1
|
Wilk LS, Doppegieter M, van der Beek N, van Leeuwen TG, Aalders MCG. Modeling pulsed dye laser treatment of psoriatic plaques by combining numerical methods and image-derived lesion morphologies. Lasers Surg Med 2024. [PMID: 38576388 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Knowledge of the physical effects of pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of psoriatic lesions is essential in unraveling the remedial mechanisms of this treatment and hence also in maximizing in its disease-modifying potential. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide estimates of these physical effects (for laser wavelengths of 585 and 595 nm), with the aim of identifying pathogenic processes that may be affected by these conditions. METHODS We modeled the laser light propagation and subsequent photothermal heating by numerically solving the transient diffusion and heat equations simultaneously. To this end, we used the finite element method in conjunction with an image-derived psoriatic lesion morphology (which was defined by segmenting blood vessels from a confocal microscopy image of a fluorescently labeled section of a 3 mm punch biopsy of a psoriatic lesion). The resulting predictions of the generated temperature field within the lesion were then used to assess the possibility of stalling or arresting some suspected pathogenic processes. RESULTS According to our results, it is conceivable that perivascular nerves are thermally denatured, as almost all locations that reach 60°C were found to be within 18 µm (at 585 nm) and 11 µm (at 595 nm) of a blood vessel wall. Furthermore, activation of TRPV1 and TRPV2 channels in perivascular neuronal and immune cells is highly likely, since a critical temperature of 43°C is generated at locations within up to 350 µm of a vessel wall (at both wavelengths) and sustained for up to 700 ms (at 585 nm) and 40 ms (at 595 nm), while a critical temperature of 52°C is reached by locations within 80 µm (at 585 nm) and 30 µm (at 595 nm) of a vessel wall and sustained for up to 100 ms (at 585 nm) and 30 ms (at 595 nm). Finally, we found that the blood vessel coagulation-inducing temperature of 70°C is sustained in the vascular epithelium for up to 19 and 5 ms at 585 and 595 nm, respectively, rendering partial or total loss of vascular functionality a distinct possibility. CONCLUSIONS The presented approach constitutes a useful tool to provide realistic estimates of the photothermal effects of PDL treatment of psoriatic plaques (as well as other selective photothermolysis-based treatments), yielding information that is essential in guiding future experimental studies toward unraveling the remedial mechanisms of these treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Wilk
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meagan Doppegieter
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick van der Beek
- ZBC MultiCare, Independent Treatment Center for Dermatology, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrythmias, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C G Aalders
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Severin J, Loehlé S, Jund P. Thermal Conductivity Calculation in Organic Liquids: Application to Poly- α-Olefin. Molecules 2024; 29:291. [PMID: 38257204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we aim to understand and predict the thermal properties of automotive lubricants using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. After a previous study on model materials for the mechanical parts of a car engine, we now focus on the thermal conductivity κ of the poly-α-olefin base oil (PAO4) using the well-known sink and source method to study the response of the system to an imposed heat flux. We present a detailed methodology for the calculation of κ, taking into account specific constraints related to the system under study, such as large steady-state fluctuations and rapidly growing stationarization times. We provide thermal conductivity results using four different force fields, including OPLS-AA, PCFF and COMPASS, in a temperature range of 300 to 500 K, which corresponds to the typical operating range of a car engine. The results are compared to experimental measurements performed on the commercial compound using the laser flash method. Agreement at room temperature is shown to be excellent for our in-house force field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Severin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Total Research Center, Chemin du Canal BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Sophie Loehlé
- Total Research Center, Chemin du Canal BP 22, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Philippe Jund
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Restuccia L, Jou D. Non-Local Vectorial Internal Variables and Generalized Guyer-Krumhansl Evolution Equations for the Heat Flux. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:1259. [PMID: 37761558 PMCID: PMC10528319 DOI: 10.3390/e25091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we ask ourselves how non-local effects affect the description of thermodynamic systems with internal variables. Usually, one assumes that the internal variables are local, but that their evolution equations are non-local, i.e., for instance, that their evolution equations contain non-local differential terms (gradients, Laplacians) or integral terms with memory kernels. In contrast to this typical situation, which has led to substantial progress in several fields, we ask ourselves whether in some cases it would be convenient to start from non-local internal variables with non-local evolution equations. We examine this point by considering three main lengths: the observation scale R defining the elementary volumes used in the description of the system, the mean free path l of the microscopic elements of the fluid (particles, phonons, photons, and molecules), and the overall characteristic size L of the global system. We illustrate these ideas by considering three-dimensional rigid heat conductors within the regime of phonon hydrodynamics in the presence of thermal vortices. In particular, we obtain a generalization of the Guyer-Krumhansl equation, which may be of interest for heat transport in nanosystems or in systems with small-scale inhomogeneities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Restuccia
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - David Jou
- Grup de Fisíca Estadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Carme 47, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jou D, Restuccia L. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heat Transport in Superlattices, Graded Systems, and Thermal Metamaterials with Defects. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:1091. [PMID: 37510038 PMCID: PMC10378211 DOI: 10.3390/e25071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory for heat transport in superlattices, graded systems, and thermal metamaterials with defects. The aim is to provide researchers in nonequilibrium thermodynamics as well as material scientists with a framework to consider in a systematic way several nonequilibrium questions about current developments, which are fostering new aims in heat transport, and the techniques for achieving them, for instance, defect engineering, dislocation engineering, stress engineering, phonon engineering, and nanoengineering. We also suggest some new applications in the particular case of mobile defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Jou
