Optimizing niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica) oil quality: A comprehensive analysis of infrared-heat induced changes in bioactive profile, physiochemical attributes, and oxidative stability

Infrared heating (IRH) at 140, 160, and 180°C for varying durations (5, 10, and 15 min) was employed for improving the niger (Guizotia abyssinica) seed oil (NSO) quality for diverse food applications. The study explored changes in phenolic profile, oxidative stability index (OSI), tocopherols, phytosterols, fatty acid profiles, and physicochemical attributes of NSO. Upon IRH at 180°C for 10 min, the oil yield, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents increased from 33.09% to 40.56%, 6.67 to 173.62 mg GAE/kg, and 24.76 to 120.64 mg QE/kg, respectively. The viscosity, chlorophylls, carotenoids, radical scavenging activity, OSI, caffeic, protocatechuic, vanillic, and syringic acids were highest upon IRH at 180°C for 15 min. The tocopherols and phytosterols initially augmented while decremented upon raising IRH conditions. The infrared spectra indicated no adverse impact of IRH on NSO quality. The appropriate IRH conditions can be considered for improving NSO quality and making it valuable for various edible products.

Blood Phytosterol Concentration and Genetic Variant Associations in a Sample Population

The main objective of this study was to determine plasma levels of PS and to study SNVs rs41360247, rs4245791, rs4148217, and rs11887534 of ABCG8 and the r657152 SNV at the ABO blood group locus in a sample of a population treated at our hospital, and to determine whether these SNVs are related to plasma PS concentrations. The secondary objective was to establish the variables associated with plasma PS concentrations in adults. Participants completed a dietary habit questionnaire and a blood sample was collected to obtain the following variables: campesterol, sitosterol, sitostanol, lanosterol, stigmasterol, biochemical parameters, and the SNVs. In addition, biometric and demographic variables were also recorded. In the generalized linear model, cholesterol and age were positively associated with total PS levels, while BMI was negatively related. For rs4245791, homozygous T allele individuals showed a significantly lower campesterol concentration compared with C homozygotes, and the GG alleles of rs657152 had the lowest levels of campesterol compared with the other alleles of the SNV. Conclusions: The screening of certain SNVs could help prevent the increase in plasma PS and maybe PNALD in some patients. However, further studies on the determinants of plasma phytosterol concentrations are needed.

The effect of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profile: A critical umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses

Despite multiple investigations assessing the impact of phytosterol supplementation on serum lipid levels, there is still a great deal of debate regarding the benefits of this intervention in the management of dyslipidemia. Therefore, we aimed at clarifying this dilemma by conducting the present umbrella review of interventional meta-analyses. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were used to search for pertinent publications on the effect of phytosterol supplementation on the lipid profile in humans up to June 2023. To compute the overall effect size (ES) and confidence intervals (CI), the random-effects model was used. The I2 statistic and Cochrane's Q-test were applied to estimate the heterogeneity among the studies. Seventeen meta-analyses with 23 study arms were included in the umbrella meta-analysis. Data pooled from the 23 eligible arms revealed that phytosterol supplementation reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (ES = -11.47 mg/dL; 95% CI: -12.76, -10.17, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (ES = -13.02 mg/dL; 95% CI: -15.68, -10.37, p < 0.001), and triglyceride (TG) (ES = -3.77 mg/dL; 95% CI: -6.04, -1.51, p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that phytosterol administration with dosage ≥2 g/day and duration over 8 weeks and in hypercholesterolemic subjects was more likely to decrease LDL-C, TC, and TG. Phytosterol administration did not significantly modify HDL-C (ES = 0.18 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.51, p = 258) levels when compared to controls. The present umbrella meta-analysis confirms that phytosterol administration significantly reduces LDL-C, TC, and TG, with a greater effect with doses of ≥2 g/day and treatment duration >8 weeks, suggesting its possible application as a complementary therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of phytosterols in patients with specific health conditions, as well as to ascertain the adverse effects, the maximum tolerable dose, and the maximum recommended duration of phytosterol administration.

Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variant and Blood Lipid Responses to Plant Sterols: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials

Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variants influence it. We investigated whether ApoE genetic variants modulate the responses of blood lipids to dietary intervention plant sterols/stanols in adults and if the intervention dose and duration, as well as the age and status of participants, influence this effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified by searching databases in the Cochrane Library. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled effect size of each outcome of interest total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the effects of potential modifiers on the outcomes of interest. Eleven articles were selected from 3,248 retrieved abstracts. Plant sterol/stanol intervention was associated with a more significant reduction in LDL levels in the E3 group [-0.251 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.488 to -0.015] compared with both the E4 and E2 groups. In E4 carriers, the plant sterol/stanol intervention dose and duration resulted in a larger decrease in LDL levels (-0.088027 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.154690 to -0.021364). In conclusion, ApoE genetic variants affected the response of blood LDL levels to supplementation with plant sterols/stanols, as individuals with E3 variant showed significantly decreased LDL levels compared with the other genotypes. However, future studies recruiting participants according to their ApoE genetic variants are needed to confirm our conclusion.

Molecular Docking Study of Phytosterols in Lygodium microphyllum Towards SIRT1 and AMPK, the in vitro Brine Shrimp Toxicity Test, and the Phenols and Sterols Levels in the Extract

Background

Lygodium microphyllum is a fern plant with various pharmacological activities, and phytosterols were reported contained in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extract of this plant. Phytosterols are known to inhibit steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are the key proteins that control lipogenesis. However, information about L. microphyllum on SIRT1 and AMPK is still lacking.

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the binding mode of phytosterols in L. microphyllum extract towards AMPK and SIRT1, and the toxicity of the extract against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae, and to determine the phenols and sterols levels in the extract.

Methods

The molecular docking was performed towards SIRT1 and AMPK using AutoDock v4.2.6, the toxicity of the extract was assayed against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae, and the phytosterols were analyzed by employing a thin layer chromatography densitometry, and the total phenols were by spectrophotometry.

Results

The molecular docking study revealed that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol could occupy the active allosteric-binding site of SIRT1 and AMPK by binding to important residues similar to the protein's activators. The cold extraction of the plant yields 15.86% w/w. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The total phenols are equivalent to 126 mg gallic acid (GAE)/g dry extract, the total sterols are 954.04 µg/g, and the β-sitosterol level is 283.55 µg/g. The LC50 value of the extract towards A. salina larvae is 203.704 ppm.

Conclusion

Lygodium microphyllum extract may have the potential to be further explored for its pharmacology activities, particularly in the discovery of plant-based anti-dyslipidemic drug candidates. However, further studies are needed to confirm their roles in alleviating lipid disorders.

