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Li W, Li R, Yan Q, Feng Z, Ning J. Conditional concordance-assisted learning under matched case-control design for combining biomarkers for population screening. Stat Med 2023; 42:1398-1411. [PMID: 36733187 PMCID: PMC10121762 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating promising biomarkers into cancer screening practices for early-detection is increasingly appealing because of the unsatisfactory performance of current cancer screening strategies. The matched case-control design is commonly adopted in biomarker development studies to evaluate the discriminative power of biomarker candidates, with an intention to eliminate confounding effects. Data from matched case-control studies have been routinely analyzed by the conditional logistic regression, although the assumed logit link between biomarker combinations and disease risk may not always hold. We propose a conditional concordance-assisted learning method, which is distribution-free, for identifying an optimal combination of biomarkers to discriminate cases and controls. We are particularly interested in combinations with a clinically and practically meaningful specificity to prevent disease-free subjects from unnecessary and possibly intrusive diagnostic procedures, which is a top priority for cancer population screening. We establish asymptotic properties for the derived combination and confirm its favorable finite sample performance in simulations. We apply the proposed method to the prostate cancer data from the carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruosha Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas School of Public Health, TX, USA
| | | | - Ziding Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, WA, USA
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
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Schauberger G, Tanaka LF, Berger M. A tree-based modeling approach for matched case-control studies. Stat Med 2023; 42:676-692. [PMID: 36631256 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Conditional logistic regression (CLR) is the indisputable standard method for the analysis of matched case-control studies. However, CLR is strongly restricted with respect to the inclusion of non-linear effects and interactions of confounding variables. A novel tree-based modeling method is proposed which accounts for this issue and provides a flexible framework allowing for a more complex confounding structure. The proposed machine learning model is fitted within the framework of CLR and, therefore, allows to account for the matched strata in the data. A simulation study demonstrates the efficacy of the method. Furthermore, for illustration the method is applied to a matched case-control study on cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Schauberger
- Chair of Epidemiology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luana Fiengo Tanaka
- Chair of Epidemiology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Berger
- Institute of Biomedical Statistics, Computer Science and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Sandoval GJ, Bebu I, Lachin JM. Cost-Efficient Multiply Matched Case-Control Study Designs. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1970-1974. [PMID: 35916344 PMCID: PMC10144705 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiply matched case-control studies, a number of cases and controls may be included in each matched set. However, when per-participant costs between cases and controls differ, investigators should be aware of how the numbers of cases and controls per matched set affect the overall total study cost. Traditional statistical approaches to designing case-control studies do not account for study costs. Given an effect size, the power to detect differences is typically a function of the numbers of cases and controls within each matched set. Therefore, the same level of statistical power will be achieved based on various combinations of the numbers of cases and controls. Typical matched case-control studies match a case to a number of controls by levels of 1 or more known factors. Several authors have shown that for study designs with 1 case per matched set, the optimal number of controls within each matched set that minimizes the total study cost is the square root of the ratio of the cost of a case to the cost of a control. Herein, we extend this result to the setting of a multiply matched case-control study design, when 1 or more cases are matched to controls within each matched set. A Shiny web application implementation of the proposed methods is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grecio J Sandoval
- Correspondence to Dr. Grecio J. Sandoval, Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 6110 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852-3943 (e-mail: )
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Kumar M, Pai KM, Kurien A, Vineetha R. Oral hygiene and dentition status in children and adults with hemophilia: A case-control study. Spec Care Dentist 2018; 38:391-394. [PMID: 30256429 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES People with hemophilia constitute a significant proportion of the population and an oral health care professional faces a considerable challenge while treating them. This study aimed to assess the oral health and dentition status as well as fear of dental treatment in patients with hemophilia and compare it with age-matched healthy subjects. PATIENTS & METHODS This single-center, case-control cross-sectional study was performed on 100 subjects with hemophilia and 100 age-matched healthy controls. Oral health and dentition status was recorded for all the subjects and scored using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), plaque index, and the dmft/DMFT index. RESULTS There were a total of 41 children and 59 adults in the hemophilia group and 36 children and 64 adults in the healthy group. When compared to healthy subjects it was observed that individuals with hemophilia had higher debris and calculus scores which was indicative of poor orodental status. There was no significant difference observed in the DMFT scores among the study groups. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The oral hygiene of the hemophilics was poorer when compared to the healthy controls. The findings highlight the need for establishing interdisciplinary care for such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Kumar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Keerthilatha M Pai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Annamma Kurien
- Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravindranath Vineetha
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
AIM To highlights the problems of assessing cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, relevant to the epigenetic, as well as a wide range of other approaches to the search for biological bases of cognition. MATERIAL AND METHODS The literature on the weaknesses in the evaluation of cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia are summarized and discussed. The analysis is illustrated by our experience in developing a cognitive battery and a sample to examine relationships between DNA methylation in blood cells and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION It has been shown that to assess cognitive deficits in patients and to reduce the influence of confounders in epigenetic analysis it is necessary (1) to use a battery with the existing co-normative data in the target population, which allows to evaluate representativeness of control and patients included in the study sample, (2) to verify the theoretically driven battery structure using normative population and a cohort of patients, (3) to balance groups of cases and controls on the number, age and sex, for which an individual matching of cases and controls is best suited, (4) to conduct an additional statistical analysis controlling for education and smoking.