- Grup de Fisíca Estadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Carme, 47, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Restuccia
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fajber R, Donohoe A, Ragen S, Armour KC, Kushner PJ. Atmospheric heat transport is governed by meridional gradients in surface evaporation in modern-day earth-like climates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217202120. [PMID: 37310995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217202120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaporation adds moisture to the atmosphere, while condensation removes it. Condensation also adds thermal energy to the atmosphere, which must be removed from the atmosphere by radiative cooling. As a result of these two processes, there is a net flow of energy driven by surface evaporation adding energy and radiative cooling removing energy from the atmosphere. Here, we calculate the implied heat transport of this process to find the atmospheric heat transport in balance with the surface evaporation. In modern-day Earth-like climates, evaporation varies strongly between the equator and the poles, while the net radiative cooling in the atmosphere is nearly meridionally uniform, and as a consequence, the heat transport governed by evaporation is similar to the total poleward heat transport of the atmosphere. This analysis is free from cancellations between moist and dry static energy transports, which greatly simplifies the interpretation of atmospheric heat transport and its relationship to the diabatic heating and cooling that governs the atmospheric heat transport. We further demonstrate, using a hierarchy of models, that much of the response of atmospheric heat transport to perturbations, including increasing CO2 concentrations, can be understood from the distribution of evaporation changes. These findings suggest that meridional gradients in surface evaporation govern atmospheric heat transport and its changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fajber
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Aaron Donohoe
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Sarah Ragen
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kyle C Armour
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Paul J Kushner
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia KQ, Huang SD, Xie YC, Zhang L. Tuning heat transport via coherent structure manipulation: recent advances in thermal turbulence. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad012. [PMID: 37457662 PMCID: PMC10339376 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning transport properties through the manipulation of elementary structures has achieved great success in many areas, such as condensed matter physics. However, the ability to manipulate coherent structures in turbulent flows is much less explored. This article reviews a recently discovered mechanism of tuning turbulent heat transport via coherent structure manipulation. We first show how this mechanism can be realized by applying simple geometrical confinement to a classical thermally driven turbulence, which leads to the condensation of elementary coherent structures and significant heat-transport enhancement, despite the resultant slower flow. Some potential applications of this new paradigm in passive heat management are also discussed. We then explain how the heat transport behaviors in seemingly different turbulence systems can be understood by this unified framework of coherent structure manipulation. Several future directions in this research area are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi-Di Huang
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research and Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi-Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures and School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research and Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rezaie Heris H, Klausen KO, Sitek A, Erlingsson SI, Manolescu A. Effect of impurities on charge and heat transport in tubular nanowires. Nanotechnology 2023; 34. [PMID: 37100052 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acd062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the charge and heat currents carried by electrons, originating from a temperature gradient and a chemical potential difference between the two ends of tubular nanowires with different geometries of the cross-sectional areas: circular, square, triangular, and hexagonal. We consider nanowires based on InAs semiconductor material, and use the Landauer-Büttiker approach to calculate the transport quantities. We include impurities in the form of delta scatterers and compare their effect for different geometries. The results depend on the quantum localization of the electrons along the edges of the tubular prismatic shell. For example, the effect of impurities on the charge and heat transport is weaker in the triangular shell than in the hexagonal shell, and the thermoelectric current in the triangular case is several times larger than in the hexagonal case, for the same temperature gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rezaie Heris
- Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - K O Klausen
- Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anna Sitek
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sigurdur I Erlingsson
- Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Andrei Manolescu
- Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Artini C, Pennelli G, Graziosi P, Li Z, Neophytou N, Melis C, Colombo L, Isotta E, Lohani K, Scardi P, Castellero A, Baricco M, Palumbo M, Casassa S, Maschio L, Pani M, Latronico G, Mele P, Di Benedetto F, Contento G, De Riccardis MF, Fucci R, Palazzo B, Rizzo A, Demontis V, Prete D, Isram M, Rossella F, Ferrario A, Miozzo A, Boldrini S, Dimaggio E, Franzini M, Galliano S, Barolo C, Mardi S, Reale A, Lorenzi B, Narducci D, Trifiletti V, Milita S, Bellucci A, Trucchi DM. Roadmap on thermoelectricity. Nanotechnology 2023; 34. [PMID: 37019100 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acca88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and the ever more pressing need for clean technologies of energy conversion pose one of the most urgent and complicated issues of our age. Thermoelectricity, namely the direct conversion of waste heat into electricity, is a promising technique based on a long-standing physical phenomenon, which still has not fully developed its potential, mainly due to the low efficiency of the process. In order to improve the thermoelectric performance, a huge effort is being made by physicists, materials scientists and engineers, with the primary aims of better understanding the fundamental issues ruling the improvement of the thermoelectric figure of merit, and finally building the most efficient thermoelectric devices. In this Roadmap an overview is given about the most recent experimental and computational results obtained within the Italian research community on the optimization of composition and morphology of some thermoelectric materials, as well as on the design of thermoelectric and hybrid thermoelectric/photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Artini
