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Wang Y, Stebe KJ, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Radhakrishnan R. Computational Design of Peptides for Biomaterials Applications. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:617-625. [PMID: 36971822 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided molecular design and protein engineering emerge as promising and active subjects in bioengineering and biotechnological applications. On one hand, due to the advancing computing power in the past decade, modeling toolkits and force fields have been put to use for accurate multiscale modeling of biomolecules including lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids. On the other hand, machine learning emerges as a revolutionary data analysis tool that promises to leverage physicochemical properties and structural information obtained from modeling in order to build quantitative protein structure-function relationships. We review recent computational works that utilize state-of-the-art computational methods to engineer peptides and proteins for various emerging biomedical, antimicrobial, and antifreeze applications. We also discuss challenges and possible future directions toward developing a roadmap for efficient biomolecular design and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Machine Biology Group, Department of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Kim YD, Jung WH, Ahn DJ, Lim DK. Self-Assembled Nanostructures of Homo-Oligopeptide as a Potent Ice Growth Inhibitor. Nano Lett 2023; 23:9500-9507. [PMID: 37843112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the formation of self-assembled nanostructures with homo-oligopeptides consisting of amino acids (i.e., alanine, threonine, valine, and tyrosine), the resulting morphologies (i.e., spherical shape, layered structure, and wire structure) in aqueous solution, and their potential as ice growth inhibitors. Among the homo-oligopeptides investigated, an alanine homo-oligopeptide (n = 5) with a spherical nanostructure showed the highest ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity without showing a burst ice growth property and with low ice nucleation activity. The presence of nanoscale self-assembled structures in the solution showed superior IRI activity compared to an amino acid monomer because of the higher binding affinity of structures on the growing ice crystal plane. Simulation results revealed that the presence of nanostructures induced a significant inhibition of ice growth and increased lifetime of hydrogen bonding compared with unassembled homo-oligopeptide. These results envision extraordinary performance for self-assembled nanostructures as a desirable and potent ice growth inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Duk Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyuk Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong June Ahn
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Akhondzadeh S, Farshad A, Rostamzadeh J, Sharafi M. Effects of Antifreeze Protein Type I and Glycerol in Diluents on Cryopreserved Goat Epididymal Sperm. Biopreserv Biobank 2023; 21:65-73. [PMID: 35426727 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of antifreeze protein (AFP) as a cryoprotectant used in different concentrations of glycerol on post-thaw quality of epididymal sperm was investigated. Sperm were isolated from 50 testicles, obtained from 25 healthy mature goat bucks, with progressive motility >80%, and total morphological abnormalities <10% were pooled in each replication. The semen samples were diluted with Tris-citrate-fructose-soybean lecithin extender containing different concentration of AFP [0 μg/mL (A0), 5 μg/mL (A5), 10 μg/mL (A10)]. Each concentration of AFP was added in an extender containing either 7% (G7) or 5% (G5) glycerol. Post-thaw total and progressive motility were found to be higher (p < 0.05) in groups A5G5 and A5G7. Plasma membrane integrity, sperm acrosome integrity, DNA integrity, acrosome intact sperm, and mitochondrial membrane potential were found to be higher (p < 0.05) in groups A5G5 and A10G5. Sperm viability was found to be higher (p < 0.05) in group A5G5, while lipid peroxidation was recorded lower (p < 0.05) in groups A5G5 and A5G7. Regarding the apoptosis occurrence, the results demonstrate higher (p < 0.05) live post-thawed spermatozoa for groups containing 5 μg/mL AFP with 5% and 7% glycerol in addition to the lowest (p < 0.05) value for groups containing 0 μg/mL AFP with 5% and 7% glycerol. Based on these results, the present study concludes that the addition of 5 μg/mL AFP in combination with 5% glycerol in freezing extender improves the post-thaw quality, structure, and function parameters for buck spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhondzadeh
- Laboratory of Reproduction Biology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farshad
- Laboratory of Reproduction Biology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Jalal Rostamzadeh
- Laboratory of Reproduction Biology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Embryology at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Scholl CL, Davies PL. Protein engineering of antifreeze proteins reveals that their activity scales with the area of the ice-binding site. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:538-546. [PMID: 36460826 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect organisms from freezing by binding to ice crystals to prevent their growth. Here, we have investigated how the area of an AFP's ice-binding site (IBS) changes its antifreeze activity. The polyproline type II helical bundle fold of the 9.6-kDa springtail (Collembola) AFP from Granisotoma rainieri (a primitive arthropod) facilitates changes to both IBS length and width. A one quarter decrease in area reduced activity to less than 10%. A one quarter increase in IBS width, through the addition of a single helix, tripled antifreeze activity. However, increasing IBS length by a similar amount actually reduced activity. Expanding the IBS area can greatly increase antifreeze activity but needs to be evaluated by experimentation on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor L Scholl
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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Sreter JA, Foxall TL, Varga K. Intracellular and Extracellular Antifreeze Protein Significantly Improves Mammalian Cell Cryopreservation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:669. [PMID: 35625597 PMCID: PMC9139014 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cryopreservation is an essential part of the biotechnology, food, and health care industries. There is a need to develop more effective, less toxic cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and methods, especially for mammalian cells. We investigated the impact of an insect antifreeze protein from Anatolica polita (ApAFP752) on mammalian cell cryopreservation using the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293T. An enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged antifreeze protein, EGFP-ApAFP752, was transfected into the cells and the GFP was used to determine the efficiency of transfection. AFP was assessed for its cryoprotective effects intra- and extracellularly and both simultaneously at different concentrations with and without dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at different concentrations. Comparisons were made to DMSO or medium alone. Cells were cryopreserved at -196 °C for ≥4 weeks. Upon thawing, cellular viability was determined using trypan blue, cellular damage was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, and cellular metabolism was measured using a metabolic activity assay (MTS). The use of this AFP significantly improved cryopreserved cell survival when used with DMSO intracellularly. Extracellular AFP also significantly improved cell survival when included in the DMSO freezing medium. Intra- and extracellular AFP used together demonstrated the most significantly increased cryoprotection compared to DMSO alone. These findings present a potential method to improve the viability of cryopreserved mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Sreter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Thomas L. Foxall
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Krisztina Varga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
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6
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Melnik BS, Finkelstein AV. [Physical Basis of Functioning of Antifreeze Protein]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2022; 56:343-352. [PMID: 35403628 DOI: 10.31857/s0026898422020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins, expressed in cold-blooded organisms, prevent ice formation in their bodies, and thus help them to survive in extremely cold winter temperatures. However, the mechanism of action of these proteins is still not clear. In any case, it is not simply a decrease in the temperature of normal ice formation. In this work, investigating the ice-binding protein (a mutant form of the antifreeze protein cfAFP from the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana, which overwinters in needles), we showed that this antifreeze protein does not at all lower the freezing point of water and, paradoxically, increases the melting point of ice. On the other hand, calculations based on the theory of crystallization show that at temperatures of 0° to -30°C ice can only appear on surfaces that contact water, but not in the body of water. These facts suggest a new perspective on the role of antifreeze proteins: their task is not (as it is commonly believed) to bind with nascent ice crystals already formed in the organism and stop their growth, but to bind to those surfaces, on which ice nuclei can appear, and thus completely inhibit the ice formation in supercooled water or biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia
| | - A V Finkelstein
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia
- Biology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192 Russia
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Hu R, Zhang M, Liu W, Mujumdar AS, Bai B. Novel synergistic freezing methods and technologies for enhanced food product quality: A critical review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1979-2001. [PMID: 35179815 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Freezing has a long history as an effective food preservation method, but traditional freezing technologies have quality limitations, such as the potential for water loss and/or shrinkage and/or nutrient loss, etc. in the frozen products. Due to enhanced quality preservation and simpler thawing operation, synergistic technologies for freezing are emerging as the optimal methods for frozen food processing. This article comprehensively reviewed the recently developed synergistic technologies for freezing and pretreatment, for example, ultrasonication, cell alive system freezing, glass transition temperature regulation, high pressure freezing, pulsed electric field pretreatment, osmotic pretreatment, and antifreeze protein pretreatment, etc. The mechanisms and applications of these techniques are outlined briefly here. Though the application of new treatments in freezing is relatively mature, reducing the energy consumption in the application of these new technologies is a key issue for future research. It is also necessary to consider scale-up issues involved in large-scale applications as much of the research effort so far is limited to laboratory or pilot scale. For future development, intelligent freezing should be given more attention. Freezing should automatically identify and respond to different freezing conditions according to the nature of different materials to achieve more efficient freezing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This paper provides a reference for subsequent production and research, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different novel synergistic technologies, which points out the direction for subsequent industry development and research. At the same time, it provides new ideas for the freezing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Province International Joint Laboratory on Fresh Food Smart Processing and Quality Monitoring, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Arun S Mujumdar
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste. Anne decBellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Baosong Bai
