics, surface marker expression, proliferation, antibody production, and proteasome and immunoproteasome activities determined. TazKD B cells exhibited reduced mRNA expression of Taz, lowered levels of cardiolipin, and impairment in both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis compared to WT B cells. In addition, anti-CD40 + IL-4 stimulated TazKD B cells expressed lower levels of the immunogenic surface markers, cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) and cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69), exhibited a lower proliferation rate, reduced production of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G, and reduced proteasome and immunoproteasome proteolytic activities compared to WT B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 + IL-4. The results indicate that Taz is required to support T-cell-dependent signaling activation of mouse B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Zegallai
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Edgard M Mejia
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Denver CO, USA
| | - Laura K Cole
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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13
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Koutník J, Leitges M, Siegmund K. T cell-intrinsic protein kinase D3 is dispensable for the cells' activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049033. [PMID: 36466811 PMCID: PMC9713823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases D (PKDs) are implicated in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Of the two T cell-expressed isoforms PKD2 and PKD3, however, only the former one is rather well understood in this immune cell type. Recently, we have observed a putative hyper-phenotype of T cells from conventional PKD3-knockout mice, which we explained as a secondary effect due to a skewed T cell compartment from naïve towards effector/memory T cells already under steady state conditions. Nonetheless, to this end it is not clear whether these aberrations are mediated by a T cell-intrinsic or -extrinsic function of PKD3. To address this question, we have investigated mice lacking PKD3 specifically in the T cell compartment. We could show that T cells from CD4-Cre-driven conditional knockout mice did not phenocopy the ones from conventional PKD3-knockout mice. In brief, no skewing in the T cell compartment of peripheral lymphoid organs, no hyper-activation upon stimulation in vitro or in vivo as well as no aberrations in follicular helper T cells (TFH) upon immunization were observed. Hence, although PKD3 is strongly regulated upon TCR stimulation, in T cells this kinase seems to be dispensable for their activation. The described skewing in the T cell compartment of conventional PKD3-deficient mice seems to be mediated by T cell-extrinsic mechanisms, thus once more emphasizing the importance of cell type-specific mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Koutník
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Leitges
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Abstract
S-acylation, the reversible lipidation of free cysteine residues with long-chain fatty acids, is a highly dynamic post-translational protein modification that has recently emerged as an important regulator of the T cell function. The reversible nature of S-acylation sets this modification apart from other forms of protein lipidation and allows it to play a unique role in intracellular signal transduction. In recent years, a significant number of T cell proteins, including receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and adaptor proteins, were identified as S-acylated. It has been shown that S-acylation critically contributes to their function by regulating protein localization, stability and protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that zDHHC protein acyltransferases, the family of enzymes mediating this modification, also play a prominent role in T cell activation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to highlight the diversity of proteins undergoing S-acylation in T cells, elucidate the mechanisms by which reversible lipidation can impact protein function, and introduce protein acyltransferases as a novel class of regulatory T cell proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J. West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Askar M. Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Ohmes J, Comdühr S, Akbarzadeh R, Riemekasten G, Humrich JY. Dysregulation and chronicity of pathogenic T cell responses in the pre-diseased stage of lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007078. [PMID: 36389689 PMCID: PMC9650673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the normal immune system, T cell activation is tightly regulated and controlled at several levels to ensure that activation occurs in the right context to prevent the development of pathologic conditions such as autoimmunity or other harmful immune responses. CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for the regulation of T cell responses in the peripheral lymphatic organs and thus for the prevention and control of autoimmunity. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease with complex etiology, a disbalance between Treg and pathogenic effector/memory CD4+ T cells develops during disease progression indicating that gradual loss of control over T cell activation is an important event in the immune pathogenesis. This progressive failure to adequately regulate the activation of autoreactive T cells facilitates chronic activation and effector/memory differentiation of pathogenic T cells, which are considered to contribute significantly to the induction and perpetuation of autoimmune processes and tissue inflammation in SLE. However, in particular in humans, little is known about the factors which drive the escape from immune regulation and the chronicity of pathogenic T cell responses in an early stage of autoimmune disease when clinical symptoms are still unapparent. Here we briefly summarize important findings and discuss current views and models on the mechanisms related to the dysregulation of T cell responses which promotes chronicity and pathogenic memory differentiation with a focus on the early stage of disease in lupus-prone individuals.
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16
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Patel A, Perl A. Redox Control of Integrin-Mediated Hepatic Inflammation in Systemic Autoimmunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:367-388. [PMID: 34036799 PMCID: PMC8982133 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Systemic autoimmunity affects 3%-5% of the population worldwide. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical form of such condition, which affects 20-150 of 100,000 people globally. Liver dysfunction, defined by increased immune cell infiltration into the hepatic parenchyma, is an understudied manifestation that affects up to 20% of SLE patients. Autoimmunity in SLE involves proinflammatory lineage specification in the immune system that occurs with oxidative stress and profound changes in cellular metabolism. As the primary metabolic organ of the body, the liver is uniquely capable to encounter oxidative stress through first-pass derivatization and filtering of waste products. Recent Advances: The traffic of immune cells from their development through recirculation in the liver is guided by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and integrins, cell surface proteins that tightly anchor cells together. The surface expression of CAMs and integrins is regulated via endocytic traffic that is sensitive to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that elicit oxidative stress in the liver may originate from the mitochondria, the cytosol, or the cell membrane. Critical Issues: While hepatic ROS production is a source of vulnerability, it also modulates the development and function of the immune system. In turn, the liver employs antioxidant defense mechanisms to protect itself from damage that can be harnessed to serve as therapeutic mechanisms against autoimmunity, inflammation, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Directions: This review is aimed at delineating redox control of integrin signaling in the liver and checkpoints of regulatory impact that can be targeted for treatment of inflammation in systemic autoimmunity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 367-388.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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17
