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Ma F, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Deng M, Zhao M, Fu G, Zhou J, Guo C, Li Y, Huang J, Sun Q, Sun J. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' effectors SJP1/2 negatively control leaf size by stabilizing the transcription factor ZjTCP2 in jujube. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:3054-3069. [PMID: 38320293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas manipulate host plant development to benefit insect vector colonization and their own invasion. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms underlying small-leaf formation caused by jujube witches' broom (JWB) phytoplasmas remain largely unknown. Here, effectors SJP1 and SJP2 from JWB phytoplasmas were identified to induce small-leaf formation in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). In vivo interaction and expression assays showed that SJP1 and SJP2 interacted with and stabilized the transcription factor ZjTCP2. Overexpression of SJP1 and SJP2 in jujube induced ZjTCP2 accumulation. In addition, the abundance of miRNA319f_1 was significantly reduced in leaves of SJP1 and SJP2 transgenic jujube plants and showed the opposite pattern to the expression of its target, ZjTCP2, which was consistent with the pattern in diseased leaves. Overexpression of ZjTCP2 in Arabidopsis promoted ectopic leaves arising from the adaxial side of cotyledons and reduced leaf size. Constitutive expression of the miRNA319f_1 precursor in the 35S::ZjTCP2 background reduced the abundance of ZjTCP2 mRNA and reversed the cotyledon and leaf defects in Arabidopsis. Therefore, these observations suggest that effectors SJP1 and SJP2 induced small-leaf formation, at least partly, by interacting with and activating ZjTCP2 expression both at the transcriptional and the protein level, providing new insights into small-leaf formation caused by phytoplasmas in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongyu Fu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Qiao Z, Li J, Bertaccini A. Paulownia Witches' Broom Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:885. [PMID: 38792713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens associated with diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses. Perennial deciduous trees in the genus Paulownia are widely planted for wood harvesting and ornamental purposes. Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) disease, associated with a 16SrI-D subgroup phytoplasma, is a destructive disease of paulownia in East Asia. The PaWB phytoplasmas are mainly transmitted by insect vectors in the Pentatomidae (stink bugs), Miridae (mirid bugs) and Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) families. Diseased trees show typical symptoms, such as branch and shoot proliferation, which together are referred to as witches' broom. The phytoplasma presence affects the physiological and anatomical structures of paulownia. Gene expression in paulownia responding to phytoplasma presence have been studied at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels by high throughput sequencing techniques. A PaWB pathogenic mechanism frame diagram on molecular level is summarized. Studies on the interactions among the phytoplasma, the insect vectors and the plant host, including the mechanisms underlying how paulownia effectors modify processes of gene expression, will lead to a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and to the development of efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Henan Provincial Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zesen Qiao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Correa Marrero M, Capdevielle S, Huang W, Al-Subhi AM, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, van der Wal F, de Ridder D, van Dijk ADJ, Hogenhout SA, Immink RGH. Protein interaction mapping reveals widespread targeting of development-related host transcription factors by phytoplasma effectors. Plant J 2024; 117:1281-1297. [PMID: 37965720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that reprogram plant host development for their own benefit. Previous studies have characterized a few different phytoplasma effector proteins that destabilize specific plant transcription factors. However, these are only a small fraction of the potential effectors used by phytoplasmas; therefore, the molecular mechanisms through which phytoplasmas modulate their hosts require further investigation. To obtain further insights into the phytoplasma infection mechanisms, we generated a protein-protein interaction network between a broad set of phytoplasma effectors and a large, unbiased collection of Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and transcriptional regulators. We found widespread, but specific, interactions between phytoplasma effectors and host transcription factors, especially those related to host developmental processes. In particular, many unrelated effectors target specific sets of TCP transcription factors, which regulate plant development and immunity. Comparison with other host-pathogen protein interaction networks shows that phytoplasma effectors have unusual targets, indicating that phytoplasmas have evolved a unique and unusual infection strategy. This study contributes a rich and solid data source that guides further investigations of the functions of individual effectors, as demonstrated for some herein. Moreover, the dataset provides insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of phytoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Correa Marrero