- Yechun Food Production and Distribution Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Fu D, Sun Y, Gao H, Liu B, Kang X, Chen H. Identification and Functional Characterization of Antifreeze Protein and Its Mutants in Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Larvae Under Cold Stress. Environ Entomol 2022; 51:167-181. [PMID: 34897398 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendroctonus armandi (Tsai and Li) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is considered to be the most destructive forest pest in the Qinling and Bashan Mountains of China. Low winter temperatures limit insect's populations, distribution, activity, and development. Insects have developed different strategies such as freeze-tolerance and freeze-avoidance to survive in low temperature conditions. In the present study, we used gene cloning, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RNA interference (RNAi), and heterologous expression to study the function of the D. armandi antifreeze protein gene (DaAFP). We cloned the 800 bp full-length cDNA encoding 228 amino acids of DaAFP and analyzed its structure using bioinformatics analysis. The DaAFP amino acid sequence exhibited 24-86% similarity with other insect species. The expression of DaAFP was high in January and in the larvae, head, and midgut of D. armandi. In addition, the expression of DaAFP increased with decreasing temperature and increasing exposure time. RNAi analysis also demonstrated that AFP plays an important role in the cold tolerance of overwintering larvae. The thermal hysteresis and antifreeze activity assay of DaAFP and its mutants indicated that the more regular the DaAFP threonine-cystine-threonine (TXT) motif, the stronger the antifreeze activity. These results suggest that DaAFP plays an essential role as a biological cryoprotectant in overwintering D. armandi larvae and provides a theoretical basis for new pest control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaya Sun
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiming Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaotong Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Shi Y, Wang H, Zheng Y, Qiu Z, Wang X. Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Vacuum Impregnation Antifreeze Protein on the Water-Holding Capacity and Texture Properties of the Yesso Scallop Adductor Muscle during Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Foods 2022; 11:320. [PMID: 35159472 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of antifreeze protein (AFP) on the water-holding capacity (WHC) and texture properties of the Patinopecten yessoensis adductor muscles during freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) were evaluated based on three impregnation methods: general impregnation (GI), vacuum impregnation (VI), and ultrasound-assisted VI (US-VI). The WHC, texture properties, and tissue microstructure were all evaluated. Results showed that the WHC and texture properties of adductor muscle were significantly improved in the VI and US-VI groups during FTCs (p < 0.05). The WHC of the adductor muscle in the US-VI group was maximally enhanced in terms of yield (6.63%), centrifugal loss, cooking loss, and T22. The US-VI group of the adductor muscle had the optimal chewiness and springiness compared to others, and the shear force and hardness were most effectively enhanced by VI. The growth and recrystallization of ice crystals in the frozen adductor muscle were significantly inhibited by VI and US-VI. The average cross-sectional area and roundness of ice crystals in the US-VI group were decreased by 61.89% and increased by 22.22% compared with those of the control, respectively. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model further confirmed that the WHC and texture properties of the adductor muscle were correlated appreciably with the degree of modification of ice crystal morphology through the AFP.
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Yusof NA, Hashim NHF, Bharudin I. Cold Adaptation Strategies and the Potential of Psychrophilic Enzymes from the Antarctic Yeast, Glaciozyma antarctica PI12. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070528. [PMID: 34209103 PMCID: PMC8306469 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrophilic organisms possess several adaptive strategies which allow them to sustain life at low temperatures between −20 to 20 °C. Studies on Antarctic psychrophiles are interesting due to the multiple stressors that exist on the permanently cold continent. These organisms produce, among other peculiarities, cold-active enzymes which not only have tremendous biotechnological potential but are valuable models for fundamental research into protein structure and function. Recent innovations in omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have contributed a remarkable perspective of the molecular basis underpinning the mechanisms of cold adaptation. This review critically discusses similar and different strategies of cold adaptation in the obligate psychrophilic yeast, Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 at the molecular (genome structure, proteins and enzymes, gene expression) and physiological (antifreeze proteins, membrane fluidity, stress-related proteins) levels. Our extensive studies on G. antarctica have revealed significant insights towards the innate capacity of- and the adaptation strategies employed by this psychrophilic yeast for life in the persistent cold. Furthermore, several cold-active enzymes and proteins with biotechnological potential are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Athirah Yusof
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Noor Haza Fazlin Hashim
- Water Quality Laboratory, National Water Research Institute Malaysia (NAHRIM), Ministry of Environment and Water, Jalan Putra Permai, Seri Kembangan 43300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Izwan Bharudin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zhang YH, Li Z, Lu L, Zeng T, Chen L, Li H, Huang T, Cai YD. Analysis of the Sequence Characteristics of Antifreeze Protein. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:520. [PMID: 34204983 DOI: 10.3390/life11060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze protein (AFP) is a proteinaceous compound with improved antifreeze ability and binding ability to ice to prevent its growth. As a surface-active material, a small number of AFPs have a tremendous influence on the growth of ice. Therefore, identifying novel AFPs is important to understand protein–ice interactions and create novel ice-binding domains. To date, predicting AFPs is difficult due to their low sequence similarity for the ice-binding domain and the lack of common features among different AFPs. Here, a computational engine was developed to predict the features of AFPs and reveal the most important 39 features for AFP identification, such as antifreeze-like/N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase C-terminal, insect AFP motif, C-type lectin-like, and EGF-like domain. With this newly presented computational method, a group of previously confirmed functional AFP motifs was screened out. This study has identified some potential new AFP motifs and contributes to understanding biological antifreeze mechanisms.
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Kong HS, Hong YH, Lee J, Youm HW, Lee JR, Suh CS, Kim SH. Antifreeze Protein Supplementation During the Warming of Vitrified Bovine Ovarian Tissue Can Improve the Ovarian Tissue Quality After Xenotransplantation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672619. [PMID: 34122348 PMCID: PMC8194858 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of ice crystallization during ovarian tissue (OT) cryopreservation causes unavoidable cryodamage, and ice recrystallization during the warming is more detrimental than ice crystallization. Here, we investigated that antifreeze protein (AFP) treatment during the warming procedure can improve the bovine OT quality after xenotransplantation (XT). Bovine OTs (n=120) were evenly assigned to four groups: fresh, vitrified-warmed, vitrified-warmed with 10 mg/mL Leucosporidium ice-binding protein (LeIBP, a type of AFP) (LeIBP-10), and vitrified-warmed with 20 mg/mL LeIBP (LeiBP-20). LeIBPs were added to the first warming solution. Twenty pieces of OTs were assigned to each category. The remaining 10 OTs from each category were assigned to the XT-Fresh control, XT-Vitrified-warmed control, XT-LeIBP-10, and XT-LeIBP-20 groups, respectively, and xenotransplanted to 9-week-old ovariectomized nude mice for one week. LeIBP treatment during the warming step increased morphological follicle normality and decreased apoptotic follicle ratios after vitrification-warming and XT. The XT-vitrified-warmed control group showed significantly reduced microvessel density and increased fibrosis when compared to that of the XT-fresh group. Microvessel density and fibrosis were recovered in both LeIBP treated groups. There was no significant difference between the LeIBP-10 and LeIBP-20 groups in all outcomes. AFP treatment during the warming procedure can prevent OT damage, and improve ovarian follicle morphology and apoptosis in both the vitrified-warmed bovine OT and its graft. After confirmation in a human study, AFPs can potentially be applied to human OT cryopreservation to reduce cryodamage and improve the OT quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sun Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaewang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Youm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jung Ryeol Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is one of North America's most destructive forest insects. It survives the harsh winters by deploying both a sophisticated diapause program and a complex suite of cryoprotective molecules. The spruce budworm's cryoprotective biochemistry could revolutionize organ storage and transplants. Here we review the latest in C. fumiferana overwintering physiology and identify emerging theoretical and practical questions that are open for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda D Roe
- Great Lakes Forestry Center, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Zhang HP, Liu W, An JQ, Yang P, Guo LH, Li YQ, Lv J, Yu SH. Transcriptome analyses and weighted gene coexpression network analysis reveal key pathways and genes involved in the rapid cold resistance of the Chinese white wax scale insect. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2021; 107:e21781. [PMID: 33687102 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, is an important resource insect in China. The rapid response of E. pela to decreasing temperatures plays key roles in the population distribution. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression of E. pela treated with low temperature using transcriptome analyses and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). The results showed that the cold resistance of E. pela involved changes in the expression of many genes. The genes were mainly involved in alcohol formation activity, lipid metabolism, membrane and structure, and oxidoreductase activity. According to the WGCNA results, some pathways related to cold resistance were found in the genes in the modules, such as cytoskeleton proteins, cytoskeleton protein pathway, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and thermogenesis. Some of the hub genes were nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins, DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 13, paramyosin, tropomodulin, and tubulin beta chain. In particular, the hub genes of the tan module included the heat shock protein (hsp) 10, hsp 60, hsp 70, and hsp 90 genes. Thirty-five antifreeze protein (afp) genes were identified according to the annotation results. Three afp genes were further identified among the hub genes. Six of these genes were selected for heterogeneous protein expression. One of them was expressed successfully. The thermal hysteresis activity (THA) analyses showed that the THA was 1.73°C. These results showed that the cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism, thermogenesis, HSPs and AFPs may play important roles in the cold resistance of E. pela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Qi An
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Hong Guo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Li
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Lv
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Shu-Hui Yu
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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15
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Ye Q, Eves R, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Crystal structure of an insect antifreeze protein reveals ordered waters on the ice-binding surface. Biochem J 2020; 477:3271-86. [PMID: 32794579 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are characterized by their ability to adsorb to the surface of ice crystals and prevent any further crystal growth. AFPs have independently evolved for this purpose in a variety of organisms that encounter the threat of freezing, including many species of polar fish, insects, plants and microorganisms. Despite their diverse origins and structures, it has been suggested that all AFPs can organize ice-like water patterns on one side of the protein (the ice-binding site) that helps bind the AFP to ice. Here, to test this hypothesis, we have solved the crystal structure at 2.05 Å resolution of an AFP from the longhorn beetle, Rhagium mordax with five molecules in the unit cell. This AFP is hyperactive, and its crystal structure resembles that of the R. inquisitor ortholog in having a β-solenoid fold with a wide, flat ice-binding surface formed by four parallel rows of mainly Thr residues. The key difference between these structures is that the R. inquisitor AFP crystallized with its ice-binding site (IBS) making protein-protein contacts that limited the surface water patterns. Whereas the R. mordax AFP crystallized with the IBSs exposed to solvent enabling two layers of unrestricted ordered surface waters to be seen. These crystal waters make close matches to ice lattice waters on the basal and primary prism planes.
