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Kaergaard A, Nielsen KJ, Carstensen O, Biering K. Electrical injury and the long-term risk of cataract: A prospective matched cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:e88-e94. [PMID: 35894089 PMCID: PMC10086943 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the years, many cases of electric cataract related to severe electrical injuries have been reported. Most have been cases where the entrance or exit point of the current was on the skull or near the eyes. Still, cases of cataract have been reported where an electric current has passed through the body between two contact points remote from the eyes. This study investigates whether persons exposed to an electric current develop cataracts in the subsequent years. METHODS We identified 14 112 persons who had received electrical injuries in two Danish registries. We matched these with patients partly with dislocation/sprain injuries and partly with persons from the workforce from the same occupation using year of accident, sex and age as matching variables in a prospective, matched-cohort design. We identified cataract as outcome (DH25, DH26 and DH28) in the Danish National Patient Registry. The associations were analysed using conditional Cox and logistic regression. RESULTS We did not identify an increased risk of cataract following electrical injury compared to matched controls. CONCLUSION A review of the literature clearly substantiates the occurrence of electric cataract as a consequence of electric current coming in contact with a point on the skull or near the eye. However, our results indicate that electric cataract is not a delayed-onset effect of electrical injury, in general, and do not suggest a need for cataract screening in all cases of electrical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kaergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - Kent J Nielsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - Ole Carstensen
- Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - Karin Biering
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
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2
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Nazarinasab M, Behrouzian F, Negahban S, Sadegh AM, Zeynali E. Investigating the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on the cognitive function of patients undergoing treatment with electric shock: a double-blind clinical trial. J Med Life 2022; 15:1540-1547. [PMID: 36762332 PMCID: PMC9884342 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Researchers are seeking pharmaceutical compounds with low side effects to decrease these outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba therapy on the cognitive function of patients treated with electroshock. In a double-blinded clinical trial, 80 patients with psychiatric disorders who were candidates for ECT in 2019 were randomly assigned to two groups: the intervention group (receiving Ginkgo biloba drug) and the control group (receiving placebo). We used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Wechsler Memory Scale Recipe III (WMS-III) questionnaires to evaluate the efficacy of the drug on the cognitive function at time 0, after 4 sessions and 72 hours post-final session of ECT. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 22, with a significance level of 0.05. Patients' assessment after the intervention showed that the average MMSE scores in the intervention group (28.92±1.04) were statistically higher than in the control group (27.85±1.56). The average scores of the WMS-III in the intervention group and the control group were 97.45±8.04 and 92.00±4.45 after 4 sessions of ECT, and 100.26±8.33 and 92.40±3.92 after the intervention (p=0.001). According to the findings, Gingko biloba increased MMSE and WMS-III scores in older patients (patients over 40 had better scores in both questionnaires, the drug was more effective, and with no side effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nazarinasab
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding Author: Masoumeh Nazarinasab, Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Forouzan Behrouzian
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Negahban
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amirali Moghadam Sadegh
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Zeynali
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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3
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Mlynarska A, Mlynarski R, Uchmanowicz B, Mikuľáková W. Can Frailty Be a Predictor of ICD Shock after the Implantation of a Cardioverter Defibrillator in Elderly Patients? Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21186299. [PMID: 34577506 PMCID: PMC8470717 DOI: 10.3390/s21186299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of frailty among elderly patients who had an implanted cardioverter defibrillator, as well as the influence of frailty on the main endpoints during the follow-up. METHODS The study included 103 patients > 60 years of age (85M, aged 71.56-8.17 years). All of the patients had an implanted single or dual-chamber cardioverter-defibrillator. In the research, there was a 12-month follow-up. The occurrence of frailty syndrome was assessed using the Tilburg Frailty Indicator scale (TFI). RESULTS Frailty syndrome was diagnosed in 75.73% of the patients that were included in the study. The mean values of the TFI were 6.55 ± 2.67, in the physical domain 4.06 ± 1.79, in the psychological domain 2.06 ± 1.10, and in the social domain 0.44 ± 0.55. During the follow-up period, 27.2% of patients had a defibrillator cardioverter electric shock, which occurred statistically more often in patients with diagnosed frailty syndrome (34.6%) compared to the robust patients (4%); p = 0.0062. In the logistic regression, frailty (OR: 1.203, 95% CI:1.0126-1.4298; p < 0.030) was an independent predictor of a defibrillator cardioverter electric shock. Similarly, in the logistic regression, frailty (OR: 1.3623, 95% CI:1.0290-1.8035; p = 0.019) was also an independent predictor for inadequate electric shocks. CONCLUSION About three-quarters of the elderly patients that had qualified for ICD implantation were affected by frailty syndrome. In the frailty subgroup, adequate and inadequate shocks occurred more often compared to the robust patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mlynarska
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
- Upper Silesian Heart Centre, Department of Electrocardiology, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafal Mlynarski
- Upper Silesian Heart Centre, Department of Electrocardiology, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
- Department of Electrocardiology and Heart Failure, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Uchmanowicz
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Mikuľáková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Care, University of Presov, Partizánska 1, 08001 Presov, Slovakia;
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Qafiti FN, Rubay D, Shin R, Lottenberg L, Borrego R. Therapeutic Hypothermia With Progesterone Improves Neurologic Outcomes in Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest After Electric Shock. Cureus 2021; 13:e15749. [PMID: 34290928 PMCID: PMC8289402 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma by electricity imposes mechanical, electrical, and thermal forces on the human body. Often, the delicate cardiac electrophysiology is disrupted causing dysrhythmia and subsequent cardiac arrest. Anoxic brain injury (ABI) is the most severe consequence and the main cause of mortality following cardiac arrest. Establishing a working protocol to treat patients who are at risk for ABI after suffering a cardiac arrest is of paramount importance. There has yet to be sufficient exploration of combination therapy of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and progesterone as a neuroprotective strategy in patients who have suffered cardiac arrest after electric shock. The protocol required TH initiation upon transfer to the ICU with a target core body temperature of 33°C for 18 hours. This was achieved through a combination of cooling blankets, ice packs, chilled IV fluids, nasogastric lavage with iced saline, and intravascular cooling devices. Progesterone therapy at 80-100 mg intramuscularly every 12 hours for 72 hours was initiated shortly after admission to the ICU. We present a case series of three patients (mean age = 29.3 years, mean presenting Glasgow Coma Score = 3) who suffered ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest from non-lightning electric shock, and who had considerably improved outcomes following the TH-progesterone combination therapy protocol. The average length of stay was 13.7 days. The cases presented suggest that there may be a role for neuroprotective combination therapy in post-resuscitation care of VF cardiac arrest. While TH is well documented as a neuroprotective measure, progesterone administration is a safe therapy with promising, albeit currently inconclusive, neuroprotective effect. Future protocols involving TH and progesterone combination therapy in these patients should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred N Qafiti
- General Surgery, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
| | - David Rubay
- Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Rebecca Shin
- Surgery, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
| | - Lawrence Lottenberg
- Surgery, St. Mary's Medical Center, Florida Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, USA
| | - Robert Borrego
- Surgery, St. Mary's Medical Center, West Palm Beach, USA
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5
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Kearton T, Marini D, Cowley F, Belson S, Keshavarzi H, Mayes B, Lee C. The Influence of Predictability and Controllability on Stress Responses to the Aversive Component of a Virtual Fence. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580523. [PMID: 33330702 PMCID: PMC7733987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure animal welfare is not compromised, virtual fencing must be predictable and controllable, and this is achieved through associative learning. To assess the influence of predictability and controllability on physiological and behavioral responses to the aversive component of a virtual fence, two methods of training animals were compared. In the first method, positive punishment training involved sheep learning that after an audio stimulus, an electrical stimulus would follow only when they did not respond by stopping or turning at the virtual fence (predictable controllability). In the second method, classical conditioning was used to associate an audio stimulus with