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Zhang M, Rao Y, Chen X, Shi Y, Wei C, Wang X, Wang L, Xie C, Pan C, Chen J. Function verification of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene through a newly established tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing system in Kandelia obovata. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1245555. [PMID: 37854114 PMCID: PMC10579580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1245555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
As an important mangrove species, Kandelia obovata plays an irreplaceable role in the coastal ecosystem. However, due to a lack of genetic technology, there is limited research on its functional genes. As such, establishing an efficient and rapid functional verification system is particularly important. In this study,tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and the phytoene desaturase gene KoPDS were used as the vector and target gene, respectively, to establish a virus-induced gene silencing system (VIGS) in K. obovata. Besides, the system was also used to verify the role of a Chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Cab) gene KoCAB in leaf carbon sequestration of K. obovata. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR showed that the highest gene-silencing efficiency could reach 90% after 10 days of inoculation and maintain above 80% after 15 days, which was achieved with resuspension buffer at pH 5.8 and Agrobacterium culture at OD600 of 0.4-0.6. Taken together, the TRV-mediated VIGS system established herein is the first genetic analysis tool for mangroves, which may greatly impel functional genomics studies in mangrove plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiong Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Rao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunrui Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chonglong Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Monitoringand Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zonein Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengjin Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenglang Pan
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Monitoringand Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zonein Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Monitoringand Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zonein Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Rius M, Rest JS, Filloramo GV, Novák Vanclová AMG, Archibald JM, Collier JL. Horizontal Gene Transfer and Fusion Spread Carotenogenesis Among Diverse Heterotrophic Protists. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:7048456. [PMID: 36805209 PMCID: PMC10016063 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids (phylum: Labyrinthulomycota) are nonphotosynthetic marine protists. Some thraustochytrids have crtIBY, a trifunctional fusion gene encoding a protein capable of β-carotene biosynthesis from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Here we show that crtIBY is essential in, and encodes the sole pathway for, carotenoid biosynthesis in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381. We explore the evolutionary origins of CrtIBY and discover that the closest related protein domains are present in a small but diverse group of other heterotrophic protists, including the apusomonad Thecamonas trahens and the dinoflagellates Oxyrrhis marina and Noctiluca scintillans. Each organism within this cluster also contains one or more β-carotene 15-15' oxygenase genes (blh and rpe65), suggesting that the acquisition of β-carotene biosynthesis genes may have been related to the production of retinal. Our findings support a novel origin of eukaryotic (apo)carotenoid biosynthesis by horizontal gene transfer from Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and/or Archaea. This reveals a remarkable case of parallel evolution of eukaryotic (apo)carotenogenesis in divergent protistan lineages by repeated gene transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rius
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University
| | - Joshua S Rest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University
| | - Gina V Filloramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anna M G Novák Vanclová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia.,Present address: Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jackie L Collier
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University
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3
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Killiny N. Better together: the use of virus-induced gene silencing technique to repress the expression of two endogenous citrus genes simultaneously. Plant Signal Behav 2022; 17:2106079. [PMID: 35916267 PMCID: PMC9351581 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing is a promising technique for functional genomics studies. Citrus tristeza virus was employed successfully to create an infectious clone that was used to silence endogenous citrus genes. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) and delta (δ)-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were targeted successfully in citrus. Silencing PDS usually results in a photo-bleached leaf phenotype while silencing ALAD causes discrete yellow spots in leaves. Silencing two or more genes simultaneously using the same infectious clone could be difficult due to the capacity of the plasmid and subsequent cloning. On the other hand, inoculating a new construct into a citrus plant pre-infected with another construct fails due to the superinfection exclusion phenomenon. Herein, I report our successful trials whereby we simultaneously graft-inoculate constructs targeting PDS and ALAD. The budwoods were graft-inoculated into the same tree but on two different branches. Interestingly, a new phenotype was produced because of the silencing of the two genes, which we called "color-breaking". The phenotype was observed in both branches. Gene expression analysis showed a significant reduction of PDS and ALAD transcripts. This finding suggests the possibility of targeting more than one gene using different constructs, however, the graft-inoculation must be at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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4