- DCCI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genova, Italy
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, CNR-ICMATE, Via De Marini 6, I-16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via Caruso 16, I-56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizio Graziosi
- CNR-ISMN, v. Gobetti 101, I-40129, Bologna, Italy
- University of Warwick, School of Engineering, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Li
- University of Warwick, School of Engineering, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neophytos Neophytou
- University of Warwick, School of Engineering, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Luciano Colombo
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Eleonora Isotta
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, United States of America
| | - Ketan Lohani
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Paolo Scardi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Castellero
- Department of Chemistry, NIS, INSTM, University of Turin, Italy
- CNR-ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, I-35127 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Palumbo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS, INSTM, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Casassa
- Department of Chemistry, NIS, INSTM, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maschio
- Department of Chemistry, NIS, INSTM, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Marcella Pani
- DCCI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genova, Italy
- CNR-SPIN Genova, Corso Perrone 24, I-16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Latronico
- Shibaura Institute of Technology, Omiya Campus, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Paolo Mele
- Shibaura Institute of Technology, Omiya Campus, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Francesca Di Benedetto
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS Brindisi Research Centre S.S. 7 - Km I-706 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Gaetano Contento
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS Brindisi Research Centre S.S. 7 - Km I-706 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Maria Federica De Riccardis
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS Brindisi Research Centre S.S. 7 - Km I-706 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Raffaele Fucci
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS Brindisi Research Centre S.S. 7 - Km I-706 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Barbara Palazzo
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS Brindisi Research Centre S.S. 7 - Km I-706 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Antonella Rizzo
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-PROMAS-MATAS Brindisi Research Centre S.S. 7 - Km I-706 72100 Brindisi, Italy
| | - Valeria Demontis
- Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenic Prete
- Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Muhammad Isram
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213/A, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213/A, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Alvise Miozzo
- CNR-ICMATE, Corso Stati Uniti 4, I-35127 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Dimaggio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Via Caruso 16, I-56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcello Franzini
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15A, Torino I-10135, Italy
| | - Simone Galliano
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco I-10095, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15A, Torino I-10135, Italy
| | - Saeed Mardi
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy and Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE) Department of Science and Technology, University of Linköping, Bredgatan 34, Norrkoping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Andrea Reale
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy and Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Lorenzi
- Department of Materials Science-University of Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125-Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Narducci
- Department of Materials Science-University of Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125-Milano, Italy
| | - Vanira Trifiletti
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bellucci
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Montelibretti Unit, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Daniele M Trucchi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), DiaTHEMA Lab, Montelibretti Unit, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Field AR, Chapman-Oplopoiou B, Connor JW, Frassinetti L, Hatch DR, Roach CM, Saarelma S. Comparing pedestal structure in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas with a model for stiff ETG turbulent heat transport. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20210228. [PMID: 36587822 PMCID: PMC9805819 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A predictive model for the electron temperature profile of the H-mode pedestal is described, and its results are compared with the pedestal structure of JET-ILW plasmas. The model is based on a scaling for the gyro-Bohm normalized, turbulent electron heat flux [Formula: see text] resulting from electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence, derived from results of nonlinear gyrokinetic (GK) calculations for the steep gradient region. By using the local temperature gradient scale length [Formula: see text] in the normalization, the dependence of [Formula: see text] on the normalized gradients [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be represented by a unified scaling with the parameter [Formula: see text], to which the linear stability of ETG turbulence is sensitive when the density gradient is sufficiently steep. For a prescribed density profile, the value of [Formula: see text] determined from this scaling, required to maintain a constant electron heat flux [Formula: see text] across the pedestal, is used to calculate the temperature profile. Reasonable agreement with measurements is found for different cases, the model providing an explanation of the relative widths and shifts of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] profiles, as well as highlighting the importance of the separatrix boundary conditions. Other cases showing disagreement indicate conditions where other branches of turbulence might dominate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Field
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - B. Chapman-Oplopoiou
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - J. W. Connor
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - L. Frassinetti
- Division of Fusion Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. R. Hatch
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - C. M. Roach
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - S. Saarelma
