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Boonprasert K, Srivorakul S, Monchaivanakit N, Langkaphin W, Sripiboon S, Janyamethakul T, Srisa-ad C, Guntawang T, Brown JL, Thitaram C, Pringproa K. Characterizations of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Type 1A and 4 Co-Infections in Asian Elephant ( Elephas maximus) Calves. Vet Sci 2024; 11:147. [PMID: 38668415 PMCID: PMC11055005 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Three cases of double infection with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) types 1A and 4 in captive Asian elephants are presented. The first calf was a 4-year-old female that showed initial signs of lethargy and depression. The second calf was a 6-year-old female that displayed signs of depression and diarrhea and died within 48 h of the start of supportive treatment. The third was a 2-year-old male that died suddenly while living with the herd. Necropsies were performed in the first and second elephants, while only a tongue sample was collected from the third calf. EEHV infection was confirmed via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and gene sequencing, revealing double subtypes of EEHV1A and -4 infections. This study describes the hematological and pathological characteristics within the host following double EEHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajohnpat Boonprasert
- Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saralee Srivorakul
- Center of Veterinary Diagnostic and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Natcha Monchaivanakit
- Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand
| | - Warangkhana Langkaphin
- Elephant Hospital, National Elephant Institute, Forest Industry Organization, Lampang 52190, Thailand
| | - Supaphen Sripiboon
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakornpathom 73140, Thailand
| | | | | | - Thunyamas Guntawang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife and Companion Animal Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife and Companion Animal Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Kerr TJ, van Heerden J, Goosen WJ, Kleynhans L, Buss PE, Latimer E, Miller MA. DETECTION OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS (EEHV) IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA. J Wildl Dis 2023. [PMID: 36584337 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-22-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infection can cause acute, often fatal, EEHV hemorrhagic disease in free-ranging and human-managed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and human-managed African elephants (Loxodonta africana). However, significant knowledge gaps exist pertaining to the presence of EEHV in free-ranging African elephant populations. We retrospectively screened 142 opportunistically collected samples (blood, n=98; bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, n=21; trunk wash (TW) fluid, n=23) obtained between 2010 and 2020 from 98 free-ranging African elephants in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, for the presence of different EEHVs, as well as determining the real-time quantitative PCR positivity rate in this population. With the use of validated, previously published DNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR protocols provided by the National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory (Washington, DC, USA), EEHV was detected in nine male African elephants from samples collected in 2011 (n=1), 2013 (n=1), 2018 (n=2), 2019 (n=4), and 2020 (n=1). Viral detection was more common in respiratory compared with blood samples. Six elephants tested positive for EEHV2 subtype (blood, n=2; BAL, n=3; TW, n=2), including one individual that tested positive on matched respiratory samples (BAL and TW). Four elephants tested positive for EEHV3-4-7 (blood, n=1; BAL, n=2; TW, n=1), whereas EEHV6 was not detected in any of the study animals. One elephant tested positive for both EEHV2 and EEHV3-4-7 in the same BAL sample. Even though the levels of viremia varied between 158 and 1,292 viral genome equivalents/mL blood and viral shedding of EEHV2 and EEHV3-4-7 was detected in respiratory samples, no clinical signs were observed in these apparently healthy elephants. These findings are consistent with reports of asymptomatic EEHV infection in human-managed African elephants.
