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Lin T, Wei Q, Zhang H, Yang Y, Jiang B, Wang Z, Li S, Wang Q, Hu M, Chen W, Wang L, Ding B. Novel dual targeting cubosomes modified with angiopep-2 for co-delivery GNA and PLHSpT to brain glioma. J Biomater Appl 2024; 38:743-757. [PMID: 38000075 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231217753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
3Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor. However, the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme faces great challenges owing to difficult penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, more effective treatment strategies are desired quite urgently. In our study, a dual-targeting drug delivery system for co-loading with hydrophobic Gambogenic acid and hydrophilic PLHSpT was developed by cubosomes with angiopep-2 decorating. The Ang-cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT) was prepared by high-temperature emulsification-low-temperature solidification demonstrating excellent physical properties.Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Ang-cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT) was nearly spherical with a "core-shell" double-layer structure. Differential scanning calorimetry suggested that a new phase was formed. Small-angle X-ray scattering also verified that Ang-cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT) retains the Pn3m cubic. Moreover, laser confocal indicated that Ang-cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT) was capable of crossing BBB via binding to lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, likely suggesting the potential tumor-specific targeting characteristic. Compared to free drug and cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT), Ang-cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT) was easily taken up by C6 cell and exhibited better anti-glioma effects in vitro. Importantly, GNA and PLHSpT co-loaded Ang-cubs could suppress tumor growth and significantly prolong survival in vivo. In conclusion, Ang-cubs-(GNA + PLHSpT) acts as a new dual-targeting drug delivery system for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyuan Lin
- The Science and Education Department, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
- The Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Qing Wei
- The College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huamin Zhang
- Health services policy and management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Yang
- The Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- The Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhangyi Wang
- The School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Medicine of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Postgraduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mengru Hu
- The College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- The College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Baijing Ding
- The Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
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Kato N, Yamada S, Suzuki R, Iida Y, Matsumoto M, Fumoto S, Arima H, Mukai H, Kawakami S. Development of an apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide-lipid conjugate for efficient brain delivery of liposomes. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2173333. [PMID: 36718920 PMCID: PMC9891163 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2173333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are versatile carriers that can encapsulate various drugs; however, for delivery to the brain, they must be modified with a targeting ligand or other modifications to provide blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, while avoiding rapid clearance by reticuloendothelial systems through polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification. BBB-penetrating peptides act as brain-targeting ligands. In this study, to achieve efficient brain delivery of liposomes, we screened the functionality of eight BBB-penetrating peptides reported previously, based on high-throughput quantitative evaluation methods with in vitro BBB permeability evaluation system using Transwell, in situ brain perfusion system, and others. For apolipoprotein E mimetic tandem dimer peptide (ApoEdp), which showed the best brain-targeting and BBB permeability in the comparative evaluation of eight peptides, its lipid conjugate with serine-glycine (SG)5 spacer (ApoEdp-SG-lipid) was newly synthesized and ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes were prepared. ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes were effectively associated with human brain capillary endothelial cells via the ApoEdp sequence and permeated the membrane in an in vitro BBB model. Moreover, ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes accumulated in the brain 3.9-fold higher than PEGylated liposomes in mice. In addition, the ability of ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes to localize beyond the BBB into the brain parenchyma in mice was demonstrated via three-dimensional imaging with tissue clearing. These results suggest that ApoEdp-SG-lipid modification is an effective approach for endowing PEGylated liposomes with the brain-targeting ability and BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sakura Yamada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rino Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Iida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- School of Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mukai