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jo S, Schaich WL, Dragnea B. Real-Time Optical Measurements of Nanoparticle-Induced Melting and Resolidification Dynamics. ACS Nano 2023; 17:505-514. [PMID: 36546561 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photothermally induced nanoscale dynamics of rapid melting and resolidification of a thin layer of molecular material surrounding a nanoparticle is examined in real time by an all-optical approach. The method employs pulsed periodic modulation of the medium's dielectric constant through absorption of a low-duty-cycle laser pulse train by a single nanoparticle that acts as a localized heating source. Interpretation of experimental data, including inference of a phase change and of the liquid/solid interface dynamics, is obtained by comparing experimental data with results from coupled optical-thermal numerical simulations. The combined experimental/computational workflow presented in this proof-of-principle study will enable future explorations of material parameters at nanoscale, which are often different from their bulk values and in many cases difficult to infer from macroscopic measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhun Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - William L Schaich
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, Unites States
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oelerich R, Heywood KJ, Damerell GM, Thompson AF. Wind-Induced Variability of Warm Water on the Southern Bellingshausen Sea Continental Shelf. J Geophys Res Oceans 2022; 127:e2022JC018636. [PMID: 36589532 PMCID: PMC9787697 DOI: 10.1029/2022jc018636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Bellingshausen Sea hosts heat transport onto the continental shelf, potentially enhancing ice shelf basal melt. Here, we use the GLORYS12V1 1993-2018 reanalysis to identify physical processes that set seasonal and interannual variability of water mass properties in the Eltanin and Latady Bays on the southern Bellingshausen Sea continental shelf. Annual means of potential temperature from 300 m to the seabed reveal interannual variability and allow separation into warm and cold regimes. The Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) is more intense and extends further east during the warm regime than the cold regime. In the warm regime, a wind-induced reduction of sea ice concentration near the coast increases surface heat loss, convection, and formation of cold dense water in winter, associated with a decrease in heat content of the southern Bellingshausen Sea over time and a net northward heat transport. In contrast, in the cold regime, increased sea ice concentration reduces surface heat loss and thus formation of cold, dense water. Combined with an increase in heat content over time and a net southward heat transport, this results in a warming of the southern Bellingshausen Sea. This suggests that variability in the deep water temperature in the southern Bellingshausen Sea is primarily due to local surface heat fluxes above the shelf. The variability of surface heat fluxes is related to the variability of the ASL and its influence on sea ice extent and local formation of cold, dense water in winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Oelerich
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesSchool of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Karen J. Heywood
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesSchool of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Gillian M. Damerell
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesSchool of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Andrew F. Thompson
- Environmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rehman S, Nasr A, Eldin SM, Malik MY. Entropy Minimization for Generalized Newtonian Fluid Flow between Converging and Diverging Channels. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1755. [PMID: 36296108 PMCID: PMC9610660 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The foremost focus of this article was to investigate the entropy generation in hydromagnetic flow of generalized Newtonian Carreau nanofluid through a converging and diverging channel. In addition, a heat transport analysis was performed for Carreau nanofluid using the Buongiorno model in the presence of viscous dissipation and Joule heating. The second law of thermodynamics was employed to model the governing flow transport along with entropy generation arising within the system. Entropy optimization analysis is accentuated as its minimization is the best measure to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems. This irreversibility computation and optimization were carried out in the dimensional form to obtain a better picture of the system's entropy generation. With the help of proper dimensionless transformations, the modeled flow equations were converted into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. The numerical solutions were derived using an efficient numerical method, the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method in conjunction with the shooting technique. The computed results were presented graphically through different profiles of velocity, temperature, concentration, entropy production, and Bejan number. From the acquired results, we perceive that entropy generation is augmented with higher Brinkman and Reynolds numbers. It is significant to mention that the system's entropy production grew near its two walls, where the irreversibility of heat transfer predominates, in contrast to the channel's center, where the irreversibility of frictional force predominates. These results serve as a valuable guide for designing and optimizing channels with diverging-converging profiles required in several heat-transfer applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Rehman
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
- Department of Mathematics Islamia College, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Abdelaziz Nasr
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 5555, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Y Malik
- Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saleta Reig D, Varghese S, Farris R, Block A, Mehew JD, Hellman O, Woźniak P, Sledzinska M, El Sachat A, Chávez-Ángel E, Valenzuela SO, van Hulst NF, Ordejón P, Zanolli Z, Sotomayor Torres CM, Verstraete MJ, Tielrooij KJ. Unraveling Heat Transport and Dissipation in Suspended MoSe 2 from Bulk to Monolayer. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2108352. [PMID: 34981868 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding heat flow in layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) crystals is crucial for applications exploiting these materials. Despite significant efforts, several basic thermal transport properties of TMDs are currently not well understood, in particular how transport is affected by material thickness and the material's environment. This combined experimental-theoretical study establishes a unifying physical picture of the intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of the representative TMD MoSe2 . Thermal conductivity measurements using Raman thermometry on a large set of clean, crystalline, suspended crystals with systematically varied thickness are combined with ab initio simulations with phonons at finite temperature. The results show that phonon dispersions and lifetimes change strongly with thickness, yet the thinnest TMD films exhibit an in-plane thermal conductivity that is only marginally smaller than that of bulk crystals. This is the result of compensating phonon contributions, in particular heat-carrying modes around ≈0.1 THz in (sub)nanometer thin films, with a surprisingly long mean free path of several micrometers. This behavior arises directly from the layered nature of the material. Furthermore, out-of-plane heat dissipation to air molecules is remarkably efficient, in particular for the thinnest crystals, increasing the apparent thermal conductivity of monolayer MoSe2 by an order of magnitude. These results are crucial for the design of (flexible) TMD-based (opto-)electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Saleta Reig
