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Zhang T, Wei Q, Zhou H, Jing Z, Liu X, Zheng Y, Cai H, Wei F, Jiang L, Yu M, Cheng Y, Fan D, Zhou W, Lin X, Leng H, Li J, Li X, Wang C, Tian Y, Liu Z. Three-dimensional-printed individualized porous implants: A new "implant-bone" interface fusion concept for large bone defect treatment. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3659-3670. [PMID: 33898870 PMCID: PMC8056181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defect repairs are based on bone graft fusion or replacement. Current large bone defect treatments are inadequate and lack of reliable technology. Therefore, we aimed to investigate a simple technique using three-dimensional (3D)-printed individualized porous implants without any bone grafts, osteoinductive agents, or surface biofunctionalization to treat large bone defects, and systematically study its long-term therapeutic effects and osseointegration characteristics. Twenty-six patients with large bone defects caused by tumor, infection, or trauma received treatment with individualized porous implants; among them, three typical cases underwent a detailed study. Additionally, a large segmental femur defect sheep model was used to study the osseointegration characteristics. Immediate and long-term biomechanical stability was achieved, and the animal study revealed that the bone grew into the pores with gradual remodeling, resulting in a long-term mechanically stable implant-bone complex. Advantages of 3D-printed microporous implants for the repair of bone defects included 1) that the stabilization devices were immediately designed and constructed to achieve early postoperative mobility, and 2) that osseointegration between the host bone and implants was achieved without bone grafting. Our osseointegration method, in which the “implant-bone” interface fusion concept was used instead of “bone-bone” fusion, subverts the traditional idea of osseointegration. A new “implant-bone” interface fusion concept for large bone defect treatment was realized using 3D-printed porous implants. Osseointegration was achieved without bone grafting. An animal study revealed that the bone grew into the pores with gradual remodeling. Immediate and long-term biomechanical stability was achieved by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguang Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehao Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyang Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, 710016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing AKEC Medical Company Ltd., Beijing, 102200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Beijing AKEC Medical Company Ltd., Beijing, 102200, People's Republic of China
| | - Caimei Wang
- Beijing AKEC Medical Company Ltd., Beijing, 102200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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Yano T, Ito T, Kanehira Y, Yamada M, Kimura-Suda H, Wagatsuma H, Inoue D. Effects of risedronate, alendronate, and minodronate alone or in combination with eldecalcitol on bone mineral density, quality, and strength in ovariectomized rats. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101061. [PMID: 33898659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy of active vitamin D3 with some bisphosphonates (BPs) has been reported to be clinically beneficial. However, combination therapy of eldecalcitol (ELD) with BP has to date not been validated as to whether it is beneficial in the clinical setting. Preclinical studies suggested that simultaneous treatment with ELD and some BPs is more effective than monotherapy. However, the relative potency of various BPs, when used in combination with ELD, is completely unknown. In this study, we examined and compared the effects of risedronate (RIS), alendronate (ALN), and minodronate (MIN) alone or in combination with ELD on bone mass, microarchitecture, strength, and material properties in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats aged 13 weeks. RIS, ALN, MIN, and ELD were administered five times weekly for 16 weeks. Micro-computed tomography analysis, compression test, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging analysis were performed 16 weeks after treatment initiation. Trabecular and cortical bone mineral density (BMD) in the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) significantly increased in the RIS + ELD, ALN + ELD, and MIN + ELD groups compared with the vehicle group. Moreover, the bone microarchitecture of L4 in all the BP + ELD groups also significantly improved. On mechanical testing of L4, the maximum load was significantly increased in the RIS + ELD and ALN + ELD groups. FTIR analysis revealed that the mineral-to-collagen ratio of trabecular bone in L3 of all the BP + ELD groups was significantly increased compared with the vehicle group. By contrast, the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, a parameter of mineral immaturity, was significantly decreased in the RIS + ELD and ALN + ELD groups. BP + ELD improved the BMD and structural properties of the bone to a similar extent. RIS + ELD and ALN + ELD also improved bone strength. Furthermore, treatment with BP + ELD improved the bone material. These results suggest that the combination therapy of BP and ELD is beneficial and warrants further clinical trials. Combination of bisphosphonates and eldecalcitol was superior to either monotherapy. Bone quality on FTIR imaging analysis correlated with bone strength. Combined bisphosphonate and eldecalcitol may be useful in the clinical setting.
