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Gaudreau M, Guerra-Grenier E, Abram PK, Brodeur J. Photoprotective egg pigmentation reduces negative carryover effects of ultraviolet radiation on stink bug nymph survival. J Insect Physiol 2021; 133:104273. [PMID: 34181983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) can have a wide range of negative effects on animal fitness that take place not only during, but also after exposure (carryover effects). UV-induced carryover effects and potential adaptations to avoid or mitigate them are understudied in terrestrial animals, including arthropods and their potentially most vulnerable life stages. The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, increases the emergence of its eggs that are exposed to UV radiation by coating them in sunscreen-like pigmentation, but consequences of these conditions of embryonic development for nymphs and adults are unknown. We measured stink bug nymph survival, adult size and sex ratio following exposure of differently pigmented eggs across a range of UV intensities. Nymph survival to adulthood decreased with higher intensity of embryonic UV exposure and this carryover effect decreased with higher level of egg pigmentation, similar to previously observed effects on embryonic survival. Nymph development time, adult size and sex ratio were not affected by embryonic exposure to UV radiation nor by photoprotective egg pigmentation. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential for lethal carryover effects of UV radiation in terrestrial insects, highlighting the need for more studies of how this pervasive environmental stressor can affect fitness across life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gaudreau
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Eric Guerra-Grenier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Redpath Museum, Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke W, Montréal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Paul K Abram
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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de Paula LV, Moreira PVS, de Oliveira LAA, Szmuchorwski LA, Andrade AGP. Acute and residual neuromuscular effects of displacement in indirect vibratory stimulation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 58:102551. [PMID: 33962258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of indirect vibratory stimulation on different magnitudes of displacement on acute and residual neuromuscular responses. Fifteen healthy volunteers were randomly submitted to 3 experimental sessions, with intervals of 5 to 7 days (5 maximal voluntary contractions - MVC, 12 s of duration each and 5 min of recovery) between sessions. To determine the residual responses, the volunteers performed a MVC before and after each treatment for 12 s, with a 5-minute recovery. The experimental sessions were composed of isometric actions without vibrations (CONTROL) and two sessions of isometric actions with the addition of vibrations at 20 Hz and 3 mm (Sinusoidal Vibration A) and 5 mm (Sinusoidal Vibration B). Before and after each of the experimental sessions, an isometric evaluation without vibrations was performed. For the acute effect, it was verified that the addition of vibrations induced a facilitatory effect on the explosive strength variables (p < .05), independent of the type of studied displacement in relation to the control treatment. In short, it was verified that the addition of vibration induced an acute facilitating effect on the explosive strength. However, the induced effect was not persistent (residual effect) for the explosive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro V de Paula
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Sports Center, Federal University of Ouro Preto - UFOP, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Pedro V S Moreira
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (PEB/COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Lucas A A de Oliveira
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leszek A Szmuchorwski
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André G P Andrade
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sharaf S, Khan MUR, Aslam A, Rabbani M, Sharf A, Ijaz M, Anjum A, Hussain N. Toxico-pathological effects of heavy metals from industrial drainage wastewater on vital organs of small ruminants in Lahore. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:3533-3543. [PMID: 32918689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considering one health concept, human health is thought to be affected by many factors. Heavy metal toxicity is now gaining its place as one of the major factors contributing to detrimental outcomes for human health. The study encompassed to target sites close to the industrial area of Lahore where heavy metal levels are believed to be higher, as industrial waste is drained into the two main drains. Sheep and goats (n = 5 from each species) reared in the locality were included in the study, and effects of heavy metal toxicity were evaluated in the selected organs (intestine, kidneys, liver, and muscles) via histopathological examination along with residual concentration of these heavy metals in the aforementioned organs. Heavy metals chromium, copper, zinc, lead, iron, magnesium, manganese, and nickel were detected in sample of selected organs by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) along with digestion method. The findings of the study indicated a statistically significant difference of residual concentrations of almost all the selected elements in almost all the tissue samples between the two sites where the values of site 1 (close to the drain) were higher compared with site 2 (away from the drain). Similar trend was depicted in histopathological examination where a higher degree of tissue degeneration, necrosis, and hence organ damage was observed in tissue samples collected from site 1 compared with site 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaira Sharaf