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 11 Al Khod 123, al-Seeb, Oman
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Busscher-Lange
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Froukje van der Wal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wang R, Bai B, Li D, Wang J, Huang W, Wu Y, Zhao L. Phytoplasma: A plant pathogen that cannot be ignored in agricultural production-Research progress and outlook. Mol Plant Pathol 2024; 25:e13437. [PMID: 38393681 PMCID: PMC10887288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are phloem-restricted plant-pathogenic bacteria transmitted by insects. They cause diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses worldwide. Research on phytoplasmas has a long history, with significant progress being made in the past 30 years. Notably, with the rapid development of phytoplasma research, scientists have identified the primary agents involved in phytoplasma transmission, established classification and detection systems for phytoplasmas, and 243 genomes have been sequenced and assembled completely or to draft quality. Multiple possible phytoplasma effectors have been investigated, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which phytoplasmas manipulate their hosts. This review summarizes recent advances in phytoplasma research, including identification techniques, host range studies, whole- or draft-genome sequencing, effector pathogenesis and disease control methods. Additionally, future research directions in the field of phytoplasma research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jingke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weijie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Carreón-Anguiano KG, Vila-Luna SE, Sáenz-Carbonell L, Canto-Canche B. PhyEffector, the First Algorithm That Identifies Classical and Non-Classical Effectors in Phytoplasmas. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:550. [PMID: 37999191 PMCID: PMC10669590 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are the causal agents of more than 100 plant diseases in economically important crops. Eleven genomes have been fully sequenced and have allowed us to gain a better understanding of the biology and evolution of phytoplasmas. Effectors are key players in pathogenicity and virulence, and their identification and description are becoming an essential practice in the description of phytoplasma genomes. This is of particular importance because effectors are possible candidates for the development of new strategies for the control of plant diseases. To date, the prediction of effectors in phytoplasmas has been a great challenge; the reliable comparison of effectoromes has been hindered because research teams have used the combination of different programs in their predictions. This is not trivial since significant differences in the results can arise, depending on the predictive pipeline used. Here, we tested different predictive pipelines to create the PhyEffector algorithm; the average value of the F1 score for PhyEffector was 0.9761 when applied to different databases or genomes, demonstrating its robustness as a predictive tool. PhyEffector can recover both classical and non-classical phytoplasma effectors, making it an invaluable tool to accelerate effectoromics in phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Blondy Canto-Canche
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico (S.E.V.-L.); (L.S.-C.)
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Brochu AS, Dionne A, Fall ML, Pérez-López E. A Decade of Hidden Phytoplasmas Unveiled Through Citizen Science. Plant Dis 2023; 107:3389-3393. [PMID: 37227441 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-23-0227-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is impacting agriculture in many ways, and a contribution from all is required to reduce the imminent losses related to it. Recently, it has been shown that citizen science could be a way to trace the impact of climate change. However, how can citizen science be applied in plant pathology? Here, using as an example a decade of phytoplasma-related diseases reported by growers, agronomists, and citizens in general, and confirmed by a government laboratory, we explored how to better value plant pathogen monitoring data. Through this collaboration, we found that in the last decade, 34 hosts have been affected by phytoplasmas; 9, 13, and 5 of these plants were, for the first time, reported phytoplasma hosts in eastern Canada, all of Canada, and worldwide, respectively. Another finding of great impact is the first report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium'-related strain in Canada, while 'Ca. P. pruni' and 'Ca. P. pyri' were reported for the first time in eastern Canada. These findings will have a great impact on the management of phytoplasmas and their insect vectors. Using these insect-vectored bacterial pathogens, we show the need for new strategies that can allow fast and accurate communication between concerned citizens and those institutions confirming their observations.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Brochu