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Griffith AA, Callahan KP, King NG, Xiao Q, Su X, Salomon AR. SILAC Phosphoproteomics Reveals Unique Signaling Circuits in CAR-T Cells and the Inhibition of B Cell-Activating Phosphorylation in Target Cells. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:395-409. [PMID: 35014847 PMCID: PMC8830406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a single-pass transmembrane receptor designed to specifically target and eliminate cancers. While CARs prove highly efficacious against B cell malignancies, the intracellular signaling events which promote CAR T cell activity remain elusive. To gain further insight into both CAR T cell signaling and the potential signaling response of cells targeted by CAR, we analyzed phosphopeptides captured by two separate phosphoenrichment strategies from third generation CD19-CAR T cells cocultured with SILAC labeled Raji B cells by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we report that CD19-CAR T cells upregulated several key phosphorylation events also observed in canonical T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, while Raji B cells exhibited a significant decrease in B cell receptor-signaling related phosphorylation events in response to coculture. Our data suggest that CD19-CAR stimulation activates a mixture of unique CD19-CAR-specific signaling pathways and canonical TCR signaling, while global phosphorylation in Raji B cells is reduced after association with the CD19-CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alijah A. Griffith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Kenneth P. Callahan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Nathan Gordo King
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Arthur R. Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912,
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18
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Yin H, Karayel O, Chao YY, Seeholzer T, Hamp I, Plettenburg O, Gehring T, Zielinski C, Mann M, Krappmann D. A20 and ABIN-1 cooperate in balancing CBM complex-triggered NF-κB signaling in activated T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:112. [PMID: 35099607 PMCID: PMC8803816 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation initiates protective adaptive immunity, but counterbalancing mechanisms are critical to prevent overshooting responses and to maintain immune homeostasis. The CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) complex bridges T cell receptor engagement to NF-κB signaling and MALT1 protease activation. Here, we show that ABIN-1 is modulating the suppressive function of A20 in T cells. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified ABIN-1 as an interactor of the CBM signalosome in activated T cells. A20 and ABIN-1 counteract inducible activation of human primary CD4 and Jurkat T cells. While A20 overexpression is able to silence CBM complex-triggered NF-κB and MALT1 protease activation independent of ABIN-1, the negative regulatory function of ABIN-1 depends on A20. The suppressive function of A20 in T cells relies on ubiquitin binding through the C-terminal zinc finger (ZnF)4/7 motifs, but does not involve the deubiquitinating activity of the OTU domain. Our mechanistic studies reveal that the A20/ABIN-1 module is recruited to the CBM complex via A20 ZnF4/7 and that proteasomal degradation of A20 and ABIN-1 releases the CBM complex from the negative impact of both regulators. Ubiquitin binding to A20 ZnF4/7 promotes destructive K48-polyubiquitination to itself and to ABIN-1. Further, after prolonged T cell stimulation, ABIN-1 antagonizes MALT1-catalyzed cleavage of re-synthesized A20 and thereby diminishes sustained CBM complex signaling. Taken together, interdependent post-translational mechanisms are tightly controlling expression and activity of the A20/ABIN-1 silencing module and the cooperative action of both negative regulators is critical to balance CBM complex signaling and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yin
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozge Karayel
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ying-Yin Chao
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeholzer
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Hamp
- Institute for Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 30167, Hannover, Germany.,Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Institute for Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 30167, Hannover, Germany.,Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torben Gehring
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christina Zielinski
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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19
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Wang H, Song X, Shen L, Wang X, Xu C. Exploiting T cell signaling to optimize engineered T cell therapies. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:123-134. [PMID: 34810156 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Engineered T cell therapies, mainly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T and T cell receptor (TCR)-T, have become the new frontier of cancer treatment. CAR-T and TCR-T therapies differ in many aspects, including cell persistence and toxicity, leading to different therapeutic outcomes. Both TCR and CAR recognize antigens and trigger T cell mediated antitumor response, but they have distinct molecular structures and signaling properties. TCR represents one of the most complex receptors, while CAR is a single-chain chimera integrating modules from multiple immune receptors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the strengths and limitations of both systems can pave the way for the development of next-generation T cell therapy. This review synthesizes recent findings on TCR and CAR signaling and highlights the potential strategies of T cell engineering by signaling refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianming Song
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Zhao X, Wu LZ, Ng EKY, Leow KWS, Wei Q, Gascoigne NRJ, Brzostek J. Non-Stimulatory pMHC Enhance CD8 T Cell Effector Functions by Recruiting Coreceptor-Bound Lck. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721722. [PMID: 34707605 PMCID: PMC8542885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, CD8+ T cells need to recognize low numbers of antigenic pMHC class I complexes in the presence of a surplus of non-stimulatory, self pMHC class I on the surface of the APC. Non-stimulatory pMHC have been shown to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to low amounts of antigenic pMHC, in a phenomenon called co-agonism, but the physiological significance and molecular mechanism of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. Our data show that co-agonist pMHC class I complexes recruit CD8-bound Lck to the immune synapse to modulate CD8+ T cell signaling pathways, resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell effector functions and proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, co-agonism can boost T cell proliferation through an extrinsic mechanism, with co-agonism primed CD8+ T cells enhancing Akt pathway activation and proliferation in neighboring CD8+ T cells primed with low amounts of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Zhe Wu
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esther K Y Ng
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerisa W S Leow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Dong R, Aksel T, Chan W, Germain RN, Vale RD, Douglas SM. DNA origami patterning of synthetic T cell receptors reveals spatial control of the sensitivity and kinetics of signal activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109057118. [PMID: 34588308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109057118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor clustering plays a key role in triggering cellular activation, but the relationship between the spatial configuration of clusters and the elicitation of downstream intracellular signals remains poorly understood. We developed a DNA-origami-based system that is easily adaptable to other cellular systems and enables rich interrogation of responses to a variety of spatially defined inputs. Using a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell model system with relevance to cancer therapy, we studied signaling dynamics at single-cell resolution. We found that the spatial arrangement of receptors determines the ligand density threshold for triggering and encodes the temporal kinetics of signaling activities. We also showed that signaling sensitivity of a small cluster of high-affinity ligands is enhanced when surrounded by nonstimulating low-affinity ligands. Our results suggest that cells measure spatial arrangements of ligands, translate that information into distinct signaling dynamics, and provide insights into engineering immunotherapies.