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Vaia G, Pavese V, Moglia A, Cristofori V, Silvestri C. Knockout of phytoene desaturase gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in highbush blueberry. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1074541. [PMID: 36589127 PMCID: PMC9800005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1074541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a useful tool for target gene editing, improving the traits of the plants rapidly. This technology allows targeting one or more sequences simultaneously, as well as introducing new genetic variations by homology-directed recombination. However, the technology of CRISPR/Cas9 remains a challenge for some polyploid woody species, since all the different alleles for which the mutation is required must be simultaneously targeted. In this work we describe improved protocols adapting the CRISPR/Cas9 system to highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. As a proof of concept, we targeted the gene encoding for phytoene desaturase, whose mutation disrupts chlorophyll biosynthesis allowing for the visual assessment of knockout efficiency. Leaf explants of in vitro-cultured blueberry cv. Berkeley has been transformed with a CRISPR/Cas9 construct containing two guide RNAs (gRNA1 and gRNA2) targeting two conserved gene regions of pds and subsequently maintained on a selection medium enriched with kanamycin. After 4 weeks in culture on the selection medium, the kanamycin-resistant lines were isolated, and the genotyping of these lines through Sanger sequencing revealed successful gene editing. Some of mutant shoot lines included albino phenotypes, even if the editing efficiencies were quite low for both gRNAs, ranging between 2.1 and 9.6% for gRNA1 and 3.0 and 23.8 for gRNA2. Here we showed a very effective adventitious shoot regeneration protocol for the commercial cultivar of highbush blueberry "Berkeley", and a further improvement in the use of CRISPR/Cas9 system in Vaccinium corymbosum L., opening the way to the breeding mediated by biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Valerio Cristofori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cristian Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Zhang D, Zhou N, Yang LJ, Yu ZL, Ma DJ, Wang DW, Li YH, Liu B, Wang BF, Xu H, Xi Z. Discovery of (5-(Benzylthio)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) Methanols as Potent Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors through Virtual Screening and Structure Optimization. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10144-10157. [PMID: 35946897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is not only an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of carotenoids but also a promising target for herbicide discovery. However, in recent years, no expected PDS inhibitors with new scaffolds have been reported. Hence, a solution for developing PDS inhibitors is to search for new compounds with novel chemotypes based on the PDS protein structure. In this work, we integrated structure-based virtual screening, structure-guided optimization, and biological evaluation to discover some PDS inhibitors with novel chemotypes. It is noteworthy that the highly potent compound 1b, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)ethan-1-one, exhibited a broader spectrum of post-emergence herbicidal activity at 375-750 g/ha against six kinds of weeds than the commercial PDS inhibitor diflufenican. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay showed that the affinity of our compound 1b (KD = 65.9 μM) to PDS is slightly weaker but at the same level as diflufenican (KD = 38.3 μM). Meanwhile, determination of the phytoene content and PDS mRNA quantification suggested that 1b could induce PDS mRNA reduction and phytoene accumulation. Moreover, 1b also caused the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the change of ROS-associated enzyme activity in albino leaves. Hence, all these results indicated the feasibility of PDS protein structure-based virtual screen and structure optimization to search for highly potent PDS inhibitors with novel chemotypes for weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Nuo Zhou
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Lei Yu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - De-Jun Ma
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Fan Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Han Xu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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6
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Abbà S, Milani AM, Torello Marinoni D, Corredoira E, Martínez MT, Botta R. First Report on Genome Editing via Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in Castanea sativa Mill. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5762. [PMID: 35628572 PMCID: PMC9145500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Castanea sativa is an important tree nut species worldwide, highly appreciated for its multifunctional role, in particular for timber and nut production. Nowadays, new strategies are needed to achieve plant resilience to diseases, climate change, higher yields, and nutritional quality. Among the new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a powerful tool to improve plant breeding in a short time and inexpensive way. In addition, the CRISPR/Cas9 construct can be delivered into the cells in the form of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), avoiding the integration of exogenous DNA (GMO-free) through protoplast technology that represents an interesting material for gene editing thanks to the highly permeable membrane to DNA. In the present study, we developed the first protoplast isolation protocol starting from European chestnut somatic embryos. The enzyme solution optimized for cell wall digestion contained 1% cellulase Onozuka R-10 and 0.5% macerozyme R-10. After incubation for 4 h at 25 °C in dark conditions, a yield of 4,500,000 protoplasts/mL was obtained (91% viable). The transfection capacity was evaluated using the GFP marker gene, and the percentage of transfected protoplasts was 51%, 72 h after the transfection event. The direct delivery of the purified RNP was then performed targeting the phytoene desaturase gene. Results revealed the expected target modification by the CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and the efficient protoplast editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Silvia Abbà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Martínez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
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7
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Yang L, Wang D, Ma D, Zhang D, Zhou N, Wang J, Xu H, Xi Z. In Silico Structure-Guided Optimization and Molecular Simulation Studies of 3-Phenoxy-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridazines as Potent Phytoene Desaturase Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226979. [PMID: 34834071 PMCID: PMC8618034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 3-phenoxy-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridazines 2–5 were designed, based on the structure of our previous lead compound 1 through the in silico structure-guided optimization approach. The results showed that some of these new compounds showed a good herbicidal activity at the rate of 750 g ai/ha by both pre- and post-emergence applications, especially compound 2a, which displayed a comparable pre-emergence herbicidal activity to diflufenican at 300–750 g ai/ha, and a higher post-emergence herbicidal activity than diflufenican at the rates of 300–750 g ai/ha. Additionally, 2a was safe to wheat by both pre- and post-emergence applications at 300 g ai/ha, showing the compound’s potential for weed control in wheat fields. Our molecular simulation studies revealed the important factors involved in the interaction between 2a and Synechococcus PDS. This work provided a lead compound for weed control in wheat fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
| | - Dawei Wang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
| | - Dejun Ma
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
| | - Di Zhang
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nuo Zhou
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Han Xu
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhen Xi
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.Y.); (D.W.); (D.M.); (D.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.X.); (Z.X.)