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences UVAS, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muti-Ur-Rehman Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences UVAS, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences UVAS, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences UVAS, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Sharf
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, House no 58 Block P Valancia homes Valancia town, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine And Surgery, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences UVAS, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naqi Hussain
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre (ACRC) Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
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Matheson J, Mann RE, Sproule B, Huestis MA, Wickens CM, Stoduto G, George TP, Rehm J, Le Foll B, Brands B. Acute and residual mood and cognitive performance of young adults following smoked cannabis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 194:172937. [PMID: 32360692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine acute and residual mood and cognitive performance in young adult regular cannabis users following smoked cannabis. METHODS Ninety-one healthy young adults completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups study. Participants were randomized to receive active (12.5% THC) or placebo cannabis with a 2:1 allocation ratio, and mood [Profile of Mood States (POMS)] and cognitive performance [Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (HVLT-R), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT), grooved pegboard (GPB)] were assessed before and 1, 24, and 48 (h) after smoking cannabis ad libitum. High and Low THC groups were based on blood THC concentrations. RESULTS One hour after smoking cannabis, compared to Placebo, in both the High and Low THC groups, there were increases in POMS Arousal and Positive Mood, and in the High THC group only, increases in Confusion, Friendliness, and Elation, and a decrease in Fatigue. Increases in Friendliness and Elation in the High THC group remained significant for 24 h. The only significant acute effect of cannabis on cognition was a decrease in the percent of words retained in the HVLT-R in the High THC group compared to Placebo (mean difference = 15.8%, 95% CI = 3.6-28.0%, p = 0.006). Unexpectedly, compared to Placebo, both the High and Low THC groups improved in DSST performance at 48 h (p ≤ 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Under the present experimental conditions, in young regular cannabis users, smoking cannabis ad libitum had significant effects on mood, some of which persisted 24 h later, yet minimal effects on cognition, and no evidence of residual cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Matheson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada.
| | - Robert E Mann
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T3M7, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Beth Sproule
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3M2, Canada; Pharmacy Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street, Toronto, Ontario M6J1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Christine M Wickens
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T3M7, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Gina Stoduto
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, Ontario M6J1H4, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T3M7, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, Ontario M6J1H4, Canada; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Bruna Brands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S2S1, Canada; Controlled Substances and Cannabis Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Brands B, Mann RE, Wickens CM, Sproule B, Stoduto G, Sayer GS, Burston J, Pan JF, Matheson J, Stefan C, George TP, Huestis MA, Rehm J, Le Foll B. Acute and residual effects of smoked cannabis: Impact on driving speed and lateral control, heart rate, and self-reported drug effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107641. [PMID: 31678833 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although driving under the influence of cannabis is increasingly common among young adults, little is known about residual effects on driver behavior. This study examined acute and residual effects of smoked cannabis on simulated driving performance of young cannabis users. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial, cannabis users (1-4 days/week) aged 19-25 years were randomized with a 2:1 allocation ratio to receive active (12.5% THC) or placebo (0.009% THC) cannabis in a single 750 mg cigarette. A median split (based on whole-blood THC concentrations at the time of driving) was used to divide the active group into low and high THC groups. Our primary outcome was simulated driving performance, assessed 30 min and 24 and 48 h after smoking. Secondary outcomes included blood THC concentrations, subjective drug effects, and heart rate. RESULTS Ninety-six participants were randomized, and 91 were included in the final analysis (30 high THC, 31 low THC, 30 placebo). Mean speed (but not lateral control) significantly differed between groups 30 min after smoking cannabis (p ≤ 0.02); low and high THC groups decreased their speed compared to placebo. Heart rate, VAS drug effect and drug high increased significantly immediately after smoking cannabis and declined steadily after that. There was little evidence of residual effects in any of the measures. CONCLUSION Acutely, cannabis caused decreased speed, increased heart rate, and increases in VAS drug effect and drug high. There was no evidence of residual effects on these measures over the two days following cannabis administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Brands
- Controlled Substances Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada.