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté Des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et D'innovation Sur Les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et Des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Dionne
- Laboratoire D'expertise et de Diagnostic en Phytoprotection, MAPAQ, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mamadou Lamine Fall
- Saint-Jean-Sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté Des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et D'innovation Sur Les Végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et Des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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da Cunha TG, Veloso RVDS, de Araújo MMM, Tavares LG, Ribeiro LFB, Tormen GP, Campos DS, Picanço MC, Lopes EA, Pereira RR, Soares MA, da Silva RS. Distribution of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and incidence of maize rayado fino virus and Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris in corn succession planting systems. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:2325-2337. [PMID: 36799295 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn is one of the main crops grown globally to produce food for human consumption and animal feed, including raw materials for bioenergy. Effective pest management is critical for the economic viability of corn production. The leafhopper Dalbulus maidis and the diseases transmitted by it have become relevant to corn production. Our study aimed to determine environmental parameters that affect D. maidis populations and the impacts of pathogen dispersion on corn productivity under different rotation systems and sowing seasons. RESULTS The population density of leafhoppers found in the studied crops was low but capable of establishing the diseases and spreading them widely in the crops. The leafhopper's highest occurrence was in the corn vegetative development stage, and its population peaks were earlier in the corn off-season. The incidence of maize rayado fino virus and maize bushy stunt phytoplasma were higher in corn off-season than in the growing season. The incidence of diseases was higher in the final stages of the cultivation cycle. Yield losses were significantly higher for maize bushy stunt phytoplasma and not significant for maize rayado fino virus. CONCLUSION Our study observed that corn's physiological stage was the main factor influencing D. maidis dynamics. The occurrence of D. maidis at low densities was sufficient to ensure the efficient transmission and dissemination of maize rayado fino virus and maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, which had a higher incidence in the reproductive stage and the corn sowed off-season. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Garcia da Cunha
- Fazenda Varginha, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Miller Mesquita de Araújo
- Fazenda Varginha, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano Gabriel Tavares
- Fazenda Varginha, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Borges Ribeiro
- Fazenda Varginha, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Pacheco Tormen
- Fazenda Varginha, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Diogo Santos Campos
- Fazenda Varginha, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Siqueira da Silva
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
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Cai W, Nunziata SO, Srivastava SK, Wilson T, Chambers N, Rivera Y, Nakhla M, Costanzo S. Draft Genome Sequence Resource of AldY-WA1, a Phytoplasma Strain Associated with Alder Yellows of Alnus rubra in Washington, U.S.A. Plant Dis 2022; 106:1971-1973. [PMID: 35617486 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2350-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Cai
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Schyler O Nunziata
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Subodh K Srivastava
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Telissa Wilson
- Washington State Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology and Molecular Diagnostic Lab, Olympia, WA
| | - Nathaniel Chambers
- Washington State Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology and Molecular Diagnostic Lab, Olympia, WA
| | - Yazmín Rivera
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Mark Nakhla
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Stefano Costanzo
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