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Sebin Varghese
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Roberta Farris
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Alexander Block
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Jake D Mehew
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Olle Hellman
- Dept of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Paweł Woźniak
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Marianna Sledzinska
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Alexandros El Sachat
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chávez-Ángel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Sergio O Valenzuela
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Niek F van Hulst
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Pablo Ordejón
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| | - Zeila Zanolli
- Chemistry Department and ETSF, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Matthieu J Verstraete
- Nanomat, Q-Mat, CESAM, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Université de Liége, Liége, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST and CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Majidi D, Josefsson M, Kumar M, Leijnse M, Samuelson L, Courtois H, Winkelmann CB, Maisi VF. Quantum Confinement Suppressing Electronic Heat Flow below the Wiedemann-Franz Law. Nano Lett 2022; 22:630-635. [PMID: 35030004 PMCID: PMC8802316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Wiedemann-Franz law states that the charge conductance and the electronic contribution to the heat conductance are proportional. This sets stringent constraints on efficiency bounds for thermoelectric applications, which seek a large charge conduction in response to a small heat flow. We present experiments based on a quantum dot formed inside a semiconducting InAs nanowire transistor, in which the heat conduction can be tuned significantly below the Wiedemann-Franz prediction. Comparison with scattering theory shows that this is caused by quantum confinement and the resulting energy-selective transport properties of the quantum dot. Our results open up perspectives for tailoring independently the heat and electrical conduction properties in semiconductor nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danial Majidi
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Josefsson
- NanoLund
and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- NanoLund
and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Leijnse
- NanoLund
and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Samuelson
- NanoLund
and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hervé Courtois
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Clemens B. Winkelmann
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ville F. Maisi
- NanoLund
and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yamamoto T, Kato T. Heat transport through a two-level system embedded between two harmonic resonators. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:395303. [PMID: 34237717 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate heat transport through an assembly consisting of a two-level system coupled between two harmonic oscillators, which is described by the quantum Rabi model, as a prototype of nanoscale heat devices using controllable multi-level systems. Using the noninteracting-blip approximation, we find that the linear thermal conductance shows a characteristic temperature dependence with a two-peak structure. We also show that heat transport is sensitive to model parameters for weak system-bath coupling and strong hybridization between the two-level system and the harmonic oscillators. This property characteristic of the multi-level system is advantageous for applications such as a heat transistor, and can be examined in superconducting circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takeo Kato
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oommen SM, Pisana S. Corrigendum: Role of the electron-phonon coupling in tuning the thermal boundary conductance at metal-dielectric interfaces by inserting ultrathin metal interlayers (2021 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter33085702). J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:309501. [PMID: 33477117 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abde65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some typographical errors were made in the original version of the manuscript associated with the value of the electron-phonon coupling constant for Ta, which are corrected here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shany Mary Oommen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simone Pisana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang CH, Wang H. Heat Transport in a Spin-Boson Model at Low Temperatures: A Multilayer Multiconfiguration Time-Dependent Hartree Study. Entropy (Basel) 2020; 22:e22101099. [PMID: 33286870 PMCID: PMC7597201 DOI: 10.3390/e22101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extending our previous work, quantum dynamic simulations are performed to study low temperature heat transport in a spin-boson model where a two-level subsystem is coupled to two independent harmonic baths. Multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree theory is used to numerically evaluate the thermal flux, for which the bath is represented by hundreds to thousands of modes. The simulation results are compared with the approximate Redfield theory approach, and the physics is analyzed versus different physical parameters.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sánchez D, Moskalets M. Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Systems. Entropy (Basel) 2020; 22:E977. [PMID: 33286746 PMCID: PMC7597288 DOI: 10.3390/e22090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesoscopic physics has become a mature field [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems IFISC (UIB-CSIC), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Michael Moskalets