Sterol, tocopherol, and bioactive fatty acid differences between conventional, high-quality, and organic cow milk

Milk contains several components that are important for human nutrition and health. To date, studies on organic and conventional milk have focused on their gross composition and fatty acid content, but little attention has been paid to the differences between other minor components, such as sterols and vitamins that may have functional actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional differences among 3 types of milk from a dairy plant: conventional, high-quality, and organic (in compliance with European regulations) milk, focusing on minor components such as sterols of animal and plant origin (phytosterols), tocopherols, and bioactive fatty acids. Cholesterol ranged from 271.37 mg/100 g of fat in conventional milk to 278.76 mg/100 g of fat in organic milk. Lanosterol was the main minor animal sterol in cow milk (ranging from 3.41 to 4.37 mg/100 g of fat), followed by desmosterol. The amount of total plant sterols in the analyzed milk ranged from 4.43 mg/100 g of fat in organic to 4.71 mg/100 g of fat in high-quality milk. Brassicasterol was the main sterol of plant origin which varied from 2.6 mg/100 g of fat in conventional and organic milk, to 2.93 mg/100 g of fat in high-quality milk. The second most present phytosterol was β-sitosterol, which ranged from 0.86 mg/100 g of fat in conventional to 0.97 mg/100 g of fat in high-quality, and organic milk. The results of the study showed no significant differences in gross and sterol composition between the 3 types of milk. However, the only significant difference found was in the fatty acid profile, with a higher n-3 content found in high-quality milk than in conventional and organic milk. These findings suggest that the investigated product categories and labels have minimal effect on the sterol and fatty acid profile of commercial cow milk.

Natural Food Resource Valorization by Microwave Technology: Purslane Stabilization by Dielectric Heating

The application of microwave-assisted drying is a promising technique due to the features of process sustainability that are usable for responsible productions. It is largely applied for the stabilization of food products, especially in the agro-food sector. In this study, the weed Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane), with its richness in antioxidant components in addition to its recognized pharmacological properties, has been considered due to its potential to be a natural, well-accepted future food. Attention was focused on the role of the heat and mass transfer rates involved in the drying processes on the nutritional profile of the dried products. For this purpose, different drying protocols (convective, microwave irradiation, microwave-vacuum irradiation) were applied to different parts of purslane herb (apical, twigs, entire structures) and chemical characterizations were performed by a GC/MS analysis of the extracts of the dried products. The results show that microwave treatments can assure a better preservation of fatty acids such as SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (which constitute over 90% of the total components in the apical part, 65% in twigs, and 85% in microwave-vacuum-dried entire purslane samples) and phytosterols (their highest preservation was found in microwave-dried twigs) compared with convective treatments. The chemical composition variability as well as treatment times depend on the drying rates (in microwave treatments, the times are on a minute scale and the rates are up to three orders of magnitude greater than convective ones), which in turn depend on the heating transport phenomena. This variability can lead towards products that are diversified by properties that transform a weed into a valorized food source.

Oxidative Status of Ultra-Processed Foods in the Western Diet

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have gained substantial attention in the scientific community due to their surging consumption and potential health repercussions. In addition to their well-established poor nutritional profile, UPFs have been implicated in containing various dietary oxidized sterols (DOxSs). These DOxSs are associated with a spectrum of chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic conditions, cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we present a comprehensive database documenting the presence of DOxSs and other dietary metabolites in >60 UPFs commonly consumed as part of the Western diet. Significant differences were found in DOxS and phytosterol content between ready-to-eat (RTE) and fast foods (FFs). Biomarker analysis revealed that DOxS accumulation, particularly 25-OH and triol, can potentially discriminate between RTEs and FFs. This work underscores the potential utility of dietary biomarkers in early disease detection and prevention. However, an essential next step is conducting exposure assessments to better comprehend the levels of DOxS exposure and their association with chronic diseases.

HPTLC based quantification of β-sitosterol from the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and in-silico prediction of potential drug targeted towards cancer therapy

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (N. arbor-tristis) is a plant of enormous medicinal importance and each part of the plant retained extensive medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, etc. Phytosterols are secondary metabolites of plants that are well-known for their ability to reduce cholesterol, boost immunity and inhibit the formation of cancer cells. In this study, β-sitosterol, which boosts antioxidant enzymes and reduces oxidative stress, was qualitatively and quantitatively identified in the methanolic extract of the plant's leaves using the HPTLC. Our findings show that N. arbor-tristis has a significant concentration of β-sitosterol with the 0.64 Rf value. Further, docking and simulation (in-silico) studies have shown that β-sitosterol has good binding affinity with human DNA Topoisomerase I (h-DNA Topo I) and has the potential to inhibit its activity. It can be reconstructed as h-DNA Topo I determent.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Health-promoting germinated rice and value-added foods: a comprehensive and systematic review of germination effects on brown rice

Over the last 30 years, thousands of articles have appeared examining the effects of soaking and germinating brown rice (BR). Variable germination conditions and methods have been employed to measure different health-beneficial parameters in a diverse germplasm of BR. Research results may therefore appear inconsistent with occasional anomalies, and it may be difficult to reach consensus concerning expected trends. Herein, we amassed a comprehensive review on germinated brown rice (GBR), attempting to codify 133 peer-reviewed articles regarding the effects on 164 chemical parameters related to health and nutrition in BR and in value-added food products. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) approach was used to direct the flow of the literature search. A pair-wise comparison t-test was performed to deliver an overall approach indicating when a given compound has been found to significantly increase or decrease through germination, which was grouped into GABA and polyamines, γ-Oryzanol and phytosterols, phenolic compounds, vitamins, proteins and amino acids, starchy carbohydrates, free sugars, lipids, minerals and phytic acid. This resource will stimulate interest in germinating rice and optimistically help increase both production and consumption of highly nutritious, health-beneficial rice with pigmented bran.

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Plant Sterols on Total and LDL-Cholesterol in Plasma Is Affected by Adherence to Mediterranean Diet: Insights from the DESCO Randomized Clinical Study

Plant sterols are well-known natural lipid-lowering agents. The DESCO (Diet and plant sterols in the control of cholesterolemia) study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover clinical trial designed to investigate the effect of a once-a-day ready-to-drink dietary supplement containing 2.5 g of phytosterols on the lipid profile, also in relation to the quality of the diet, in a cohort of 50 Italian individuals with polygenic hypercholesterolemia and low global cardiovascular risk. Eligible individuals were enrolled in a run-in period of 2 weeks. Then, participants who qualified for continuation in the study were randomly allocated (1:1) to a 3-week treatment with either phytosterols or placebo. After a 2-week washout period, enrolled individuals were crossed over to receive the alternative treatment. Dietary supplementation with phytosterols was associated with significant improvement in plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC; -11.8 ± 4.0 mg/dL, p = 0.016), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; -7.8 ± 7.7 mg/dL, p = 0.021), and apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100, -3.7 ± 4.1 mg/dL, p = 0.048) compared to baseline. The changes in TC and LDL-C were also significant compared to placebo, and greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was significantly associated with greater reductions in LDL-C. Dietary supplementation with phytosterols was well tolerated and adherence to treatment was high. According to the findings of DESCO, the once-a-day ready-to-drink dietary supplement we tested is able to quickly and significantly decrease plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, and Apo B-100, with a greater effect in individuals more adhering to the Mediterranean dietary pattern.