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8
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Corredoira E, Martínez MT, Torello Marinoni D, Botta R. First Report of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing in Castanea sativa Mill. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:728516. [PMID: 34512704 PMCID: PMC8424114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.728516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as the most important tool for genome engineering due to its simplicity, design flexibility, and high efficiency. This technology makes it possible to induce point mutations in one or some target sequences simultaneously, as well as to introduce new genetic variants by homology-directed recombination. However, this approach remains largely unexplored in forest species. In this study, we reported the first example of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in Castanea genus. As a proof of concept, we targeted the gene encoding phytoene desaturase (pds), whose mutation disrupts chlorophyll biosynthesis allowing for the visual assessment of knockout efficiency. Globular and early torpedo-stage somatic embryos of Castanea sativa (European chestnut) were cocultured for 5 days with a CRISPR/Cas9 construct targeting two conserved gene regions of pds and subsequently cultured on a selection medium with kanamycin. After 8 weeks of subculture on selection medium, four kanamycin-resistant embryogenetic lines were isolated. Genotyping of these lines through target Sanger sequencing of amplicons revealed successful gene editing. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were maturated on maltose 3% and cold-stored at 4°C for 2 months. Subsequently, embryos were subjected to the germination process to produce albino plants. This study opens the way to the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in European chestnut for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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9
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Endo M, Iwakami S, Toki S. Precision genome editing in plants via gene targeting and subsequent break-induced single-strand annealing. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:563-574. [PMID: 33001567 PMCID: PMC7955887 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing via artificial nucleases such as CRISPR/Cas9 has become popular in plants now. However, small insertions or deletions are major mutations and nucleotide substitutions rarely occur when DNA cleavage is induced. To induce nucleotide substitutions, a base editor utilizing dead or nickase-type Cas9 fused with deaminase have been developed. However, the direction and position of practical substitution are still limited. In this context, homologous recombination (HR)-mediated gene targeting (GT) has advantages because any mutations existing on the donor DNA are copied and passed onto the endogenous DNA. As HR-mediated GT is extremely rare in higher plants, positive-negative selection has been used to isolate cells in which GT has occurred. After successful selection, positive selection marker is no longer needed and should ideally be eliminated. In a previous study, we reported a seamless piggyBac-transposon-mediated marker elimination system. Precision marker elimination efficiency in this system is very high. The piggyBac transposon integrates into the host genome at TTAA elements and excises without leaving a footprint at the excised site, so a TTAA sequence is necessary at the location of a positive selection marker. To compensate for this limitation, we have developed a novel marker elimination system using an I-SceI break and subsequent single-strand annealing (SSA)-mediated DNA repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Endo
- Plant Genome Engineering Research UnitInstitute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | | | - Seiichi Toki
- Plant Genome Engineering Research UnitInstitute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaJapan
- Kihara Institute for Biological ResearchYokohama City UniversityYokohamaJapan
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10
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Li HL, Guo D, Wang Y, Zhu JH, Qu L, Peng SQ. Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing in Hevea brasiliensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:562-567. [PMID: 33590039 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful gene-silencing tool that has been intensively applied in plants. To data, the application of VIGS in rubber tree has not yet been reported. In this study, we described the efficient gene silencing in rubber tree by VIGS. The gene encoding Hevea brasiliensis phytoene desaturase (HbPDS) was identified in rubber tree genome. Small interfering RNAs from HbPDS and the silencing gene fragment were predicted and a length of 399 bp was selected to be tested. We showed that the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-VIGS could induce effective HbPDS silencing in rubber tree. This study was the first to report VIGS in rubber tree. The present TRV-VIGS method could be used to perform reverse genetic approaches to identify unknown gene functions and might be further applied to produce gene silenced rubber tree plants, to advance functional gene of rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jia-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Long Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Haikou, China
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11
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Killiny N, Gonzalez-Blanco P, Gowda S, Martini X, Etxeberria E. Plant Functional Genomics in A Few Days: Laser-Assisted Delivery of Double-Stranded RNA to Higher Plants. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:E93. [PMID: 33466364 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology of transgenic plants is challenging and time consuming, especially for higher plants and trees such as citrus. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery via a plant virus is an alternative method to create transgenic plants by suppressing the expression of plant endogenous genes. Citrus tristeza virus-based vector has been constructed specifically for use in citrus trees. However, this is time-consuming, as it can take up to nine months to produce the desired phenotype. Here we describe a much faster method for the study of gene function in citrus trees. In the current study, we used laser light for the delivery of dsRNA to citrus leaves. We targeted the endogenous reporter gene phytoene desaturase (PDS) and obtained the classical phenotype (leaf bleaching) in only three days after the laser-assisted delivery. Interestingly, the phenotype response was systemic, which indicates the movement of dsRNA and/or ssRNA within the plants. In addition, dsRNAs were taken up by phloem cells and the bleaching phenotype was clear around the main veins. In conclusion, the delivery of dsRNA to plants through laser treatment may provide a fast and more specific tool to study the gene function in higher plants and trees.