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16
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Lv C, Larbi A, Memon S, Liang J, Fu X, Wu G, Quan G. The Effects of Antifreeze Protein III Supplementation on the Cryosurvival of Goat Spermatozoa During Cryopreservation. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:298-305. [PMID: 33524297 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze protein (AFP) has been shown to have beneficial effects on frozen mammalian spermatozoa. However, rare reports have been published regarding the use of AFPs in storage of goat spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AFPIII on the quality of goat semen during cryopreservation. Ejaculates were collected from six Yunshang black goats through an artificial vagina. The collected semen was pooled, divided into five aliquots, and diluted with the commercial bull semen extender containing: no AFPIII (AFP-0, control), 1 μg/mL AFPIII (AFP-1), 10 μg/mL AFPIII (AFP-10), 50 μg/mL AFPIII (AFP-50), and 100 μg/mL AFPIII (AFP-100), respectively. Spermatozoa motility, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial function, distribution of phosphatidylserine, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured after the freezing and thawing process. The results showed that the spermatozoa motility, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial function were significantly higher in frozen spermatozoa using the extender containing 1 μg/mL AFPIII as compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the extender supplemented with 1 μg/mL of AFPIII resulted in higher viable and lower nonviable spermatozoa compared with the other treated groups (p < 0.05), after staining using Annexin V-fluoresceine isothiocyanate (Annexin V-FITC) and Propidium Iodide. No significant differences were found between these groups in relation to viable cells with lower ROS production. In conclusion, the addition of AFPIII to the freezing extender improved the post-thaw quality of goat semen. The optimal concentration used in this study was 1 μg/mL. However, excessively high concentrations of AFPIII were unable to exhibit their cryoprotective effects on goat spermatozoa. However, the presence of AFPIII cannot mitigate oxidative stress caused by the freezing and thawing process. In addition, in vitro fertilization or artificial insemination can further evaluate the effects of AFPIII on frozen-thawed goat spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Lv
- Department of Small Ruminant Research, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Kunming, China
| | - Allai Larbi
- Department of Small Ruminant Research, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Sameeullah Memon
- Department of Small Ruminant Research, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Jiachong Liang
- Department of Small Ruminant Research, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangwei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoquan Wu
- Department of Small Ruminant Research, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Kunming, China
| | - Guobo Quan
- Department of Small Ruminant Research, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Kunming, China
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17
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Scholl CL, Tsuda S, Graham LA, Davies PL. Crystal waters on the nine polyproline type II helical bundle springtail antifreeze protein from Granisotoma rainieri match the ice lattice. FEBS J 2021; 288:4332-4347. [PMID: 33460499 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A springtail (Collembola) identified as Granisotoma rainieri was collected from snow in Hokkaido, Japan, in late winter when nighttime temperatures were below zero. Extracts of these arthropods showed antifreeze activity by shaping ice crystals and stopping their growth. The glycine-rich proteins responsible for this freezing point depression were isolated by ice-affinity purification and had principal masses of ~ 6.9 and 9.6 kDa. We identified a transcript for a 9.6-kDa component and produced it as a His-tagged recombinant protein for structural analysis. Its crystal structure was solved to a resolution of 1.21 Å and revealed a polyproline type II helical bundle, similar to the six-helix Hypogastrura harveyi AFP, but with nine helices organized into two layers held together by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds. One of the layers is flat, regular, and hydrophobic and likely serves as the ice-binding side. Although this surface makes close protein-protein contacts with its symmetry mate in the crystal, it has bound chains of waters present that resemble those on the basal and primary prism planes of ice. Molecular dynamic simulations indicate most of these crystal waters would preferentially occupy these sites if exposed to bulk solvent in the absence of the symmetry mate. These prepositioned waters lend further support to the ice-binding mechanism in which AFPs organize ice-like waters on one surface to adsorb to ice. DATABASES: Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number 7JJV. Transcript data are available in GenBank under accession numbers MT780727, MT780728, MT780729, MT780730, MT780731 and MT985982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor L Scholl
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sakae Tsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan
| | - Laurie A Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Lee YH, Kim K, Lee JH, Kim HJ. Protection of Alcohol Dehydrogenase against Freeze-Thaw Stress by Ice-Binding Proteins Is Proportional to Their Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Property. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120638. [PMID: 33322085 PMCID: PMC7764648 DOI: 10.3390/md18120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) have ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. IRI property has been extensively utilized for the cryopreservation of different types of cells and tissues. Recent reports demonstrated that IRI can also play a significant role in protecting proteins from freezing damage during freeze-thaw cycles. In this study, we hypothesized that the protective capability of IBPs on proteins against freeze-thaw damage is proportional to their IRI activity. Hence we used two IBPs: one with higher IRI activity (LeIBP) and the other with lower activity (FfIBP). Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was used as a freeze-labile model protein. IBPs and ADH were mixed, frozen at -20 °C, and thawed repeatedly. The structure of ADH was assessed using fluorescence emission spectra probed by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate over the repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The activity was monitored at 340 nm spectrophotometrically. Fluorescence data and activity clearly indicated that ADH without IBP was freeze-labile. However, ADH maintained about 70% residual activity after five repeated cycles at a minimal concentration of 0.1 mg mL-1 of high IRI-active LeIBP, but only 50% activity at 4 mg mL-1 of low active FfIBP. These results showed that the protection of proteins from freeze-thaw stress by IBPs is proportional to their IRI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Kitae Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (K.K.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (K.K.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-629-5587
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19
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Eskandari A, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Antifreeze Proteins and Their Practical Utilization in Industry, Medicine, and Agriculture. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121649. [PMID: 33317024 PMCID: PMC7764015 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are specific proteins, glycopeptides, and peptides made by different organisms to allow cells to survive in sub-zero conditions. AFPs function by reducing the water’s freezing point and avoiding ice crystals’ growth in the frozen stage. Their capability in modifying ice growth leads to the stabilization of ice crystals within a given temperature range and the inhibition of ice recrystallization that decreases the drip loss during thawing. This review presents the potential applications of AFPs from different sources and types. AFPs can be found in diverse sources such as fish, yeast, plants, bacteria, and insects. Various sources reveal different α-helices and β-sheets structures. Recently, analysis of AFPs has been conducted through bioinformatics tools to analyze their functions within proper time. AFPs can be used widely in various aspects of application and have significant industrial functions, encompassing the enhancement of foods’ freezing and liquefying properties, protection of frost plants, enhancement of ice cream’s texture, cryosurgery, and cryopreservation of cells and tissues. In conclusion, these applications and physical properties of AFPs can be further explored to meet other industrial players. Designing the peptide-based AFP can also be done to subsequently improve its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.E.); (T.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.E.); (T.C.L.)
