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Jia K, Yang G, He Y, Cao Z, Gao J, Zhao H, Piao Z, Wang J, Abdelkader AM, Liang Z, Kumar RV, Zhou G, Ding S, Xi K. Degradation Mechanisms of Electrodes Promotes Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Batteries: A Review. Adv Mater 2024:e2313273. [PMID: 38533901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The rapid growth of electric vehicle use is expected to cause a significant environmental problem in the next few years due to the large number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Recycling spent LIBs will not only alleviate the environmental problems but also address the challenge of limited natural resources shortages. While several hydro- and pyrometallurgical processes are developed for recycling different components of spent batteries, direct regeneration presents clear environmental, and economic advantages. The principle of the direct regeneration approach is restoring the electrochemical performance by healing the defective structure of the spent materials. Thus, the development of direct regeneration technology largely depends on the formation mechanism of defects in spent LIBs. This review systematically details the degradation mechanisms and types of defects found in diverse cathode materials, graphite anodes, and current collectors during the battery's lifecycle. Building on this understanding, principles and methodologies for directly rejuvenating materials within spent LIBs are outlined. Also the main challenges and solutions for the large-scale direct regeneration of spent LIBs are proposed. Furthermore, this review aims to pave the way for the direct regeneration of materials in discarded lithium-ion batteries by offering a theoretical foundation and practical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guorui Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenjiang Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Amr M Abdelkader
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kai Xi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Tang D, Ji G, Wang J, Liang Z, Chen W, Ji H, Ma J, Liu S, Zhuang Z, Zhou G. A Multifunctional Amino Acid Enables Direct Recycling of Spent LiFePO 4 Cathode Material. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2309722. [PMID: 38010273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 , LFP) batteries are extensively used in electric vehicles and energy storage due to their good cycling stability and safety. However, the finite service life of lithium-ion batteries leads to significant amounts of retired LFP batteries, urgently required to be recycled by environmentally friendly and effective methods. Here, a direct regeneration strategy using natural and low-cost L-threonine as a multifunctional reductant is proposed. The hydroxyl groups and amino groups in L-threonine act as electron donors and nitrogen sources, respectively. The reductive environment created by L-threonine not only aids in converting the degraded FePO4 phase back to a single LFP phase but also facilitates the elimination of detrimental Li-Fe anti-site defects; thus, reconstructing fast Li+ diffusion channels. Meanwhile, N atoms derived from amino groups are able to dope into carbon layers, generating more active sites and enhancing the conductive properties of LFP particles. The regenerated LFP shows great electrochemical performance with a discharge capacity of 147.9 mAh g-1 at 1 C and a capacity retention of 86% after 500 cycles at 5 C. Further, this approach is also feasible for LFP black mass sourced from practical industrial dismantling lines, providing considerable prospects for the large-scale recycling of LFP batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Song Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Lan Y, Li X, Zhou G, Yao W, Cheng H, Tang Y. Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2304425. [PMID: 37955914 PMCID: PMC10767406 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to a sustainable society as it will relief valuable but scarce recourse crises and reduce environment burdens simultaneously. Different from conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, direct regeneration relies on non-destructive cathode-to-cathode mode, and therefore, more time and energy-saving along with an increased economic return and reduced CO2 footprint. This review retrospects the history of direct regeneration and discusses state-of-the-art development. The reported methods, including high-temperature solid-state, hydrothermal/ionothermal, molten salt thermochemistry, and electrochemical method, are comparatively introduced, targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mechanism and applicability. Further, representative repairing and upcycling studies on wide-applied cathodes, including LiCoO2 (LCO), ternary oxides, LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2 O4 (LMO), are presented, with an emphasis on milestone cases. Despite these achievements, there remain several critical issues that shall be addressed before the commercialization of the mentioned direct regeneration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Lan
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Xinke Li
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Nano Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaSuzhou215123China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Wenjiao Yao
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
| | - Hui‐Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences ShenzhenShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
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Shi R, Zheng N, Ji H, Zhang M, Xiao X, Ma J, Chen W, Wang J, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Homogeneous Repair of Highly Degraded Ni-Rich Cathode Material with Spent Lithium Anode. Adv Mater 2023:e2311553. [PMID: 38124361 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries has received wide attention owing to its potential for resource reuse and environmental benefits. The repair effect of direct regeneration methods undergoing heterogeneous repair process is usually inferior, while homogenous repair process plays a vital role to achieve satisfactory repair results. However, the practical applications of current homogeneous repair methods are challenged by the complex operations and relatively high costs owing to the requirement of additional heating or pressurization. Herein, this work proposes a simple strategy to achieve homogeneous repair of spent cathode materials under relatively mild conditions by uniformly precoating lithium source at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Followed by annealing, highly degraded LiNi0.83 Co0.12 Mn0.05 O2 with severe Li deficiency and irreversible phase transition is repaired to have an initial capacity of 181.6 mAh g-1 and capacity retention of 80.7% after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. The lithium source used in this strategy is from the spent lithium anode. Moreover, this strategy is suitable for the direct regeneration of various layer oxide cathode materials with different failure degrees. This work provides both theoretical guidance and practical examples for the straightforward, effective, and universally applicable direct regeneration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Shi