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12
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Murphy BP, Tranel PJ. Target-Site Mutations Conferring Herbicide Resistance. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:plants8100382. [PMID: 31569336 PMCID: PMC6843678 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mutations conferring evolved herbicide resistance in weeds are known in nine different herbicide sites of action. This review summarizes recently reported resistance-conferring mutations for each of these nine target sites. One emerging trend is an increase in reports of multiple mutations, including multiple amino acid changes at the glyphosate target site, as well as mutations involving two nucleotide changes at a single amino acid codon. Standard reference sequences are suggested for target sites for which standards do not already exist. We also discuss experimental approaches for investigating cross-resistance patterns and for investigating fitness costs of specific target-site mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent P Murphy
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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13
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Sun B, Jiang M, Liang S, Zheng H, Chen Q, Wang Y, Lin YX, Liu ZJ, Wang XR, Zhang F, Tang HR. Functional differences of BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 genes in Chinese kale. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:190260. [PMID: 31417731 PMCID: PMC6689629 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic analysis of the functional differences between two genes that encode phytoene desaturase (PDS) in Chinese kale. The promoter sequences of both BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 were amplified and cloned, and their lengths were 2005 bp and 2000 bp, respectively. The mining of cis-acting elements in the promoters showed that the two BaPDS genes are mainly associated with light and phytohormone responsiveness. Light quality, light intensity and plant hormone treatments were conducted in seedlings of Chinese kale, and the results indicated that the response of the two genes to different factors differed. Among them, BaPDSs collectively respond to the treatment with salicylic acid and abscisic acid. With regard to response differences, BaPDS1 is sensitive to red and blue light, blue light, and strong light, while BaPDS2 responds to blue light, weak light, darkness, gibberellin and methyl jasmonate. In addition, both BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 are likely targeted to the chloroplast. Furthermore, single and double mutants of BaPDSs were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Phenotypic analysis showed that the double mutant with edited PDS1 and PDS2 was a pure albino, while the single mutants with edited PDS1 or PDS2 were partly whitened. In summary, BaPDS1 and BaPDS2 genes played different and indispensable roles in Chinese kale, and their functions were partially complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-xiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Rong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Fen Zhang e-mail:
| | - Hao-Ru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence: Hao-Ru Tang e-mail:
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14
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Killiny N. Shrink the giant: scale down the citrus tree to a model system to investigate the RNA interference efficiency. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:1612681. [PMID: 31042121 PMCID: PMC6619960 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1612681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced silencing gene technology has been increasingly used; however, a controversy exists among researchers about whether using the sense or antisense orientation of the gene target is more efficient. Herein, instead of using the entire citrus tree, a reduced system consisting of a single leaf, 5 cm of the stem and a few roots was established to fairly compare between the sense or antisense orientation of phytoene desaturase gene (pds) in the Citrus tristeza virus vector, for improved RNAi efficiency. Although the virus titers were similar in the two cases, the gene expression of pds was significantly lower when using the antisense orientation than using the sense orientation. I hypothesize that the extra effect from use of antisense orientation is due to the role of subgenomic RNA as a supplemental source for complementary sequences, thus resulting in more RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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15
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Molina-Márquez A, Vila M, Vigara J, Borrero A, León R. The Bacterial Phytoene Desaturase-Encoding Gene ( CRTI) is an Efficient Selectable Marker for the Genetic Transformation of Eukaryotic Microalgae. Metabolites 2019; 9:E49. [PMID: 30871061 PMCID: PMC6468381 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation shows great promise to further boost the productivity of microalgae-based compounds. However, selection of microalgal transformants depends mainly on the use of antibiotics, which have raised concerns about their potential impacts on human health and the environment. We propose the use of a synthetic phytoene desaturase-encoding gene (CRTIop) as a selectable marker and the bleaching herbicide norflurazon as a selective agent for the genetic transformation of microalgae. Bacterial phytoene desaturase (CRTI), which, unlike plant and algae phytoene desaturase (PDS), is not sensitive to norflurazon, catalyzes the conversion of the colorless carotenoid phytoene into lycopene. Although the expression of CRTI has been described to increase the carotenoid content in plant cells, its use as a selectable marker has never been testedin algae or in plants. In this study, a version of the CRTI gene adapted to the codon usage of Chlamydomonas has been synthesized, and its suitability to be used as selectable marker has been shown. The microalgae were transformed by the glass bead agitation method and selected in the presence of norflurazon. Average transformation efficiencies of 550 colonies µg-1 DNA were obtained. All the transformants tested had incorporated the CRTIop gene in their genomes and were able to synthesize colored carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Molina-Márquez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Marta Vila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
- PhycoGenetics SL, C/Joan Miró Nº6, Aljaraque, 21110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Javier Vigara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ana Borrero
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Rosa León
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
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16