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22
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Eidell KP, Lovy A, Sylvain NR, Scangarello FA, Muendlein HI, Ophir MJ, Nguyen K, Seminario MC, Bunnell SC. LFA-1 and kindlin-3 enable the collaborative transport of SLP-76 microclusters by myosin and dynein motors. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:270974. [PMID: 34279667 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin engagement within the immune synapse enhances T cell activation, but our understanding of this process is incomplete. In response to T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, SLP-76 (LCP2), ADAP (FYB1) and SKAP55 (SKAP1) are recruited into microclusters and activate integrins via the effectors talin-1 and kindlin-3 (FERMT3). We postulated that integrins influence the centripetal transport and signaling of SLP-76 microclusters via these linkages. We show that contractile myosin filaments surround and are co-transported with SLP-76 microclusters, and that TCR ligand density governs the centripetal movement of both structures. Centripetal transport requires formin activity, actomyosin contraction, microtubule integrity and dynein motor function. Although immobilized VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) and LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin) ligands arrest the centripetal movement of SLP-76 microclusters and myosin filaments, VLA-4 acts distally, while LFA-1 acts in the lamellum. Integrin β2, kindlin-3 and zyxin are required for complete centripetal transport, while integrin β1 and talin-1 are not. CD69 upregulation is similarly dependent on integrin β2, kindlin-3 and zyxin, but not talin-1. These findings highlight the integration of cytoskeletal systems within the immune synapse and reveal extracellular ligand-independent roles for LFA-1 and kindlin-3. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P Eidell
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alenka Lovy
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nicholas R Sylvain
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Frank A Scangarello
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Hayley I Muendlein
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael J Ophir
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Bunnell
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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23
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Abstract
Our understanding of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) biology is limited due to technical difficulties in establishing reproducible, yet simple, in vitro assays to study PD-1 signaling in primary human T cells. The protocols in this article were refined to test the consequences of PD-1 ligation on short-term T cell signaling, long-term T cell function, and the structural consequences of PD-1 ligation with PD-1 ligands. Basic Protocol 1 addresses the need for a robust and reproducible short-term assay to examine the signaling cascade triggered by PD-1. We describe a phospho flow cytometry method to determine how PD-1 ligation alters the level of CD3ζ phosphorylation on Tyr142 , which can be easily applied to other proximal signaling proteins. Basic Protocol 2 describes a plate-bound assay that is useful to examine the long-term consequences of PD-1 ligation such as cytokine production and T cell proliferation. Complementary to that, Basic Protocol 3 describes an in vitro superantigen-based assay to evaluate T cell responses to therapeutic agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L axis, as well as immune synapse formation in the presence of PD-1 engagement. Finally, in Basic Protocol 4 we outline a tetramer-based method useful to interrogate the quality of PD-1/PD-L interactions. These protocols can be easily adapted for mouse studies and other inhibitory receptors. They provide a valuable resource to investigate PD-1 signaling in T cells and the functional consequences of various PD-1-based therapeutics on T cell responses. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: PD-1 crosslinking assay to determine CD3ζ phosphorylation in primary human T cells Basic Protocol 2: Plate-based ligand binding assay to study PD-1 function in human T cells Support Protocol 1: T cell proliferation assay in the presence of PD-1 ligation Basic Protocol 3: In vitro APC/T cell co-culture system to evaluate therapeutic interventions targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis Support Protocol 2: Microscopy-based approach to evaluate the consequences of PD-1 ligation on immune synapse formation Basic Protocol 4: Tetramer-based approach to study PD-1/PD-L1 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tocheva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Shalom Lerrer
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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24
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Ngoenkam J, Paensuwan P, Wipa P, Schamel WWA, Pongcharoen S. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein: Roles in Signal Transduction in T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674572. [PMID: 34169073 PMCID: PMC8217661 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction regulates the proper function of T cells in an immune response. Upon binding to its specific ligand associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on an antigen presenting cell, the T cell receptor (TCR) initiates intracellular signaling that leads to extensive actin polymerization. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is one of the actin nucleation factors that is recruited to TCR microclusters, where it is activated and regulates actin network formation. Here we highlight the research that has focused on WASp-deficient T cells from both human and mice in TCR-mediated signal transduction. We discuss the role of WASp in proximal TCR signaling as well as in the Ras/Rac-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), PKC (protein kinase C) and Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pussadee Paensuwan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Clinics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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25
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Dine E, Reed EH, Toettcher JE. Positive feedback between the T cell kinase Zap70 and its substrate LAT acts as a clustering-dependent signaling switch. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109280. [PMID: 34161759 PMCID: PMC8292983 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein clustering is pervasive in cell signaling, yet how signaling from higher-order assemblies differs from simpler forms of molecular organization is still poorly understood. We present an optogenetic approach to switch between oligomers and heterodimers with a single point mutation. We apply this system to study signaling from the kinase Zap70 and its substrate linker for activation of T cells (LAT), proteins that normally form membrane-localized condensates during T cell activation. We find that fibroblasts expressing synthetic Zap70:LAT clusters activate downstream signaling, whereas one-to-one heterodimers do not. We provide evidence that clusters harbor a positive feedback loop among Zap70, LAT, and Src-family kinases that binds phosphorylated LAT and further activates Zap70. Finally, we extend our optogenetic approach to the native T cell signaling context, where light-induced LAT clustering is sufficient to drive a calcium response. Our study reveals a specific signaling function for protein clusters and identifies a biochemical circuit that robustly senses protein oligomerization state. Dine et al. study how different modes of molecular organization contribute to cell signaling using the kinase Zap70 and its substrate LAT as a model system. Optogenetic manipulation reveals that LAT:Zap70 clusters—but not dimers—trigger potent signaling via localized positive feedback among LAT, Zap70, and Src-family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Dine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ellen H Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan.