an electrical stimulus on all occasions (predictable uncontrollability). Eighty Merino ewes received one of the following treatments: control (no training and no stimuli in testing); positive punishment training with an audio stimulus in testing (PP); classical conditioning training with only an audio stimulus in testing (CC1); and classical conditioning training with an audio stimulus followed by electrical stimulus in testing (CC2). The stimuli were applied manually with an electronic collar. Training occurred on 4 consecutive days with one session per sheep per day. Sheep were then assessed for stress responses to the cues by measuring plasma cortisol, body temperature and behaviors. Predictable controllability (PP) sheep showed no differences in behavioral and physiological responses compared with the control treatment (P < 0.05). Predictable uncontrollability of receiving the aversive stimulus (CC2) induced a higher cortisol and body temperature response compared to the control but was not different to CC1 and PP treatments. CC2 treatment sheep showed a higher number of turning behaviors (P < 0.001), and more time spent running (P < 0.001) than the control and PP treatment groups, indicating that predictability without controllability was stressful. The behavior results also indicate that predicting the event without receiving it (CC1) was less stressful than predicting the event then receiving it (CC2), suggesting that there is a cost to confirmation of uncontrollability. These results demonstrate that a situation of predictability and controllability such as experienced when an animal successfully learns to avoid the aversive component of a virtual fence, induces a comparatively minimal stress response and does not compromise animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tellisa Kearton
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Danila Marini
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances Cowley
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue Belson
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamideh Keshavarzi
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Bonnie Mayes
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Takeuchi I, Yanagawa Y, Takeuchi M, Suwa S. Electric Shock for a Patient with Ventricular Fibrillation during Air Evacuation Using a Helicopter. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2020; 13:224-226. [PMID: 33304074 PMCID: PMC7717461 DOI: 10.4103/jets.jets_157_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73-year-old male suddenly felt chest pain and nausea in his home. The fire department requested the dispatch of a physician-staffed helicopter. When the medical staff of the helicopter checked him, his 12-lead electrocardiogram showed ST elevation at the II, III, and aVF leads. After being fitted with pads for monitoring and defibrillation, he was transferred to the helicopter. Before landing at the base hospital a few minutes later, his electrocardiogram suddenly demonstrated ventricular fibrillation (VF). The patient received an electric shock. When the helicopter landed on the base hospital, he still showed VF. After being directly transferred to the catheter room, he received advanced cardiac life support with percutaneous cardiopulmonary support. A trans-arterial coronary angiogram revealed total occlusion of the right coronary artery. After recanalization of the occluded artery, he regained spontaneous circulation. He received intensive care, including targeted temperature management, and he regained consciousness and achieved social rehabilitation. We herein report the first case of VF safely treated with an electric shock during air evacuation by a rotary-wing aircraft in the English literature. Preparations in advance are necessary to perform electric shock safely during a flight aboard rotary-wing aircraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuto Takeuchi
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Youichi Yanagawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Suwa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
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7
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Peñaranda CF, Acon D, Valdes CA, Wu L. Bilateral maculopathy and cataracts secondary to an accidental high-voltage electrical discharge. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2020; 11:187-189. [PMID: 34295627 PMCID: PMC8259525 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the ocular findings following an accidental high-voltage electrical discharge. A 32-year-old male suffered an accidental electric discharge of 10,000 volts of direct current. He developed cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular opacities in both the eyes. The retinal examination showed bilateral macular cysts. Four months after the event, the macular cyst in the OD spontaneously regressed without visual improvement. The macular cyst in the OS remained unchanged. High-voltage electrical discharge can lead to bilateral maculopathy and cataracts. The visual prognosis is reserved. The visual acuity may not improve despite macular cyst regression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhariana Acon
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Lihteh Wu
- Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa RIca, San José, Costa Rica, USA.,Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Univerity of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Chen WT, Tsai MS, Tsai SH, Jiang YCF, Yang TJ, Huang CH, Chang WT, Chen WJ. Frequency Variation of Ventricular Fibrillation May Help Predict Successful Defibrillation in a Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest. J Acute Med 2019; 9:49-58. [PMID: 32995231 PMCID: PMC7440373 DOI: 10.6705/j.jacme.201906_9(2).0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether the frequency variation of ventricular fibrillation (VF) helps to predict successful defibrillation in a rat model of cardiac arrest. METHODS VF was induced in rats followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation and then defibrillation. The electrocardiographic signals of 30 rats with first-shock success were obtained from our previous animal experiments, and 300 rats without first-shock success were selected as control. The VF waveform immediately before the first defibrillation was analyzed. RESULTS Eighty-eight percentages of the frequency variations of an electrocardiogram (ECG) record falling in the range -9.5-9.5 Hz was selected with sensitivity of 0.8, specificity of 0.583, and area under curve (AUC) of 0.708. Compared with amplitude spectrum area (AMSA) (sensitivity = 0.767, specificity= 0.547, and AUC = 0.678), combining frequency variation and AMSA significantly increases the predictability with sensitivity of 0.933, specificity of 0.493, and AUC of 0.732 (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The frequency variation of VF may serve a useful parameter to predict defibrillation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chen
- National Taiwan University Medical College and HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Min-Shan Tsai
- National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu BranchDepartment of Emergency MedicineHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Shang-Ho Tsai
- National Chiao Tung UniversityDepartment of Electrical EngineeringHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Fang Jiang
- National Chiao Tung UniversityDepartment of Electrical EngineeringHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Teck-Jin Yang
- Sijhih Cathay General HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Huang
- National Taiwan University Medical College and HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei-Tien Chang
- National Taiwan University Medical College and HospitalDepartment of Emergency MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- National Chiao Tung UniversityDepartment of Electrical EngineeringHsinchuTaiwan
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9
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Peters S, Visser AE, D’Ovidio F, Beghi E, Chiò A, Logroscino G, Hardiman O, Kromhout H, Huss A, Veldink J, Vermeulen R, van den Berg LH. Associations of Electric Shock and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure With the Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:796-805. [PMID: 30649156 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the associations of occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and electric shocks with the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a pooled case-control study (European Multidisciplinary ALS Network Identification to Cure Motor Neurone Degeneration (Euro-MOTOR)) of data from 3 European countries. ALS patients and population-based controls were recruited in Ireland, Italy, and the Netherlands between 2010 and 2015. Lifetime occupational and lifestyle histories were obtained using structured questionnaires. We applied previously developed job exposure matrices assigning exposure levels to ELF-MF and potential for electric shocks. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by means of logistic regression for exposure to either ELF-MF or electric shocks, adjusted for age, sex, study center, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption and for the respective other exposure. Complete occupational histories and information on confounding variables were available for 1,323 clinically confirmed ALS cases and 2,704 controls. Both ever having had exposure to ELF-MF above the background level (odds ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.33) and ever having had potential exposure above background for electric shocks (odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.43) were associated with ALS. Adjustment for the respective other exposure resulted in similar risk estimates. Heterogeneity in risks across study centers was significant for both exposures. Our findings support possible independent associations of occupational exposure to ELF-MF and electric shocks with the risk of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Peters
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne E Visser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio D’Ovidio
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS–Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS–Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Lecce, Italy
- Pia Fondazione de Culto e Religione Cardinale Giovanni Panico, Lecce, Italy
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Veldink
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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10