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Rassu G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Pavan B, Ferraro L, Gavini E, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Dalpiaz A. Conjugation, Prodrug, and Co-Administration Strategies in Support of Nanotechnologies to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Phytochemicals in the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1578. [PMID: 37376027 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals, produced as secondary plant metabolites, have shown interesting potential therapeutic activities against neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Unfortunately, poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic processes compromise their therapeutic use, and several strategies are currently proposed for overcoming these issues. The present review summarises strategies for enhancing the central nervous system's phytochemical efficacy. Particular attention has been paid to the use of phytochemicals in combination with other drugs (co-administrations) or administration of phytochemicals as prodrugs or conjugates, particularly when these approaches are supported by nanotechnologies exploiting conjugation strategies with appropriate targeting molecules. These aspects are described for polyphenols and essential oil components, which can improve their loading as prodrugs in nanocarriers, or be part of nanocarriers designed for targeted co-delivery to achieve synergistic anti-glioma or anti-neurodegenerative effects. The use of in vitro models, able to simulate the blood-brain barrier, neurodegeneration or glioma, and useful for optimizing innovative formulations before their in vivo administration via intravenous, oral, or nasal routes, is also summarised. Among the described compounds, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, geraniol, and cinnamaldehyde can be efficaciously formulated to attain brain-targeting characteristics, and may therefore be therapeutically useful against glioma or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation-Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Zhang J, Han L, Wu H, Zhong Y, Shangguan P, Liu Y, He M, Sun H, Song C, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Zheng L, Shi B, Tang BZ. A Brain-Targeting NIR-II Ferroptosis System: Effective Visualization and Oncotherapy for Orthotopic Glioblastoma. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206333. [PMID: 36869410 PMCID: PMC10161027 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) ferroptosis activators offer promising potentials in in vivo theranostics of deep tumors, such as glioma. However, most cases are nonvisual iron-based systems that are blind for in vivo precise theranostic study. Additionally, the iron species and their associated nonspecific activations might trigger undesired detrimental effects on normal cells. Considering gold (Au) is an essential cofactor for life and it can specifically bind to tumor cells, Au(I)-based NIR-II ferroptosis nanoparticles (TBTP-Au NPs) for brain-targeted orthotopic glioblastoma theranostics are innovatively constructed. It achieves the real-time visual monitoring of both the BBB penetration and the glioblastoma targeting processes. Moreover, it is first validated that the released TBTP-Au specifically activates the effective heme oxygenase-1-regulated ferroptosis of glioma cells to greatly extend the survival time of glioma-bearing mice. This new ferroptosis mechanism based on Au(I) may open a new way for the fabrication of advanced and high-specificity visual anticancer drugs for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ping Shangguan
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yisheng Liu
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mu He
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Han Sun
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chenhui Song
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Wang J, Gu Y, Liu X, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Yi C, Cheng C, Yang M. Near-Infrared Photothermally Enhanced Photo-Oxygenation for Inhibition of Amyloid-β Aggregation Based on RVG-Conjugated Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework and Indocyanine Green Nanoplatform. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10885. [PMID: 36142796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current technologies using phototherapy for amyloid inhibition are usually photodynamic approaches based on evidence that reactive oxygen species can inhibit Aβ aggregation. Herein, we report a novel combinational photothermally assisted photo-oxygenation treatment based on a nano-platform of the brain-targeting peptide RVG conjugated with the 2D porphyrinic PCN-222 metal-organic framework and indocyanine green (PCN-222@ICG@RVG) with enhanced photo-inhibition in Alzheimer's Aβ aggregation. A photothermally assisted photo-oxygenation treatment based on PCN@ICG could largely enhance the photo-inhibition effect on Aβ42 aggregation and lead to much lower neurotoxicity upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation at 808 nm compared with a single modality of photo-treatment in both cell-free and in vitro experiments. Generally, local photothermal heat increases the instability of Aβ aggregates and keeps Aβ in the status of monomers, which facilitates the photo-oxygenation process of generating oxidized Aβ monomers with low aggregation capability. In addition, combined with the brain-targeting peptide RVG, the PCN-222@ICG@RVG nanoprobe shows high permeability of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a human brain-on-a-chip platform. The ex vivo study also demonstrates that NIR-activated PCN-222@ICG@RVG could efficiently dissemble Aβ plaques. Our work suggests that the combination of photothermal treatment with photo-oxygenation can synergistically enhance the inhibition of Aβ aggregation, which may boost NIR-based combinational phototherapy of AD in the future.