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26
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Chua XY, Salomon A. Ovalbumin Antigen-Specific Activation of Human T Cell Receptor Closely Resembles Soluble Antibody Stimulation as Revealed by BOOST Phosphotyrosine Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3330-3344. [PMID: 34018748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) leads to a network of early signaling predominantly orchestrated by tyrosine phosphorylation in T cells. The TCR is commonly activated using soluble anti-TCR antibodies, but this approach is not antigen-specific. Alternatively, activating the TCR using specific antigens of a range of binding affinities in the form of a peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is presumed to be more physiological. However, due to the lack of wide-scale phosphotyrosine (pTyr) proteomic studies directly comparing anti-TCR antibodies and pMHC, a comprehensive definition of these activated states remains enigmatic. Elucidation of the tyrosine phosphoproteome using quantitative pTyr proteomics enables a better understanding of the unique features of these activating agents and the role of ligand binding affinity on signaling. Here, we apply the recently established Broad-spectrum Optimization Of Selective Triggering (BOOST) to examine perturbations in tyrosine phosphorylation of human TCR triggered by anti-TCR antibodies and pMHC. Our data reveal that high-affinity ovalbumin (OVA) pMHC activation of the human TCR triggers a largely similar, albeit potentially stronger, pTyr-mediated signaling regulatory axis compared to the anti-TCR antibody. The signaling output resulting from OVA pMHC variants correlates well with their weaker affinities, enabling affinity-tunable control of signaling strength. Collectively, we provide a framework for applying BOOST to compare pTyr-mediated signaling pathways of human T cells activated in an antigen-independent and antigen-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xien Yu Chua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Arthur Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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27
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Kent A, Longino NV, Christians A, Davila E. Naturally Occurring Genetic Alterations in Proximal TCR Signaling and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658611. [PMID: 34012443 PMCID: PMC8126620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapies including genetically engineered T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune checkpoint blockade highlight the impressive anti-tumor effects of T cells. These successes have provided new hope to many cancer patients with otherwise poor prognoses. However, only a fraction of patients demonstrates durable responses to these forms of therapies and many develop significant immune-mediated toxicity. These heterogeneous clinical responses suggest that underlying nuances in T cell genetics, phenotypes, and activation states likely modulate the therapeutic impact of these approaches. To better characterize known genetic variations that may impact T cell function, we 1) review the function of early T cell receptor-specific signaling mediators, 2) offer a synopsis of known mutations and genetic alterations within the associated molecules, 3) discuss the link between these mutations and human disease and 4) review therapeutic strategies under development or in clinical testing that target each of these molecules for enhancing anti-tumor T cell activity. Finally, we discuss novel engineering approaches that could be designed based on our understanding of the function of these molecules in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie V. Longino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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28
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Abstract
Clustering is a prominent feature of receptors at the plasma membrane (PM). It plays an important role in signaling. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins is emerging as a novel mechanism underlying the observed clustering. Receptors/transmembrane signaling proteins can be core components essential for LLPS (such as LAT or nephrin) or clients enriched at the phase-separated condensates (for example, at the postsynaptic density or at tight junctions). Condensate formation has been shown to regulate signaling in multiple ways, including by increasing protein binding avidity and by modulating the local biochemical environment. In moving forward, it is important to study protein LLPS at the PM of living cells, its interplay with other factors underlying receptor clustering, and its signaling and functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jonathon A Ditlev
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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29
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Zhang X, Mariano CF, Ando Y, Shen K. Bioengineering tools for probing intracellular events in T lymphocytes. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1510. [PMID: 33073545 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the central coordinator and executor of many immune functions. The activation and function of T lymphocytes are mediated through the engagement of cell surface receptors and regulated by a myriad of intracellular signaling network. Bioengineering tools, including imaging modalities and fluorescent probes, have been developed and employed to elucidate the cellular events throughout the functional lifespan of T cells. A better understanding of these events can broaden our knowledge in the immune systems biology, as well as accelerate the development of effective diagnostics and immunotherapies. Here we review the commonly used and recently developed techniques and probes for monitoring T lymphocyte intracellular events, following the order of intracellular events in T cells from activation, signaling, metabolism to apoptosis. The techniques introduced here can be broadly applied to other immune cells and cell systems. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chelsea F Mariano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuta Ando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Stem Cell, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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30
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Rios KE, Kashyap AK, Maynard SK, Washington M, Paul S, Schaefer BC. CARD19, the protein formerly known as BinCARD, is a mitochondrial protein that does not regulate Bcl10-dependent NF-κB activation after TCR engagement. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104179. [PMID: 32763502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, the CARD11-Bcl10-Malt1 (CBM) complex oligomerizes to transduce NF-κB activating signals. Bcl10 is then degraded to limit NF-κB activation. The cDNA AK057716 (BinCARD-1) was reported to encode a novel CARD protein that interacts with Bcl10 and modestly inhibits NF-κB activation. In a later study, a second isoform, BinCARD-2, was identified. Here, we report that the cDNA AK057716 (BinCARD-1) is an incompletely spliced derivative of the gene product of C9orf89, whereas CARD19 (BinCARD-2) represents the properly spliced isoform, with conservation across diverse species. Immunoblotting revealed expression of CARD19 in T cells, but no evidence of BinCARD-1 expression, and microscopy demonstrated that endogenous CARD19 localizes to mitochondria. Although we confirmed that both BinCARD-1 and CARD19 can inhibit NF-κB activation and promote Bcl10 degradation when transiently overexpressed in HEK293T cells, loss of endogenous CARD19 expression had little effect on Bcl10-dependent NF-κB activation, activation of Malt1 protease function, or Bcl10 degradation after TCR engagement in primary murine CD8 T cells. Together, these data indicate that the only detectable translated product of C9orf89 is the mitochondrial protein CARD19, which does not play a discernible role in TCR-dependent, Bcl10-mediated signal transduction to Malt1 or NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariana E Rios
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Anuj K Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Sean K Maynard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Michael Washington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Suman Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