- Department of Metal and Semiconductor Physics, National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo W, Guo X, Wei Y, Zhang Y. Temporal-Spatial Evolution of Kinetic and Thermal Energy Dissipation Rates in a Three-Dimensional Turbulent Rayleigh-Taylor Mixing Zone. Entropy (Basel) 2020; 22:E652. [PMID: 33286424 DOI: 10.3390/e22060652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the temporal–spatial evolution of kinetic and thermal energy dissipation rates in three-dimensional (3D) turbulent Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) mixing are investigated numerically by the lattice Boltzmann method. The temperature fields, kinetic and thermal energy dissipation rates with temporal–spatial evolution, the probability density functions, the fractal dimension of mixing interface, spatial scaling law of structure function for the kinetic and the thermal energy dissipation rates in 3D space are analysed in detail to provide an improved physical understanding of the temporal–spatial dissipation-rate characteristic in the 3D turbulent Rayleigh–Taylor mixing zone. Our numerical results indicate that the kinetic and thermal energy dissipation rates are concentrated in areas with large gradients of velocity and temperature with temporal evolution, respectively, which is consistent with the theoretical assumption. However, small scale thermal plumes initially at the section of half vertical height increasingly develop large scale plumes with time evolution. The probability density function tail of thermal energy dissipation gradually rises and approaches the stretched exponent function with temporal evolution. The slope of fractal dimension increases at an early time, however, the fractal dimension for the fluid interfaces is 2.4 at times t/τ ≥ 2, which demonstrates the self-similarity of the turbulent RT mixing zone in 3D space. It is further demonstrated that the second, fourth and sixth-order structure functions for velocity and temperature structure functions have a linear scaling within the inertial range.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vakulov D, Gireesan S, Swinkels MY, Chavez R, Vogelaar T, Torres P, Campo A, De Luca M, Verheijen MA, Koelling S, Gagliano L, Haverkort JEM, Alvarez FX, Bobbert PA, Zardo I, Bakkers EPAM. Ballistic Phonons in Ultrathin Nanowires. Nano Lett 2020; 20:2703-2709. [PMID: 32091910 PMCID: PMC7146865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
According to Fourier's law, a temperature difference across a material results in a linear temperature profile and a thermal conductance that decreases inversely proportional to the system length. These are the hallmarks of diffusive heat flow. Here, we report heat flow in ultrathin (25 nm) GaP nanowires in the absence of a temperature gradient within the wire and find that the heat conductance is independent of wire length. These observations deviate from Fourier's law and are direct proof of ballistic heat flow, persisting for wire lengths up to at least 15 μm at room temperature. When doubling the wire diameter, a remarkably sudden transition to diffusive heat flow is observed. The ballistic heat flow in the ultrathin wires can be modeled within Landauer's formalism by ballistic phonons with an extraordinarily long mean free path.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vakulov
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Subash Gireesan
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center
for Computational Energy Research, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milo Y. Swinkels
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Chavez
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Vogelaar
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Torres
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Alessio Campo
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta De Luca
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Koelling
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Gagliano
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jos E. M. Haverkort
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - F. Xavier Alvarez
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Peter A. Bobbert
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center
for Computational Energy Research, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Zardo
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik P. A. M. Bakkers
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van Milligen B, Carreras B, García L, Nicolau J. The Radial Propagation of Heat in Strongly Driven Non-Equilibrium Fusion Plasmas. Entropy (Basel) 2019; 21:e21020148. [PMID: 33266865 PMCID: PMC7514629 DOI: 10.3390/e21020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat transport is studied in strongly heated fusion plasmas, far from thermodynamic equilibrium. The radial propagation of perturbations is studied using a technique based on the transfer entropy. Three different magnetic confinement devices are studied, and similar results are obtained. “Minor transport barriers” are detected that tend to form near rational magnetic surfaces, thought to be associated with zonal flows. Occasionally, heat transport “jumps” over these barriers, and this “jumping” behavior seems to increase in intensity when the heating power is raised, suggesting an explanation for the ubiquitous phenomenon of “power degradation” observed in magnetically confined plasmas. Reinterpreting the analysis results in terms of a continuous time random walk, “fast” and “slow” transport channels can be discerned. The cited results can partially be understood in the framework of a resistive Magneto-HydroDynamic model. The picture that emerges shows that plasma self-organization and competing transport mechanisms are essential ingredients for a fuller understanding of heat transport in fusion plasmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn van Milligen
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Carreras
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Nicolau
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ries F, Li Y, Nishad K, Janicka J, Sadiki A. Entropy Generation Analysis and Thermodynamic Optimization of Jet Impingement Cooling Using Large Eddy Simulation. Entropy (Basel) 2019; 21:E129. [PMID: 33266845 DOI: 10.3390/e21020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, entropy generation analysis is applied to characterize and optimize a turbulent impinging jet on a heated solid surface. In particular, the influence of plate inclinations and Reynolds numbers on the turbulent heat and fluid flow properties and its impact on the thermodynamic performance of such flow arrangements are numerically investigated. For this purpose, novel model equations are derived in the frame of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) that allows calculation of local entropy generation rates in a post-processing phase including the effect of unresolved subgrid-scale irreversibilities. From this LES-based study, distinctive features of heat and flow dynamics of the impinging fluid are detected and optimal operating designs for jet impingement cooling are identified. It turned out that (1) the location of the stagnation point and that of the maximal Nusselt number differ in the case of plate inclination; (2) predominantly the impinged wall acts as a strong source of irreversibility; and (3) a flow arrangement with a jet impinging normally on the heated surface allows the most efficient use of energy which is associated with lowest exergy lost. Furthermore, it is found that increasing the Reynolds number intensifies the heat transfer and upgrades the second law efficiency of such thermal systems. Thereby, the thermal efficiency enhancement can overwhelm the frictional exergy loss.