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Boonprasert K, Yun Y, Kosaruk W, Towiboon P, Tankaew P, Punyapornwithaya V, Janyamathakul T, Muanghong P, Brown JL, Thitaram C, Somgird C. A Longitudinal Study of Hematology and Stress Biomarker Profiles in Young Asian Elephants ( Elephas Maximus) in Relation to Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) in Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092530. [PMID: 34573496 PMCID: PMC8471699 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of EEHV infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. A longitudinal investigation of viremia, hematology values, and stress biomarkers was performed in three non-EEHV and six prior infected EEHV calves to better understand EEHV-HD-associated factors. Blood, saliva, and feces were collected for 1 year for analysis of complete blood count (CBC), viral load, glucocorticoids (GCs), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Results did not differ between the groups, except for one elephant that presented with EEHV-HD during the study and exhibited high viremia, altered hematology profiles, and decreased stress biomarker concentrations. Thus, as in other studies, hematology changes were associated with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and warrant further investigation. Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers—salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajohnpat Boonprasert
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Yaoprapa Yun
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Worapong Kosaruk
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Pallop Tankaew
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Veterinary Public Health Centre and Food Safety for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | | | - Panida Muanghong
- Mae Taeng Elephant Park and Clinic, Mae Thang, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand;
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948015
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Oo ZM, Aung YH, Aung TT, San N, Tun ZM, Hayward GS, Zachariah A. Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Asian Elephant Calves in Logging Camps, Myanmar. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:63-69. [PMID: 31855135 PMCID: PMC6924905 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an alarming number of cases of lethal acute hemorrhagic disease have occurred in Asian elephant calves raised in logging camps in Myanmar. To determine whether these deaths were associated with infection by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV), we conducted diagnostic PCR subtype DNA sequencing analysis on necropsy tissue samples collected from 3 locations. We found that EEHV DNA from 7 PCR loci was present at high levels in all 3 calves and was the same EEHV1A virus type that has been described in North America, Europe, and other parts of Asia. However, when analyzed over 5,610 bp, the strains showed major differences from each other and from all previously characterized EEHV1A strains. We conclude that these 3 elephant calves in Myanmar died from the same herpesvirus disease that has afflicted young Asian elephants in other countries over the past 20 years.
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Prompiram P, Wiriyarat W, Bhusri B, Paungpin W, Jairak W, Sripiboon S, Wongtawan T. The occurrence of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection in wild and captive Asian elephants in Thailand: Investigation based on viral DNA and host antibody. Vet World 2021; 14:545-550. [PMID: 33776322 PMCID: PMC7994120 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.545-550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a serious disease, threatening the life of young elephants. Many elephants have been infected with no clinical signs and may serve as carriers spreading this disease. It is important to monitor the disease through clinical signs and molecular diagnosis. In this study we investigated the occurrence of EEHV and the efficiency of different techniques used to monitor EEHV infection in various samples and populations of Asian elephants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood and trunk swabs were collected from live elephants, while visceral organs (lung, digestive tract, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney) were collected from dead elephants. EEHV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in whole blood, trunk swabs, and visceral organs as samples, while elephant anti-EEHV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 162 samples were analyzed in this study: 129 from healthy, 26 from dead, and 7 from sick elephants. RESULTS The present study showed that the overall incidence of EEHV was 40.1% (n=65/162). Approximately 46.2% (n=12/26) and 85.7% (n=6/7) of dead and sick elephants were positive for EEHV by PCR, respectively. All sick elephants that were young and affected by EEHV clinical disease tested negative for the IgG antibody ELISA, suggesting primary EEHV infection in this group. In addition, 2.3% (n=3/129) of subclinical infections were detected using PCR, and trunk swab samples showed slightly higher sensitivity (5.3%, n=2/38) to detect EEHV than whole blood (1.2%, n=1/84). As many as, 48.4% (n=44/91) of healthy elephants were EEHV seropositive (ELISA-positive), suggesting that many elephants in Thailand had previously been infected. Overall, 30% of dead wild elephants had been infected with EEHV (n=3/10). Moreover, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the EEHV detection rate between different age groups or sexes (p>0.05). CONCLUSION PCR is better than ELISA to detect EEHV active infection in dead/sick elephants and to monitor EEHV in young elephants. ELISA is suitable for detecting previous EEHV infection and carriers, particularly adults. Theoretically, we could use both PCR and ELISA to increase the sensitivity of testing, along with observing abnormal behavior to efficiently monitor this disease. Identification of EEHV carriers within elephant populations is important to prevent transmission to healthy individuals, especially young elephants with high mortality from EEHV. This is the first report from Thailand regarding EEHV infection in wild elephants, showing the importance of preventing disease transmission between captive and wild elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirom Prompiram