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Wang J, Liu Y, Morsch M, Lu Y, Shangguan P, Han L, Wang Z, Chen X, Song C, Liu S, Shi B, Tang BZ. Brain-Targeted Aggregation-Induced-Emission Nanoparticles with Near-Infrared Imaging at 1550 nm Boosts Orthotopic Glioblastoma Theranostics. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2106082. [PMID: 34713508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A remaining challenge in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is surmounting the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Such a challenge prevents the development of efficient theranostic approaches that combine reliable diagnosis with targeted therapy. In this study, brain-targeted near-infrared IIb (NIR-IIb) aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) nanoparticles are developed via rational design, which involves twisting the planar molecular backbone with steric hindrance. The resulting nanoparticles can balance competing responsiveness demands for radiation-mediated NIR fluorescence imaging at 1550 nm and non-radiation NIR photothermal therapy (NIR-PTT). The brain-targeting peptide apolipoprotein E peptide (ApoE) is grafted onto these nanoparticles (termed as ApoE-Ph NPs) to target glioma and promote efficient BBB traversal. A long imaging wavelength 1550 nm band-pass filter is utilized to monitor the in vivo biodistribution and accumulation of the nanoparticles in a model of orthotopic glioma, which overcomes previous limitations in wavelength range and equipment. The results demonstrate that the ApoE-Ph NPs have a higher PTT efficiency and significantly enhanced survival of mice bearing orthotopic GBM with moderate irradiation (0.5 W cm-2 ). Collectively, the work highlights the smart design of a brain-targeted NIR-II AIE theranostic approach that opens new diagnosis and treatment options in the photonic therapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefei Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yisheng Liu
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ping Shangguan
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chenhui Song
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6348
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Séguy L, Guyon L, Maurel M, Verdié P, Davis A, Corvaisier S, Lisowski V, Dallemagne P, Groo AC, Malzert-Fréon A. Active Targeted Nanoemulsions for Repurposing of Tegaserod in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1626. [PMID: 34683919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The activation of 5-HT4 receptors with agonists has emerged as a valuable therapeutic strategy to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by enhancing the nonamyloidogenic pathway. Here, the potential therapeutic effects of tegaserod, an effective agent for irritable bowel syndrome, were assessed for AD treatment. To envisage its efficient repurposing, tegaserod-loaded nanoemulsions were developed and functionalized by a blood–brain barrier shuttle peptide. Results: The butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of tegaserod and its neuroprotective cellular effects were highlighted, confirming the interest of this pleiotropic drug for AD treatment. In regard to its drugability profile, and in order to limit its peripheral distribution after IV administration, its encapsulation into monodisperse lipid nanoemulsions (Tg-NEs) of about 50 nm, and with neutral zeta potential characteristics, was performed. The stability of the formulation in stock conditions at 4 °C and in blood biomimetic medium was established. The adsorption on Tg-NEs of peptide-22 was realized. The functionalized NEs were characterized by chromatographic methods (SEC and C18/HPLC) and isothermal titration calorimetry, attesting the efficiency of the adsorption. From in vitro assays, these nanocarriers appeared suitable for enabling tegaserod controlled release without hemolytic properties. Conclusion: The developed peptide-22 functionalized Tg-NEs appear as a valuable tool to allow exploration of the repurposed tegaserod in AD treatment in further preclinical studies.
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Liu J, Li Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Yang Y, Zhuang X, Wang X, Zhao B, Xu T, Xu L. Alkoxy cyanoacrylate-based nanoparticles with stealth and brain-targeting properties. J Drug Target 2021; 30:219-231. [PMID: 34319831 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1961790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) with 'stealth' properties have been designed to decrease the phagocytosis of such particles by mononuclear phagocytes and to protect them from enzymatic degradation, thus improving circulation time and bioavailability after intravenous administration. Brain-targeting modifications endow NPs with the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, facilitating chemotherapy for brain diseases such as glioma. In this study, newly designed alkoxy cyanoacrylate (CA)-based NPs with stealth and brain-targeting properties were synthesised and evaluated. The monomers for NP core polymerisation were chemically modified to hydrophilic short alkoxy structure for stealth purposes and coated with polysorbate-80 for brain targeting. Two monomers (2-methoxyethyl CA and 2-(2-methoxyethyl)ethyl CA) were used to create NP2 and NP3, respectively. Both NPs were successfully loaded with anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASON) of transforming growth factor beta 2. Compared to traditional n-butyl CA-based ASON-NP1, ASON-NP3 was found to decrease phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages (RAW264.7) and to increase cellular uptake by cancer cells. ASON-NP3 showed definite brain targeting and anti-cancer effects. This work provides a potential new strategy for preparing stealth NPs core, providing a new NP vehicle for clinical drug delivery that may be targeted to the brain and circulates in the blood for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China.,East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanzhi Wang