Collapse
|
23
|
Holliday NP, Bacon S, Cunningham SA, Gary SF, Karstensen J, King BA, Li F, Mcdonagh EL. Subpolar North Atlantic Overturning and Gyre-Scale Circulation in the Summers of 2014 and 2016. J Geophys Res Oceans 2018; 123:4538-4559. [PMID: 31763112 PMCID: PMC6853262 DOI: 10.1029/2018jc013841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the global climate system through its transport of heat and freshwater. The subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) is a region where the AMOC is actively developed and shaped though mixing and water mass transformation and where large amounts of heat are released to the atmosphere. Two hydrographic transbasin sections in the summers of 2014 and 2016 provide highly spatially resolved views of the SPNA velocity and property fields on a line from Canada to Greenland to Scotland. Estimates of the AMOC, isopycnal (gyre-scale) transport, and heat and freshwater transport are derived from the observations. The overturning circulation, the maximum in northward transport integrated from the surface to seafloor and computed in density space, has a high range, with 20.6 ± 4.7 Sv in June-July 2014 and 10.6 ± 4.3 Sv in May-August 2016. In contrast, the isopycnal (gyre-scale) circulation was lowest in summer 2014: 41.3 ± 8.2 Sv compared to 58.6 ± 7.4 Sv in 2016. The heat transport (0.39 ± 0.08 PW in summer 2014, positive is northward) was highest for the section with the highest AMOC, and the freshwater transport was largest in summer 2016 when the isopycnal circulation was high (-0.25 ± 0.08 Sv). Up to 65% of the heat and freshwater transport was carried by the isopycnal circulation, with isopycnal property transport highest in the western Labrador Sea and the eastern basins (Iceland Basin to Scotland).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Bacon
- National Oceanography CentreSouthamptonUK
| | | | - S. F. Gary
- Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanUK
| | - J. Karstensen
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | - B. A. King
- National Oceanography CentreSouthamptonUK
| | - F. Li
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Inui S, Stafford CA, Bergfield JP. Emergence of Fourier's Law of Heat Transport in Quantum Electron Systems. ACS Nano 2018; 12:4304-4311. [PMID: 29648783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic origins of Fourier's venerable law of thermal transport in quantum electron systems has remained somewhat of a mystery, given that previous derivations were forced to invoke intrinsic scattering rates far exceeding those occurring in real systems. We propose an alternative hypothesis, namely, that Fourier's law emerges naturally if many quantum states participate in the transport of heat across the system. We test this hypothesis systematically in a graphene flake junction and show that the temperature distribution becomes nearly classical when the broadening of the individual quantum states of the flake exceeds their energetic separation. We develop a thermal resistor network model to investigate the scaling of the sample and contact thermal resistances and show that the latter is consistent with classical thermal transport theory in the limit of large level broadening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Inui
- Department of Physics , University of Arizona , 1118 East Fourth Street , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
- Department of Physics , Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138 , Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Charles A Stafford
- Department of Physics , University of Arizona , 1118 East Fourth Street , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schwalbe K, Hoffmann KH. Performance Features of a Stationary Stochastic Novikov Engine. Entropy (Basel) 2018; 20:E52. [PMID: 33265139 DOI: 10.3390/e20010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article a Novikov engine with fluctuating hot heat bath temperature is presented. Based on this model, the performance measure maximum expected power as well as the corresponding efficiency and entropy production rate is investigated for four different stationary distributions: continuous uniform, normal, triangle, quadratic, and Pareto. It is found that the performance measures increase monotonously with increasing expectation value and increasing standard deviation of the distributions. Additionally, we show that the distribution has only little influence on the performance measures for small standard deviations. For larger values of the standard deviation, the performance measures in the case of the Pareto distribution are significantly different compared to the other distributions. These observations are explained by a comparison of the Taylor expansions in terms of the distributions’ standard deviations. For the considered symmetric distributions, an extension of the well known Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency to a stochastic Novikov engine is given.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The textbook thermophoretic force which acts on a body in a fluid is proportional to the local temperature gradient. The same is expected to hold for the macroscopic drift behavior of a diffusive cluster or molecule physisorbed on a solid surface. The question we explore here is whether that is still valid on a 2D membrane such as graphene at short sheet length. By means of a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics study of a test system-a gold nanocluster adsorbed on free-standing graphene clamped between two temperatures [Formula: see text] apart-we find a phoretic force which for submicron sheet lengths is parallel to, but basically independent of, the local gradient magnitude. This identifies a thermophoretic regime that is ballistic rather than diffusive, persisting up to and beyond a 100-nanometer sheet length. Analysis shows that the phoretic force is due to the flexural phonons, whose flow is known to be ballistic and distance-independent up to relatively long mean-free paths. However, ordinary harmonic phonons should only carry crystal momentum and, while impinging on the cluster, should not be able to impress real momentum. We show that graphene and other membrane-like monolayers support a specific anharmonic connection between the flexural corrugation and longitudinal phonons whose fast escape leaves behind a 2D-projected mass density increase endowing the flexural phonons, as they move with their group velocity, with real momentum, part of which is transmitted to the adsorbate through scattering. The resulting distance-independent ballistic thermophoretic force is not unlikely to possess practical applications.