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Bertaccini A, Arocha-Rosete Y, Contaldo N, Duduk B, Fiore N, Montano HG, Kube M, Kuo CH, Martini M, Oshima K, Quaglino F, Schneider B, Wei W, Zamorano A. Revision of the ' Candidatus Phytoplasma' species description guidelines. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 35471141 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' was proposed to accommodate cell wall-less bacteria that are molecularly and biochemically incompletely characterized, and colonize plant phloem and insect vector tissues. This provisional classification is highly relevant due to its application in epidemiological and ecological studies, mainly aimed at keeping the severe phytoplasma plant diseases under control worldwide. Given the increasing discovery of molecular diversity within the genus 'Ca. Phytoplasma', the proposed guidelines were revised and clarified to accommodate those 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species strains sharing >98.65 % sequence identity of their full or nearly full 16S rRNA gene sequences, obtained with at least twofold coverage of the sequence, compared with those of the reference strain of such species. Strains sharing <98.65 % sequence identity with the reference strain but >98.65 % with other strain(s) within the same 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species should be considered related strains to that 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species. The guidelines herein, keep the original published reference strains. However, to improve 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species assignment, complementary strains are suggested as an alternative to the reference strains. This will be implemented when only a partial 16S rRNA gene and/or a few other genes have been sequenced, or the strain is no longer available for further molecular characterization. Lists of 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species and alternative reference strains described are reported. For new 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species that will be assigned with identity ≥98.65 % of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, a threshold of 95 % genome-wide average nucleotide identity is suggested. When the whole genome sequences are unavailable, two among conserved housekeeping genes could be used. There are 49 officially published 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species, including 'Ca. P. cocostanzaniae' and 'Ca. P. palmae' described in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Contaldo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nicola Fiore
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helena Guglielmi Montano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael Kube
- Department of Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Department of Clinical Plant Science, Hosei University, Japan
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Alan Zamorano
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Quiroga N, Gamboa C, Medina G, Contaldo N, Torres F, Bertaccini A, Zamorano A, Fiore N. Survey for ' Candidatus Liberibacter' and ' Candidatus Phytoplasma' in Citrus in Chile. Pathogens 2021; 11:48. [PMID: 35055996 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The considerable economic losses in citrus associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ presence have alerted all producing regions of the world. In Chile, none of these bacteria have been reported in citrus species. During the years 2017 and 2019, 258 samples presenting symptoms similar to those associated with the presence of these bacteria were examined. No detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ associated with “huanglongbing” disease was obtained in the tested samples; therefore, this quarantine pest is maintained as absent in Chile. However, 14 plants resulted positive for phytoplasmas enclosed in subgroups 16SrV-A (12 plants) and 16SrXIII-F (2 plants). Although they have been found in other plant species, this is the first report of these phytoplasmas in citrus worldwide.
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11
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Škorić D, Černi S, Ćurković-Perica M, Ježić M, Krajačić M, Šeruga Musić M. Legacy of Plant Virology in Croatia-From Virus Identification to Molecular Epidemiology, Evolution, Genomics and Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:2339. [PMID: 34960609 PMCID: PMC8707422 DOI: 10.3390/v13122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper showcases the development of plant virology in Croatia at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, from its beginning in the 1950s until today, more than 70 years later. The main achievements of the previous and current group members are highlighted according to various research topics and fields. Expectedly, some of those accomplishments remained within the field of plant virology, but others make part of a much-extended research spectrum exploring subviral pathogens, prokaryotic plant pathogens, fungi and their viruses, as well as their interactions within ecosystems. Thus, the legacy of plant virology in Croatia continues to contribute to the state of the art of microbiology far beyond virology. Research problems pertinent for directing the future research endeavors are also proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Škorić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Č.); (M.Ć.-P.); (M.J.); (M.K.); (M.Š.M.)