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Bernard G, Gagneul D, Alves Dos Santos H, Etienne A, Hilbert JL, Rambaud C. Efficient Genome Editing Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Chicory. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1155. [PMID: 30845784 PMCID: PMC6429391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated with protein CAS9) is a genome-editing tool that has been extensively used in the last five years because of its novelty, affordability, and feasibility. This technology has been developed in many plant species for gene function analysis and crop improvement but has never been used in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). In this study, we successfully applied CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis to chicory using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation and protoplast transfection methods. A U6 promoter (CiU6-1p) among eight predicted U6 promoters in chicory was selected to drive sgRNA expression. A binary vector designed to induce targeted mutations in the fifth exon of the chicory phytoene desaturase gene (CiPDS) was then constructed and used to transform chicory. The mutation frequency was 4.5% with the protoplast transient expression system and 31.25% with A. rhizogenes-mediated stable transformation. Biallelic mutations were detected in all the mutant plants. The use of A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation seems preferable as the regeneration of plants is faster and the mutation frequency was shown to be higher. With both transformation methods, foreign DNA was integrated in the plant genome. Hence, selection of vector (transgene)-free segregants is required. Our results showed that genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 system can be efficiently used with chicory, which should facilitate and accelerate genetic improvement and functional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bernard
- EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - David Gagneul
- EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Harmony Alves Dos Santos
- EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Audrey Etienne
- EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Caroline Rambaud
- EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV) Agro-food and Biotechnology Research Institute, Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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17
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Dang HT, Malone JM, Gill G, Preston C. Cross-resistance to diflufenican and picolinafen and its inheritance in oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientale L.). Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:195-203. [PMID: 29799165 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An oriental mustard population (P40) was identified as resistant to diflufenican by screening at the field rate. As diflufenican and picolinafen both target phytoene desaturase (PDS), cross-resistance to picolinafen was suspected. The mechanism of resistance and its inheritance to diflufenican and picolinafen were investigated. RESULTS At the lethal dose (LD50 ) level, population P40 was 237-fold more resistant to diflufenican and seven-fold more resistant to picolinafen compared to two susceptible populations. Population P40 also had a significantly higher resistance to diflufenican (237-fold) than a previously described P3 population (143-fold). In addition to the Leu-498-Val mutation in PDS identified in all individuals of the P3 and P40 populations, a Glu-425-Asp mutation was also found in P40. Neither mutation was detected in any individuals of the susceptible population. As the segregation of phenotype and genotype of the F2 individuals fitted the model for a single dominant allele, resistance to both diflufenican and picolinafen is likely encoded on the nuclear genome and is dominant. CONCLUSION Resistance to diflufenican and picolinafen in the P40 population is likely conferred by Leu-498-Val and Glu-425-Asp mutations in the PDS gene. Inheritance of resistance to these herbicides is managed by a single dominant gene. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue T Dang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Jenna M Malone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Gill
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Christopher Preston
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
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18
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Zuo ZQ, Xue Q, Zhou J, Zhao DH, Han J, Xiang H. Engineering Haloferax mediterranei as an Efficient Platform for High Level Production of Lycopene. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2893. [PMID: 30555438 PMCID: PMC6282799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene attracts increasing interests in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties. Compared with other lycopene production methods, such as chemical synthesis or direct extraction from plants, the biosynthesis approach using microbes is more economical and sustainable. In this work, we engineered Haloferax mediterranei, a halophilic archaeon, as a new lycopene producer. H. mediterranei has the de novo synthetic pathway for lycopene but cannot accumulate this compound. To address this issue, we reinforced the lycopene synthesis pathway, blocked its flux to other carotenoids and disrupted its competitive pathways. The reaction from geranylgeranyl-PP to phytoene catalyzed by phytoene synthase (CrtB) was identified as the rate-limiting step in H. mediterranei. Insertion of a strong promoter PphaR immediately upstream of the crtB gene, or overexpression of the heterologous CrtB and phytoene desaturase (CrtI) led to a higher yield of lycopene. In addition, blocking bacterioruberin biosynthesis increased the purity and yield of lycopene. Knock-out of the key genes, responsible for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biosynthesis, diverted more carbon flux into lycopene synthesis, and thus further enhanced lycopene production. The metabolic engineered H. mediterranei strain produced lycopene at 119.25 ± 0.55 mg per gram of dry cell weight in shake flask fermentation. The obtained yield was superior compared to the lycopene production observed in most of the engineered Escherichia coli or yeast even when they were cultivated in pilot scale bioreactors. Collectively, this work offers insights into the mechanism involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in haloarchaea and demonstrates the potential of using haloarchaea for the production of lycopene or other carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Qiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da-He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Dang HT, Malone JM, Boutsalis P, Gill G, Preston C. The mechanism of diflufenican resistance and its inheritance in oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientale L.) from Australia. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1279-1285. [PMID: 29330913 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An oriental mustard population (P3) collected near Quambatook, Victoria was identified as being resistant to diflufenican by screening with the field rate (200 g a.i. ha-1 ) of the herbicide. The mechanism(s) of diflufenican resistance and its inheritance in this population were therefore investigated. RESULTS Dose-response experiments confirmed that population P3 was 140-fold more resistant to diflufenican than susceptible populations, as determined by the comparison of 50% lethal (LD50 ) values. The phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene from five individuals each of the S1 [susceptible (S)] and P3 [resistant (R)] populations was sequenced, and a substitution of valine for leucine at position 526 (Leu-526-Val) was detected in all five individuals of P3, but not in the S1 population. Inheritance studies showed that diflufenican resistance is encoded in the nuclear genome and is dominant, as the response to diflufenican at 200 g a.i. ha-1 of F1 families was equivalent to that of the resistant biotype. The segregation of F2 phenotypes fitted a 3:1 inheritance model. Segregation of 42 F2 individuals by genotype sequencing fitted a 1:2:1 (ss:Rs:RR) ratio. CONCLUSION Resistance to diflufenican in oriental mustard is conferred by the Leu-526-Val mutation in the PDS gene. Inheritance of resistance is managed by a single gene with high levels of dominance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Dang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jenna Moira Malone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Boutsalis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Gill