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Centre for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Centre for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- Department of Preclinical Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Benjaporn Bhusri
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Centre for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Centre for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Waleemas Jairak
- Zoological Park Organization, 267 Pracharat 1 Road, Bangsue Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Supaphen Sripiboon
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- Department of Preclinical Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence for One Health, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
- Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and other Microorganism, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
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Photichai K, Guntawang T, Sittisak T, Kochagul V, Chuammitri P, Thitaram C, Thananchai H, Chewonarin T, Sringarm K, Pringproa K. Attempt to Isolate Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) Using a Continuous Cell Culture System. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2328. [PMID: 33297581 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is one of the most important viral infectious diseases in young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). To date, in vitro isolation or propagation of EEHV has so far unsuccessful. Findings in the present study suggest that the U937 cells, a cell line derived from the human myeloid leukemia patient, can be used to isolate and propagate EEHV in vitro. Replication of EEHV in the U937 cells is determined by the presence of EEHV DNA polymerase antigens in the infected cells. However, the replication in these cells was shown to be restricted and observed only in the early passages of virus infection. Although EEHV replication in U937 cells has only occurred in the early passages, our findings have shed some light on the feasibility of using this cell line for further in vitro EEHV isolation. Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infection is known to cause acute fatal hemorrhagic disease, which has killed many young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Until recently, in vitro isolation and propagation of the virus have not been successful. This study aimed to isolate and propagate EEHV using continuous cell lines derived from human and/or animal origins. Human cell lines, including EA. hy926, A549, U937, RKO, SW620, HCT-116 and HT-29, and animal cell lines, including CT26.CL25 and sp2/0-Ag14, were investigated in this study. Mixed frozen tissue samples of the heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney obtained from fatal EEHV1A- or EEHV4-infected cases were homogenized and used for cell inoculation. At 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post infection (hpi), EEHV-inoculated cells were observed for cytopathic effects (CPEs) or were assessed for EEHV infection by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) or quantitative PCR. The results were then compared to those of the mock-infected controls. Replication of EEHV in the tested cells was further determined by immunohistochemistry of cell pellets using anti-EEHV DNA polymerase antibodies or re-inoculated cells with supernatants obtained from passages 2 or 3 of the culture medium. The results reveal that no CPEs were observed in the tested cells, while immunolabeling for EEHV gB was observed in only U937 human myeloid leukemia cells. However, quantitation values of the EEHV terminase gene, as well as those of the EEHV gB or EEHV DNA polymerase proteins in U937 cells, gradually declined from passage 1 to passage 3. The findings of this study indicate that despite poor adaptation in U937 cells, this cell line displays promise and potential to be used for the isolation of EEHV1 and EEHV4 in vitro.
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Grenus BG, Latimer E, Cullinane A, Lyons P, Creighton G, Nutter FB. EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF TWO DIFFERENT SAMPLING SITES FOR THE DETECTION OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS (EEHV) IN THREE ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) IN IRELAND. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:303-7. [PMID: 32549559 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) causes a disease that primarily affects juvenile Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants, causing acute hemorrhage and death. Due to the severity of the disease, many zoos have developed EEHV active surveillance programs. Currently, trunk washes are the standard for testing elephants for shedding of EEHV, but it has also been detected from other mucosal surfaces. This study compared the efficacy of oral swabs and trunk washes for the detection of EEHV shedding using previously validated quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods. Oral swab and trunk wash samples from three juvenile elephants at the Dublin Zoo in Ireland were collected in tandem and tested from April to September 2017. Of the 51 paired samples, 21 trunk wash samples were positive for EEHV1, while only 2 of the oral swab samples were positive for EEHV1, suggesting that trunk wash samples are more effective for detecting shedding of EEHV in Asian elephants compared with oral swabs.