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Kearton T, Marini D, Cowley F, Belson S, Lee C. The Effect of Virtual Fencing Stimuli on Stress Responses and Behavior in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E30. [PMID: 30669563 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Virtual fencing is a new technology that uses audio signals and electrical stimuli to spatially control animals without the need for fixed fencing. It involves avoidance learning whereby the animals learn to respond to an audio cue (conditioning stimulus) to avoid receiving an aversive electrical stimulus (unconditioned stimulus). The audio cue is used to warn the animal that it is approaching the boundary and should be benign and not perceived as aversive to the animal. While a positive punishment stimulus is necessary for learning, it should not be so aversive to the animal that it impinges on its welfare. This study aimed to determine how the stimuli used in virtual fencing are perceived by the animal when they are first encountered. The audio and electrical stimuli were compared to other commonly encountered stimuli in normal sheep production systems, including a barking dog and a restraint procedure. The physiological and behavioral responses of sheep indicated that sheep were no more adversely impacted by virtual fencing stimuli than they were by other commonly encountered stimuli. The least to most aversive treatments were: Control < Beep < Barking Dog < Electrical stimulus < Restraint. Abstract To understand the animal welfare impact of virtual fencing stimuli (audio cue ‘beep’ and electrical stimulus) on naïve sheep, it is necessary to assess stress responses during the animal’s first encounters with these stimuli. Eighty Merino ewes were exposed to one of the following treatments (n = 16 animals per treatment): Control (no stimuli), beep, dog bark, manual restraint, and electrical stimulus. Collars were used to apply the audio and electrical stimuli. The restraint treatment showed an elevated cortisol response compared with the control (p < 0.05), but there were no differences between the other treatments and the control. There were no differences between treatments in vaginal temperature (p > 0.05). For behaviors, the sheep receiving the bark and beep treatments were more vigilant compared to the control (p < 0.05), there were more aversive responses observed in the electrical stimulus treatment compared to the control. Together, the responses showed that the beep stimuli were largely benign, the bark stimuli was minimally aversive, the electrical stimuli was acutely aversive, and the restraint was moderately aversive. These data suggest that, for sheep, their first exposure to the virtual fencing stimuli should be perceived as less aversive than a commonly used restraint procedure.
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11
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Tomasiunaite U, Widmann A, Thum AS. Maggot Instructor: Semi-Automated Analysis of Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1010. [PMID: 29973900 PMCID: PMC6019503 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, Drosophila has been widely used as a suitable model organism to study the fundamental processes of associative olfactory learning and memory. More recently, this condition also became true for the Drosophila larva, which has become a focus for learning and memory studies based on a number of technical advances in the field of anatomical, molecular, and neuronal analyses. The ongoing efforts should be mentioned to reconstruct the complete connectome of the larval brain featuring a total of about 10,000 neurons and the development of neurogenic tools that allow individual manipulation of each neuron. By contrast, standardized behavioral assays that are commonly used to analyze learning and memory in Drosophila larvae exhibit no such technical development. Most commonly, a simple assay with Petri dishes and odor containers is used; in this method, the animals must be manually transferred in several steps. The behavioral approach is therefore labor-intensive and limits the capacity to conduct large-scale genetic screenings in small laboratories. To circumvent these limitations, we introduce a training device called the Maggot Instructor. This device allows automatic training up to 10 groups of larvae in parallel. To achieve such goal, we used fully automated, computer-controlled optogenetic activation of single olfactory neurons in combination with the application of electric shocks. We showed that Drosophila larvae trained with the Maggot Instructor establish an odor-specific memory, which is independent of handling and non-associative effects. The Maggot Instructor will allow to investigate the large collections of genetically modified larvae in a short period and with minimal human resources. Therefore, the Maggot Instructor should be able to help extensive behavioral experiments in Drosophila larvae to keep up with the current technical advancements. In the longer term, this condition will lead to a better understanding of how learning and memory are organized at the cellular, synaptic, and molecular levels in Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annekathrin Widmann