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Preston
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
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20
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Hunter CT, Saunders JW, Magallanes-Lundback M, Christensen SA, Willett D, Stinard PS, Li QB, Lee K, DellaPenna D, Koch KE. Maize w3 disrupts homogentisate solanesyl transferase (ZmHst) and reveals a plastoquinone-9 independent path for phytoene desaturation and tocopherol accumulation in kernels. Plant J 2018; 93:799-813. [PMID: 29315977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maize white seedling 3 (w3) has been used to study carotenoid deficiency for almost 100 years, although the molecular basis of the mutation has remained unknown. Here we show that the w3 phenotype is caused by disruption of the maize gene for homogentisate solanesyl transferase (HST), which catalyzes the first and committed step in plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis in the plastid. The resulting PQ-9 deficiency prohibits photosynthetic electron transfer and eliminates PQ-9 as an oxidant in the enzymatic desaturation of phytoene during carotenoid synthesis. As a result, light-grown w3 seedlings are albino, deficient in colored carotenoids and accumulate high levels of phytoene. However, despite the absence of PQ-9 for phytoene desaturation, dark-grown w3 seedlings can produce abscisic acid (ABA) and homozygous w3 kernels accumulate sufficient carotenoids to generate ABA needed for seed maturation. The presence of ABA and low levels of carotenoids in w3 nulls indicates that phytoene desaturase is able to use an alternate oxidant cofactor, albeit less efficiently than PQ-9. The observation that tocopherols and tocotrienols are modestly affected in w3 embryos and unaffected in w3 endosperm indicates that, unlike leaves, grain tissues deficient in PQ-9 are not subject to severe photo-oxidative stress. In addition to identifying the molecular basis for the maize w3 mutant, we: (1) show that low levels of phytoene desaturation can occur in w3 seedlings in the absence of PQ-9; and (2) demonstrate that PQ-9 and carotenoids are not required for vitamin E accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Hunter
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jonathan W Saunders
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maria Magallanes-Lundback
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Denis Willett
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Philip S Stinard
- USDA-ARS, Maize Genetics Stock Center, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qin-Bao Li
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- University of Connecticut, Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Dean DellaPenna
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen E Koch
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Pepper JT, Maheshwari P, Ziemienowicz A, Hazendonk P, Kovalchuk I, Eudes F. Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide Reduces Size and Polydispersity Index of Tat 2:siRNA Nano-Complexes for Triticale RNAi. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:30. [PMID: 28560213 PMCID: PMC5432540 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short 8-30 amino-acid oligopeptides that act as effective transducers of macromolecular cargo, particularly nucleic acids. They have been implemented in delivering dsDNA, ssDNA, and dsRNA into animal and plant cells. CPPs and nucleic acids form nano-complexes that are often 100-300 nm in size but still effectively transit the cell membrane of animal cells, but are less effective with plant cells due to the plant cell wall. To overcome this obstacle, nano-complexes of the CPP Tat2 and various lengths of nucleic acid (21-mer siRNA duplex (dsRNA) to ~5.5 kb circular plasmid) were evaluated for size using dynamic light scattering (DLS), under conditions of increasing ionic strength (Ic) and addition of phase transfer catalyst salts (tetrabutylammonium bromide-TBAB and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide-TBPB) and sugars (maltose-mannitol solution). It was found that the combination of 21-mer siRNA:Tat2 complexes with TBPB produced small 10-20 nm diameter nano-complexes with a polydispersity index (PDI) of ~0.1. Furthermore, it was found that for each length of nucleic acid that a linear mathematical relationship existed between the theoretical volume of the nano-complex and the nucleic acid length. Next, nano-complex formulation was tested for its ability to carry small interfering RNA molecules into plant cells and to trigger silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS) in Triticale leaves. RT-qPCR showed 75% suppression of PDS, demonstrating that TBPB acts as an adjuvant in effecting the entry and efficacy of siRNA in young Triticale plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Pepper
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Priti Maheshwari
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Alicja Ziemienowicz
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
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22
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Shen Z, Sun J, Yao J, Wang S, Ding M, Zhang H, Qian Z, Zhao N, Sa G, Zhao R, Shen X, Polle A, Chen S. High rates of virus-induced gene silencing by tobacco rattle virus in Populus. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:1016-1029. [PMID: 26209619 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been shown to be an effective tool for investigating gene functions in herbaceous plant species, but has rarely been tested in trees. The establishment of a fast and reliable transformation system is especially important for woody plants, many of which are recalcitrant to transformation. In this study, we established a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS system for two Populus species, Populus euphratica and P. × canescens. Here, TRV constructs carrying a 266 bp or a 558 bp fragment of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene were Agrobacterium-infiltrated into leaves of the two poplar species. Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of the shorter insert, TRV2-PePDS266, into the host poplars resulted in expected photobleaching in both tree species, but not the longer insert, PePDS558. The efficiency of VIGS was temperature-dependent, increasing by raising the temperature from 18 to 28 °C. The optimized TRV-VIGS system at 28 °C resulted in a high silencing frequency and efficiency up to 65-73 and 83-94%, respectively, in the two tested poplars. Moreover, syringe inoculation of Agrobacterium in 100 mM acetosyringone induced a more efficient silencing in the two poplar species, compared with other agroinfiltration methods, e.g., direct injection, misting and agrodrench. There were plant species-related differences in the response to VIGS because the photobleaching symptoms were more severe in P. × canescens than in P. euphratica. Furthermore, VIGS-treated P. euphratica exhibited a higher recovery rate (50%) after several weeks of the virus infection, compared with TRV-infected P. × canescens plants (20%). Expression stability of reference genes was screened to assess the relative abundance of PePDS mRNA in VIGS-treated P. euphratica and P. × canescens. PeACT7 was stably expressed in P. euphratica and UBQ-L was selected as the most suitable reference gene for P. × canescens using three different statistical approaches, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Quantitative real-time PCR showed significant reductions in PDS transcripts (55-64%) in the photobleached leaves of both VIGS-treated poplar species. Our results demonstrate that the TRV-based VIGS provides a practical tool for gene functional analysis in Populus sp., especially in those poplar species which are otherwise recalcitrant to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedan Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221116, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Mingquan Ding