| | - Robert E Mann
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T3M7, Canada
| | - Christine M Wickens
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T3M7, Canada
| | - Beth Sproule
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3M2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T1R8, Canada; Pharmacy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6J1H4, Canada
| | - Gina Stoduto
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada
| | - Gillian S Sayer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada
| | - Jillian Burston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada
| | - Jie Fei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada
| | - Justin Matheson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H7, Canada; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada
| | - Cristiana Stefan
- Clinical Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6J1H4, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T1R8, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6J1H4, Canada
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T3M7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T1R8, Canada; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2S1, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Takahashi J, Kanbayashi T, Ito Uemura S, Sagawa Y, Tsutsui K, Takahashi Y, Omori Y, Imanishi A, Takeshima M, Satake M, Shimizu T. Residual effects of eszopiclone and placebo in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized double-blind study. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2017; 15:235-41. [PMID: 28680342 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-017-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Next-day residual effects are a common problem with current hypnotics. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the residual effects of eszopiclone on the physical and cognitive functions of healthy elderly people in the early morning and the day following drug administration. Four men and six women aged 63–72 years were administered eszopiclone 1 mg or placebo in a randomized, double-blind and crossover design. Measures of objective parameters and subjective ratings were obtained at 4:00, 6:00, and every 2 h from 6:00 to 16:00 hours. For the timed up-and-go test, the main effects of time were seen. For the critical flicker fusion, eszopiclone had significantly worse results compared to placebo in early morning (4:00). There were no significant differences between eszopiclone and placebo in other objective assessments. For the sleep latency, eszopiclone had significantly shorter results compared to placebo (eszopiclone vs placebo = 28.4 vs 52.5 min, p = 0.047). Feeling of deep sleep and the number of wake after sleep onset did not show any significant differences between eszopiclone and placebo. Based on the above results, the changes of physical and cognitive functions in the healthy elderly after taking hypnotics, it was found that eszopiclone 1 mg is likely to be unharmful for the healthy elderly. Further studies of elderly insomniacs with midnight awakenings are needed.
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Assari S, Sonnega A, Pepin R, Leggett A. Residual Effects of Restless Sleep over Depressive Symptoms on Chronic Medical Conditions: Race by Gender Differences. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2017; 4:59-69. [PMID: 26823066 PMCID: PMC4965357 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep and depression are comorbid problems that contribute to the development of chronic medical conditions (CMC) over time. Although racial and gender differences in the bidirectional associations between sleep, depression, and CMC are known, very limited information exists on heterogeneity of the residual effects of sleep problems over depressive symptoms on CMC across race by gender groups. AIM Using a life-course perspective, the present study compared race by gender groups for residual effects of restless sleep over depressive symptoms on CMC. METHODS We used data from waves 1 (year 1986), 4 (year 2001), and 5 (year 2011) of the Americans' Changing Lives Study (ACL). The study followed 294 White men, 108 Black men, 490 White women, and 237 Black women for 25 years. Restless sleep, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale [CES-D]), and number of chronic medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and arthritis) were measured in 1986, 2001, and 2011. We employed multi-group cross-lagged modeling, with chronic medical conditions as the outcome and race by gender as the groups. RESULTS Major group differences were found in the residual effect of restless sleep on CMC over depressive symptoms across race by gender groups. Restless sleep in 2001 predicted CMC 10 years later in 2011 among Black women (standardized adjusted B = .135, P < .05) and White men (standardized adjusted = .145, P < .01) and White women (standardized adjusted B = .171, P < .001) but not Black men (standardized adjusted B = .001, P > .05). CONCLUSION Race by gender heterogeneity in the residual effect of restless sleep over depressive symptoms on CMC over 25 years suggests that comorbid poor sleep and depressive symptoms differently contribute to development of multi-morbidity among subpopulations based on the intersection of race and gender. Thus, interventions that try to prevent comorbid sleep problems and depression as a strategy to prevent medical conditions may benefit from tailoring based on the intersection of race and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5763, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA.