Pediatric Patients with Sitosterolemia: Next-Generation Sequencing and Biochemical Examination in Clinical Practice

Here, we report the pediatric cases of sitosterolemia, a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder, characterized by high concentrations of plant sterols in blood and heterogeneity manifestations. All three patients (two girls aged 2 and 6 years old, and one boy aged 14 years old) were initially diagnosed with hypercholesterinemia. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed homozygous (p.Leu572Pro/p.Leu572Pro) and compound (p.Leu572Pro/p.Gly512Arg and p.Leu572Pro/p.Trp361*) variants in the ABCG8 gene that allowed for the diagnosis of sitosterolemia. Two patients whose blood phytosterol levels were estimated before the diet demonstrated high levels of sitosterol/campesterol (69.6/29.2 and 28.3/12.4 μmol/L, respectively). Here, we demonstrate that NGS-testing led to the proper diagnosis that is essential for patients' management. The variant p.Leu572Pro might be prevalent among patients with sitosterolemia in Russia.

Phytosterols in rice bran and their health benefits

With the continuous technological innovation in the high-value utilization of rice bran byproducts, rice bran oil retains a higher concentration of beneficial components such as a well-balanced composition of fatty acids and abundant phytosterols. This makes it a highly nutritious and healthy vegetable oil. This review provides an overview of the advancements made in separating, purifying, and processing phytosterols in rice bran oil. The review also introduces techniques for assessing the stability of rice bran oil. Moreover, the review emphasizes the nutritional value of phytosterols found in rice bran oil, highlighting their various health benefits, including their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, cholesterol-lowering, skin-protective, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Attaining a comprehensive understanding of the research progress made in phytosterols derived from rice bran oil can offer valuable guidance for the efficient utilization of rice bran.

Phytosterols Protect against Osteoporosis by Regulating Gut Microbiota

Osteoporosis is increasingly prevalent worldwide, representing a major health burden. However, there is a lack of nutritional strategies for osteoporotic therapy. Phytosterols, as natural bioactive compounds, have the potential to alleviate osteoporosis. In this study, a glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis mouse model and treatment with low and high concentrations of phytosterols for 4 weeks were established. The results demonstrated that compared to the control group, low-concentration phytosterols (LP) (0.3 mg/mL) increased bone mass, improved trabecular microstructure, reduced serum levels of cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1), and elevated serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3). Conversely, high-concentration phytosterols (0.5 mg/mL) showed no effect. Additionally, we validated the effect of LP in ameliorating osteoporosis using an ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mouse model. Mechanistically, phytosterols altered the microbial composition to counteract glucocorticoid-induced gut microbiota disorder and improve the length and morphology of the small intestine. Particularly, based on selection strategy and correlation analysis, phytosterols increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and decreased the relative abundance of Bilophila, which were significantly associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis indications. Overall, these findings suggest that phytosterols regulate gut microbiota to increase bone mass, thereby exerting an antiosteoporotic effect.

Atomic Force Microscopy of Phytosterol Based Edible Oleogels

This work reviews the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a tool to investigate oleogels of edible triglyceride oils. Specific attention is given to those oleogels based on phytosterols and their esters, a class of material the authors have studied extensively. This work consists of a summary of the role of AFM in imaging edible oleogels, including the processing and preparation steps required to obtain high-quality AFM images of them. Finally, there is a comparison between AFM and other techniques that may be used to obtain structural information from oleogel samples. The aim of this review is to provide a useful introduction and summary of the technique for researchers in the fields of gels and food sciences looking to perform AFM measurements on edible oleogels.

Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production

Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.

Liposomal Phytosterols as LDL-Cholesterol-Lowering Agents in Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia

The high blood level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Plant sterols, known as phytosterols (PSs), can reduce LDL-C in a range of 8-14%. The extent of LDL-C reduction depends on its formulation. Encapsulation into liposomes is one formulation strategy to enhance the efficiency of PSs. PSs (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) have frequently been assessed alone or in combination for their LDL-C-lowering ability. However, one naturally abundant PS, brassicasterol, has not yet been tested for its efficacy. We have previously developed a novel liposomal formulation containing the PS mixture present naturally in canola that is composed of brassicasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol. In this work, the efficacy of our novel liposomal PS formulation that includes brassicasterol was assessed in a hamster model. Animals were divided into five groups: (i) liposomal PS in orange juice, (ii) liposomal PS in water, (iii) marketed PS in orange juice, (iv) control orange juice, and (v) control water. The animals were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-supplemented (0.5%) diet to induce hypercholesterolemia. The treatment was administered orally once daily for 4 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 2, and week 4. The extent of the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides was compared among the groups. Liposomal PSs in both orange juice and water significantly reduced LDL-C compared to their controls. Furthermore, the liposomal PS was as effective as a marketed PS-containing product in reducing LDL-C. Liposomal PSs in both orange juice and water showed similar efficacy in LDL-C reduction, highlighting that these vehicles/food matrices do not affect the efficacy of PSs. The liposomal formulation of a natural PS mixture extracted from canola oil, with brassicasterol as a major component, exhibited a significant LDL-C reduction in a hamster model.

Cholesterol Metabolic Profiling of HDL in Women with Late-Onset Preeclampsia

A specific feature of dyslipidemia in pregnancy is increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, which is probably associated with maternal endothelium protection. However, preeclampsia is most often associated with low HDL cholesterol, and the mechanisms behind this change are scarcely explored. We aimed to investigate changes in HDL metabolism in risky pregnancies and those complicated by late-onset preeclampsia. We analyze cholesterol synthesis (cholesterol precursors: desmosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and lathosterol) and absorption markers (phytosterols: campesterol and β-sitosterol) within HDL particles (NCS_HDL), the activities of principal modulators of HDL cholesterol's content, and major HDL functional proteins levels in mid and late pregnancy. On the basis of the pregnancy outcome, participants were classified into the risk group (RG) (70 women) and the preeclampsia group (PG) (20 women). HDL cholesterol was lower in PG in the second trimester compared to RG (p < 0.05) and followed by lower levels of cholesterol absorption markers (p < 0.001 for campesterol_HDL and p < 0.05 for β-sitosterol_HDL). Lowering of HDL cholesterol between trimesters in RG (p < 0.05) was accompanied by a decrease in HDL phytosterol content (p < 0.001), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentration (p < 0.05), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) (p < 0.001), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) (p < 0.05), and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activities (p < 0.05). These longitudinal changes were absent in PG. Development of late-onset preeclampsia is preceded by the appearance of lower HDL cholesterol and NCS_HDL in the second trimester. We propose that reduced capacity for intestinal HDL synthesis, decreased LCAT activity, and impaired capacity for HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux could be the contributing mechanisms resulting in lower HDL cholesterol.