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huilong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Zeyong Qian
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Gang Sa
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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23
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Dayan FE, Owens DK, Tranel PJ, Preston C, Duke SO. Evolution of resistance to phytoene desaturase and protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors--state of knowledge. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1358-66. [PMID: 24446422 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two major classes of herbicides include inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and phytoene desaturase (PDS). Plants can evolve resistance to PPO and PDS inhibitors via several mechanisms that include physical changes, resulting in reduced uptake, physiological changes, resulting in compartmentalization or altered translocation, and biochemical changes, resulting in enhanced metabolic degradation or alterations of protein structures, leading to loss of sensitivity to the herbicides. This review discusses the involvement of some of these mechanisms in the various cases of resistance to PDS- and PPO-inhibiting herbicides, and highlights unique aspects of target-site resistance to these herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck E Dayan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, University, MS, USA
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24
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Ibdah M, Dubey NK, Eizenberg H, Dabour Z, Abu-Nassar J, Gal-On A, Aly R. Cucumber Mosaic Virus as a carotenoid inhibitor reducing Phelipanche aegyptiaca infection in tobacco plants. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e972146. [PMID: 25482816 PMCID: PMC4621999 DOI: 10.4161/psb.32096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is a highly infectious cucumovirus, which infects more than 800 plant species and causes major diseases in greenhouse and field crops worldwide. Parasitic weeds such as Phelipanche aegyptiaca are a major constraint to the production of many crops in the world and the parasite's lifestyle makes control extremely difficult. The parasite seeds can germinate after conditioning and perceiving strigolactones secreted by the host roots. Strigolactones are rhizosphere signaling molecules in plants that are biosynthesized through carotenoid cleavage. In the present study we investigated the possibility of reducing β-carotene and then strigolactone production in the host roots by blocking carotenoid biosynthesis using CMV-infected tobacco. It was found that CMV downregulated the enzyme phytoene desaturase(PDS) and reduced significantly both carotenoid production and Phelipanche infection in tobacco host roots infected with both CMV and P. aegyptiaca. Based on our results (decrease of β-carotene and repression of PDS transcripts in tobacco roots), we hypothesized that the reduction of Phelipanche tubercles and shoots occurred due to an effect of CMV on secondary metabolite stimulators such as strigolacetones. Our study indicated that mass production of the host roots was not affected by CMV; however, most inflorescences of Phelipanche grown on CMV-infected tobacco developed abnormally (deformed shoots and short nodes). Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors such as CMV can be used to reduce the production of strigolactones, which will lead to decreased Phelipanche attachment. Interestingly, attenuated CMV strains may provide a safe means for enhancing crop resistance against parasitic weeds in a future plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwafaq Ibdah
- Department of Plant Science; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Israel
| | - Neeraj Kumar Dubey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Hanan Eizenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ziad Dabour
- Department of Biology; Zefat Academic College; Zefat, Israel
| | - Jacklin Abu-Nassar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Amit Gal-On
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research; ARO; The Volcani Center; Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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25
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Furubayashi M, Li L, Katabami A, Saito K, Umeno D. Construction of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways using squalene synthase. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:436-42. [PMID: 24333579 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first committed steps of steroid/hopanoid pathways involve squalene synthase (SQS). Here, we report the Escherichia coli production of diaponeurosporene and diapolycopene, yellow C30 carotenoid pigments, by expressing human SQS and Staphylococcus aureus dehydrosqualene (C30 carotenoid) desaturase (CrtN). We suggest that the carotenoid pigments are synthesized mainly via the desaturation of squalene rather than the direct synthesis of dehydrosqualene through the non-reductive condensation of prenyl diphosphate precursors, indicating the possible existence of a "squalene route" and a "lycopersene route" for C30 and C40 carotenoids, respectively. Additionally, this finding yields a new method of colorimetric screening for the cellular activity of squalene synthases, which are major targets for cholesterol-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Furubayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akinori Katabami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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26
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Yang Y, Xu M, Luo Q, Wang J, Li H. De novo transcriptome analysis of Liriodendron chinense petals and leaves by Illumina sequencing. Gene 2013; 534:155-62. [PMID: 24239772 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg is an endangered species and occupies a pivotal position in phylogenetic studies of flowering plants, while its genomic resources are limited. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing for L. chinense petals and leaves using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technique. Approximately 17.02-Gb clean reads were obtained, and de novo assembly generated 87,841 unigenes, with an average length of 778 bp. Of these, there were 65,535 (74.61%) unigenes with significant similarity to publically available plant protein sequences. There were 3386 genes identified as significant differentially expressed between petals and leaves, among them 2969 (87.68%) were up-regulated and 417 (12.31%) down-regulated in petals. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that 25 unigenes were predicted to be responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids, with 7 genes differentially expressed between these two tissues. This report is the first to identify genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis in Liriodendron and represents a valuable resource for future genomic studies on the endangered species L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qunfeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huogen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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27