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Key Words
- ALF, alfacalcidol
- ALN, alendronate
- Alendronate
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BPs, bisphosphonates
- Combination therapy
- ELD, eldecalcitol
- Eldecalcitol
- FTIR imaging
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared
- MIN, minodronate
- Minodronate
- OVX, ovariectomized
- RIS, risedronate
- Risedronate
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
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Okada R, Yamato K, Kawakami M, Kodama J, Kushioka J, Tateiwa D, Ukon Y, Zeynep B, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Yoshikawa H, Kaito T. Low magnetic field promotes recombinant human BMP-2-induced bone formation and influences orientation of trabeculae and bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100757. [PMID: 33681430 PMCID: PMC7910497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of high magnetic fields [MFs, ≥ 1 T (T)] on osteoblastic differentiation and the orientation of cells or matrix proteins have been reported. However, the effect of low MFs (< 1 T) on the orientation of bone formation is not well known. This study was performed to verify the effects of low MFs on osteoblastic differentiation, bone formation, and orientation of both cells and newly formed bone. An apparatus was prepared with two magnets (190 mT) aligned in parallel to generate a parallel MF. In vitro, bone marrow-derived stromal cells of rats were used to assess the effects of low MFs on cell orientation, osteoblastic differentiation, and mineralization. A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced ectopic bone model was used to elucidate the effect of low MFs on microstructural indices, trabecula orientation, and the apatite c-axis orientation of newly formed bone. Low MFs resulted in an increased ratio of cells oriented perpendicular to the direction of the MF and promoted osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Moreover, in vivo analysis demonstrated that low MFs promoted bone formation and changed the orientation of trabeculae and apatite crystal in a direction perpendicular to the MF. These changes led to an increase in the mechanical strength of rhBMP-2-induced bone. These results suggest that the application of low MFs has potential to facilitate the regeneration of bone with sufficient mechanical strength by controlling the orientation of newly formed bone.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMDCs, bone marrow derived stromal cells
- BV, bone volume
- Bone marrow-derived stromal cells
- COL1a1, collagen type1 a1
- FFT, fast Fourier transform
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- MF, magnetic field
- Magnetic field
- Mechanical strength
- OCN, osteocalcin
- OPN, osteopontin
- OSX, osterix
- Orientation intensity
- Osteoblastic differentiation
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEMF, pulsed electromagnetic field
- ROI, region of interest
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
- rhBMP, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein
- μXRD, microbeam X-ray diffractometer
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Yamato
- Department of Research Institute, PIP Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Kawakami
- Department of Research Institute, PIP Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kushioka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tateiwa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ukon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bal Zeynep
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Akiyama Y, Ito M, Toriumi T, Hiratsuka T, Arai Y, Tanaka S, Futenma T, Akiyama Y, Yamaguchi K, Azuma A, Hata KI, Natsume N, Honda M. Bone formation potential of collagen type I-based recombinant peptide particles in rat calvaria defects. Regen Ther 2020; 16:12-22. [PMID: 33426238 PMCID: PMC7773759 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to examine the bone-forming ability of medium-cross-linked recombinant collagen peptide (mRCP) particles developedbased on human collagen type I, contains an arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid-rich motif, fabricated as bone filling material, compared to that of the autologous bone graft. Methods Calvarial bone defects were created in immunodeficient rats though a surgical procedure. The rats were divided into 2 groups: mRCP graft and tibia bone graft (bone graft). The bone formation potential of mRCP was evaluated by micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin-eosin staining at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery, and the data were analyzed and compared to those of the bone graft. Results The axial volume-rendered images demonstrated considerable bony bridging with the mRCP graft, but there was no significant difference in the bone volume and bone mineral density between the mRCP graft and bone graft at 4 weeks. The peripheral new bone density was significantly higher than the central new bone density and the bottom side score was significantly higher than the top side score at early stage in the regenerated bone within the bone defects. Conclusion These results indicate that mRCP has a high potential of recruiting osteogenic cells, comparable to that of autologous bone chips. Bone formation potential of mRCP were comparable to that of autogenous bone. mRCP particles exhibit high new bone formation potential in the calvaria defect. Bone bridging was observed over the entire defect in mRCP graft at 4 weeks. mRCP has a high potential of recruiting osteogenic cells comparable to bone graft.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- Autologous bone
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMSCs, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
- Bone reconstruction
- Bone substitute
- CSD, critical-size defect
- Calvaria
- Collagen scaffold
- DHT, dehydothermal treatment
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- RCP, recombinant collagen peptide
- RGD, arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
- ROIs, regions of interest
- Recombinant human collagen peptide
- SD, standard deviation
- TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- mRCP, medium-cross-linked RCP
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Akiyama
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Taku Toriumi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Arai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Taku Futenma
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yuhki Akiyama
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Akihiko Azuma
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hata