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12
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Bertaccini A. Containment of Phytoplasma-Associated Plant Diseases by Antibiotics and Other Antimicrobial Molecules. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111398. [PMID: 34827336 PMCID: PMC8614762 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic bacteria that infect many important crops and environmentally relevant plant species, causing serious economic and environmental losses worldwide. These bacteria, lacking a cell wall, are sensitive to antibiotics such as tetracyclines that affect protein synthesis mechanisms. Phytoplasma cultivation in axenic media has not been achieved for many strains; thus, the screening of antimicrobials must be performed using mainly in vivo materials. Some studies have investigated using in vitro phytoplasma-infected shoots, and several antimicrobials, including tetracyclines, have been tested. The screening of phytoplasma antimicrobials is important for the sustainable control of phytoplasma-associated diseases. The use of molecules with different modes of action such as ribosome inactivating proteins, plant hormones, and resistance inducers such as plasma-activated water, is advised, to avoid the use of antibiotics in agriculture and the possible emergence of resistant microbial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Bertaccini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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13
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Strohmayer A, Schwarz T, Braun M, Krczal G, Boonrod K. The Effect of the Anticipated Nuclear Localization Sequence of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' SAP11-like Protein on Localization of the Protein and Destabilization of TCP Transcription Factor. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1756. [PMID: 34442835 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SAP11 is an effector protein that has been identified in various phytoplasma species. It localizes in the plant nucleus and can bind and destabilize TEOSINE BRANCHES/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors. Although SAP11 of different phytoplasma species share similar activities, their protein sequences differ greatly. Here, we demonstrate that the SAP11-like protein of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ (‘Ca. P. mali’) strain PM19 localizes into the plant nucleus without requiring the anticipated nuclear localization sequence (NLS). We show that the protein induces crinkled leaves and siliques, and witches’ broom symptoms, in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) plants and binds to six members of class I and all members of class II TCP transcription factors of A. thaliana in yeast two-hybrid assays. We also identified a 17 amino acid stretch previously predicted to be a nuclear localization sequence that is important for the binding of some of the TCPs, which results in a crinkled leaf and silique phenotype in transgenic A. thaliana. Moreover, we provide evidence that the SAP11-like protein has a destabilizing effect on some TCPs in vivo.
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14
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Romero B, Olivier C, Wist T, Prager SM. Oviposition Behavior and Development of Aster Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Selected Host Plants From the Canadian Prairies. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:2695-2704. [PMID: 33128450 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some plant pathogens are capable of manipulating their insect vectors and plant hosts in a way that disease transmission is enhanced. Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the main vector of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) in the Canadian Prairies, which causes Aster Yellows (AY) disease in over 300 plant species including cereals and oilseeds. However, little is known about the host range of Aster leafhoppers or their host-choice selection behavior in this geographical region. Several crop and noncrop species commonly found in the Canadian Prairies were evaluated as food and reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers through no-choice bioassays. To study possible effects of pathogen infection, AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects were used. Cereals and some noncrops like fleabane were suitable reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers, with numbers of offspring observed in treatments using both AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects, suggesting an egg-laying preference on these plant species. Development was similar across the different plant species, except for canola and sowthistle, where growth indexes were lower. Sex-ratios of Aster leafhopper adults did not differ among the plant species or with respect to AY infection. Potential fecundity differed across plant species and was affected by the infection status of the insect. These findings have implications for AY epidemiology and suggest that while cereals can be suitable host plants for Aster leafhopper oviposition and development, some noncrop species could act as alternate hosts for leafhoppers that migrate into the Canadian Prairies before emergence of cereal and canola crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Romero
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chrystel Olivier
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Extension Center, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tyler Wist
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Extension Center, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sean M Prager
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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15
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Dollet M, Fidelis EG, Dos Passos E, Da Silva F, Aberlenc HP, Schurt DA, Bahder B, Diniz LC, Bartlett CR. Derbid Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae) Associated with Coconut and Oil Palm in Brazil. Neotrop Entomol 2020; 49:722-738. [PMID: 32720065 PMCID: PMC7508961 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present surveys of derbid planthoppers associated with coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) collected in Northeastern (Sergipe) and North (Pará and Roraima) Brazil. The surveys were intended to contribute to our knowledge of possible vectors of phytoplasmas or other phloem-restricted plant pathogens. Eight derbid taxa were found, two in the subfamily Cedusinae, tribe Cedusini (Cedusa yipara Kramer and C. yowza Kramer) and six in the subfamily Derbinae, tribe Cenchreini: Herpis sp., Persis pugnax Stål, Omolicna anastomosa (Caldwell), O. nigripennis (Caldwell), and two new species in the genus Agoo Bahder & Bartlett are described here. Genus-level features between Omolicna and Agoo are discussed and a key to the species of Agoo is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dollet
- Cirad, Umr Ipme Cirad/Ird/UM, Campus International, de Baillarguet, TA A/98, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Embrapa Cenargen, Brasilia, DF, Brasil.