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.E.); (T.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-39769-6710; Fax: +60-39769-7590
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20
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Kim M, Kim J, Kim S, Jin E. Heterologous Gene Expression System Using the Cold-Inducible CnAFP Promoter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1777-1784. [PMID: 32807760 PMCID: PMC9728157 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To increase the availability of microalgae as producers of valuable compounds, it is necessary to develop novel systems for gene expression regulation. Among the diverse expression systems available in microalgae, none are designed to induce expression by low temperature. In this study, we explored a cold-inducible system using the antifreeze protein (AFP) promoter from a polar diatom, Chaetoceros neogracile. A vector containing the CnAFP promoter (pCnAFP) was generated to regulate nuclear gene expression, and reporter genes (Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and mVenus fluorescent protein (mVenus)) were successfully expressed in the model microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In particular, under the control of pCnAFP, the expression of these genes was increased at low temperature, unlike pAR1, a promoter that is widely used for gene expression in C. reinhardtii. Promoter truncation assays showed that cold inducibility was still present even when pCnAFP was shortened to 600 bp, indicating the presence of a low-temperature response element between -600 and -477 bp. Our results show the availability of new heterologous gene expression systems with cold-inducible promoters and the possibility to find novel low-temperature response factors in microalgae. Through further improvement, this cold-inducible promoter could be used to develop more efficient expression tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Incheon 1990, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-02-2220-2561 Fax: +82-02-2299-2561 E-mail:
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21
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Ding X, Li T, Zhang H, Guan C, Qian J, Zhou X. Effect of Barley Antifreeze Protein on Dough and Bread during Freezing and Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Foods 2020; 9:E1698. [PMID: 33228238 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to verify the cryoprotective effect of an antifreeze protein (BaAFP-1) obtained from barley on bread dough, the effect of BaAFP-1 on the rheological properties, microstructure, fermentation, and baking performance including the proofing time and the specific volume of bread dough and bread crumb properties during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw cycles were analysed. BaAFP-1 reduced the rate of decrease in storage modulus and loss modulus values during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw cycles. It influenced the formation and the shape of ice formed during freezing and inhibited ice recrystallization during freeze-thaw. BaAFP-1 maintained gas production ability and gas retention properties, protected gluten network and the yeast cells from deterioration caused by ice formation and ice crystals recrystallisation in dough samples during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw treatment. It slow down the increase rate of hardness of bread crumb. The average area of pores in bread crumbs decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as the total number of pores increased (p < 0.05), and the addition of BaAFP-1 inhibited this deterioration. These results confirmed the cryoprotective activity of BaAFP-1 in bread dough during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw cycles.
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22
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Yamauchi A, Arai T, Kondo H, Sasaki YC, Tsuda S. An Ice-Binding Protein from an Antarctic Ascomycete Is Fine-Tuned to Bind to Specific Water Molecules Located in the Ice Prism Planes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E759. [PMID: 32414092 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbes that survive in cold environments are known to secrete ice-binding proteins (IBPs). The structure–function relationship of these proteins remains unclear. A microbial IBP denoted AnpIBP was recently isolated from a cold-adapted fungus, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus. The present study identified an orbital illumination (prism ring) on a globular single ice crystal when soaked in a solution of fluorescent AnpIBP, suggesting that AnpIBP binds to specific water molecules located in the ice prism planes. In order to examine this unique ice-binding mechanism, we carried out X-ray structural analysis and mutational experiments. It appeared that AnpIBP is made of 6-ladder β-helices with a triangular cross section that accompanies an “ice-like” water network on the ice-binding site. The network, however, does not exist in a defective mutant. AnpIBP has a row of four unique hollows on the IBS, where the distance between the hollows (14.7 Å) is complementary to the oxygen atom spacing of the prism ring. These results suggest the structure of AnpIBP is fine-tuned to merge with the ice–water interface of an ice crystal through its polygonal water network and is then bound to a specific set of water molecules constructing the prism ring to effectively halt the growth of ice.
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Tsuda S, Yamauchi A, Khan NMMU, Arai T, Mahatabuddin S, Miura A, Kondo H. Fish-Derived Antifreeze Proteins and Antifreeze Glycoprotein Exhibit a Different Ice-Binding Property with Increasing Concentration. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030423. [PMID: 32182859 PMCID: PMC7175324 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of a protein is highly related to its biochemical properties, and is a key determinant for its biotechnological applications. Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are structurally diverse macromolecules that are capable of binding to embryonic ice crystals below 0 °C, making them useful as protectants of ice-block formation. In this study, we examined the maximal solubility of native AFP I–III and AFGP with distilled water, and evaluated concentration dependence of their ice-binding property. Approximately 400 mg/mL (AFP I), 200 mg/mL (AFP II), 100 mg/mL (AFP III), and >1800 mg/mL (AFGP) of the maximal solubility were estimated, and among them AFGP’s solubility is much higher compared with that of ordinary proteins, such as serum albumin (~500 mg/mL). The samples also exhibited unexpectedly high thermal hysteresis values (2–3 °C) at 50–200 mg/mL. Furthermore, the analysis of fluorescence-based ice plane affinity showed that AFP II binds to multiple ice planes in a concentration-dependent manner, for which an oligomerization mechanism was hypothesized. The difference of concentration dependence between AFPs and AFGPs may provide a new clue to help us understand the ice-binding function of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Tsuda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; (A.Y.); (N.M.-M.U.K.); (T.A.); (H.K.)
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan;
- OPERANDO Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-857-8912
| | - Akari Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; (A.Y.); (N.M.-M.U.K.); (T.A.); (H.K.)
| | - N. M.-Mofiz Uddin Khan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; (A.Y.); (N.M.-M.U.K.); (T.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Arai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; (A.Y.); (N.M.-M.U.K.); (T.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Sheikh Mahatabuddin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Ai Miura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan;
| | - Hidemasa Kondo
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; (A.Y.); (N.M.-M.U.K.); (T.A.); (H.K.)
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan;
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24
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Kasahara K, Waku T, Wilson PW, Tonooka T, Hagiwara Y. The Inhibition of Icing and Frosting on Glass Surfaces by the Coating of Polyethylene Glycol and Polypeptide Mimicking Antifreeze Protein. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E259. [PMID: 32050479 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of anti-icing, anti-frosting transparent plates is important for many reasons, such as poor visibility through the ice-covered windshields of vehicles. We have fabricated new glass surfaces coated with polypeptides which mimic a part of winter flounder antifreeze protein. We adopted glutaraldehyde and polyethylene glycol as linkers between these polypeptides and silane coupling agents applied to the glass surfaces. We have measured the contact angle, the temperature of water droplets on the cooling surfaces, and the frost weight. In addition, we have conducted surface roughness observation and surface elemental analysis. It was found that peaks in the height profile, obtained with the atomic force microscope for the polypeptide-coated surface with polyethylene glycol, were much higher than those for the surface without the polypeptide. This shows the adhesion of many polypeptide aggregates to the polyethylene glycol locally. The average supercooling temperature of the droplet for the polypeptide-coated surface with the polyethylene glycol was lower than for the polypeptide-coated surface with glutaraldehyde and the polyethylene-glycol-coated surface without the polypeptide. In addition, the average weight of frost cover on the specimen was lowest for the polypeptide-coated surface with the polyethylene glycol. These results argue for the effects of combined polyethylene glycol and polypeptide aggregates on the locations of ice nuclei and condensation droplets. Thus, this polypeptide-coating with the polyethylene glycol is a potential contender to improve the anti-icing and anti-frosting of glasses.
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25
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Perez AF, Taing KR, Quon JC, Flores A, Ba Y. Effect of Type I Antifreeze Proteins on the Freezing and Melting Processes of Cryoprotective Solutions Studied by Site-Directed Spin Labeling Technique. Crystals (Basel) 2019; 9. [PMID: 33224522 PMCID: PMC7678753 DOI: 10.3390/cryst9070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect organisms living in subzero environments from freezing injury, which render them potential applications for cryopreservation of living cells, organs, and tissues. Cryoprotective agents (CPAs), such as glycerol and propylene glycol, have been used as ingredients to treat cellular tissues and organs to prevent ice crystal’s formation at low temperatures. To assess AFP’s function in CPA solutions, we have the applied site-directed spin labeling technique to a Type I AFP. A two-step process to prevent bulk freezing of the CPA solutions was observed by the cryo-photo microscopy, i.e., (1) thermodynamic freezing point depression by the CPAs; and (2) inhibition to the growth of seed ice crystals by the AFP. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments were also carried out from room temperature to 97 K, and vice versa. The EPR results indicate that the spin labeled AFP bound to ice surfaces, and inhibit the growths of ice through the bulk freezing processes in the CPA solutions. The ice-surface bound AFP in the frozen matrices could also prevent the formation of large ice crystals during the melting processes of the solutions. Our study illustrates that AFPs can play an active role in CPA solutions for cryopreservation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel F Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Kyle R Taing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Justin C Quon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Antonia Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Yong Ba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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Tomalty HE, Graham LA, Eves R, Gruneberg AK, Davies PL. Laboratory-Scale Isolation of Insect Antifreeze Protein for Cryobiology. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050180. [PMID: 31075842 PMCID: PMC6572240 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromolar concentrations of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from insects can prevent aqueous solutions from freezing down to at least −6 °C. To explore cryopreservation of cells, tissues and organs at these temperatures without ice formation, we have developed a protocol to reliably produce ultrapure Tenebrio molitor AFP from cold-acclimated beetle larvae reared in the laboratory. The AFP was prepared from crude larval homogenates through five cycles of rotary ice-affinity purification, which can be completed in one day. Recovery of the AFP at each step was >90% and no impurities were detected in the final product. The AFP is a mixture of isoforms that are more active in combination than any one single component. Toxicity testing of the purified AFP in cell culture showed no inhibition of cell growth. The production process can easily be scaled up to industrial levels, and the AFP used in cryobiology applications was recovered for reuse in good yield and with full activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Tomalty
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Laurie A Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Robert Eves
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Audrey K Gruneberg
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Arai T, Nishimiya Y, Ohyama Y, Kondo H, Tsuda S. Calcium-Binding Generates the Semi-Clathrate Waters on a Type II Antifreeze Protein to Adsorb onto an Ice Crystal Surface. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E162. [PMID: 31035615 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydration is crucial for a function and a ligand recognition of a protein. The hydration shell constructed on an antifreeze protein (AFP) contains many organized waters, through which AFP is thought to bind to specific ice crystal planes. For a Ca2+-dependent species of AFP, however, it has not been clarified how 1 mol of Ca2+-binding is related with the hydration and the ice-binding ability. Here we determined the X-ray crystal structure of a Ca2+-dependent AFP (jsAFP) from Japanese smelt, Hypomesus nipponensis, in both Ca2+-bound and -free states. Their overall structures were closely similar (Root mean square deviation (RMSD) of Cα = 0.31 Å), while they exhibited a significant difference around their Ca2+-binding site. Firstly, the side-chains of four of the five Ca2+-binding residues (Q92, D94 E99, D113, and D114) were oriented to be suitable for ice binding only in the Ca2+-bound state. Second, a Ca2+-binding loop consisting of a segment D94–E99 becomes less flexible by the Ca2+-binding. Third, the Ca2+-binding induces a generation of ice-like clathrate waters around the Ca2+-binding site, which show a perfect position-match to the waters constructing the first prism plane of a single ice crystal. These results suggest that generation of ice-like clathrate waters induced by Ca2+-binding enables the ice-binding of this protein.