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31
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Zimmermann-Klemd AM, Reinhardt JK, Nilsu T, Morath A, Falanga CM, Schamel WW, Huber R, Hamburger M, Gründemann C. Boswellia carteri extract and 3-O-acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid suppress T cell function. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104694. [PMID: 32712132 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resins from various Boswellia species have a long track record in different cultures as a treatment for inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory capacity and medicinal use of Boswellia carteri (Burseraceae). A dichloromethane (DCM) extract of B. carteri gum resin and isolated compounds thereof were immunologically characterized. Flow cytometric-based analysis was performed to investigate the impact of B. carteri extract on proliferation, viability, and function of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 activated human primary T cells. The secretion level of IL-2 and IFN-γ was determined by a bead array-based flow cytometric technique. HPLC-based activity profiling of the B. carteri extract identified active compounds. The impact of B. carteri extract and isolated compounds on the IL-2 transcription factor activity was addressed using specially designed Jurkat reporter cells. The extract of B. carteri suppressed the proliferation of human primary T lymphocytes in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, without inducing cytotoxicity. Thereby, the B. carteri extract further reduced the degranulation capacity and cytokine secretion of stimulated human T cells. Transcription factor analysis showed that the immunosuppressive effects of the extract are based on specific NFAT-conditioned suppression within T cell signaling. Through HPLC-based activity profiling of the extract, 3-O-acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid was identified as the compound responsible for the NFAT-based mechanism. The recent study presents a scientific base for the immunosuppressive effects of B. carteri gum resin extract including a mode-of-action via the NFAT-conditioned suppression of T lymphocyte proliferation. The immunosuppressive effects of 3-O-acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid are depicted for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Zimmermann-Klemd
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob K Reinhardt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thanasan Nilsu
- Kamnoetvidya Science Academy, Wang Chan, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Anna Morath
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiara M Falanga
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Huber
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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32
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Sen N, Mukherjee G, Arvin AM. The Use of Single Cell Mass Cytometry to Define the Molecular Mechanisms of Varicella-Zoster Virus Lymphotropism. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1224. [PMID: 32676054 PMCID: PMC7333520 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the heterogeneity in biological systems provides the key to understanding of the fundamental dynamics that regulate host pathogen relationships at the single cell level. While most studies have determined virus-host cell interactions using cultured cells in bulk, recent advances in deep protein profiling from single cells enable the understanding of the dynamic response equilibrium of single cells even within the same cell types. Mass cytometry allows the simultaneous detection of multiple proteins in single cells, which helps to evaluate alterations in multiple signaling networks that work in tandem in deciding the response of a cell to the presence of a pathogen or other stimulus. In applying this technique to studying varicella zoster virus (VZV), it was possible to better understand the molecular basis for lymphotropism of the virus and how virus-induced effects on T cells promoted skin tropism. While the ability of VZV to manifest itself in the skin is well established, how the virus is transported to the skin and causes the characteristic VZV skin lesions was not well elucidated. Through mass cytometry analysis of VZV-infected tonsil T cells, we were able to observe that VZV unleashes a “remodeling” program in the infected T cells that not only makes these T cells more skin tropic but also at the same time induces changes that make these T cells unlikely to respond to immune stimulation during the journey to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Sen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gourab Mukherjee
- Department of Data Sciences and Operations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ann M Arvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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33
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Dong R, Libby KA, Blaeschke F, Fuchs W, Marson A, Vale RD, Su X. Rewired signaling network in T cells expressing the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). EMBO J 2020; 39:e104730. [PMID: 32643825 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directs T cells to target and kill specific cancer cells. Despite the success of CAR T therapy in clinics, the intracellular signaling pathways that lead to CAR T cell activation remain unclear. Using CD19 CAR as a model, we report that, similar to the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR), antigen engagement triggers the formation of CAR microclusters that transduce downstream signaling. However, CAR microclusters do not coalesce into a stable central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). Moreover, LAT, an essential scaffold protein for TCR signaling, is not required for microcluster formation, immunological synapse formation, nor actin remodeling following CAR activation. However, CAR T cells still require LAT for an optimal production of the cytokine IL-2. Together, these data show that CAR T cells can bypass LAT for a subset of downstream signaling outputs, thus revealing a rewired signaling pathway as compared to native T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kendra A Libby
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Franziska Blaeschke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Walker Fuchs
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wei Q, Brzostek J, Sankaran S, Casas J, Hew LS, Yap J, Zhao X, Wojciech L, Gascoigne NRJ. Lck bound to coreceptor is less active than free Lck. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15809-17. [PMID: 32571924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913334117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lck is critical for T cell development and activation, as it is the first kinase transducing TCR signaling. Lck can be bound or not bound (free) to the coreceptors (CD4 and CD8) in thymocytes and T cells. After comparing molecular properties of free and coreceptor-bound Lck, free Lck presents higher mobility and activity compared to the coreceptor-bound Lck. The coreceptor-Lck coupling is found to be independent of TCR activation. This information is valuable for better understanding the initiation of TCR signaling and the regulation of T cell sensitivity. Src family kinase Lck plays critical roles during T cell development and activation, as it phosphorylates the TCR/CD3 complex to initiate TCR signaling. Lck is present either in coreceptor-bound or coreceptor-unbound (free) forms, and we here present evidence that the two pools of Lck have different molecular properties. We discovered that the free Lck fraction exhibited higher mobility than CD8α-bound Lck in OT-I T hybridoma cells. The free Lck pool showed more activating Y394 phosphorylation than the coreceptor-bound Lck pool. Consistent with this, free Lck also had higher kinase activity, and free Lck mediated higher T cell activation as compared to coreceptor-bound Lck. Furthermore, the coreceptor-Lck coupling was independent of TCR activation. These findings give insights into the initiation of TCR signaling, suggesting that changes in coreceptor-Lck coupling constitute a mechanism for regulation of T cell sensitivity.