| | | | - E Dos Passos
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F Da Silva
- Instituto Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | - B Bahder
- Univ of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - L C Diniz
- Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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16
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Kirdat K, Tiwarekar B, Thorat V, Narawade N, Dhotre D, Sathe S, Shouche Y, Yadav A. Draft Genome Sequences of Two Phytoplasma Strains Associated with Sugarcane Grassy Shoot (SCGS) and Bermuda Grass White Leaf (BGWL) Diseases. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:715-717. [PMID: 32040378 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-20-0005-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We performed whole-genome sequencing of two phytoplasmas associated with sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) and Bermuda grass white leaf diseases. These are the first draft genomes of SCGS phytoplasma (strain SCGS) and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis' (strain LW01) and may help to delineate these phytoplasmas at a finer taxonomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kirdat
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
- Department of Microbiology, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati, Maharashtra 413102, India
| | - Bhavesh Tiwarekar
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Vipool Thorat
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Nitin Narawade
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Dhiraj Dhotre
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Shivaji Sathe
- Department of Microbiology, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati, Maharashtra 413102, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Amit Yadav
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
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17
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Cai W, Shao J, Zhao Y, Davis RE, Costanzo S. Draft Genome Sequence of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma pini'-Related Strain MDPP: A Resource for Comparative Genomics of Gymnosperm-Infecting Phytoplasmas. Plant Dis 2020; 104:1009-1010. [PMID: 32065562 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2127-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini'-related strain MDPP, the reference strain of subgroup 16SrXXI-B, is a pathogen associated with witches' broom disease of Pinus spp. in North America. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of 'Ca. Phytoplasma pini' strain MDPP, which consists of 474,136 bases, with a G + C content of 22.22%. This information will facilitate comparative genomics of gymnosperm-infecting phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Cai
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Yan Zhao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Robert E Davis
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Stefano Costanzo
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
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18
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Bartlett M. Looking back to look forward: protein-protein interactions and the evolution of development. New Phytol 2020; 225:1127-1133. [PMID: 31494948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary modification of development was fundamental in generating extant plant diversity. Similarly, the modification of development is a path forward to engineering the plants of the future, provided we know enough about what to modify. Understanding how extant diversity was generated will reveal productive pathways forward for modifying development. Here, I discuss four examples of developmental pathways that have been remodeled by changes to protein-protein interactions. These are cases where changes to developmental pathways have been paralleled by recent changes, selected for or engineered by humans. Extant plant diversity represents a vast treasure trove of molecular solutions to ecological problems. Mining this treasure trove will allow for the intentional modification of plant development for solving future problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Bartlett
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, 221 Morrill 2, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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19
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Jollard C, Foissac X, Desqué D, Razan F, Garcion C, Beven L, Eveillard S. Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma Has Multiple ftsH Genes that Are Differentially Expressed in Plants and Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E150. [PMID: 31878312 PMCID: PMC6981957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a severe epidemic disease of grapevines caused by FD phytoplasma (FDP) transmitted by the leafhopper vector Scaphoideus titanus. The recent sequencing of the 647-kbp FDP genome highlighted an unusual number of genes encoding ATP-dependent zinc proteases FtsH, which have been linked to variations in the virulence of "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali" strains. The aims of the present study were to predict the FtsH repertoire of FDP, to predict the functional domains and topologies of the encoded proteins in the phytoplasma membrane and to measure the expression profiles in different hosts. Eight complete ftsH genes have been identified in the FDP genome. In addition to ftsH6, which appeared to be the original bacterial ortholog, the other seven gene copies were clustered on a common distinct phylogenetic branch, suggesting intra-genome duplication of ftsH. The expression of these proteins, quantified in plants and insect vectors in natural and experimental pathosystems, appeared to be modulated in a host-dependent manner. Two of the eight FtsH C-tails were predicted by Phobius software to be extracellular and, therefore, in direct contact with the host cellular content. As phytoplasmas cannot synthesize amino acids, our data raised questions regarding the involvement of FtsH in the adaptation to hosts via potentially enhanced recycling of phytoplasma cellular proteins and host protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandrine Eveillard
- UMR 1332, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.J.); (X.F.); (D.D.); (F.R.); (C.G.); (L.B.)