Functional Compounds of Cold-Pressed Pomegranate Seed Oil: Fatty Acids and Phytosterols Profile as Quality Biomarkers for Origin Discrimination

Cold-pressed pomegranate seed oil (PSO) is a product of the extraction of non-edible pomegranate seeds. Its unique chemical composition in terms of both polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially punicic acid (PA), and secondary metabolites, such as phytosterols, tocopherols and phenols, make it an interesting functional ingredient for food enrichment. It is not clear if the biomarkers profile of PSO depends to factors connected to the geographical origin of seeds. This work presents a statistical comparative analysis, concerning biomolecules composition and geographical origin of 32 commercial cold-pressed PSOs, performed by principal component analysis. The study discriminates between Turkish and Italian PSOs, on the base of the fatty acid profile and phytosterols, and not on the tocopherols and phenols. These results confirmed PA as the main characteristic biomarker of oil genuineness and, for the first time, disclosed a statistically relevant variability of phytosterols, which can be proposed as quality biomarkers for discrimination of geographical origins.

Activation of Liver X Receptors and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors by Lipid Extracts of Brown Seaweeds: A Potential Application in Alzheimer's Disease?

The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRα/β) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα/γ) are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including lipid metabolism and inflammation. The activation of these receptors has been found to have neuroprotective effects, making them interesting therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The Asian brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme contains both LXR-activating (oxy)phytosterols and PPAR-activating fatty acids. We have previously shown that dietary supplementation with lipid extracts of Sargassum fusiforme prevents disease progression in a mouse model of AD, without inducing adverse effects associated with synthetic pan-LXR agonists. We now determined the LXRα/β- and PPARα/γ-activating capacity of lipid extracts of six European brown seaweed species (Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Himanthalia elongata, Saccharina latissima, and Sargassum muticum) and the Asian seaweed Sargassum fusiforme using a dual luciferase reporter assay. We analyzed the sterol and fatty acid profiles of the extracts by GC-MS and UPLC MS/MS, respectively, and determined their effects on the expression of LXR and PPAR target genes in several cell lines using quantitative PCR. All extracts were found to activate LXRs, with the Himanthalia elongata extract showing the most pronounced efficacy, comparable to Sargassum fusiforme, for LXR activation and transcriptional regulation of LXR-target genes. Extracts of Alaria esculenta, Fucus vesiculosus, and Saccharina latissima showed the highest capacity to activate PPARα, while extracts of Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, and Sargassum muticum showed the highest capacity to activate PPARγ, comparable to Sargassum fusiforme extract. In CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, all extracts induced expression of cholesterol efflux genes (ABCG1, ABCA1, and APOE) and suppressed expression of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis genes (DHCR7, DHCR24, HMGCR and SREBF2, and SREBF1, ACACA, SCD1 and FASN, respectively). Our data show that lipophilic fractions of European brown seaweeds activate LXRs and PPARs and thereby modulate lipid metabolism. These results support the potential of brown seaweeds in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and possibly cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases via concurrent activation of LXRs and PPARs.

Nutritional Composition of Hass Avocado Pulp

Avocados (Persea americana) are a unique fruit that can provide health benefits when included in a healthy diet. As health care moves towards precision health and targeted therapies or preventative medicine, it is critical to understand foods and their dietary components. The nutritional composition and plant physiology of the Hass avocado is strikingly different from other fruits. This paper reviews the nutrient and bioactive composition of the edible portion of the Hass avocado (pulp) reported in the literature and from commercial lab analyses of the current market supply of fresh Hass avocados. These results provide comprehensive data on what nutrients and bioactives are in avocado and the quantity of these nutrients. We discuss the reasons for nutrient composition variations and review some potential health benefits of bioactive compounds found in Hass avocados.

The Effect of Mineral Fertilization on the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Hemp Seeds and Oil

The popularity of hemp cultivation for industrial purposes has been steadily growing for many years. With the addition of products derived from these plants to the Novel Food Catalogue, maintained by the European Commission, a significant increase in interest in hemp food is also expected. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of hempseed, oil, and oil cake samples produced from experimental plots grown in different conditions. The research was conducted on the Henola variety, one of the newest and most popular varieties of hemp, recently bred for grain and oil. The content of bioactive compounds in grain and oil has been subjected to detailed chemical analyses in order to determine the effect of fertilization, the method of plant cultivation, and processing conditions on their quantity. The test results and the statistical analysis carried out showed a significant impact of the tested factors on the content of some of the tested bioactive compounds. The obtained results will help in the development of an effective method of cultivation for this hemp variety in order to maximize the content of the desired bioactive compounds per unit of cultivation area.

Identification and Functional Characterization of ZmSCYL2 Involved in Phytosterol Accumulation in Plants

Phytosterols are natural active substances widely found in plants and play an important role in hypolipidemia, antioxidants, antitumor, immunomodulation, plant growth, and development. In this study, phytosterols were extracted and identified from the seed embryos of 244 maize inbred lines. Based on this, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to predict the possible candidate genes responsible for phytosterol content; 9 SNPs and 32 candidate genes were detected, and ZmSCYL2 was identified to be associated with phytosterol accumulation. We initially confirmed its functions in transgenic Arabidopsis and found that mutation of ZmSCYL2 resulted in slow plant growth and a significant reduction in sterol content, while overexpression of ZmSCYL2 accelerated plant growth and significantly increased sterol content. These results were further confirmed in transgenic tobacco and suggest that ZmSCYL2 was closely related to plant growth; overexpression of ZmSCYL2 not only facilitated plant growth and development but also promoted the accumulation of phytosterols.

Sterols and pentacyclic triterpenoids from nettle root: content and composition as affected by pressurized liquid extraction

BACKGROUND

Nettle is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive molecules. The composition of nettle leaves and stems has been extensively studied, whereas the root has been insufficiently investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize the parameters of advanced extraction technique, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), for the lipid fraction of nettle root rich in triterpenoid derivatives and to compare the efficiency of isolation under optimal conditions with conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE).

RESULTS

The PLE yields ranged from 0.39-1.63%, whereas the total content of triterpenoid derivatives ranged from 43.50-78.26 mg 100 g^-1 , with nine sterols and three pentacyclic triterpenoids identified and quantified within a total range of 42.81-76.57 mg 100 g^-1 and 0.69-1.68 mg 100 g^-1 dried root, respectively. The most abundant sterol and pentacyclic triterpenoid were β-sitosterol and β-amyrin acetate, with mean values of 50.21 mg 100 g^-1 and 0.56 mg 100 g^-1 dried root.