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nengzhan Zheng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mengtian Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Wu X, Ji G, Wang J, Zhou G, Liang Z. Toward Sustainable All Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries: Perspectives on Battery Technology and Recycling Processes. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2301540. [PMID: 37191036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li)-based batteries are gradually evolving from the liquid to the solid state in terms of safety and energy density, where all solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are considered the most promising candidates. This is demonstrated by the Bluecar electric vehicle produced by the Bolloré Group, which is utilized in car-sharing services in several cities worldwide. Despite impressive progress in the development of ASSLMBs, their avenues for recycling them remain underexplored, and combined with the current explosion of spent Li-ion batteries, they should attract widespread interest from academia and industry. Here, the potential challenges of recycling ASSLMBs as compared to Li-ion batteries are analyzed and the current progress and prospects for recycling ASSLMBs are summarized and analyzed. Drawing on the lessons learned from Li-ion battery recycling, it is important to design sustainable recycling technologies before ASSLMBs gain widespread market adoption. A battery-recycling-oriented design is also highlighted for ASSLMBs to promote the recycling rate and maximize profitability. Finally, future research directions, challenges, and prospects are outlined to provide strategies for achieving sustainable development of ASSLMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Warsi ZI, Khatoon K, Singh P, Rahman LU. Enhancing drought resistance in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. through overexpression of ACC deaminase gene using thin cell layer regeneration system. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1238838. [PMID: 37636084 PMCID: PMC10452012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1238838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Pogostemon cablin cultivation faces massive constraints because of its susceptability to drought stress that reduces patchouli propagation and oil yield. The present study has achieved an efficient and rapid direct regeneration system for the transgenic production of P. cablin using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. To establish an efficient regeneration protocol for fast in-vitro multiplication of patchouli plants, leaf, petiole, and transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) explants were used and inoculated on an MS medium supplemented with different combinations of phytohormones. A comparative study showed a maximum regeneration frequency of 93.30 ± 0.56% per explant was obtained from leaf segments on optimal MS medium fortified with 0.2mg/L BAP and 0.1mg/L NAA. Leaf and petiole explants took 25-35 days to regenerate while tTCL section showed regeneration in just 15-20 days on the same medium. Subsequently, productive genetic transformation protocol OD600 0.6, AS 200µM, 30mg/L kanamycin, and infection time 5 min. was standardized and best-suited explants were infected at optimum conditions from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA 4404) strain harboring ACC deaminase to generate transgenic P. cablin Benth. (CIM-Samarth) plants. The investigation suggested that the optimized protocol provides a maximum transformation frequency of 42 ± 1.9% in 15-20 days from tTCL. The transgenic plants were shifted to the greenhouse with a 52.0 ± 0.8% survival frequency. A molecular docking study confirmed significant binding affinity of ligand ACC with ACC deaminase at the catalytic site, and ligand interactions showed four H-bonds at the binding pocket with amino acids Cys-196, Val-198, Thr-199, and Gly-200 that validate gene relative expression in transgenic plants. Among all transgenic acclimatized greenhouse-grown patchouli plants, line PT4 showed improved drought resistance under severe water stress as its RWC was 71.7 ± 2.3% to 75.7 ± 2.1% which is greater than the RWC of the control plant, 58.30 ± 0.21%. Analysis of the other physiological indicators, H2O2, chlorophyll content, and ROS result support drought resistance ability. Our study concluded that the first report on P. cablin, tTCL direct regeneration, and standardized transformation protocol created a new opportunity for genetic manipulation to achieve drought-resistant patchouli plants for cultivation in all seasons at the commercial level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laiq Ur Rahman
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow, India
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Jia K, Ma J, Wang J, Liang Z, Ji G, Piao Z, Gao R, Zhu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Long-Life Regenerated LiFePO 4 from Spent Cathode by Elevating the d-Band Center of Fe. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2208034. [PMID: 36300803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) has been produced in recent years because it is one of the most widely used cathode materials for electric vehicles. The traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods are doubted because of the economic and environmental benefits; the direct regeneration method is considered a promising way to recycle spent LFP. However, the performance of regenerated LFP by direct recycling is not ideal due to the migration of Fe ions during cycling and irreversible phase transition caused by sluggish Li+ diffusion. The key to addressing the challenge is to immobilize Fe atoms in the lattice and improve the Li+ migration capability during cycling. In this work, spent LFP is regenerated by using environmentally friendly ethanol, and its cycling stability is promoted by elevating the d-band center of Fe atoms via construction of a heterogeneous interface between LFP and nitrogen-doped carbon. The FeO bonding is strengthened and the migration of Fe ions during cycling is suppressed due to the elevated d-band center. The Li+ diffusion kinetics in the regenerated LFP are improved, leading to an excellent reversibility of the phase transition. Therefore, the regenerated LFP exhibits an ultrastable cycling performance at a high rate of 10 C with ≈80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Runhua Gao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Wu X, Ma J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhou G, Liang Z. Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li-Ion Battery Recycling. Glob Chall 2022; 6:2200067. [PMID: 36532240 PMCID: PMC9749081 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis and caused tremendous issues for the society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important renewable energy storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with the drastic growth of electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining and the opening of new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, LIBs recycling needs to be widely promoted/applied and the advanced recycling technology with low energy consumption, low emission, and green reagents needs to be highlighted. In this review, the necessity for battery recycling is first discussed from several different aspects. Second, the various LIBs recycling technologies that are currently used, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, are summarized and evaluated. Then, based on the challenges of the above recycling methods, the authors look further forward to some of the cutting-edge recycling technologies, such as direct repair and regeneration. In addition, the authors also discuss the prospects of selected recycling strategies for next-generation LIBs such as solid-state Li-metal batteries. Finally, overall conclusions and future perspectives for the sustainability of energy storage devices are presented in the last chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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9
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Jiang G, Gong R, Li Y, Meng Q, Dong P. Surface Growth and Intergranular Separation of Polycrystalline Particles for Regeneration of Stable Single-Crystal Cathode Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:29886-29895. [PMID: 35748665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct regeneration technology has been developed because of its short-range, high efficiency, and green characteristics. However, the existing direct regeneration method is hardly applied in collaborative reconstruction of the damaged crystal and particle of spent polycrystalline layered materials. The single-crystal regeneration with restructuring the morphology and crystal structure was herein achieved for the first time by low-temperature lithium supplementation followed with high-temperature molten salt conversion, which could effectively solve the structural defects of spent polycrystalline layered materials. We found that the realization of single-crystal regeneration with the molten salt process is attributable to that the original crystal growth of primary particles in the polycrystal transfer to the subsequent division along the grain boundary. At the test conditions of 25 °C and 2.8-4.3 V, the capacity retention capacity of the regenerated single-crystal materials reach 83.3% after 200 cycles at 1 C, which is much higher than 20.0% for conventional direct lithiation regeneration and 61.6% for low-temperature molten salt regeneration. Interestingly, the regenerated single-crystal NCM622 in the graphite full-cell test displays a capacity retention rate of 85.24% after 800 cycles at a rate of 1 C at 2.5-4.35 V. This work opens up a new way for the direct regeneration of spent polycrystalline layered cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Guanghui Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sino-Platinum Metals Resources (Yimen) Co. Ltd., Yuxi 651100, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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Gao H, Yan Q, Xu P, Liu H, Li M, Liu P, Luo J, Chen Z. Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn 2O 4 Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:51546-51554. [PMID: 33151665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the large demand of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage in daily life and the limited lifetime of commercial LIB cells, exploring green and sustainable recycling methods becomes an urgent need to mitigate the environmental and economic issues associated with waste LIBs. In this work, we demonstrate an efficient direct recycling method to regenerate degraded lithium manganese oxide (LMO) cathodes to restore their high capacity, long cycling stability, and high rate performance, on par with pristine LMO materials. This one-step regeneration, achieved by a hydrothermal reaction in dilution Li-containing solution, enables the reconstruction of desired stoichiometry and microphase purity, which is further validated by testing spent LIBs with different states of health. Life-cycle analysis suggested the great environmental and economic benefits enabled by this direct regeneration method compared with today's pyro- and hydrometallurgical processes. This work not only represents a fundamental understanding of the relithiation mechanism of spent cathodes but also provides a potential solution for sustainable and closed-loop recycling and remanufacturing of energy materials.
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11
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Rauch MCR, Gallou Y, Delorme L, Paul CE, Arends IWCE, Hollmann F. Metals in Biotechnology: Cr-Driven Stereoselective Reduction of Conjugated C=C Double Bonds. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1112-1115. [PMID: 31713969 PMCID: PMC7217005 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elemental metals are shown to be suitable sacrificial electron donors to drive the stereoselective reduction of conjugated C=C double bonds using Old Yellow Enzymes as catalysts. Both direct electron transfer from the metal to the enzyme as well as mediated electron transfer is feasible, although the latter excels by higher reaction rates. The general applicability of this new chemoenzymatic reduction method is demonstrated, and current limitations are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine C. R. Rauch
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Yann Gallou
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Léna Delorme
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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12
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Jabeen Z, Khalil-Ur-Rahman, Zia MA, Jahan N. Effect of explants and growth hormones on direct regeneration of Silybum marianum in vitro. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2019; 34:02. [PMID: 31849208 DOI: 10.23812/19-343-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalil-Ur-Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M A Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - N Jahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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