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Song W, Zhao L, Tao Y, Guo X, Jia J, He L, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Chen P, Qin H. The interruptive effect of electric shock on odor response requires mushroom bodies in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Brain Behav 2018; 18:e12488. [PMID: 29808570 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptive stimulus involuntarily interrupts concurrent activities. This interruptive effect is related to the protective function of nociception that is believed to be under stringent evolutionary pressure. To determine whether such interruptive effect is conserved in invertebrate and potentially uncover underlying neural circuits, we examined Drosophila melanogaster. Electric shock (ES) is a commonly used nociceptive stimulus for nociception related research in Drosophila. Here, we showed that background noxious ES dramatically interrupted odor response behaviors in a T-maze, which is termed blocking odor response by electric shock (BOBE). The interruptive effect is not odor specific. ES could interrupt both odor avoidance and odor approach. To identify involved brain areas, we focused on the odor avoidance to 3-OCT. By spatially abolishing neurotransmission with temperature sensitive ShibireTS1 , we found that mushroom bodies (MBs) are necessary for BOBE. Among the 3 major MB Kenyon cell (KCs) subtypes, α/β neurons and γ neurons but not α'/β' neurons are required for normal BOBE. Specifically, abolishing the neurotransmission of either α/β surface (α/βs ), α/β core (α/βc ) or γ dorsal (γd ) neurons alone is sufficient to abrogate BOBE. This pattern of MB subset requirement is distinct from that of aversive olfactory learning, indicating a specialized BOBE pathway. Consistent with this idea, BOBE was not diminished in several associative memory mutants and noxious ES interrupted both innate and learned odor avoidance. Overall, our results suggest that MB α/β and γ neurons are parts of a previously unappreciated central neural circuit that processes the interruptive effect of nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - X Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - J Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - L He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Huang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Y Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - P Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - H Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Hansen SM, Riahi S, Hjortshøj S, Mortensen R, Køber L, Søgaard P, Torp-Pedersen C. Mortality and risk of cardiac complications among immediate survivors of accidental electric shock: a Danish nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015967. [PMID: 28851780 PMCID: PMC5629654 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to electric shock has been associated with an increased risk of developing delayed cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac diseases. We examined whether electric shock patients have an increased risk of developing cardiac disease, cardiac arrhythmias or death compared with the general Danish population. DESIGN Matched cohort study. SETTING A nationwide study in Denmark from 1994 to 2011. PARTICIPANTS We identified 11 462 Danish patients who visited an emergency ward or were admitted to a hospital due to electric shock from 1994 to 2011. Each patient was matched for age and sex with five random controls from the Danish population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality, cardiac procedures and cardiac diseases following electric shock. RESULTS A total of 7390 electric shock patients were seen at an emergency ward and 4072 electric shock patients were admitted to a hospital. The median patient age was 28.6 years (Q1-Q3, 21.3-37.7) for the emergency ward patients and 26.4 years (Q1-Q3, 18.3-37.4) for admitted patients. In both groups, most patients were male (74.0% and 76.8%). Few of the electric shock patients had a record of cardiovascular disease at baseline (364/11 462, 3.2%). The 5-year cumulative incidence of death was 0.47% (95% CI 0.29% to 0.65%) for emergency ward patients and 1.04% (95% CI 0.71% to 1.37%) for admitted patients. No difference in 5-year survival was observed compared with matched controls (emergency ward, p=0.10; admitted patients, p=0.80). Fewer than four patients received a pacemaker within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide study did not demonstrate an increase in mortality among patients seen at hospitals after accidental electric shock compared with a background population. Cardiac procedures and diseases following electric shock were very rare. We suggest that nearly all patients can be discharged safely from the emergency room after electric shock without further observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Møller Hansen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sam Riahi
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Hjortshøj