CONCLUSION

The optimal PLE conditions were 150 °C/5 min/four cycles and showed significantly better performance compared to SE (68 °C, 8 h), establishing an excellent technique for the isolation of the nettle root lipid fraction. Also, triterpenoid derivatives from nettle could be used as functional ingredients for the development of new foods and dietary supplements. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Diversity of Phytosterols in Leaves of Wild Brassicaceae Species as Compared to Brassica napus Cultivars: Potential Traits for Insect Resistance and Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Phytosterols are natural compounds found in all higher plants that have a wide variety of roles in plant growth regulation and stress tolerance. The phytosterol composition can also influence the development and reproductive rate of strict herbivorous insects and other important agronomic traits such as temperature and drought tolerance in plants. In this study, we analysed the phytosterol composition in 18 Brassica napus (Rapeseed/canola) cultivars and 20 accessions belonging to 10 related wild Brassicaceae species to explore diverse and novel phytosterol profiles. Plants were grown in a controlled phytotron environment and their phytosterols were analysed using a saponification extraction method followed by GC-MS from the leaf samples. The B. napus cultivars showed slight diversity in eight phytosterols (>0.02%) due to the genotypic effect, whereas the wild accessions showed significant variability in their phytosterol profiles. Of interest, a number of wild accessions were found with high levels of campesterol (HIN20, HIN23, HUN27, HIN30, SARS2, and UPM6563), stigmasterol (UPM6813, UPM6563, ALBA17, and ALBA2), and isofucosterol (SARS12, SAR6, and DMU2). These changes in individual phytosterols, or ratios of phytosterols, can have a significant implication in plant tolerance to abiotic stress and plant insect resistance properties, which can be used in breeding for crop improvement.

Flowers and Inflorescences of Selected Medicinal Plants as a Source of Triterpenoids and Phytosterols

Steroids and triterpenoids are compounds valued for their various biological and pharmacological properties; however, their content in medicinal and edible plants is often understudied. Flowers have been consumed since the ancient times as a part of traditional cuisine and as alternative medicines. Currently, the interest in medicinal and edible flowers is growing since contemporary consumers are incessantly seeking innovative natural sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this report was the GC-MS (gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis of steroid and triterpenoid content in flowers, inflorescences and leaves of several plants (Berberis vulgaris L., Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., Rosa rugosa Thunb., Sambucus nigra L. and Vinca minor L.), applied in herbal medicine in various forms, including isolated flowers (Flos), inflorescences (Inflorescentia) or aerial parts (Herba, i.e., combined flowers, leaves and stems). The most abundant source of triterpenoids was V. minor flowers (6.3 mg/g d.w.), whereas the steroids were prevailing in P. vulgaris flowers (1.8 and 1.1 mg/g). The profiles of triterpenoid acids and neutral triterpenoids in C. laevigata and S. nigra inflorescences were particularly diverse, involving compounds belonging to lupane-, oleanane- and ursane-type skeletons. The obtained results revealed that some flowers can constitute an abundant source of phytosterols and bioactive triterpenoids, valuable for utilization in functional foods, dietary supplements and cosmetic products.

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Composition of Nut Bars with Addition of Various Edible Insect Flours

Edible insects represent a new functional source of nutrients that can contribute to solving nutritional deficiency problems. The antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds of nut bars with the addition of three edible insects were evaluated. Acheta domesticus L., Alphitobius diaperinus P. and Tenebrio molitor L. flours were used. A 30% share of insect flour in the bars resulted in significantly greater antioxidant activity (TPC increased from 190.19 for standard bars to 309.45 mg catechin/100 g for bars with 30% addition of cricket flour). Insect flour contributed significantly to an increase in 2,5-dihydrobenzoic acid (from 0.12 for bars with a 15% share of buffalo worm flour to 0.44 mg/100 g in the case of bars with a 30% share of cricket flour) and chlorogenic acid in all bars (from 0.58 for bars with a 15% share of cricket flour to 3.28 mg/100 g for bars with a 30% addition of buffalo worm flour), compared to the standard. The highest content of tocopherols was found in bars with cricket flour, compared to standard bars (43.57 and 24.06 mg/100 g of fat, respectively). The dominant sterol in bars enriched with insect powder was cholesterol. The highest amount of it was found in cricket bars, and the lowest in mealworm bars (64.16 and 21.62 mg/100 g of fat, respectively). The enrichment of nut bars with insect flours raises the levels of valuable phytosterols in the final product. The addition of edible insect flours reduced the perception of most sensory attributes of the bars, compared to the standard bar.

Perception, regulation, and fitness effects of pollen phytosterols in the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris

PREMISE

Many flowering plants depend on insects for pollination and thus attract pollinators by offering rewards, mostly nectar and pollen. Bee pollinators rely on pollen as their main nutrient source. Pollen provides all essential micro- and macronutrients including substances that cannot be synthesized by bees themselves, such as sterols, which bees need for processes such as hormone production. Variations in sterol concentrations may consequently affect bee health and reproductive fitness. We therefore hypothesized that (1) these variations in pollen sterols affect longevity and reproduction in bumble bees and (2) can thus be perceived via the bees' antennae before consumption.

METHODS

We studied the effect of sterols on longevity and reproduction of Bombus terrestris workers in feeding experiments and investigated sterol perception using chemotactile proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning.

RESULTS

Workers could perceive several sterols (cholesterol, cholestenone, desmosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) via their antennae but not differentiate between them. However, when sterols were presented in pollen, and not as a single compound, the bees were unable to differentiate between pollen differing in sterol content. Additionally, different sterol concentrations in pollen neither affected pollen consumption nor brood development or worker longevity.

CONCLUSIONS

Since we used both natural concentrations and concentrations higher than those found in pollen, our results indicate that bumble bees may not need to pay specific attention to pollen sterol content beyond a specific threshold. Naturally encountered concentrations might fully support their sterol requirements and higher concentrations do not seem to have negative effects.

Short-Term Effect of Nutraceutical Fruit Juices on Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Acquired Hypercholesterolemia

The crucial role of dyslipidaemia, especially hypercholesterolemia, in the development of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases has been extensively documented in genetic, pathologic, observational and intervention studies. The European guidelines for dyslipidaemia management include the possible use of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals to support a relatively large number of natural compounds. In this context, we have conducted a study to investigate whether dietary supplementation with a functional nutraceutical beverage, containing a standardized polyphenolic fraction from fruit, red yeast rice, phytosterols, and berberine complexed with β-cyclodextrin, could positively affect serum lipid concentration in 14 subjects with hypercholesterolemia. After 12 weeks of treatment, dietary supplementation with this nutraceutical combination was associated with significant improvements in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B, compared to baseline. Compliance was excellent and no adverse effects were reported. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that 100 mL of a functional beverage containing lipid-lowering nutraceuticals safely leads to significant improvements in serum lipids in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Future research is needed to unravel the role that the polyphenols contained in fruit extracts play in the reduction of cholesterolemia and in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Conjugates of 1,3- and 1,2-Acylglycerols with Stigmasterol - Synthesis, NMR Characterization and Impact on Lipid Bilayers