Collapse
|
27
|
Latz A, Zausch J. Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:987-1007. [PMID: 25977870 PMCID: PMC4419596 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The thermal behavior of lithium ion batteries has a huge impact on their lifetime and the initiation of degradation processes. The development of hot spots or large local overpotentials leading, e.g., to lithium metal deposition depends on material properties as well as on the nano- und microstructure of the electrodes. In recent years a theoretical structure emerges, which opens the possibility to establish a systematic modeling strategy from atomistic to continuum scale to capture and couple the relevant phenomena on each scale. We outline the building blocks for such a systematic approach and discuss in detail a rigorous approach for the continuum scale based on rational thermodynamics and homogenization theories. Our focus is on the development of a systematic thermodynamically consistent theory for thermal phenomena in batteries at the microstructure scale and at the cell scale. We discuss the importance of carefully defining the continuum fields for being able to compare seemingly different phenomenological theories and for obtaining rules to determine unknown parameters of the theory by experiments or lower-scale theories. The resulting continuum models for the microscopic and the cell scale are numerically solved in full 3D resolution. The complex very localized distributions of heat sources in a microstructure of a battery and the problems of mapping these localized sources on an averaged porous electrode model are discussed by comparing the detailed 3D microstructure-resolved simulations of the heat distribution with the result of the upscaled porous electrode model. It is shown, that not all heat sources that exist on the microstructure scale are represented in the averaged theory due to subtle cancellation effects of interface and bulk heat sources. Nevertheless, we find that in special cases the averaged thermal behavior can be captured very well by porous electrode theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf Latz
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Ulm, Germany
- University of Ulm, School of Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Zausch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITWM), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Tomas C, Cantarero A, Lopeandia AF, Alvarez FX. Thermal conductivity of group-IV semiconductors from a kinetic-collective model. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20140371. [PMID: 25197256 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of group-IV semiconductors (silicon, germanium, diamond and grey tin) with several isotopic compositions has been calculated from a kinetic-collective model. From this approach, significantly different to Callaway-like models in its physical interpretation, the thermal conductivity expression accounts for a transition from a kinetic (individual phonon transport) to a collective (hydrodynamic phonon transport) behaviour of the phonon field. Within the model, we confirm the theoretical proportionality between the phonon-phonon relaxation times of the group-IV semiconductors. This proportionality depends on some materials properties and it allows us to predict the thermal conductivity of the whole group of materials without the need to fit each material individually. The predictions on thermal conductivities are in good agreement with experimental data over a wide temperature range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C de Tomas
- Department of Physics , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - A Cantarero
- Materials Science Institute , University of Valencia , PO Box 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain
| | - A F Lopeandia
- Department of Physics , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - F X Alvarez
- Department of Physics , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Neogy RK, Raychaudhuri AK. Effect of stabilizer on dynamic thermal transport property of ZnO nanofluid. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013; 8:125. [PMID: 23497347 PMCID: PMC3606423 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effect of adding a stabilizer on the dynamic thermal properties of ZnO nanofluid (containing 5 to 10 nm diameter of ZnO nanocrystals) measured using a 3ω method. Addition of the stabilizer leads to the stabilization of the nanofluid and also substantial reduction of the enhancement of thermal transport compared to that seen in the bare ZnO nanofluid. This also alters the frequency dependence of the thermal transport and the characteristic time scale associated with it. It is suggested that the addition of the stabilizer inhibits the thermodiffusion-assisted local aggregation thus leading to substantial reduction of the enhancement of thermal transport properties of the bare nanofluid as proposed in some recent models, and this also alters the characteristic time scales by altering the scale of aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Neogy
- Unit for Nanoscience, Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Sector-III, Block-JD, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri
- Unit for Nanoscience, Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Sector-III, Block-JD, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
van Beek JHGM, Supandi F, Gavai AK, de Graaf AA, Binsl TW, Hettling H. Simulating the physiology of athletes during endurance sports events: modelling human energy conversion and metabolism. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2011; 369:4295-4315. [PMID: 21969677 PMCID: PMC3263776 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The human physiological system is stressed to its limits during endurance sports competition events. We describe a whole body computational model for energy conversion during bicycle racing. About 23 per cent of the metabolic energy is used for muscle work, the rest is converted to heat. We calculated heat transfer by conduction and blood flow inside the body, and heat transfer from the skin by radiation, convection and sweat evaporation, resulting in temperature changes in 25 body compartments. We simulated a mountain time trial to Alpe d'Huez during the Tour de France. To approach the time realized by Lance Armstrong in 2004, very high oxygen uptake must be sustained by the simulated cyclist. Temperature was predicted to reach 39°C in the brain, and 39.7°C in leg muscle. In addition to the macroscopic simulation, we analysed the buffering of bursts of high adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by creatine kinase during cyclical muscle activity at the biochemical pathway level. To investigate the low oxygen to carbohydrate ratio for the brain, which takes up lactate during exercise, we calculated the flux distribution in cerebral energy metabolism. Computational modelling of the human body, describing heat exchange and energy metabolism, makes simulation of endurance sports events feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H G M van Beek
- Section Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
A method of two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy called relaxation-assisted 2D IR (RA 2DIR) is proposed that utilizes vibrational energy relaxation transport in molecules to enhance cross-peak amplitudes. This method substantially increases the range of distances accessible by 2D IR and is capable of identifying long-range connectivity patterns in molecules. RA 2DIR is illustrated in interactions among CN and CO modes in 3-cyanocoumarin and 4-acetylbenzonitrile, where the distances between the CN and CO groups are approximately 3.1 and approximately 6.5 A, respectively. A 6-fold increase in cross-peak amplitude was observed in 4-acetylbenzonitrile when the dual-frequency RA 2DIR method was used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor V. Rubtsov
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| |
Collapse
|