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Søgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Duboué ER, Hong E, Eldred KC, Halpern ME. Left Habenular Activity Attenuates Fear Responses in Larval Zebrafish. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2154-2162.e3. [PMID: 28712566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fear responses are defensive states that ensure survival of an organism in the presence of a threat. Perception of an aversive cue causes changes in behavior and physiology, such as freezing and elevated cortisol, followed by a return to the baseline state when the threat is evaded [1]. Neural systems that elicit fear behaviors include the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex. However, aside from a few examples, little is known about brain regions that promote recovery from an aversive event [2]. Previous studies had implicated the dorsal habenular nuclei in regulating fear responses and boldness in zebrafish [3-7]. We now show, through perturbation of its inherent left-right (L-R) asymmetry at larval stages, that the dorsal habenulo-interpeduncular (dHb-IPN) pathway expedites the return of locomotor activity following an unexpected negative stimulus, electric shock. Severing habenular efferents to the IPN, or only those from the left dHb, prolongs the freezing behavior that follows shock. Individuals with a symmetric, right-isomerized dHb also exhibit increased freezing. In contrast, larvae that have a symmetric, left-isomerized dHb, or in which just the left dHb-IPN projection is optogenetically activated, rapidly resume swimming post shock. In vivo calcium imaging reveals a neuronal subset, predominantly in the left dHb, whose activation is correlated with resumption of swimming. The results demonstrate functional specialization of the left dHb-IPN pathway in attenuating the response to fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Duboué
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elim Hong
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kiara C Eldred
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marnie E Halpern
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Abstract
A normal bone marrow microenvironment plays a very important role in the normal
functioning of hematopoietic stem cells. Once disturbed, this microenvironment can become
favorable for the occurrence of blood disorders, cancers, and other diseases. Therefore,
further studies on the bone marrow microenvironment should be performed to reveal
regulatory and stem cell fate determination mechanisms and promote the development of bone
marrow transplantation, tissue repair and regenerative medicine, and other fields. A small
animal model for further research is also urgently needed. In this study, an electric
shock device was designed to elicit a femur bone marrow microenvironment injury in mice. A
wire was inserted into the distal femur but not into the proximal femur, and the bone
marrow microenvironment was evidently damaged by application of 100 ± 10 V for 1.5 ± 0.5
min ; mortality, however, was low in the mice. Gross observation, hematoxylin and eosin
staining, immunohistochemistry, bright-field microscopy, and micro-CT scanning were also
conducted. A large number of new blood capillaries and sinusoids appeared in the injured
distal femur after 2 weeks. The capillaries in the injured femur disappeared after 4
weeks, and mature blood vessels were scattered throughout the injured area. Red blood
cells disappeared, and the cellular structure and trabecular bone were better than those
observed 2 weeks previously. Thus, we developed a simply operated, accurate, reliable, and
easily controlled small animal model as a good technical platform to examine angiogenesis
and segmentation damage in the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, P.R. China
| | - Quanhu Ge
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Wan
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, P.R. China.,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, P.R. China
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Abstract
Individuals often rely on simple heuristics when they face complex choice situations under uncertainty. Traditionally, it has been proposed that cognitive processes are the main driver to evaluate different choice options and to finally reach a decision. Growing evidence, however, highlights a strong interrelation between judgment and decision-making (JDM) on the one hand, and emotional processes on the other hand. This also seems to apply to judgmental heuristics, i.e., decision processes that are typically considered to be fast and intuitive. In this study, participants are exposed to different probabilities of receiving an unpleasant electric shock. Information about electric shock probabilities is either positively or negatively framed. Integrated skin conductance responses (ISCRs) while waiting for electric shock realization are used as an indicator for participants' emotional arousal. This measure is compared to objective probabilities. I find evidence for a relation between emotional body reactions measured by ISCRs and the framing effect. Under negative frames, participants show significantly higher ISCRs while waiting for an electric shock to be delivered than under positive frames. This result might contribute to a better understanding of the psychological processes underlying JDM. Further studies are necessary to reveal the causality underlying this finding, i.e., whether emotional processes influence JDM or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ring