The main aim of research was synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new conjugates in which stigmasterol was linked via carbonate or succinyl linker with 1,3- and 1,2-acylglycerols of palmitic and oleic acid. Acylglycerols containing stigmasterol residue at internal position have been synthesized from 2-benzyloxypropane-1,3-diol or dihydroxyacetone. Their asymmetric counterparts containing stigmasterol residue attached to sn-3 position have been obtained from (S)-solketal. Eight synthesized conjugates were used to create the liposomes as nanocarriers of phytosterols to increase their stability and  protect them from degradation during thermal-oxidative treatments. Fluorimetric and ATR-FTIR methods were used to determine the impact of synthesized conjugates on the physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer. The results indicate that conjugates with palmitic acid are better candidates for use as the potential stigmasterol nanocarriers compared to those with oleic acid because they increase the stiffness of the lipid bilayer and temperature of the main phase transition. The obtained results are the first step in designing of stigmasterol-enriched liposomal carriers with higher thermo-oxidative stability for their potential use in the food industry.

Phytosterols Are Involved in Sclareol-Induced Chlorophyll Reductions in Arabidopsis

Sclareol, a diterpene, has a wide range of physiological effects on plants, such as antimicrobial activity; disease resistance against pathogens; and the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism, transport, and phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling. Exogenous sclareol reduces the content of chlorophyll in Arabidopsis leaves. However, the endogenous compounds responsible for sclareol-induced chlorophyll reduction remain unknown. The phytosterols campesterol and stigmasterol were identified as compounds that reduce the content of chlorophyll in sclareol-treated Arabidopsis plants. The exogenous application of campesterol or stigmasterol dose-dependently reduced the content of chlorophyll in Arabidopsis leaves. Exogenously-applied sclareol enhanced the endogenous contents of campesterol and stigmasterol and the accumulation of transcripts for phytosterol biosynthetic genes. These results suggest that the phytosterols campesterol and stigmasterol, the production of which is enhanced in response to sclareol, contribute to reductions in chlorophyll content in Arabidopsis leaves.

Applications of Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites of Sargassum spp

Sargassum is one of the largest and most diverse genus of brown seaweeds, comprising of around 400 taxonomically accepted species. Many species of this genus have long been a part of human culture with applications as food, feed, and remedies in folk medicine. Apart from their high nutritional value, these seaweeds are also a well-known reservoir of natural antioxidant compounds of great interest, including polyphenols, carotenoids, meroterpenoids, phytosterols, and several others. Such compounds provide a valuable contribution to innovation that can translate, for instance, into the development of new ingredients for preventing product deterioration, particularly in food products, cosmetics or biostimulants to boost crops production and tolerance to abiotic stress. This manuscript revises the chemical composition of Sargassum seaweeds, highlighting their antioxidant secondary metabolites, their mechanism of action, and multiple applications in fields, including agriculture, food, and health.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Difference of Aortic Atherosclerosis Response to Phytosterols and Oxidation Products of Sterols

SCOPE

Phytosterols (PS) and sterol oxidation products are key dietary factors influencing atherosclerosis besides cholesterol, although the mechanisms remain elusive. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revealed the heterogeneity of multiple cell types associated with complex pathogenesis in atherosclerosis development.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Here, we performed scRNA-seq to investigate the alterations in the aortic cells from ApoE^-/- mice induced by diet-derived PS or two sterol oxidation products, phytosterols oxidation products (POPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). We identified four fibroblast subpopulations with different functions, and immunofluorescence demonstrated their spatial heterogeneity, providing evidence that suggested the transformation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts in atherosclerosis. The composition and gene expression profiles of aortic cells changed broadly in response to PS/COPs/POPs exposure. Notably, PS exhibited an atheroprotective effect where different gene expressions were mainly found in B cells. Exposure to COPs accelerated atherosclerosis and resulted in marked alternations in myofibroblast subpopulations and T cells, while POPs only altered fibroblast subpopulations and B cells.

CONCLUSION

Our data elucidates the effects of dietary PS/COPs/POPs on aortic cells during atherosclerosis development, especially on the newly identified fibroblast subpopulations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Simultaneous Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olea europaea L. Leaves and Healthy Seed Oils Using Pressurized Propane

Olive leaves (OL) are products of olive cultivation with a high commercial value because they contain valuable bioactive compounds. Chia and sesame seeds have a high functional value because of their attractive nutritional properties. When combined in the extraction process, the two products constitute a product of high quality. The use of pressurized propane in vegetable oil extraction is advantageous because it provides solvent-free oil. This study aimed to combine two high-quality products to obtain oils with a unique combination of attractive nutritional properties and high levels of bioactive compounds. The mass percentage yields of the OL extracts with chia and sesame oils were 23.4% and 24.8%, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the pure oils and their respective OL-enriched oils were similar. There was an aggregation of the 35% and 32% (v/v) bioactive OL compounds in chia and sesame oils, respectively. OL oils exhibited superior antioxidant capacities. The induction times of the OL extracts with the sesame and chia oils increased by 73% and 4.4%, respectively. Incorporating OL active compounds in healthy edible vegetable oils using propane as a solvent promotes the reduction of lipid oxidation, improves the lipid profiles and health indices of the oils, and forms a product with attractive nutritional characteristics.

Effects of Dietary Phytosterol Supplementation on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Length of Small Intestine, and Tibia Quality in Aged Laying Hens

This study aimed at investigating the effects of phytosterols on the productive performance, egg quality, length of small intestine, and tibia quality in aged laying hens. A total of 960 Dawu Jinfeng commercial laying hens (75 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group had 16 replicates and every replicate contained four cages (five birds/cage). The control group hens received the basal diet without phytosterols. The hens in the experimental groups received a diet containing phytosterols at concentrations of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for 7 weeks. The results showed that phytosterols had a linearly increasing effect on egg weight, eggshell surface area, albumen height, and haugh unit at week 5 of experiment (p < 0.05). Supplemental phytosterols linearly and quadratically increased eggshell thickness (p < 0.05). At week 7 of the experiment, dietary supplementation of phytosterols linearly increased egg weight and eggshell weight (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 20 mg/kg, but not 40 mg/kg, phytosterols increased the length of the small intestine. However, dietary phytosterols had no effect on the laying rate, mortality, or liver index (p > 0.1). The results of tibia quality detected by micro-CT also showed no difference in the treatment of phytosterols. Therefore, supplementation with 20 mg/kg phytosterols in the diet improves egg quality and increases the length of small intestine, but has no effects on the quality of the tibia.