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20
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Kumari S, Nagendran K, Rai AB, Singh B, Rao GP, Bertaccini A. Global Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in Vegetable Crops. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1349. [PMID: 31316474 PMCID: PMC6610314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of phytoplasmas and their associated diseases is an emerging threat to vegetable production which leads to severe yield losses worldwide. Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited pleomorphic bacteria lacking the cell wall, mainly transmitted through leafhoppers but also by plant propagation materials and seeds. Phytoplasma diseases of vegetable crops are characterized by symptoms such as little leaves, phyllody, flower virescence, big buds, and witches' brooms. Phytoplasmas enclosed in at least sixteen different ribosomal groups infecting vegetable crops have been reported thus far across the world. The aster yellows phytoplasma group (16SrI) is presently the prevalent, followed by the peanut witches' broom (16SrII). Wide and overlapping crop and non-crop host ranges of phytoplasmas, polyphagous insect vectors, limited availability of resistance sources and unavailability of environmentally safe chemical control measures lead to an arduous effort in the management of these diseases. The most feasible control of vegetable phytoplasma diseases is a consequence of the development and implementation of integrated disease management programs. The availability of molecular tools for phytoplasma identification at the strain level greatly facilitated this kind of approach. It is moreover essential to understand the molecular basis of phytoplasma-vector interaction, epidemiology and other factors involved in disease development in order to reduce the disease outbreaks. Information on the knowledge about the most widespread phytoplasma diseases in vegetable crops is reviewed here in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kumari
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, India
| | | | | | - Bijendra Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Assunta Bertaccini
- DISTAL-Phytobacteriology, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Sung YC, Lin CP, Hsu HJ, Chen YL, Chen JC. Silencing of CrNPR1 and CrNPR3 Alters Plant Susceptibility to Periwinkle Leaf Yellowing Phytoplasma. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1183. [PMID: 31632422 PMCID: PMC6779864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that cause considerable loss in many economically important crops, and an increasing number of phytoplasma diseases are being reported on new hosts. Knowledge of plant defense mechanisms against such pathogens should help to improve strategies for controlling these diseases. Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense may play an important role in defense against phytoplasmas. Here, we report that SA accumulated in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) infected with periwinkle leaf yellowing (PLY) phytoplasma. CrPR1a expression was induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. NPR1 plays a central role in SA signaling, and two NPR1 homologs, CrNPR1 and CrNPR3, were identified from a periwinkle transcriptome database. Similar to CrPR1a, CrNPR1 expression was also induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. Silencing of CrNPR1, but not CrNPR3, significantly repressed CrPR1a induction in Tobacco rattle virus-infected periwinkle plants. In addition, symptoms of PLY progressed fastest in CrNPR1-silenced plants and slowest in CrNPR3-silenced plants. Consistently, expression of CrNPR1, but not CrNPR3, was induced by phytoplasma infection as well as SA treatment. This study highlights the importance of NPR1- and SA-mediated defense against phytoplasma in periwinkle and offers insight into plant-phytoplasma interactions to improve disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Sung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jen-Chih Chen,
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Pagliari L, Buoso S, Santi S, Van Bel AJE, Musetti R. What Slows Down Phytoplasma Proliferation? Speculations on the Involvement of AtSEOR2 Protein in Plant Defence Signalling. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1473666. [PMID: 29969363 PMCID: PMC6103281 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1473666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Considering the crude methods used to control phytoplasma diseases, a deeper knowledge on the defence mechanisms recruited by the plant to face phytoplasma invasion is required. Recently, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis mutants lacking AtSEOR1 gene showed a low phytoplasma titre. In wild type plants AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2 are tied in filamentous proteins. Knockout of the AtSEOR1 gene may pave the way for an involvement of free AtSEOR2 proteins in defence mechanisms. Among the proteins conferring resistance against pathogenic bacteria, AtRPM1-interacting protein has been found to interact with AtSEOR2 in a high-quality, matrix-based yeast-two hybrid assay. For this reason, we investigated the expression levels of Arabidopsis AtRIN4, and the associated AtRPM1 and AtRPS2 genes in healthy and Chrysanthemum yellows-infected wild-type and Atseor1ko lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - S. Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - S. Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - A. J. E. Van Bel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R. Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Pagliari L, Buoso S, Santi S, Furch ACU, Martini M, Degola F, Loschi A, van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Filamentous sieve element proteins are able to limit phloem mass flow, but not phytoplasma spread. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:3673-3688. [PMID: 28859375 PMCID: PMC5853782 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In Fabaceae, dispersion of forisomes-highly ordered aggregates of sieve element proteins-in response to phytoplasma infection was proposed to limit phloem mass flow and, hence, prevent pathogen spread. In this study, the involvement of filamentous sieve element proteins in the containment of phytoplasmas was investigated in non-Fabaceae plants. Healthy and infected Arabidopsis plants lacking one or two genes related to sieve element filament formation-AtSEOR1 (At3g01680), AtSEOR2 (At3g01670), and AtPP2-A1 (At4g19840)-were analysed. TEM images revealed that phytoplasma infection induces phloem protein filament formation in both the wild-type and mutant lines. This result suggests that, in contrast to previous hypotheses, sieve element filaments can be produced independently of AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2 genes. Filament presence was accompanied by a compensatory overexpression of sieve element protein genes in infected mutant lines in comparison with wild-type lines. No correlation was found between phloem mass flow limitation and phytoplasma titre, which suggests that sieve element proteins are involved in defence mechanisms other than mechanical limitation of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Dornburgerstrasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Degola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, via Usberti, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | - Aart J E van Bel
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
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Buxa SV, Degola F, Polizzotto R, De Marco F, Loschi A, Kogel KH, di Toppi LS, van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Phytoplasma infection in tomato is associated with re-organization of plasma membrane, ER stacks, and actin filaments in sieve elements. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:650. [PMID: 26347766 PMCID: PMC4541602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas, biotrophic wall-less prokaryotes, only reside in sieve elements of their host plants. The essentials of the intimate interaction between phytoplasmas and their hosts are poorly understood, which calls for research on potential ultrastructural modifications. We investigated modifications of the sieve-element ultrastructure induced in tomato plants by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani,' the pathogen associated with the stolbur disease. Phytoplasma infection induces a drastic re-organization of sieve-element substructures including changes in plasma membrane surface and distortion of the sieve-element reticulum. Observations of healthy and stolbur-diseased plants provided evidence for the emergence of structural links between sieve-element plasma membrane and phytoplasmas. One-sided actin aggregates on the phytoplasma surface also inferred a connection between phytoplasma and sieve-element cytoskeleton. Actin filaments displaced from the sieve-element mictoplasm to the surface of the phytoplasmas in infected sieve elements. Western blot analysis revealed a decrease of actin and an increase of ER-resident chaperone luminal binding protein (BiP) in midribs of phytoplasma-infected plants. Collectively, the studies provided novel insights into ultrastructural responses of host sieve elements to phloem-restricted prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie V. Buxa
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | | | - Rachele Polizzotto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Federica De Marco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | | | - Aart J. E. van Bel
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rita Musetti, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy,
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