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Hudait A, Moberg DR, Qiu Y, Odendahl N, Paesani F, Molinero V. Preordering of water is not needed for ice recognition by hyperactive antifreeze proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8266-71. [PMID: 29987018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806996115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) inhibit ice growth in organisms living in cold environments. Hyperactive insect AFPs are particularly effective, binding ice through "anchored clathrate" motifs. It has been hypothesized that the binding of hyperactive AFPs to ice is facilitated by preordering of water at the ice-binding site (IBS) of the protein in solution. The antifreeze protein TmAFP displays the best matching of its binding site to ice, making it the optimal candidate to develop ice-like order in solution. Here we use multiresolution simulations to unravel the mechanism by which TmAFP recognizes and binds ice. We find that water at the IBS of the antifreeze protein in solution does not acquire ice-like or anchored clathrate-like order. Ice recognition occurs by slow diffusion of the protein to achieve the proper orientation with respect to the ice surface, followed by fast collective organization of the hydration water at the IBS to form an anchored clathrate motif that latches the protein to the ice surface. The simulations suggest that anchored clathrate order could develop on the large ice-binding surfaces of aggregates of ice-nucleating proteins (INP). We compute the infrared and Raman spectra of water in the anchored clathrate motif. The signatures of the OH stretch of water in the anchored clathrate motif can be distinguished from those of bulk liquid in the Raman spectra, but not in the infrared spectra. We thus suggest that Raman spectroscopy may be used to probe the anchored clathrate order at the ice-binding surface of INP aggregates.
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Xu K, Niu Q, Zhao H, Du Y, Guo L, Jiang Y. Sequencing and Expression Characterization of Antifreeze Protein Maxi-Like in Apis cerana cerana. J Insect Sci 2018; 18:11. [PMCID: PMC5804572 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are biological cryoprotectants with unique properties that play a crucial role in regulating the molecular mechanisms governing cold resistance in insects. To identify and characterize Apis cerana cerana AFP (AcerAFP), we cloned the full-length cDNA of AcerAFP and examined its expression patterns in A. cerana cerana. A nucleotide alignment analysis showed that the entire coding region of AcerAFP is 1095 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 365 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of this protein exhibits 63–96% homology with AFP homologs from other hymenopterans. α-helices form the main secondary and tertiary structures of AcerAFP, which is similar to the molecular structure of fish AFP type-I. The expression profiles of AcerAFP revealed that expression was tissue, sex, and developmentally specific. In response to cold stress, the mRNA and protein expression of AcerAFP were both induced by low temperatures, and were also related to the concentrations of several cryoprotectants, including glucose, glycerin, glutamic acid, cysteine, histidine, alanine, and methionine. In addition, we found that the knockdown of AcerAFP by RNA interference remarkably increased the total freezing temperature of hemolymph in A. cerana cerana, where levels of AcerAFP mRNA were correlated with the expression of most antifreeze-related proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that AcerAFP plays an essential role as a biological cryoprotectant in honeybees, and is in turn regulated by small cryoprotectants and antifreeze-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding & Reproduction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingsheng Niu
- Department of Honey Bee Genetics and Breeding, Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Huiting Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yali Du
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding & Reproduction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding & Reproduction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yusuo Jiang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding & Reproduction, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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Stevens CA, Semrau J, Chiriac D, Litschko M, Campbell RL, Langelaan DN, Smith SP, Davies PL, Allingham JS. Peptide backbone circularization enhances antifreeze protein thermostability. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1932-1941. [PMID: 28691252 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a class of ice-binding proteins that promote survival of a variety of cold-adapted organisms by decreasing the freezing temperature of bodily fluids. A growing number of biomedical, agricultural, and commercial products, such as organs, foods, and industrial fluids, have benefited from the ability of AFPs to control ice crystal growth and prevent ice recrystallization at subzero temperatures. One limitation of AFP use in these latter contexts is their tendency to denature and irreversibly lose activity at the elevated temperatures of certain industrial processing or large-scale AFP production. Using the small, thermolabile type III AFP as a model system, we demonstrate that AFP thermostability is dramatically enhanced via split intein-mediated N- and C-terminal end ligation. To engineer this circular protein, computational modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to identify an extein sequence that would fill the 20-Å gap separating the free ends of the AFP, yet impose little impact on the structure and entropic properties of its ice-binding surface. The top candidate was then expressed in bacteria, and the circularized protein was isolated from the intein domains by ice-affinity purification. This circularized AFP induced bipyramidal ice crystals during ice growth in the hysteresis gap and retained 40% of this activity even after incubation at 100°C for 30 min. NMR analysis implicated enhanced thermostability or refolding capacity of this protein compared to the noncyclized wild-type AFP. These studies support protein backbone circularization as a means to expand the thermostability and practical applications of AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Stevens
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joanna Semrau
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dragos Chiriac
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Morgan Litschko
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David N Langelaan
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Protein Function Discovery Group and the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Abraham NM, Liu L, Jutras BL, Murfin K, Acar A, Yarovinsky TO, Sutton E, Heisig M, Jacobs-Wagner C, Fikrig E. A Tick Antivirulence Protein Potentiates Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00113-17. [PMID: 28438938 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00113-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are needed to combat antibiotic resistance, especially against pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus A tick antifreeze glycoprotein, IAFGP, possesses potent antibiofilm properties against a variety of clinical pathogens, including S. aureus Synergy between IAFGP, or a peptide (P1) representative of a repeat region of the protein, with different antibiotics was assessed in vitro Antibiotics that synergized with either IAFPG or P1 were further evaluated in vivo using vertebrate and invertebrate infection models. IAFGP readily enhanced the efficacy of antibiotics against S. aureus Synergy with daptomycin, an antibiotic used to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus, was observed in vitro and in vivo using iafgp-transgenic mice and flies. Furthermore, synergy with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin, antibiotics not generally used to treat S. aureus, was also perceived. The combined effect of the antibiotic and IAFGP was associated with improved permeation of the antibiotic into the cell. Our results highlight that synergy of IAFGP with antibiotics traditionally used to treat this pathogen, and enhancement of the potency of antibiotics not commonly used against this microbe, can provide novel alternative therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
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Abraham NM, Liu L, Jutras BL, Yadav AK, Narasimhan S, Gopalakrishnan V, Ansari JM, Jefferson KK, Cava F, Jacobs-Wagner C, Fikrig E. Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E781-90. [PMID: 28096373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods transmit diverse infectious agents; however, the ways microbes influence their vector to enhance colonization are poorly understood. Ixodes scapularis ticks harbor numerous human pathogens, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. We now demonstrate that A. phagocytophilum modifies the I. scapularis microbiota to more efficiently infect the tick. A. phagocytophilum induces ticks to express Ixodes scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein (iafgp), which encodes a protein with several properties, including the ability to alter bacterial biofilm formation. IAFGP thereby perturbs the tick gut microbiota, which influences the integrity of the peritrophic matrix and gut barrier-critical obstacles for Anaplasma colonization. Mechanistically, IAFGP binds the terminal d-alanine residue of the pentapeptide chain of bacterial peptidoglycan, resulting in altered permeability and the capacity of bacteria to form biofilms. These data elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which a human pathogen appropriates an arthropod antibacterial protein to alter the gut microbiota and more effectively colonize the vector.