- East China Institute of Digital Medical Engineering, Shangrao, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Baoquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Ni YN, Kong L, Li XT, Xiao HH, Wu YT, Liang XC, Lin Y, Li WY, Deng Y, Li Y, Shi Y, Cheng L, Li HY, Ju RJ, Yang JX. Multifunctional osthole liposomes and brain targeting functionality with potential applications in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:267-278. [PMID: 32757676 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1806872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Osthole (Ost) is a coumarin compound and a potential drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effectiveness of Ost is limited by solubility, bioavailability, and low permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we constructed Ost liposomes with modified CXCR4 on the surface (CXCR4-Ost-Lips), and investigated the intracellular distribution of liposomes in APP-SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the neuroprotective effect of CXCR4-Ost-Lips was examined in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that CXCR4-Ost-Lips increased intracellular uptake by APP-SH-SY5Y cells and exerted a cytoprotective effect in vitro. The results of Ost brain distribution showed that CXCR4-Ost-Lips prolonged the cycle time of mice and increased the accumulation of Ost in the brain. In addition, CXCR4-Ost-Lips enhanced the effect of Ost in relieving AD-related pathologies. These results indicate that CXCR4-modified liposomes are a potential Ost carrier to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nan Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Tao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-He Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xi-Cai Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Wan-Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Rui-Jun Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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11
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Guo Y, Mao X, Zhang J, Sun P, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Xu S, Lv R, Liu X. Oral delivery of lycopene-loaded microemulsion for brain-targeting: preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetic evaluation and tissue distribution. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:1191-1205. [PMID: 31738085 PMCID: PMC6882477 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1689312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is considered as a promising neuroprotector with multiple bioactivities, while its therapeutic use in neurological disorders is restricted due to low solubility, instability and limited bioavailability. Our work aimed to develop lycopene-loaded microemulsion (LME) and investigate its potentials in improving bioavailability and brain-targeting efficiency following oral administration. The blank microemulsion (ME) excipients were selected based on orthogonal design and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and LME was prepared using the water titration method and characterized in terms of stability, droplet size distribution, zeta potential, shape and lycopene content. The optimized LME encompassed lycopene, (R)-(+)-limonene, Tween 80, Transcutol HP and water and lycopene content was 463.03 ± 8.96 µg/mL. This novel formulation displayed transparent appearance and satisfactory physical and chemical stabilities. It was spherical and uniform in morphology with an average droplet size of 12.61 ± 0.46 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.086 ± 0.028. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of optimized LME were evaluated in rats and mice, respectively. The pharmacokinetic study revealed a dramatic 2.10-fold enhancement of relative bioavailability with LME against the control lycopene dissolved in olive oil (LOO) dosage form in rats. Moreover, LME showed a preferential targeting distribution of lycopene toward brain in mice, with the value of drug targeting index (DTI) up to 3.45. In conclusion, the optimized LME system demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties, enhanced oral bioavailability and superior brain-targeting capability. These findings provide a basis for the applications of ME-based strategy in brain-targeted delivery via oral route, especially for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuyan Mao
- Bio-nano & Medical Engineering Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Anti-Aging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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12
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Salem HF, Ahmed SM, Hassaballah AE, Omar MM. Targeting brain cells with glutathione-modulated nanoliposomes: in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:3705-27. [PMID: 26229435 PMCID: PMC4516201 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier prevents many drug moieties from reaching the central nervous system. Therefore, glutathione-modulated nanoliposomes have been engineered to enhance the targeting of flucytosine to the brain. Methods Glutathione-modulated nanoliposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration technique and evaluated in the primary brain cells of rats. Lecithin, cholesterol, and span 65 were mixed at 1:1:1 molar ratio. The molar percentage of PEGylated glutathione varied from 0 mol% to 0.75 mol%. The cellular binding and the uptake of the targeted liposomes were both monitored by epifluorescent microscope and flow cytometry techniques. A biodistribution and a pharmacokinetic study of flucytosine and flucytosine-loaded glutathione–modulated liposomes was carried out to evaluate the in vivo brain-targeting efficiency. Results The size of glutathione-modulated nanoliposomes was <100 nm and the zeta potential was more than −65 mV. The cumulative release reached 70% for certain formulations. The cellular uptake increased as molar percent of glutathione increased to reach the maximum at 0.75 mol%. The uptake of the targeted liposomes by brain cells of the rats was three times greater than that of the nontargeted liposomes. An in vivo study showed that the relative efficiency was 2.632±0.089 and the concentration efficiency was 1.590±0.049, and also, the drug-targeting index was 3.670±0.824. Conclusion Overall, these results revealed that glutathione-PEGylated nanoliposomes enhance the effective delivery of flucytosine to brain and could become a promising new therapeutic option for the treatment of the brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-suef University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Sayed M Ahmed