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Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B. Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:539-61. [PMID: 23896007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids (CARs) are a group of pigments that perform several important physiological functions in all kingdoms of living organisms. CARs serve as protective agents, which are essential structural components of photosynthetic complexes and membranes, and they play an important role in the light harvesting mechanism of photosynthesizing plants and cyanobacteria. The protection against reactive oxygen species, realized by quenching of singlet oxygen and the excited states of photosensitizing molecules, as well as by the scavenging of free radicals, is one of the main biological functions of CARs. X-ray crystallographic localization of CARs revealed that they are present at functionally and structurally important sites of both the PSI and PSII reaction centers. Characterization of a CAR-less cyanobacterial mutant revealed that while the absence of CARs prevents the formation of PSII complexes, it does not abolish the assembly and function of PSI. CAR molecules assist in the formation of protein subunits of the photosynthetic complexes by gluing together their protein components. In addition to their aforementioned indispensable functions, CARs have a substantial role in the formation and maintenance of proper cellular architecture, and potentially also in the protection of the translational machinery under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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28
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Tuan PA, Thwe AA, Kim JK, Kim YB, Lee S, Park SU. Molecular characterisation and the light-dark regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in sprouts of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.). Food Chem 2013; 141:3803-12. [PMID: 23993552 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seven partial-length cDNAs and 1 full-length cDNA that were involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and 2 partial-length cDNAs that encoded carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases were first isolated and characterised in 2 tartary buckwheat cultivars (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), Hokkai T8 and Hokkai T10. They were constitutively expressed at high levels in the leaves and flowers, where carotenoids are mostly distributed. During the seed development of tartary buckwheat, an inverse correlation between transcription level of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase and carotenoid content was observed. The light-grown sprouts exhibited higher levels of expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in T10 and carotenoid content in both T8 and T10 compared to the dark-grown sprouts. The predominant carotenoids in tartary buckwheat were lutein and β-carotene, and very abundant amounts of these carotenoids were found in light-grown sprouts. This study might broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and indicates targets for increasing the production of carotenoids in tartary buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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29
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Foudree A, Aluru M, Rodermel S. PDS activity acts as a rheostat of retrograde signaling during early chloroplast biogenesis. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:1629-32. [PMID: 21139430 PMCID: PMC3115118 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are crucial for the process of photosynthesis, as well as for developmental and environmental sensing. One of the important mechanisms of sensing is retrograde (plastid-to-nucleus) signaling, whereby the state of the chloroplast is signaled to the nucleus, resulting in alterations in gene expression for chloroplast proteins, usually at the transcriptional level. Retrograde signaling was early studied in carotenoid-deficient plants that contain, upon exposure to high light, photooxidized plastids that arise because of an inability to quench ROS produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is required for one of the early steps of the carotenogenic pathway, and impaired PDS activity during early chloroplast biogenesis results in a highly reduced plastoquinone pool (high excitation pressure), accumulation of the colorless C(40) intermediate, phytoene, and white photooxidized plastids. Here, we discuss results from global transcript profiling of white leaf tissues of Arabidopsis that are blocked at the PDS step in three different ways--two by mutation (immutans & pds3) and one by inhibitor treatment (norflurazon). We show that the molecular phenotypes of the three tissues bear many similarities, but that there are also significant tissue-specific differences. We propose that PDS acts as a rheostat of excitation pressure-mediated retrograde signaling during chloroplast development, and speculate that whether the rheostat is set high (as in pds3 and NF-treated seedlings), intermediate (as in im) or low (as in WT) is a crucial determinant of the suite of genes that is expressed during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foudree
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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30
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Huang J, Liu J, Li Y, Chen F. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHYTOENE DESATURASE GENE AS A POTENTIAL SELECTIVE MARKER FOR GENETIC ENGINEERING OF THE ASTAXANTHIN-PRODUCING GREEN ALGA CHLORELLA ZOFINGIENSIS (CHLOROPHYTA)(1). J Phycol 2008; 44:684-90. [PMID: 27041426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis. Algal PDS is inhibited by some herbicides, leading to the bleaching of the cells due to destruction of chl. Specific point mutations in PDS confer resistance to the herbicide norflurazon, suggesting that mutated PDS could be used as a dominant selectable marker for genetic engineering of algae, for which very few selective markers are available. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of the PDS gene from the astaxanthin-producing green alga Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz. The open reading frame (ORF) of this PDS gene, interrupted by six introns, encoded a polypeptide of 558 amino acid residues. The deduced protein sequence showed significant homology to phytoene desaturases of algae, cyanobacteria, and higher plants. Expression of the PDS gene in Escherichia coli demonstrated that the enzyme was able to convert phytoene to ζ-carotene. The PDS gene in Chlorella was shown to be up-regulated by high light and glucose treatment. With a single amino acid change (L516R), the mutated PDS-L516R was still active and exhibited ∼36-fold greater resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon than the unaltered enzyme. Thus, the modified PDS gene could be a useful tool for genetic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in C. zofingiensis and perhaps also in other algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yantao Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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