Overexpression of SQUALENE SYNTHASE Reduces Nicotiana benthamiana Resistance against Phytophthora infestans

Plant triterpenoids play a critical role in plant resistance against Phytophthora infestans de Bary, the causal pathogen of potato and tomato late blight. However, different triterpenoids could have contrasting functions on plant resistance against P. infestans. In this study, we targeted the key biosynthetic gene of all plant triterpenoids, SQUALENE SYNTHASE (SQS), to examine the function of this gene in plant-P. infestans interactions. A post-inoculation, time-course gene expression analysis revealed that SQS expression was induced in Nicotiana benthamiana but was transiently suppressed in Solanum lycopersicum. Consistent with the host-specific changes in SQS expression, concentrations of major triterpenoid compounds were only induced in S. lycopersicum. A stable overexpression of SQS in N. benthamiana reduced plant resistance against P. infestans and induced the hyperaccumulation of stigmasterol. A comparative transcriptomics analysis of the transgenic lines showed that diverse plant physiological processes were influenced by SQS overexpression, suggesting that phytosterol content regulation may not be the sole mechanism through which SQS promotes plant susceptibility towards P. infestans. This study provides experimental evidence for the host-specific transcriptional regulation and function of SQS in plant interactions with P. infestans, offering a novel perspective in examining the quantitative disease resistance against late blight.

Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Risk Evaluated against the Background of Phytosterolemia Cases-A German Expert Panel Statement

Phytosterols (PSs) have been proposed as dietary means to lower plasma LDL-C. However, concerns are raised that PSs may exert atherogenic effects, which would offset this benefit. Phytosterolemia was thought to mimic increased plasma PSs observed after the consumption of PS-enriched foods. This expert statement examines the possibility of specific atherogenicity of PSs based on sterol metabolism, experimental, animal, and human data. Observational studies show no evidence that plasma PS concentrations would be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular (CV) events. Since variants of the ABCG5/8 transporter affect the absorption of cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols, Mendelian randomization studies examining the effects of ABCG5/8 polymorphisms cannot support or refute the potential atherogenic effects of PSs due to pleiotropy. In homozygous patients with phytosterolemia, total PS concentrations are ~4000% higher than under physiological conditions. The prevalence of atherosclerosis in these individuals is variable and may mainly relate to concomitant elevated LDL-C. Consuming PS-enriched foods increases PS concentrations by ~35%. Hence, PSs, on a molar basis, would need to have 20-40 times higher atherogenicity than cholesterol to offset their cholesterol reduction benefit. Based on their LDL-C lowering and absence of adverse safety signals, PSs offer a dietary approach to cholesterol management. However, their clinical benefits have not been established in long-term CV endpoint studies.

Anti-Dengue Activity of Lipophilic Fraction of Ocimum basilicum L. Stem

Ocimum basilicum L. is used to cure many types of fever in traditional medicine. This study aims to explore the antiviral activity of the lipophilic fraction of the stem of O. basilicum (LFOB) against dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The LFOB was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The antiviral activity of LFOB was studied using the Vero CCL-81 cell line. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). In vitro antiviral activity and FFU assay were used to determine and confirm antiviral activity against DENV and CHIKV. Twenty-six compounds were identified in LFOB using GC/MS. The most abundant compounds were β-sitosterol (22.9%), stigmasterol (18.7%), and campesterol (12.9%). Significant reduction in DENV titre was observed under pre- and post-infection treatment conditions at a concentration of 3.125 µg/mL, but no anti-CHIKV activity was observed. Our earlier and the present AutoDock-Vina-based in silico docking study revealed that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol could form strong interactions with the DENV E glycoprotein and DENV RdRp domain, respectively. Our findings suggest that LFOB can inhibit DENV infection and might act as a potent prophylactic/therapeutic agent against DENV-2. In silico results suggested that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol may block the viral entry by inhibiting the fusion process and viral replication respectively.

Inflammatory processes involved in the alteration of liver function biomarkers in adult hospitalized patients treated with parenteral nutrition

Introduction

Liver damage has been associated with the accumulation of phytosterols (PS) in patients treated with parenteral nutrition (PN). We aimed to study the association of inflammatory markers with liver function biomarker (LFB) alterations in patients treated with PN containing PS.

Materials and methods

Prospective observational study. Simple linear and stepwise multiple linear regression tests and interactions were performed.

Results

Nineteen patients were included. In the multivariable model, determinations based on LFBs as dependent and phytosterols (and their fractions) as independent variables showed an association between increases in gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and lanosterol (p < 0.001), stigmasterol (p < 0.001), interleukin-10 (IL-10) × total phytosterols (Phyt) (p < 0.009), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) × Phyt (p < 0.002), IL-10 × sitosterol (p < 0.002), TNF-α × sitosterol (p < 0.001), IL-10 × campesterol (p < 0.033), IL-10 (p < 0.006 and p < 0.015), TNF-α (p < 0.048 and p < 0.027). Increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were associated with Phyt (p < 0.006), lanosterol (p < 0.016), C-reactive protein (CRP) × campesterol (p < 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) × stigmasterol (p < 0.030), CRP (p < 0.08), and IL-6 (p < 0.042). Alkaline phosphatase (AP) increases were associated with CRP (p < 0.002).

Discussion

Inflammation in the presence of plasmatic PS seems to have a synergistic effect in impairing liver function, mainly altering GGT but also ALT.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Acanthus mollis L. Rhizome Hexane Extract

The rhizomes of Acanthus mollis have traditionally been used for the treatment of several ailments involving inflammation. However, to the best of our knowledge, their chemical composition and pharmacological properties have not been studied until now. As a first approach, this study analyses the A. mollis rhizome hexane extract phytochemistry and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities in HepG2 and RAW 264.7 cell culture assays. Chemical profiling was performed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry without the modification of native molecules. Free phytosterols (such as β-sitosterol) account for 70% of detected compounds. The anti-inflammatory capacity of the rhizome extract of A. mollis is mediated by the decrease in the NO production in RAW 264.7 that has previously been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HepG2 pre-treatment with the rhizome extract prevents any damage being caused by oxidative stress, both through ROS scavenge and through the antioxidant cellular enzyme system. In this respect, the extract reduced the activity of glutathione peroxidase and reductase, which were stimulated under oxidative stress conditions. Our results suggest that the extract from the rhizomes of A. mollis may constitute a potential source of natural products with anti-inflammatory activity and could validate the traditional use of A. mollis.

Could Lowering Phytosterol Absorption as Part of Lipid-Lowering Therapy Have a Beneficial Effect on Residual Risk?

Plant sterols are molecules that are structurally similar to cholesterol and provided only as dietary sources (e.g., vegetables, fruits, nuts, cereals) since they cannot be synthesized by humans. Sterol-enriched diets (≥2 g/day) may decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 5-10%, either alone or when added to statins, since they antagonize dietary cholesterol absorption in the intestine. On the other hand, increased serum phytosterol concentrations, (including when associated with sitosterolemia, a rare genetic defect) may contribute to atherosclerotic risk, although a threshold for such a role has not been established. Medications such as ezetimibe may effectively reduce cholesterol and phytosterol absorption. Whether the therapeutic approach associated with the reduction of phytosterol absorption is also translated into a reduction in a patient's residual cardiovascular risk needs to be established.