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Mahato G, Sarma KK, Pathak DC, Barman NN, Gogoi P, Dutta M, Basumatary P. Endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection in Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus) of Assam, India. Vet World 2019; 12:1790-1796. [PMID: 32009758 PMCID: PMC6925033 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1790-1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is an emerging disease of elephant. Therefore, a study was conducted to know the actual status of the disease in Assam State of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 289 Asian elephants of Assam were screened during 2 years of study from April 2017 to March 2019. The clinical symptoms of diseased as well as gross and histopathological changes of dead elephants were recorded for the diagnosis of the disease. Virus involved in the occurrence of the disease was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: In the present study, a total of three elephant calves out of 22 were found positive to EEHV1A. On the other hand, three adult asymptomatic elephants were also found positive for EEHV1 on screening 267 captive Asian elephants of Assam. The amplified PCR product showed band size of 520, 600, and 930 bp. The PCR amplified product with size 600 bp had shown the gene sequence for EEHV1U77/HEL. Gross lesions include congested blood vessels of the liver and intestinal mucosa, foci of petechiae in the spleen, and heart and focal ulceration in the dorsal surface of the tongue. Microscopically, the kidneys showed intertubular edema and focal areas of degeneration associated with coagulative necrosis of the tubular epithelium. The liver showed hydropic degeneration and fatty changes of the hepatocytes. There was a massive proliferation of fibroblasts in the interlobular spaces which penetrated the necrosed areas of the hepatic lobules. Conclusion: A total of three wild rescued elephant calves and three asymptomatic adults were found positive for EEHV1A during the 2 years of study. The PCR amplified product with size 600 bp had shown the gene sequence for EEHV1U77/HEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mahato
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - K K Sarma
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - D C Pathak
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - N N Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - P Gogoi
- Junior Research Fellow DBT-Twinning Project NER, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - M Dutta
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - P Basumatary
- Assistant Manager, Centre for Wildlife Rehabilitation and Conservation, Bokakhat, Assam, India
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Boonsri K, Somgird C, Noinafai P, Pringproa K, Janyamethakul T, Angkawanish T, Brown JL, Tankaew P, Srivorakul S, Thitaram C. ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS INFECTION IN TWO ASIAN ELEPHANT ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) CALVES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:178-82. [PMID: 29517457 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0001R1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is an infection associated with fatal hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). This brief communication describes the postmortem evaluation of two Asian elephant calves diagnosed with EEHV4 and EEHV1A in conjunction with Clostridium perfringens infection. Case 1 was a 7-mo-old, male captive-born Asian elephant that developed diarrhea and died 2 days after clinical presentation. Examination of the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen revealed predominantly basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Case 2 was a 3-mo-old, female wild-born Asian elephant that showed signs of lethargy, anorexia, and convulsions and died 6 hr after clinical presentation. No intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed. The heart, lung, liver, and spleen of both calves tested positive for EEHV by polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis identified EEHV4 and EEHV1A in Case 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally, liver, spleen, and hemorrhagic intestinal tissue samples tested positive for C. perfringens α, β, and ε toxins. This is the first reported case to describe coinfection of EEHV and C. perfringens in Asian elephant calves.
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Sripiboon S, Angkawanish T, Boonprasert K, Sombutputorn P, Langkaphin W, Ditcham W, Warren K. SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF A CLINICAL ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS INFECTION: THE DYNAMICS OF VIRAL LOAD, GENOTYPE ANALYSIS, AND TREATMENT WITH ACYCLOVIR. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:1254-9. [PMID: 29297830 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0141R1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the treatment of clinical elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infection in a male Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus; approximately 3 yr old), the dynamics of viral load during the active infection, and genetic analysis of the virus. Treatment included injectable acyclovir (12 mg/kg iv, bid), antibiotic, vitamin, and fluids. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the viral levels in blood, which decreased continuously after initiation of intravenous acyclovir. Low levels of virus were detected in the blood for 2 wk, and the virus was undetectable after 1 mo. No complication was observed during the treatment period. This case report suggests that acyclovir, given parenterally, could potentially enhance survival of clinical EEHV-infected individuals.