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf E Hassaballah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-suef University, Assuit, Egypt ; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University, Egypt
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13
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Bian J, Yuan Z, Chen X, Gao Y, Xu C, Shi J. Preparation of surface multiple-coated polylactide acid drug-loaded nanoparticles for intranasal delivery and evaluation on its brain-targeting efficiency. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:269-76. [PMID: 24845477 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.910566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare a mixture of multiple-coated aniracetam nasal polylactic-acid nanoparticles (M-C-PLA-NP) and evaluate its stability preliminarily in vitro and its brain-targeting efficiency in vivo. METHODS The solvent diffusion-evaporation combined with magnetic stirring method has been chosen for the entrapment of aniracetam. The M-C-PLA-NP was characterized with respect to its morphology, particle size, size distribution and aniracetam entrapment efficiency. The in vivo distribution was studied in male SD rats after an intranasal administration. RESULTS In vitro release of M-C-PLA-NP showed two components with an initial rapid release due to the surface-associated drug and followed by a slower exponential release of aniracetam, which was dissolved in the core. The AUC0 → 30 min of M-C-PLA-NP in brain tissues resulted in a 5.19-fold increase compared with aniracetam solution. The ratios of AUC in brain to that in other tissues obtained after nasal application of M-C-PLA-NP were significantly higher than those of aniracetam solution. CONCLUSION Therefore, it can be concluded that M-C-PLA-NP demonstrated its potential on increasing the brain-targeting efficiency of drugs and will be used as novel brain-targeting agent for nasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Bian
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Zhixiang Yuan
- b Institute of Pharmacy , Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences , Chengdu , Sichuan , China , and
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yuan Gao
- a College of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- b Institute of Pharmacy , Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences , Chengdu , Sichuan , China , and
| | - Jianyou Shi
- c Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
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14
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Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop and evaluate high drug-loading ligand-modified nanomicelles to deliver a steroidal compound to the brain. YC1 (5α-cholestane-24-methylene-3β, 5α, 6β, 19-tetraol), with poor solubility and limited access to the brain, for the first time, has been proved to be an effective neuroprotective steroid by our previous studies. Based on the principle of ‘like dissolves like’, cholesterol, which shares the same steroidal parent nucleus with YC1, was selected to react with sodium alginate, producing amphiphilic sodium alginate– cholesterol derivatives (SACDs). To increase the grafting ratio and drug loading, cholesterol was converted to cholesteryl chloroformate, for the first time, before reacting with sodium alginate. Further, lactoferrin was conjugated on SACDs to provide lactoferrin-SACDs (Lf-SACD), which was established by immune electron microscopy (IEM) and self-assembled into brain-targeting nanomicelles. These nanomicelles were negatively charged and spherical in nature, with an average size of <200 nm. The YC1 drug loading was increased due to the cholesteryl inner cores of the nanomicelles, and the higher the grafting ratio was, the lower the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of SACD, and the higher drug loading. The in vitro drug release, studied by bulk-equilibrium dialysis in 20 mL of 6% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution at 37°C, indicated a prolonged release profile. The YC1 concentration in mouse brain delivered by lactoferrin-modified nanomicelles was higher than in those delivered by non-modified nanomicelles and YC1 solution. The unique brain-targeting nanomicelle system may provide a promising carrier to deliver hydrophobic drugs across the blood–brain barrier for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Bhanushali RS, Gatne MM, Gaikwad RV, Bajaj AN, Morde MA. Nanoemulsion based Intranasal Delivery of Antimigraine Drugs for Nose to Brain Targeting. Indian J Pharm Sci 2009. [PMCID: PMC2846483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop intranasal nanoemulsion and gel formulations for rizatriptan benzoate for prolonged action. Nanoemulsion formulations were prepared by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams using lipophilic and hydrophilic surfactants and water. Various mucoadhesive agents were tried out to form thermo-triggered mucoadhesive nanoemulsions. Mucoadhesive gel formulations of rizatriptan were prepared using different ratios of HPMC and Carbopol 980. Comparative evaluation of intranasal nanoemulsions and intranasal mucoadhesive gels indicated that greater brain-targeting could be achieved with nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Bhanushali
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S. N. D. T. Women's University, Juhu Campus, Santacruz (West), Mumbai-400 049, India
| | - M. M. Gatne
- Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, India
| | - R. V. Gaikwad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bombay veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai-400 012, India
| | - A. N. Bajaj
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S. N. D. T. Women's University, Juhu Campus, Santacruz (West), Mumbai-400 049, India,Address for correspondence E-mail:
| | - M. A. Morde
- C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S. N. D. T. Women's University, Juhu Campus, Santacruz (West), Mumbai-400 049, India
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