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Abstract
Sub-zero temperatures put plants at risk of damage associated with the formation of ice crystals in the apoplast. Some freeze-tolerant plants mitigate this risk by expressing ice-binding proteins (IBPs), that adsorb to ice crystals and modify their growth. IBPs are found across several biological kingdoms, with their ice-binding activity and function uniquely suited to the lifestyle they have evolved to protect, be it in fishes, insects or plants. While IBPs from freeze-avoidant species significantly depress the freezing point, plant IBPs typically have a reduced ability to lower the freezing temperature. Nevertheless, they have a superior ability to inhibit the recrystallization of formed ice. This latter activity prevents ice crystals from growing larger at temperatures close to melting. Attempts to engineer frost-hardy plants by the controlled transfer of IBPs from freeze-avoiding fish and insects have been largely unsuccessful. In contrast, the expression of recombinant IBP sequences from freeze-tolerant plants significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and enhanced freezing survival in freeze-sensitive plants. These promising results have spurred additional investigations into plant IBP localization and post-translational modifications, as well as a re-evaluation of IBPs as part of the anti-stress and anti-pathogen axis of freeze-tolerant plants. Here we present an overview of plant freezing stress and adaptation mechanisms and discuss the potential utility of IBPs for the generation of freeze-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bredow
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Melissa Bredow,
| | - Virginia K. Walker
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, and School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Choi SR, Seo YJ, Kim M, Eo Y, Ahn HC, Lee AR, Park CJ, Ryu KS, Cheong HK, Lee SS, Jin E, Lee JH. NMR study of the antifreeze activities of active and inactive isoforms of a type III antifreeze protein. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4202-4212. [PMID: 27718246 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The quaternary-amino-ethyl 1 (QAE1) isoforms of type III antifreeze proteins (AFPs) prevent the growth of ice crystals within organisms living in polar regions. We determined the antifreeze activity of wild-type and mutant constructs of the Japanese notched-fin eelpout (Zoarces elongates Kner) AFP8 (nfeAFP8) and characterized the structural and dynamics properties of their ice-binding surface using NMR. We found that the three constructs containing the V20G mutation were incapable of stopping the growth of ice crystals and exhibited structural changes, as well as increased conformational flexibility, in the first 310 helix (residues 18-22) of the sequence. Our results suggest that the inactive nfeAFP8s are incapable of anchoring water molecules due to the unusual and flexible backbone conformation of their primary prism plane-binding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Ree Choi
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Seo
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yumi Eo
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Ae-Ree Lee
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Korea.,Division of Magnetic Resonance, KBSI, Chungbuk, Korea
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Kim HJ, Shim HE, Lee JH, Kang YC, Hur YB. Ice-Binding Protein Derived from Glaciozyma Can Improve the Viability of Cryopreserved Mammalian Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 25:1989-96. [PMID: 26323271 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1507.07041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) can inhibit ice recrystallization (IR), a major cause of cell death during cryopreservation. IBPs are hypothesized to improve cell viability after cryopreservation by alleviating the cryoinjury caused by IR. In our previous studies, we showed that supplementation of the freezing medium with the recombinant IBP of the Arctic yeast Glaciozyma sp. (designated as LeIBP) could reduce post-thaw hemolysis of human red blood cells and increase the survival of cryopreserved diatoms. Here, we showed that LeIBP could improve the viability of cryopreserved mammalian cells. Human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), mouse fibroblasts (NIH/3T3), human preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1), and human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were evaluated. These mammalian cells were frozen in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/fetal bovine serum (FBS) solution with or without 0.1 mg/ml LeIBP at a cooling rate of -1°C/min in a -80°C freezer overnight. The minimum effective concentration (0.1 mg/ml) of LeIBP was determined, based on the viability of HeLa cells after treatment with LeIBP during cryopreservation and the IR inhibition assay results. The post-thaw viability of mammalian cells was examined. In all cases, cell viability was significantly enhanced by more than 10% by LeIBP supplementation in 5% DMSO/5% FBS: viability increased by 20% for HeLa cells, 28% for NIH/3T3 cells, 21% for MC3T3-E1, 10% for CHO-K1, and 20% for HaCaT. Furthermore, addition of LeIBP reduced the concentrations of toxic DMSO and FBS down to 5%. Therefore, we demonstrated that LeIBP can increase the viability of cryopreserved mammalian cells by inhibiting IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Shim
- Next-Generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Division of Polar Biology, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Baek Hur
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Namhae 52440, Republic of Korea
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Yu SH, Yang P, Sun T, Qi Q, Wang XQ, Chen XM, Feng Y, Liu BW. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses on the supercooling ability and mining of antifreeze proteins of the Chinese white wax scale insect. Insect Sci 2016; 23:430-437. [PMID: 26799455 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at temperatures below -30°C. To investigate the deep supercooling ability of E. pela, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to delineate the major gene and protein families responsible for the deep supercooling ability of overwintering females. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and pathways associated with the biosynthesis of soluble sugars, sugar alcohols and free amino acids were dominant. Proteins responsible for low-temperature stress, such as cold acclimation proteins, glycerol biosynthesis-related enzymes and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were identified. However, no antifreeze proteins (AFPs) were identified through sequence similarity search methods. A random forest approach identified 388 putative AFPs in the proteome. The AFP gene ep-afp was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein exhibited a thermal hysteresis activity of 0.97°C, suggesting its potential role in the deep supercooling ability of E. pela.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Sun
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Qi
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, China
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Wen X, Wang S, Duman JG, Arifin JF, Juwita V, Goddard WA 3rd, Rios A, Liu F, Kim SK, Abrol R, DeVries AL, Henling LM. Antifreeze proteins govern the precipitation of trehalose in a freezing-avoiding insect at low temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6683-8. [PMID: 27226297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601519113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable adaptive strategies of insects to extreme environments are linked to the biochemical compounds in their body fluids. Trehalose, a versatile sugar molecule, can accumulate to high levels in freeze-tolerant and freeze-avoiding insects, functioning as a cryoprotectant and a supercooling agent. Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), known to protect organisms from freezing by lowering the freezing temperature and deferring the growth of ice, are present at high levels in some freeze-avoiding insects in winter, and yet, paradoxically are found in some freeze-tolerant insects. Here, we report a previously unidentified role for AFPs in effectively inhibiting trehalose precipitation in the hemolymph (or blood) of overwintering beetle larvae. We determine the trehalose level (29.6 ± 0.6 mg/mL) in the larval hemolymph of a beetle, Dendroides canadensis, and demonstrate that the hemolymph AFPs are crucial for inhibiting trehalose crystallization, whereas the presence of trehalose also enhances the antifreeze activity of AFPs. To dissect the molecular mechanism, we examine the molecular recognition between AFP and trehalose crystal interfaces using molecular dynamics simulations. The theory corroborates the experiments and shows preferential strong binding of the AFP to the fast growing surfaces of the sugar crystal. This newly uncovered role for AFPs may help explain the long-speculated role of AFPs in freeze-tolerant species. We propose that the presence of high levels of molecules important for survival but prone to precipitation in poikilotherms (their body temperature can vary considerably) needs a companion mechanism to prevent the precipitation and here present, to our knowledge, the first example. Such a combination of trehalose and AFPs also provides a novel approach for cold protection and for trehalose crystallization inhibition in industrial applications.
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Olijve LL, Meister K, DeVries AL, Duman JG, Guo S, Bakker HJ, Voets IK. Blocking rapid ice crystal growth through nonbasal plane adsorption of antifreeze proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3740-5. [PMID: 26936953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524109113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a unique class of proteins that bind to growing ice crystal surfaces and arrest further ice growth. AFPs have gained a large interest for their use in antifreeze formulations for water-based materials, such as foods, waterborne paints, and organ transplants. Instead of commonly used colligative antifreezes such as salts and alcohols, the advantage of using AFPs as an additive is that they do not alter the physicochemical properties of the water-based material. Here, we report the first comprehensive evaluation of thermal hysteresis (TH) and ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity of all major classes of AFPs using cryoscopy, sonocrystallization, and recrystallization assays. The results show that TH activities determined by cryoscopy and sonocrystallization differ markedly, and that TH and IRI activities are not correlated. The absence of a distinct correlation in antifreeze activity points to a mechanistic difference in ice growth inhibition by the different classes of AFPs: blocking fast ice growth requires rapid nonbasal plane adsorption, whereas basal plane adsorption is only relevant at long annealing times and at small undercooling. These findings clearly demonstrate that biomimetic analogs of antifreeze (glyco)proteins should be tailored to the specific requirements of the targeted application.