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Wang C, Fan G, Xu R, Wang J, Wang L, Zhang L, Li Q. A case-control study of the association between psychosocial factors and the occurrence of laryngeal cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:443-448. [PMID: 28811902 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between social psychological factors and the occurrence of laryngeal cancer. A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. The participants completed questionnaires that included general information, such as the Life Event Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Scores were compared between the groups using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests. No significant difference in the psychoticism scale of the EPQ was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). However, significant differences were observed in scores on the life events and social support scales and in the remaining dimensions of the EPQ (all P-values <0.05). Positive life events may be protective factors for laryngeal cancer, whereas reduced utilization of social support may be a risk factor for laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingting Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Qiuying Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Arvonen M, Virta LJ, Pokka T, Kröger L, Vähäsalo P. Cow's Milk Allergy in Infancy and Later Development of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Register-Based Case-Control Study. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:237-244. [PMID: 28459985 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the association between cow's milk allergy (CMA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The material for this case-control study was collected from national registers of all children born in Finland between 2000 and 2010 and diagnosed with JIA (n = 1,298) and age-, sex-, and place-matched controls (n = 5,179). We identified 235 children with CMA; 66 of these children also had JIA. A conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between CMA and JIA and to test whether exposure to antibiotics would be a covariate for this association. In boys (but not in girls), a diagnosis of CMA and the use of hypoallergenic formula in infancy were associated with the later development of JIA (odds ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.6, 3.6). The association was most evident in boys who were diagnosed with JIA before age 3 years or diagnosed with CMA with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms. There was no statistically significant additive interaction between CMA and antibiotic exposure in the later development of JIA. These associations may reflect impaired maturation of intestinal immunity and integrity in boys with a risk of JIA. Predisposing factors related to JIA pathogenesis seem to display a sex-linked disparity.
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Asafu-Adjei J, Mahlet GT, Coull B, Balasubramanian R, Lev M, Schwamm L, Betensky R. Bayesian Variable Selection Methods for Matched Case-Control Studies. Int J Biostat 2017; 13:/j/ijb.ahead-of-print/ijb-2016-0043/ijb-2016-0043.xml. [PMID: 28157692 DOI: 10.1515/ijb-2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Matched case-control designs are currently used in many biomedical applications. To ensure high efficiency and statistical power in identifying features that best discriminate cases from controls, it is important to account for the use of matched designs. However, in the setting of high dimensional data, few variable selection methods account for matching. Bayesian approaches to variable selection have several advantages, including the fact that such approaches visit a wider range of model subsets. In this paper, we propose a variable selection method to account for case-control matching in a Bayesian context and apply it using simulation studies, a matched brain imaging study conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital, and a matched cardiovascular biomarker study conducted by the High Risk Plaque Initiative.
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Antoun JS, Thomson WM, Merriman TR, Farella M. Self-reported oral behaviour habits in hyperdivergent and normodivergent facial types. J Oral Rehabil 2016; 44:16-21. [PMID: 27748979 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between facial morphology and jaw function remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in self-reported oral behaviour habits between individuals with normodivergent and hyperdivergent facial types. Some 80 cases and controls were individually matched on age, sex ethnicity and treatment stage. The participants were recruited from an orthodontic clinic, and included both adolescents and adults. Habitual oral activity was assessed using the Oral Behaviour Checklist (OBC) based on their experiences in the past 4 weeks. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. The sample had a mean age of 17·2 years (SD = 4·6; range = 12-49 years), and was predominantly female (65·0%) and of New Zealand European origin (91·3%). The prevalence of reporting one or more frequently performed habitual muscular behaviour in either study group was over 85% (P > 0·05). There was no difference in total OBC score between the hyperdivergent (25·6; SD: 9·0) and normodivergent group (25·3; SD: 9·9). Moreover, there was no difference in the prevalence of either nocturnal or daytime oral behaviours between the two groups. While this study did not include any objective measures of functional or habitual activity, we found no differences in self-reported oral behaviour habits between normodivergent and hyperdivergent individuals. The findings do not support an association between vertical facial form and habitual muscular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Antoun
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - W M Thomson
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - T R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Fu C, Xu J, Cai Y, He Q, Zhang C, Chen J, Dong Z, Hu W, Wang H, Zhu W, Wang M. Effectiveness of one dose of mumps vaccine against clinically diagnosed mumps in Guangzhou, China, 2006-2012. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2524-8. [PMID: 23955378 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mumps-containing vaccines were introduced in China in 1990s, mumps continues to be a public health concern due to the lack of decline in reported mumps cases. To assess the mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE) in Guangzhou, China, we performed a 1:1 matched case-control study. Among children in Guangzhou aged 8 mo to 12 y during 2006 to 2012, we matched one healthy child to each child with clinically diagnosed mumps. Cases with clinically diagnosed mumps were identified from surveillance sites system and healthy controls were randomly sampled from the Children's Expanded Programmed Immunization Administrative Computerized System in Guangzhou. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate VE. We analyzed the vaccination information for 1983 mumps case subjects and 1983 matched controls and found that the overall VE for 1 dose of mumps vaccine, irrespective of the manufacture, was 53.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41.0-63.5%) to children aged 8 mo to 12 y. This post-marketing mumps VE study found that immunization with one dose of the mumps vaccine confers partial protection against mumps disease. Evaluation of the VE for the current mumps vaccines, introduction of a second dose of mumps vaccine, and assessment of modifications to childhood immunization schedules is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Fu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanjun Cai
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing He
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunhuan Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wensui Hu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou, PR China
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