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
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Tanaka H, Yamashita T, Yoneda M, Takagi S, Miura T. Characteristics of bone strength and metabolism in type 2 diabetic model Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes mice. Bone Rep 2018; 9:74-83. [PMID: 30094297 PMCID: PMC6073051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and complications such as obesity and osteoporosis. The Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mouse is an animal model of spontaneous obese T2DM. However, bone metabolism in TSOD mice is yet to be investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of T2DM on bone mass, metabolism, microstructure, and strength in TSOD mice. METHODS We determined the following parameters in TSOD mice and Tsumura, Suzuki, Non-obesity (TSNO) mice (as controls): serum glucose levels; serum insulin levels; bone mass; bone microstructure; bone metabolic markers; and bone strength. We also performed the oral glucose tolerance test and examined histological sections of the femur. We compared these data between both groups at pre-diabetic (10 weeks) and established (20 weeks) diabetic conditions. RESULTS Bone strength, such as extrinsic mechanical properties, increased with age in the TSOD mice and intrinsic material properties decreased at both 10 weeks and 20 weeks. Bone resorption marker levels in TSOD mice were significantly higher than those in the control mice at both ages, but there was no significant difference in bone formation markers between the groups. Bone mass in TSOD mice was lower than that in controls at both ages. The trabecular bone volume at the femoral greater trochanter increased with age in the TSOD mice. The femoral mid-diaphysis in TSOD mice was more slender and thicker than that in TSNO mice at both ages. CONCLUSIONS Bone mass of the femur was lower in TSOD mice than in TSNO mice because hyperinsulinemia during pre-diabetic and established diabetic conditions enhanced bone resorption due to high bone turnover. In addition, our data suggest that the bone mass of the femur was significantly reduced as a result of chronic hyperglycemia during established diabetic conditions in TSOD mice. We suggest that bone strength in the femur deteriorated due to the reduction of bone mass and because the femoral mid-diaphysis was more slender in TSOD mice.
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Key Words
- BMC, bone mineral content
- BMD, bone mineral density
- Bone mass
- Bone metabolism
- Bone microstructure
- Bone strength
- CSMI, cross-sectional moment inertia
- OCN, osteocalcin
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TRAcP5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b
- TSNO, Tsumura, Suzuki, non-obesity
- TSOD, Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes
- Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes mice
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Health Science Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Takenori Yamashita
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Tokoha University, 1230 Miyakoda, Kitaku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-2102, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miura
- Graduate School of Health Science Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
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Morton J, Bao S, Vanags LZ, Tsatralis T, Ridiandries A, Siu CW, Ng KM, Tan JTM, Celermajer DS, Ng MKC, Bursill CA. Strikingly Different Atheroprotective Effects of Apolipoprotein A-I in Early- Versus Late-Stage Atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:187-199. [PMID: 30062204 PMCID: PMC6059906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The atheroprotective effects of apoA-I are dependent on the plaque stage from which apoA-I is infused. The atheroprotective effects of apoA-I infusions are also impaired in older mice with a greater disease milieu. Ex vivo studies with mouse HDL found an impairment in HDL functionality with increasing disease/age of the mice as well as a reduced ability of apoA-I infusions to improve the atheroprotective functions of HDL. Our study provides understanding regarding the disparity between the very positive results of HDL/apoA-I raising in preclinical studies, largely performed in younger animals with early-stage disease, and the large-scale HDL-raising clinical trials in more elderly patients with established plaque that have failed to show benefit.
Preclinical studies have shown benefit of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) raising in atherosclerosis; however, this has not yet translated into a successful clinical therapy. Our studies demonstrate that apoA-I raising is more effective at reducing early-stage atherosclerosis than late-stage disease, indicating that the timing of HDL raising is a critical factor in its atheroprotective effects. To date, HDL-raising clinical trials have only been performed in aged patients with advanced atherosclerotic disease. Our findings therefore provide insight, related to important temporal aspects of HDL raising, as to why the clinical trials have thus far been largely neutral.
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Key Words
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- HCAEC, human coronary artery endothelial cell
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high-fat diet
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LVApoAI, lentivirus overexpressing apolipoprotein A-I
- LVGFP, lentivirus overexpressing green fluorescence protein
- MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- SAA, serum amyloid amylase
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
- apoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I
- apoE−/−, apolipoprotein E deficient
- atherosclerosis
- cholesterol
- high-density lipoproteins
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
- rHDL, reconstituted high-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Morton
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shisan Bao
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Z Vanags
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tania Tsatralis
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anisyah Ridiandries
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chung-Wah Siu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwong-Man Ng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joanne T M Tan
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin K C Ng
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Immunobiology Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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