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Basu K, Campbell RL, Guo S, Sun T, Davies PL. Modeling repetitive, non-globular proteins. Protein Sci 2016; 25:946-58. [PMID: 26914323 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While ab initio modeling of protein structures is not routine, certain types of proteins are more straightforward to model than others. Proteins with short repetitive sequences typically exhibit repetitive structures. These repetitive sequences can be more amenable to modeling if some information is known about the predominant secondary structure or other key features of the protein sequence. We have successfully built models of a number of repetitive structures with novel folds using knowledge of the consensus sequence within the sequence repeat and an understanding of the likely secondary structures that these may adopt. Our methods for achieving this success are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koli Basu
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shuaiqi Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tianjun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Badet T, Peyraud R, Raffaele S. Common protein sequence signatures associate with Sclerotinia borealis lifestyle and secretion in fungal pathogens of the Sclerotiniaceae. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:776. [PMID: 26442085 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00776issn=1664-462x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens produce secreted proteins adapted to function outside fungal cells to facilitate colonization of their hosts. In many cases such as for fungi from the Sclerotiniaceae family the repertoire and function of secreted proteins remains elusive. In the Sclerotiniaceae, whereas Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are cosmopolitan broad host-range plant pathogens, Sclerotinia borealis has a psychrophilic lifestyle with a low optimal growth temperature, a narrow host range and geographic distribution. To spread successfully, S. borealis must synthesize proteins adapted to function in its specific environment. The search for signatures of adaptation to S. borealis lifestyle may therefore help revealing proteins critical for colonization of the environment by Sclerotiniaceae fungi. Here, we analyzed amino acids usage and intrinsic protein disorder in alignments of groups of orthologous proteins from the three Sclerotiniaceae species. We found that enrichment in Thr, depletion in Glu and Lys, and low disorder frequency in hot loops are significantly associated with S. borealis proteins. We designed an index to report bias in these properties and found that high index proteins were enriched among secreted proteins in the three Sclerotiniaceae fungi. High index proteins were also enriched in function associated with plant colonization in S. borealis, and in in planta-induced genes in S. sclerotiorum. We highlight a novel putative antifreeze protein and a novel putative lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase identified through our pipeline as candidate proteins involved in colonization of the environment. Our findings suggest that similar protein signatures associate with S. borealis lifestyle and with secretion in the Sclerotiniaceae. These signatures may be useful for identifying proteins of interest as targets for the management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR441 Castanet-Tolosan, France ; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2594 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Rémi Peyraud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR441 Castanet-Tolosan, France ; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2594 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR441 Castanet-Tolosan, France ; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2594 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Lee HH, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Ko Y, Kim SM, Lee JR, Suh CS, Kim SH. Effects of antifreeze proteins on the vitrification of mouse oocytes: comparison of three different antifreeze proteins. Hum Reprod 2015. [PMID: 26202918 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from three different sources improve the efficacy of mouse oocyte vitrification? SUMMARY ANSWER Treatment with AFPs can improve both murine oocyte quality and embryo development, and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vitrified-warmed oocytes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A previous study discovered that vitrification of immature oocytes and 2-cell stage embryos of mice augmented with antifreeze glycoproteins at 40 mg/ml dramatically improved the morphological integrity of the samples, suggesting that AFPs have the ability to inhibit ice formation and stabilize the plasma membrane. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Metaphase II oocytes were obtained from 4-week-old BD-F1 mice. AFPs from bacteria (Flavobacterium frigoris ice-binding protein (FfIBP)), yeast (Glaciozyma sp. ice-binding protein (LeIBP)) and fish (Type III AFP) were added to the vitrification and warming solutions individually. Survival and development, meiotic spindle organization, intracellular ROS, mitochondrial activity, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and repair of damaged DNA were analyzed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Vitrification of oocytes was performed with the CryoTop (equilibration solution: 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) and 7.5% 1,2-propandiol (PROH) for 5 min; vitrification solution: 15% EG, 15% PROH and 0.5 M sucrose for 1 min). Warming was performed in three steps with decreasing concentrations of sucrose (1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 M sucrose). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE AFP treatment can improve murine oocyte quality and embryo development. Survival rates, cleavage rates and blastocyst rates (blastocyst per cleaved and per survived oocytes) of oocytes in AFP-treated groups were significantly higher than those in the control group [75.0, 89.0, 90.0 and 85.0% for survival rate (P = 0.012); 58.7, 89.0, 87.8 and 81.2% for cleavage rate (P = 0.003); 52.3, 87.7, 78.5 and 76.8% for blastocyst per cleaved oocytes (P < 0.01); 30.7, 78.0, 68.9 and 62.4% for blastocyst per survived oocytes (P < 0.01) in control, FfIBP, LeIBP and Type III AFP-treated groups, respectively]. The mean (±SD) number of apoptotic blastomeres per blastocyst was significantly lower in AFP-treated groups than in the control group (9.1 ± 1.0, 2.0 ± 1.7, 2.3 ± 1.2 and 2.7 ± 2.4 in control, FfIBP, LeIBP and Type III AFP-treated groups, respectively, P = 0.040). FfIBP treatment was the most effective in maintaining normal meiotic spindle organization and chromosome alignment (52.0, 92.0, 80.0 and 83.0% in control, FfIBP, LeIBP and Type III AFP-treated groups, respectively, P < 0.01). Intracellular ROS levels (mean ± SD) significantly decreased in the AFP-treated groups (17.0 ± 11.2, 8.4 ± 8.2, 10.3 ± 6.4 and 11.6 ± 12.3 in control, FfIBP, LeIBP and Type III AFP-treated groups, respectively, P < 0.01), and the FfIBP and LeIBP groups had significantly lower DNA DSBs, compared with controls (65.2, 30.8, 44.4 and 55.8% in control, FfIBP, LeIBP and Type III AFP-treated groups, respectively, P < 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The origins of FfIBP and LeIBP were bacteria and yeast, respectively. Therefore, treatment of human oocytes and embryos with these AFPs should be tested before clinical application. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS After further research, AFPs can potentially be applied to human oocyte cryopreservation to improve the efficacy of vitrification. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Healthcare technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI12C0055). The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Heun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Hee Jun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul 135-916, Korea
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Yong Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Sun Mie Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Health Care System Gangnam Center, Seoul 135-984, Korea
| | - Jung Ryeol Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Peralta MDR, Karsai A, Ngo A, Sierra C, Fong KT, Hayre NR, Mirzaee N, Ravikumar KM, Kluber AJ, Chen X, Liu GY, Toney MD, Singh RR, Cox DL. Engineering amyloid fibrils from β-solenoid proteins for biomaterials applications. ACS Nano 2015; 9:449-463. [PMID: 25562726 DOI: 10.1021/nn5056089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nature provides numerous examples of self-assembly that can potentially be implemented for materials applications. Considerable attention has been given to one-dimensional cross-β or amyloid structures that can serve as templates for wire growth or strengthen materials such as glue or cement. Here, we demonstrate controlled amyloid self-assembly based on modifications of β-solenoid proteins. They occur naturally in several contexts (e.g., antifreeze proteins, drug resistance proteins) but do not aggregate in vivo due to capping structures or distortions at their ends. Removal of these capping structures and regularization of the ends of the spruce budworm and rye grass antifreeze proteins yield micron length amyloid fibrils with predictable heights, which can be a platform for biomaterial-based self-assembly. The design process, including all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, purification, and self-assembly procedures are described. Fibril formation with the predicted characteristics is supported by evidence from thioflavin-T fluorescence, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Additionally, we find evidence for lateral assembly of the modified spruce budworm antifreeze fibrils with sufficient incubation time. The kinetics of polymerization are consistent with those for other amyloid formation reactions and are relatively fast due to the preformed nature of the polymerization nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D R Peralta
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, and §Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Abstract
An antifreeze protein (AFP) with no known homologs has been identified in Lake Ontario midges (Chironomidae). The midge AFP is expressed as a family of isoforms at low levels in adults, which emerge from fresh water in spring before the threat of freezing temperatures has passed. The 9.1-kDa major isoform derived from a preproprotein precursor is glycosylated and has a 10-residue tandem repeating sequence xxCxGxYCxG, with regularly spaced cysteines, glycines, and tyrosines comprising one-half its 79 residues. Modeling and molecular dynamics predict a tightly wound left-handed solenoid fold in which the cysteines form a disulfide core to brace each of the eight 10-residue coils. The solenoid is reinforced by intrachain hydrogen bonds, side-chain salt bridges, and a row of seven stacked tyrosines on the hydrophobic side that forms the putative ice-binding site. A disulfide core is also a feature of the similar-sized beetle AFP that is a β-helix with seven 12-residue coils and a comparable circular dichroism spectrum. The midge and beetle AFPs are not homologous and their ice-binding sites are radically different, with the latter comprising two parallel arrays of outward-pointing threonines. However, their structural similarities is an amazing example of convergent evolution in different orders of insects to cope with change to a colder climate and provide confirmation about the physical features needed for a protein to bind ice.