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Abstract
The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has been extensively exploited in cancer immunotherapy. In spite of the success of CAR T cells in clinical applications, the molecular mechanism underlying CAR-T cell activation remains unclear. Key questions remain: how are CARs activated by tumor antigens? How do activated CARs transduce signaling to downstream pathways? Here we introduce a microscopy-based method for studying CAR signaling. We use an antigen-coated supported lipid bilayer to activate CARs and combine it with TIRF microscopy to visualize the initial activation process of CAR T cells. This enables monitoring CAR signaling at high spatial and temporal resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Libby
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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36
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Zhao Y, Harrison DL, Song Y, Ji J, Huang J, Hui E. Antigen-Presenting Cell-Intrinsic PD-1 Neutralizes PD-L1 in cis to Attenuate PD-1 Signaling in T Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 24:379-390.e6. [PMID: 29996099 PMCID: PMC6093302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The PD-1 pathway, consisting of the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1 on T cells and its ligand (PD-L1) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), is a major mechanism of tumor immune evasion. PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade antibodies have produced remarkable clinical activities against a subset of cancers. Binding between T cell-intrinsic PD-1 and APC-intrinsic PD-L1 triggers inhibitory signaling to attenuate the T cell response. Here, we report that PD-1 is co-expressed with PD-L1 on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating APCs. Using reconstitution and cell culture assays, we demonstrate that the co-expressed PD-1 binds to PD-L1 in cis. Such interaction inhibits the ability of PD-L1 to bind T cell-intrinsic PD-1 in trans and, in turn, represses canonical PD-L1/PD-1 inhibitory signaling. Selective blockade of tumor-intrinsic PD-1 frees up tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 to inhibit T cell signaling and cytotoxicity. Our study uncovers another dimension of PD-1 regulation, with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Devin L Harrison
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuran Song
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Ji
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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37
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Howe MK, Dowdell K, Roy A, Niemela JE, Wilson W, McElwee JJ, Hughes JD, Cohen JI. Magnesium Restores Activity to Peripheral Blood Cells in a Patient With Functionally Impaired Interleukin-2-Inducible T Cell Kinase. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2000. [PMID: 31507602 PMCID: PMC6718476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is critical for T cell signaling and cytotoxicity, and control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We identified a patient with a novel homozygous missense mutation (D540N) in a highly conserved residue in the kinase domain of ITK who presented with EBV-positive lymphomatoid granulomatosis. She was treated with interferon and chemotherapy and her disease went into remission; however, she has persistent elevation of EBV DNA in the blood, low CD4 T cells, low NK cells, and nearly absent iNKT cells. Molecular modeling predicts that the mutation increases the flexibility of the ITK kinase domain impairing phosphorylation of the protein. Stimulation of her T cells resulted in reduced phosphorylation of ITK, PLCγ, and PKC. The CD8 T cells were moderately impaired for cytotoxicity and degranulation. Importantly, addition of magnesium to her CD8 T cells in vitro restored cytotoxicity and degranulation to levels similar to controls. Supplemental magnesium in patients with mutations in another protein important for T cell signaling, MAGT1, was reported to restore EBV-specific cytotoxicity. Our findings highlight the critical role of ITK for T cell activation and suggest the potential for supplemental magnesium to treat patients with ITK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Howe
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kennichi Dowdell
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amitava Roy
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wyndham Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Ditlev JA, Vega AR, Köster DV, Su X, Tani T, Lakoduk AM, Vale RD, Mayor S, Jaqaman K, Rosen MK. A composition-dependent molecular clutch between T cell signaling condensates and actin. eLife 2019; 8:e42695. [PMID: 31268421 PMCID: PMC6624021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During T cell activation, biomolecular condensates form at the immunological synapse (IS) through multivalency-driven phase separation of LAT, Grb2, Sos1, SLP-76, Nck, and WASP. These condensates move radially at the IS, traversing successive radially-oriented and concentric actin networks. To understand this movement, we biochemically reconstituted LAT condensates with actomyosin filaments. We found that basic regions of Nck and N-WASP/WASP promote association and co-movement of LAT condensates with actin, indicating conversion of weak individual affinities to high collective affinity upon phase separation. Condensates lacking these components were propelled differently, without strong actin adhesion. In cells, LAT condensates lost Nck as radial actin transitioned to the concentric network, and engineered condensates constitutively binding actin moved aberrantly. Our data show that Nck and WASP form a clutch between LAT condensates and actin in vitro and suggest that compositional changes may enable condensate movement by distinct actin networks in different regions of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A Ditlev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Institute, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Department of BiophysicsHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Anthony R Vega
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Darius Vasco Köster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Institute, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Institute, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
| | - Ashley M Lakoduk
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Institute, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Institute, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Lyda Hill Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Institute, Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleUnited States
- Department of BiophysicsHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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39
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Ulivieri C, De Tommaso D, Finetti F, Ortensi B, Pelicci G, D'Elios MM, Ballerini C, Baldari CT. A T Cell Suppressive Circuitry Mediated by CD39 and Regulated by ShcC/Rai Is Induced in Astrocytes by Encephalitogenic T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1041. [PMID: 31134091 PMCID: PMC6524536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss. While myelin-reactive Th1 and Th17 are centrally implicated in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, the local CNS microenvironment, which is shaped by both infiltrated immune cells and central nervous system resident cells, has emerged a key player in disease onset and progression. We have recently demonstrated that ShcC/Rai is as a novel astrocytic adaptor whose loss in mice protects from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Here, we have explored the mechanisms that underlie the ability of Rai-/- astrocytes to antagonize T cell-dependent neuroinflammation. We show that Rai deficiency enhances the ability of astrocytes to upregulate the expression and activity of the ectonucleotidase CD39, which catalyzes the conversion of extracellular ATP to the immunosuppressive metabolite adenosine, through both contact-dependent and-independent mechanisms. As a result, Rai-deficient astrocytes acquire an enhanced ability to suppress T-cell proliferation, which involves suppression of T cell receptor signaling and upregulation of the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4. Additionally, Rai-deficient astrocytes preferentially polarize to the neuroprotective A2 phenotype. These results identify a new mechanism, to which Rai contributes to a major extent, by which astrocytes modulate the pathogenic potential of autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara Ortensi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Piemonte Orientale University "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Giuliana Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Piemonte Orientale University "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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40