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Kochakul V, Boonsri K, Tiwananthagorn S, Somgird C, Thitaram C, Pringproa K. Development of in situ hybridization for detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephants. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:628-632. [PMID: 29730973 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718773810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is one of the most important viral infectious diseases affecting the elephant population worldwide, especially juveniles and young adults. We developed a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) test for detection of EEHV in Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus). Digoxigenin (DIG) DNA probes from the polymerase and terminase genes of EEHV were synthesized using a PCR DIG-labeling method, and detection of hybridized probe to target EEHV DNA was carried out by anti-DIG immunolabeling. Distribution of EEHV-1A and EEHV-4 genomes was found to be prominent in mononuclear phagocytic cells of spleen and endothelial cells of visceral organs. ISH enables the detection of EEHV infection and has applications in understanding pathogenesis of EEHV in Asian elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varankpicha Kochakul
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Kochakul, Boonsri), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health (Tiwananthagorn, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics (Somgird, Thitaram), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education (Somgird, Thitaram, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Boonsri
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Kochakul, Boonsri), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health (Tiwananthagorn, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics (Somgird, Thitaram), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education (Somgird, Thitaram, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Kochakul, Boonsri), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health (Tiwananthagorn, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics (Somgird, Thitaram), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education (Somgird, Thitaram, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalermchart Somgird
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Kochakul, Boonsri), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health (Tiwananthagorn, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics (Somgird, Thitaram), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education (Somgird, Thitaram, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Kochakul, Boonsri), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health (Tiwananthagorn, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics (Somgird, Thitaram), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education (Somgird, Thitaram, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Kochakul, Boonsri), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health (Tiwananthagorn, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinics (Somgird, Thitaram), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Elephant Research and Education (Somgird, Thitaram, Pringproa), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Ortega J, Corpa JM, Orden JA, Blanco J, Carbonell MD, Gerique AC, Latimer E, Hayward GS, Roemmelt A, Kraemer T, Romey A, Kassimi LB, Casares M. Acute death associated with Citrobacter freundii infection in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:632-6. [PMID: 26179092 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715596034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 21-year-old male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) died suddenly with no previous medical history. Grossly, there were severe multifocal epicardial and endocardial hemorrhages of the atria and ventricles, hydropericardium, multifocal pleural hemorrhages, and severe pulmonary congestion and edema. Histologically, there was fibrinoid vasculitis and thrombosis in the heart and lung and myocardial necrosis. Citrobacter freundii was isolated in abundance in pure culture from liver and heart samples. Low levels of multiples types of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV-6, EEHV-2B, and EEHV-3A) were detected in spleen samples, but not in heart samples. The levels of EEHV DNA found were much lower than those usually associated with acute EEHV hemorrhagic disease, and many other genomic loci that would normally be found in such cases were evidently below the level of detection. Therefore, these findings are unlikely to indicate lethal EEHV disease. Polymerase chain reaction for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and toxicology for oleander (Nerium oleander) were negative. Stress, resulting from recent transport, and antimicrobial therapy may have contributed to the death of this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortega
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Juan M Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - José A Orden
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - María D Carbonell
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Amalia C Gerique
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Erin Latimer
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Gary S Hayward
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Andreas Roemmelt
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Aurore Romey
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Labib B Kassimi
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
| | - Miguel Casares
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain (Ortega, Corpa)Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (Orden)Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC)Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain (Blanco)Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain (Carbonell, Gerique, Casares)The National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory, Smithsonian's National Zoo, Washington, DC (Latimer)Viral Oncology Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Hayward)Forensische Pharmakologie & Toxikologie, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Roemmelt, Kraemer)ANSES-Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France (Kassimi)
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