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Badet T, Peyraud R, Raffaele S. Common protein sequence signatures associate with Sclerotinia borealis lifestyle and secretion in fungal pathogens of the Sclerotiniaceae. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:776. [PMID: 26442085 PMCID: PMC4585107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens produce secreted proteins adapted to function outside fungal cells to facilitate colonization of their hosts. In many cases such as for fungi from the Sclerotiniaceae family the repertoire and function of secreted proteins remains elusive. In the Sclerotiniaceae, whereas Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are cosmopolitan broad host-range plant pathogens, Sclerotinia borealis has a psychrophilic lifestyle with a low optimal growth temperature, a narrow host range and geographic distribution. To spread successfully, S. borealis must synthesize proteins adapted to function in its specific environment. The search for signatures of adaptation to S. borealis lifestyle may therefore help revealing proteins critical for colonization of the environment by Sclerotiniaceae fungi. Here, we analyzed amino acids usage and intrinsic protein disorder in alignments of groups of orthologous proteins from the three Sclerotiniaceae species. We found that enrichment in Thr, depletion in Glu and Lys, and low disorder frequency in hot loops are significantly associated with S. borealis proteins. We designed an index to report bias in these properties and found that high index proteins were enriched among secreted proteins in the three Sclerotiniaceae fungi. High index proteins were also enriched in function associated with plant colonization in S. borealis, and in in planta-induced genes in S. sclerotiorum. We highlight a novel putative antifreeze protein and a novel putative lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase identified through our pipeline as candidate proteins involved in colonization of the environment. Our findings suggest that similar protein signatures associate with S. borealis lifestyle and with secretion in the Sclerotiniaceae. These signatures may be useful for identifying proteins of interest as targets for the management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Rémi Peyraud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Sylvain Raffaele, Laboratoire des Interactions Plante Micro-organismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge – Auzeville, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Xiao Q, Xia JH, Zhang XJ, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Gui JF. Type-IV antifreeze proteins are essential for epiboly and convergence in gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:715-32. [PMID: 25013380 PMCID: PMC4081606 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these AFP4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. Here we report the identification and functional analyses of AFP4s in cyprinid fish. Two genes, namely afp4a and afp4b coding for AFP4s, were identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In both species, afp4a and afp4b display a head-to-tail tandem arrangement and share a common 4-exonic gene structure. In zebrafish, both afp4a and afp4b were found to express specifically in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Interestingly, afp4a expression continues in YSL and digestive system from early embryos to adults, whereas afp4b expression is restricted to embryogenesis. Importantly, we have shown by using afp4a-specific and afp4b-specifc morpholino knockdown and cell lineage tracing approaches that AFP4a participates in epiboly progression by stabilizing yolk cytoplasmic layer microtubules, and AFP4b is primarily related to convergence movement. Therefore, both AFP4 proteins are essential for gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Our current results provide first evidence that AFP such as AFP4 has important roles in regulating developmental processes besides its well-known function as antifreeze factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Friis DS, Johnsen JL, Kristiansen E, Westh P, Ramløv H. Low thermodynamic but high kinetic stability of an antifreeze protein from Rhagium mordax. Protein Sci 2014; 23:760-8. [PMID: 24652821 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The equilibrium heat stability and the kinetic heat tolerance of a recombinant antifreeze protein (AFP) from the beetle Rhagium mordax (RmAFP1) are studied through differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy. In contrast to other insect AFPs studied with this respect, the RmAFP1 has only one disulfide bridge. The melting temperature, Tm , of the protein is determined to be 28.5°C (pH 7.4), which is much lower than most of those reported for AFPs or globular proteins in general. Despite its low melting temperature, both biophysical and activity measurements show that the protein almost completely refolds into the native state after repeated exposure of 70°C. RmAFP1 thus appears to be kinetically stable even far above its melting temperature. Thermodynamically, the insect AFPs seem to be dividable in three groups, relating to their content of disulfide bridges and widths of the ice binding motifs; high melting temperature AFPs (high disulfide content, TxT motifs), low melting temperature but high refolding capability AFPs (one disulfide bridge, TxTxTxT motifs) and irreversibly unfolded AFPs at low temperatures (no disulfide bridges, TxTxTxTxT motifs). The property of being able to cope with high temperature exposures may appear peculiar for proteins which strictly have their effect at subzero temperatures. Different aspects of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S Friis
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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Singh P, Hanada Y, Singh SM, Tsuda S. Antifreeze protein activity in Arctic cryoconite bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 351:14-22. [PMID: 24283367 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen Arctic bacterial strains belonging to five genera, Cryobacterium, Leifsonia, Polaromonas, Pseudomonas, and Subtercola isolated from sediments found in cryoconite holes of Arctic glaciers, were subjected to screening for antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Eight strains showed AFP activity, and six strains of four species were further characterized. Pseudomonas ficuserectae exhibited a high thermal hysteresis (TH) activity. Ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity was observed in most cultures at low protein concentration. Bacterial AFPs produced rounded shape of ice crystals that did not change their size and morphology within the TH window. Cry-g (P. ficuserectae) failed to inhibit ice recrystallization, indicating that the IRI activity of the AFPs does not relate to the strength of TH activity. SDS-PAGE analysis of the AFPs suggests their apparent molecular weights to be around 23 kDa. This study is significant as it screens several species of Arctic bacterial strains for AFP activity. So far, only one species of bacteria, Pseudomonas putida, was reported from the Arctic to produce AFPs. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis shows that the bacterial AFPs isolated belong to the AFP family IBP-1, which is known to have an important physiological role in the cold environment. AFPs of glacier cryoconite habitat have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Goa campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, India
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Sorhannus U. Evolution of Type II Antifreeze Protein Genes in Teleost Fish: A Complex Scenario Involving Lateral Gene Transfers and Episodic Directional Selection. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:535-44. [PMID: 23032610 PMCID: PMC3460678 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
I examined hypotheses about lateral transfer of type II antifreeze protein (AFP) genes among “distantly” related teleost fish. The effects of episodic directional selection on amino acid evolution were also investigated. The strict consensus results showed that the type II AFP and type II antifreeze-like protein genes were transferred from Osmerus mordax to Clupea harengus, from the ancestral lineage of the Brachyopsis rostratus—Hemitripterus americanus clade to the ancestor of the Hypomesus nipponensis—Osmerus mordax group and from the ancestral lineage of Brachyopsis rostratus—Hemitripterus americanus—Siniperca chuatsi—Perca flavescens to Perca flavescens. At the present time, the available evidence is more consistent with the LGT hypothesis than with other alternative explanations. The overall results indicate that evolutionary history of the type II AFP gene is complex, and that episodic directional selection was instrumental in the evolution of this freeze-preventing protein from a C-type lectin precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Sorhannus
- Department of Biology and Health Services, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sorhannus U. Evolution of antifreeze protein genes in the diatom genus fragilariopsis: evidence for horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication and episodic diversifying selection. Evol Bioinform Online 2011; 7:279-89. [PMID: 22253534 PMCID: PMC3255523 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s8321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotheses about horizontal transfer of antifreeze protein genes to ice-living diatoms were addressed using two different statistical methods available in the program Prunier. The role of diversifying selection in driving the differentiation of a set of antifreeze protein genes in the diatom genus Fragilariopsis was also investigated. Four horizontal gene transfer events were identified. Two of these took place between two major eukaryote lineages, that is from the diatom Chaetoceros neogracile to the copepod Stephos longipes and from a basidiomycete clade to a monophyletic group, consisting of the diatom species Fragilariopsis curta and Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The remaining two events included transfers from an ascomycete lineage to the proteobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca and from the proteobacterium Polaribacter irgensii to a group composed of 4 proteobacterium species. After the Fragilariopsis lineage acquired the antifreeze protein gene from the basidiomycetes, it duplicated and went through episodic evolution, characterized by strong positive selection acting on short segments of the branches in the tree. This selection pattern suggests that the paralogs differentiated functionally over relatively short time periods. Taken together, the results obtained here indicate that the group of antifreeze protein genes considered here have a complex evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Sorhannus
- Department of Biology and Health Services, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania 16444, USA
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Wen X, Wang S, Amornwittawat N, Houghton EA, Sacco MA. Interaction of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with an antifreeze protein from Dendroides canadensis: mechanistic implication of antifreeze activity enhancement. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:1025-32. [PMID: 22038809 PMCID: PMC4872661 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) found in many organisms can noncolligatively lower the freezing point of water without altering the melting point. The difference between the depressed freezing point and the melting point, termed thermal hysteresis (TH), is usually a measure of the antifreeze activity of AFPs. Certain low molecular mass molecules and proteins can further enhance the antifreeze activity of AFPs. Interaction between an enhancer and arginine is known to play an important role in enhancing the antifreeze activity of an AFP from the beetle Dendroides canadensis (DAFP-1). Here, we examined the enhancement effects of several prevalent phosphate-containing coenzymes on the antifreeze activity of DAFP-1. β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) (NADH) is identified as the most efficient enhancer of DAFP-1, which increases the antifreeze activity of DAFP-1 by around 10 times. Examination of the enhancement abilities of a series of NADH analogs and various molecular fragments of NADH reveals that the modifications of nicotinamide generate a series of highly efficient enhancers, though none as effective as NADH itself, and the whole molecular structure of NADH is necessary for its highly efficient enhancement effect. We also demonstrated a 1:1 binding between DAFP-1 and NADH. The binding was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the gel filtration method of Hummel and Dreyer. The data analysis suggests binding between DAFP-1 and NADH with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range. Interactions between DAFP-1 and NADH are discussed along with molecular mechanisms of enhancer action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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