- Kiel Institute for the World Economy Kiel, Germany ; Institute of Psychology, Kiel University Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Exposure to certain acute and chronic stressors results in an immediate behavioral and physiological response to the situation followed by a period of days when cross-sensitization to further novel stressors is observed. Cross-sensitization affects to different behavioral and physiological systems, more particularly to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It appears that the nature of the initial (triggering) stressor plays a major role, HPA cross-sensitization being more widely observed with systemic or high-intensity emotional stressors. Less important appears to be the nature of the novel (challenging) stressor, although HPA cross-sensitization is better observed with short duration (5-15 min) challenging stressors. In some studies with acute immune stressors, HPA sensitization appears to develop over time (incubation), but most results indicate a strong initial sensitization that progressively declines over the days. Sensitization can affect other physiological system (i.e. plasma catecholamines, brain monoamines), but it is not a general phenomenon. When studied concurrently, behavioral sensitization appears to persist longer than that of the HPA axis, a finding of interest regarding long-term consequences of traumatic stress. In many cases, behavioral and physiological consequences of prior stress can only be observed following imposition of a new stressor, suggesting long-term latent effects of the initial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Belda
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- b Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
| | - Silvia Fuentes
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
- d Unitat de Psicobiologia (Facultat de Psicologia), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Nuria Daviu
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- b Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
| | - Roser Nadal
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
- d Unitat de Psicobiologia (Facultat de Psicologia), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- a Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- b Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain
- c Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Bellaterra , Barcelona , Spain , and
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Galuska CM, Mikorski J, Perone M. Assessing the role of effort reduction in the reinforcing efficacy of timeout from avoidance. J Exp Anal Behav 2013; 98:257-71. [PMID: 23144504 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2012.98-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rats responded on concurrent schedules of shock-postponement or deletion (avoidance) and timeout from avoidance. In Experiment 1, 3 rats' responses on one lever postponed shocks for 20 s and responses on a second lever produced a 1-min timeout according to a variable-interval 45-s schedule. Across conditions, a warning signal (white noise) was presented 19.5 s, 16 s, 12 s, 8 s, or 4 s before an impending shock. Raising the duration of the warning signal increased both avoidance and timeout response rates. Timeout responding, although positively correlated with avoidance responding, was not correlated with the prevailing shock rate. In Experiment 2, 3 rats' responses on one lever deleted scheduled shocks according to a variable-cycle 30-s schedule and responses on a second lever produced a 2-min timeout as described above. After this baseline condition, the avoidance lever was removed and noncontingent shocks were delivered at intervals yoked to the receipt of shocks in the baseline sessions. Timeout responding decreased when the avoidance lever was removed, even though the shock-frequency reduction afforded by the timeout remained constant. These results suggest that a key factor in the reinforcing efficacy of timeout is suspension of the requirement to work to avoid shock, rather than the reduction in shock frequency associated with timeout.
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Everly JB, Perone M. Suppressive and facilitative effects of shock intensity and interresponse times followed by shock. J Exp Anal Behav 2012; 98:311-40. [PMID: 23144508 PMCID: PMC3494317 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2012.98-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although response-dependent shock often suppresses responding, response facilitation can occur. In two experiments, we examined the suppressive and facilitative effects of shock by manipulating shock intensity and the interresponse times that produced shock. Rats' lever presses were reinforced on a variable-interval 40-s schedule of food presentation. Shock followed either long or short interresponse times. Shock intensity was raised from 0.05 mA to 0.4 mA or 0.8 mA. Overall, shock contingent on long interresponse times punished long interresponse times and increased response rates. Shock contingent on short interresponse times punished short interresponse times and decreased response rates. In Experiment 1, raising the range of interresponse times that produced shock enhanced these effects. In Experiment 2, the effects of shock intensity depended on the interresponse times that produced shock. When long interresponse times produced shock, low intensities increased response rates. High intensities decreased response rates. When short interresponse times produced shock, high shock intensities punished short interresponse times and decreased response rates more than low intensities. The results may explain why punishment procedures occasionally facilitate responding and establish parameters for future studies of punishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Everly
- University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA.
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