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Bray C, Wright D, Haupt S, Thomas S, Stauss H, Zamoyska R. Crispr/Cas Mediated Deletion of PTPN22 in Jurkat T Cells Enhances TCR Signaling and Production of IL-2. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2595. [PMID: 30483260 PMCID: PMC6240618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism, C1858T, in the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) results in one of the strongest genetic traits associated with autoimmune disease outside of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes. However, the consequences of this polymorphism, which introduces an arginine to tryptophan substitution at amino acid 620, for the function of PTPN22 protein is unclear and conflicting results have been obtained in human compared to mouse cells expressing this variant phosphatase. In mouse the variant appears to be a loss-of-function allele resembling a milder form of the null allele, while studies in human cells have reported it to be a gain-of-function mutation. To address whether the phosphatase has distinct functions in mouse vs. human T cells, we used CRISPR gene-editing to generate the first example of human PTPN22-KnockOut (KO) T cells. By comparing isogenic human T cells which express or lack PTPN22, we showed that PTPN22 KO T cells displayed enhanced expression of IL-2 and CD69 upon stimulation with cognate antigen. PTPN22 KO cells also showed increased Erk phosphorylation upon stimulation with weak antigen, but the difference was diminished in response to strong antigen, indicating that PTPN22 plays a more critical role in regulating weak-antigen responses. These data are in keeping with a role for PTPN22 in determining the threshold of stimulation required to activate T cells, a critical function of autoimmune pathogenesis. Our data indicate that PTPN22 has comparable functions in mouse and human T cells, and that the conflicting results in the literature regarding the impact of the point mutation are not due to differences in the activity of PTPN22 itself, but may be related to interactions with other proteins or splice variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Bray
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Haupt
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sharyn Thomas
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The immune system serves as a crucial line of defense from infection and cancer, while also contributing to tissue homeostasis. Communication between immune cells is mediated by small soluble factors called cytokines, and also by direct cellular interactions. Cell-cell interactions are particularly important for T cell activation. T cells direct the adaptive immune response and therefore need to distinguish between self and foreign antigens. Even though decades have passed since the discovery of T cells, exactly why and how they are able to recognize and discriminate between antigens is still not fully understood. Early imaging of T cells was very successful in capturing the early stages of conjugate formation of T cells with antigen-presenting cells upon recognition of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes by the T cell receptor (TCR). These studies lead to the discovery of a “supramolecular activation cluster” now known as the immunological synapse, followed by the identification of microclusters of TCRs formed upon receptor triggering, that eventually coalesce at the center of the synapse. New developments in light microscopy have since allowed attention to turn to the very earliest stages of T cell activation, and to resting cells, at high resolution. This includes single-molecule localization microscopy, which has been applied to the question of whether TCRs are pre-clustered on resting T cells, and lattice light-sheet microscopy that has enabled imaging of whole cells interacting with antigen-presenting cells. The utilization of lattice light-sheet microscopy has yielded important insights into structures called microvilli, which are small membrane protrusions on T cells that seem likely to have a large impact on T cell recognition and activation. Here we consider how imaging has shaped our thinking about T cell activation. We summarize recent findings obtained by applying more advanced microscopy techniques and discuss some of the limitations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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42
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Si W, Li C, Wei P. Synthetic immunology: T-cell engineering and adoptive immunotherapy. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:179-185. [PMID: 30345403 PMCID: PMC6190530 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, the rapidly-evolving cancer is hard to be thoroughly eliminated even though the radiotherapy and chemotherapy do exhibit efficacy in some degree. However, a breakthrough appeared when the adoptive cancer therapy [1] was developed, especially T cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) showed great potential in tumor clinical trials recently. CAR-T cells successfully elevated the efficiency and specificity of cytotoxicity. In this review, we will talk about the design of CAR and CAR-included combinatory therapeutic applications in the principles of systems and synthetic immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Si
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Abstract
Since the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (BCL10) protein was first described in 1999, numerous studies have elucidated its key functions in channeling adaptive and innate immune signaling downstream of CARMA/caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) scaffold proteins. While T and B cell antigen receptor (TCR/BCR) signaling induces the recruitment of BCL10 bound to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)1 to the lymphocyte-specific CARMA1/CARD11–BCL10–MALT1 (CBM-1) signalosome, alternative CBM complexes utilize different CARMA/CARD scaffolds in distinct innate or inflammatory pathways. BCL10 constitutes the smallest subunit in all CBM signalosomes, containing a 233 amino acid coding for N-terminal CARD as well as a C-terminal Ser/Thr-rich region. BCL10 forms filaments, thereby aggregating into higher-order clusters that mediate and amplify stimulation-induced signals, ultimately leading to MALT1 protease activation and canonical NF-κB and JNK signaling. BCL10 additionally undergoes extensive post-translational regulation involving phosphorylation, ubiquitination, MALT1-catalyzed cleavage, and degradation. Through these feedback and feed-forward events, BCL10 integrates positive and negative regulatory processes that govern the function as well as the dynamic assembly, disassembly, and destruction of CBM complexes. Thus, BCL10 is a critical regulator for activation as well as termination of immune cell signaling, revealing that its role extends far beyond that of a mere linking factor in CBM complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Gehring
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeholzer
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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44
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Mao CP, Peng S, Yang A, He L, Tsai YC, Hung CF, Wu TC. Programmed self-assembly of peptide-major histocompatibility complex for antigen-specific immune modulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4032-40. [PMID: 29632186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718434115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A technology to prime desired populations of T cells in the body-particularly those that possess low avidity against target antigen-would pave the way for the design of new types of vaccination for intractable infectious diseases or cancer. Here, we report such a technology based on positive feedback-driven, programmed self-assembly of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) directly on the membrane of cognate T cells. Our design capitalizes on the unique features of the protein annexin V (ANXA5), which-in a concerted and synergistic manner-couples the early onset of TCR signaling by cognate pMHC with a surge in pMHC-TCR affinity, with repeated pMHC encounters, and with widespread TCR cross-linking. In our system, ANXA5 is linked to pMHC and firmly engages the plasma membrane of cognate T cells upon (and only upon) the early onset of TCR signaling. ANXA5, in turn, exerts a mechanical force that stabilizes interactions at the TCR-pMHC interface and facilitates repeated, serial pMHC encounters. Furthermore, ANXA5 quickly arranges into uniform 2D matrices, thereby prompting TCR cross-linking. Fusion of ANXA5 to pMHC augments lymphocyte activation by several orders of magnitude (>1,000-fold), bypasses the need for costimulation, and breaks tolerance against a model self-antigen in vivo. Our study opens the door to the application of synthetic, feedback-driven self-assembly platforms in immune modulation.