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Amanda Sonnega
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renee Pepin
- Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Amanda Leggett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5763, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA
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Uemura SI, Kanbayashi T, Wakasa M, Satake M, Ito W, Shimizu K, Shioya T, Shimizu T, Nishino S. Residual effects of zolpidem, triazolam, rilmazafone and placebo in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized double-blind study. Sleep Med 2015; 16:1395-1402. [PMID: 26498242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With current hypnotic agents, next-day residual effects are a common problem. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the residual effects of the commercially available hypnotics - zolpidem, triazolam, and rilmazafone - on the physical and cognitive functions of healthy elderly people in the early morning and the day following drug administration. In this study, the next-day residual effects of zolpidem, triazolam, and rilmazafone, following bedtime dosing in elderly subjects, were evaluated. Women (n = 11) and men (n = 2) aged 60-70 years received a single dose (at 23:00) of one of these, zolpidem 5 mg, triazolam 0.125 mg, rilmazafone 1 mg and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Measures of objective parameters and psychomotor performances (Timed up and Go test, Functional Reach Test, body sway test, critical flicker fusion test, simple discrimination reaction test, short-term memory test) and subjective ratings were obtained at 04:00, 07:00, and the next time of the day. All hypnotics were generally well tolerated; there were no serious adverse side effects and no subjects discontinued the evaluations. Compared to placebo, zolpidem and rilmazafone had good results on the Functional Reach Test. Although subjective assessments tended to be poor in the early morning, rilmazafone significantly improved the body sway test in the other hypnotics. A single dose of zolpidem 5 mg and triazolam 0.125 mg did not have any next-day residual effects on healthy elderly subjects. Residual effects appeared to be related to the compound's half-life and the dose used. Rilmazafone 1 mg exhibited steadiness in static and dynamic balance and seemed to be more favorable for the elderly with early morning awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Ito Uemura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kanbayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Wakasa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita, Japan
| | - Wakako Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shimizu
- Department of Psychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takanobu Shioya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- Department of Psychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Nishino
- Sleep & Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Stanford Sleep Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Ferrer-Luque CM, González-Castillo S, Ruiz-Linares M, Arias-Moliz MT, Rodríguez-Archilla A, Baca P. Antimicrobial residual effects of irrigation regimens with maleic acid in infected root canals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1. [PMID: 25984506 PMCID: PMC4390086 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-015-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The success of endodontic treatment depends largely on the control of microorganisms present in infected root canals. The aim of this study was to determine the residual antimicrobial activity of several final irrigation protocols with 7% maleic acid (MA) alone and combined with chlorhexidine (CHX), cetrimide (CTR) or both, in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Biofilms of E. faecalis were grown in uniradicular roots for 4 weeks. A total of 72 specimens were divided into 5 experimental groups according to the final irrigation regime used: Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl; Group 2: 7% MA; Group 3: 7% MA + 0.2% CTR; Group 4: 7% MA + 2% CHX; Group 5: 7% MA + 0.2% CTR + 2% CHX; and Control group: 0.9% saline solution. Twelve roots (2/group) that were instrumented and not infected served as negative or sterility controls. The proportion of ungrown samples over 60 days was evaluated using non-parametric Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Differences among groups were tested using the log-rank test (p< 0.05). Results The association of MA with CHX and CHX + CTR as final irrigating solutions showed the best results, 5 and 4 samples out of 12, respectively, and without differences between them (p = 0.928), followed by 7% MA + 0.2% CTR with 7 out of 12. The 7% MA (11/12) group showed significant differences with respect to the groups in which MA was combined with CHX (p < 0.005) and CHX + CTR (p < 0.005). Conclusion Final irrigating solutions of 7% MA combined with 2% CHX or 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR were found to effectively improve antimicrobial root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen María Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Matilde Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Rodríguez-Archilla
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, Granada, Spain.), Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Baca
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, Granada, Spain
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