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45
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Kuropka B, Schraven B, Kliche S, Krause E, Freund C. Tyrosine-phosphorylation of the scaffold protein ADAP and its role in T cell signaling. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 13:545-54. [PMID: 27258783 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1187565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Adhesion and Degranulation promoting Adaptor Protein (ADAP) is phosphorylated upon T cell activation and acts as a scaffold for the formation of a signaling complex that integrates molecular interactions between T cell or chemokine receptors, the actin cytoskeleton, and integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and migration. AREAS COVERED This article reviews current knowledge of the functions of the adapter protein ADAP in T cell signaling with a focus on the role of individual phosphotyrosine (pY) motifs for SH2 domain mediated interactions. The data presented was obtained from literature searches (PubMed) as well as the authors own research on the topic. Expert commentary: ADAP can be regarded as a paradigmatic example of how tyrosine phosphorylation sites serve as dynamic interaction hubs. Molecular crowding at unstructured and redundant sites (pY595, pY651) is contrasted by more specific interactions enabled by the three-dimensional environment of a particular phosphotyrosine motif (pY571).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Kuropka
- a Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Protein Biochemistry Group , Berlin , Germany.,b Mass Spectrometry Group, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- c Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany.,d Department of Immune Control , Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- c Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- b Mass Spectrometry Group, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- a Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Protein Biochemistry Group , Berlin , Germany
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Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a central role in the regulation of various biological functions including immune responses. Ubiquitination is induced by a cascade of enzymatic reactions by E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase, and reversed by deubiquitinases. Depending on the enzymes, specific linkage types of ubiquitin chains are generated or hydrolyzed. Because different linkage types of ubiquitin chains control the fate of the substrate, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ubiquitin enzymes is central. In this review, we highlight the most recent knowledge of ubiquitination in the immune signaling cascades including the T cell and B cell signaling cascades as well as the TNF signaling cascade regulated by various ubiquitin enzymes. Furthermore, we highlight the TRIM ubiquitin ligase family as one of the examples of critical E3 ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of immune responses.
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Courtney AH, Amacher JF, Kadlecek TA, Mollenauer MN, Au-Yeung BB, Kuriyan J, Weiss A. A Phosphosite within the SH2 Domain of Lck Regulates Its Activation by CD45. Mol Cell 2017; 67:498-511.e6. [PMID: 28735895 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Src Family kinase Lck sets a critical threshold for T cell activation because it phosphorylates the TCR complex and the Zap70 kinase. How a T cell controls the abundance of active Lck molecules remains poorly understood. We have identified an unappreciated role for a phosphosite, Y192, within the Lck SH2 domain that profoundly affects the amount of active Lck in cells. Notably, mutation of Y192 blocks critical TCR-proximal signaling events and impairs thymocyte development in retrogenic mice. We determined that these defects are caused by hyperphosphorylation of the inhibitory C-terminal tail of Lck. Our findings reveal that modification of Y192 inhibits the ability of CD45 to associate with Lck in cells and dephosphorylate the C-terminal tail of Lck, which prevents its adoption of an active open conformation. These results suggest a negative feedback loop that responds to signaling events that tune active Lck amounts and TCR sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Courtney
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanine F Amacher
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 04143, USA
| | - Marianne N Mollenauer
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 04143, USA
| | - Byron B Au-Yeung
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 04143, USA.
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48
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Ahsan N, Belmont J, Chen Z, Clifton JG, Salomon AR. Highly reproducible improved label-free quantitative analysis of cellular phosphoproteome by optimization of LC-MS/MS gradient and analytical column construction. J Proteomics 2017. [PMID: 28634120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Expanding the sequencing depth of the peptides with a statistically significant quantitative change derived from a biological stimulation is critical. Here we demonstrate that optimization of LC gradient and analytical column construction can reveal over 30,000 unique peptides and 23,000 phosphopeptides at high confidence. The quantitative reproducibility of different analytical workflows was evaluated by comparing the phosphoproteome of CD3/4 stimulated and unstimulated T-cells as a model system. A fritless, 50cm-long column packed with 1.9μm particles operated with a standard pressure HPLC significantly improved the sequencing depth 51% and decreased the selected ion chromatogram peak spreading. Most importantly, under the optimal workflow we observed an improvement of over 300% in detection of significantly changed phosphopeptides in the stimulated cells compared with the other workflows. The discovery power of the optimized column configuration was illustrated by identification of significantly altered phosphopeptides harboring novel sites from proteins previously established as important in T cell signaling including A-Raf, B-Raf, c-Myc, CARMA1, Fyn, ITK, LAT, NFAT1/2/3, PKCα, PLCγ1/2, RAF1, and SOS1. Taken together, our results reveal the analytical power of optimized chromatography using sub 2μm particles for the analysis of the T cell phosphoproteome to reveal a vast landscape of significantly altered phosphorylation changes in response to T cell receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Center for Cancer Research Development, Proteomics Core Facility, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Judson Belmont
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James G Clifton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown, University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- Center for Cancer Research Development, Proteomics Core Facility, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Guittard G, Gallardo DL, Li W, Melis N, Lui JC, Kortum RL, Shakarishvili NG, Huh S, Baron J, Weigert R, Kramer JA, Samelson LE, Sommers CL. Unexpected Cartilage Phenotype in CD4-Cre-Conditional SOS-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:343. [PMID: 28386265 PMCID: PMC5362643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS signaling is central to many cellular processes and SOS proteins promote RAS activation. To investigate the role of SOS proteins in T cell biology, we crossed Sos1f/fSos2−/− mice to CD4-Cre transgenic mice. We previously reported an effect of these mutations on T cell signaling and T cell migration. Unexpectedly, we observed nodules on the joints of greater than 90% of these mutant mice at 5 months of age, especially on the carpal joints. As the mice aged further, some also displayed joint stiffness, hind limb paralysis, and lameness. Histological analysis indicated that the abnormal growth in joints originated from dysplastic chondrocytes. Second harmonic generation imaging of the carpal nodules revealed that nodules were encased by rich collagen fibrous networks. Nodules formed in mice also deficient in RAG2, indicating that conventional T cells, which undergo rearrangement of the T cell antigen receptor, are not required for this phenotype. CD4-Cre expression in a subset of cells, either immune lineage cells (e.g., non-conventional T cells) or non-immune lineage cells (e.g., chondrocytes) likely mediates the dramatic phenotype observed in this study. Disruptions of genes in the RAS signaling pathway are especially likely to cause this phenotype. These results also serve as a cautionary tale to those intending to use CD4-Cre transgenic mice to specifically delete genes in conventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Guittard
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Devorah L Gallardo
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Wenmei Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, NICHD, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Robert L Kortum
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | | | - Sunmee Huh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, NICHD, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Lawrence E Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Connie L Sommers
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
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50
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Gonzalez-Perez G, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8 + T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28337207 PMCID: PMC5340779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) of mice in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor (TLR) exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the TCR signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life 15 MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, phosphorylated ZAP-70, phospho-Erk-1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IFN-γ production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
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