Influence of Root Color and Tissue on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Carrot Genotypes

This study monitored changes in major carotenoids (lutein, ⍺-carotene, and β-carotene), free sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), ascorbic acid, vitamin E, phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol), fatty acid composition, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activities (AA); ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) [ABTS] assays, in the inner and outer root tissues of nine carrot genotypes with orange, white, and purple roots. The results showed a differential accumulation of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities depending on root tissue and color. Carotenoids, free sugars, and total phytosterol contents were higher in genotypes with orange roots than in other genotypes. Ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC, total anthocyanin, and AA were highest in purple-colored carrots while vitamin E content was higher in white/purple carrots. Root color was highly related to the accumulation of individual carotenoids, vitamin E isomers, and total anthocyanin content most prominently among the analyzed bioactive compounds and AA. Free sugar and carotenoid contents were relatively higher in outer tissues than in inner tissues. Furthermore, ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC, and AA were statistically higher or similar in outer tissues when compared to inner tissues in all genotypes. In contrast, trends in vitamin E and phytosterol content were inconsistent between the inner and outer tissues, depending on the genotype. Although fatty acid composition was affected by both root color and tissue, the results were not significant. Thus, the phytochemical profile and content were highly dependent on root color and tissue in carrot genotypes. This may be useful in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries for the extraction of targeted bioactive compounds.

In-silico evaluations of the isolated phytosterols from polygonum hydropiper L against BACE1 and MAO drug targets

Our previous anti-Alzheimer's studies on crude extracts, essential oils and isolated compounds including β-sitostrol from Polygonum hydropiper L, motivated us for further studies against beta amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and monoamine oxidases (MAO-A), (MAO-B) enzymes. Before performing detailed studies on the compounds using animal models and immunohistochemistry, molecular docking study was performed against three vital enzymes implicated in several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), depression and anxiety to predict their inhibitory potential against important enzymes. Beta amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is important enzyme that catalyze pathological amyloidogenic pathway of processing amyloid precursor proteins to form neurotoxic amyloid plaques. Subsequently, BACE1 inhibitors are considered an important tool in the management of AD. MAOs have been categorized in two well-known groups MAO-A and MAO-B, based on their differential affinity for various monoamines substrates. MAO-A has more affinity for norepinephrine and 5-HT, whereas, MAO-B mainly catalyze the breakdown of dopamine and 2-phenylathylamine (PEA) and other monoamines. Subsequently, they have divergent behavioral outcomes and play a significant role in pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative disorders like AD, depression, drug abuse, migraines, schizophrenia, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Molecular docking was carried out to predict the binding modes of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in the binding pockets of BACE1 (beta-sectretase 1) and MAO (monoamine oxidase A, B) enzymes. The 3 D structure of BACE1 (PDB ID: 2QP8), MAO A (PDB ID: 2ZPX) and MAO B (PDB ID: 2XFN) were downloaded from protein databank. The 3 D structures were then subjected to protonation and energy minimization using default parameters of MOE. Three dimensional structures of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were built by using Molecular Builder Module program implemented in MOE and saved as a (.mdb) file for molecular docking. Subsequently, the energy of both the compounds were minimized up to 0.05 Gradient using MMFF 94 s force field implemented in MOE. Both the compounds were docked into the active site of proteins using the Triangular Matching docking method (default) and 10 different conformations for each compound were generated. To obtain minimum energy structures the ligands were allowed to be flexible during docking. At the end of docking, the predicted ligand-protein complexes were analyzed for molecular interactions. Overall the docking results showed that these compounds showed good interaction with active site residues of BACE1 as compare to MAO-A and MAO-B. Furthermore, β-sitosterol showed good interaction with BACE1 as compare to stigmasterol.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Profiling of Redox-Active Lipophilic Constituents in Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) Cultivars Using LC-MS and GC-MS

Leaf mustard is an important commercial and culinary vegetable. However, only limited information is available on the content and composition of the nutritionally important lipophilic constituents in these leaves. This research presents information on the contents and composition of carotenoids, tocols, phytosterols, and fatty acids in four cultivars of leaf mustard. The carotenoids and tocols were analyzed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) with single ion monitoring (SIM), while phytosterols and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-MS and GC-flame ionization detection (FID), respectively. The LC-MS results revealed the dominance of (all-E)-lutein, within the range of 37.12 (cv. Asia Curled)-43.54% (cv. Jeok) of the total carotenoids. The highest amount of all of the individual carotenoids and total carotenoids (143.85 µg/g fresh weight; FW) were recorded in cv. Cheong. Among the studied leaf samples, 67.16 (cv. Asia Curled)-83.42 µg/g FW (cv. Cheong) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Among the phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most dominant one among the studied mustard leaves, accounting for 80.42 (cv. Jeok)-83.14% (cv. Red frill) of the total phytosterols. The fatty acid analysis revealed the presence of a significant amount of rare hexadecatrienoic acid (C16:3n3) in the studied mustard leaves, which accounted for 27.17 (cv. Asia Curled)-32.59% (cv. Red frill) of the total fatty acids. Overall, the cv. Cheong represented the highest contents of carotenoids, tocols, and phytosterols. Moreover, cv. Red frill contains the highest amount of n-3 PUFAs and antioxidant compounds. Thus, these cultivars can be promoted in cuisines which can be eaten to obtain the highest health benefits.

Characterization of New Egyptian Linseed Varieties and the Effects of Roasting on Their Pigments, Tocochromanols, Phytosterols, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Stability

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of roasting linseeds on the pigment, lipid profile, bioactive components, and oxidative stability of the extracted oils. The linseed varieties Giza 11, Giza 12, Sakha 3, and Sakha 6 were roasted at 180 °C for 10 min, and the oils were extracted by cold pressing. The results showed that, after roasting, there was an increase in oil percentage and peroxide value, as well as small increases in p-anisidine and acid values. Roasting also caused an increase in chlorophyll content, while lutein and β-carotene tend to slightly decrease, except in the Giza 11 variety. The total phenolics content was markedly enhanced after roasting. Omega-3 fatty acids were not affected by the roasting process. The total amounts of tocochromanol were found to decrease in the Giza 12 and Sakha 6 varieties after roasting. Plastochromanol-8 increased in all varieties after roasting. The phytosterol composition was minimally affected by roasting. Roasting enhanced the stability of the extracted oils, increasing the induction period and decreasing EC50 values. These results may thus help to discriminate between the different linseed varieties and serve to recommend the use of roasting to enhance the oxidative stability of extracted oil.

Enhanced antioxidant capacity of lipoic acid in different food systems through lipase-mediated esterification with phytosterols

BACKGROUND

α-Lipoic acid has excellent antioxidant activity, but its poor lipid solubility greatly limits its practical application. This study was undertaken (i) to develop a novel and efficient enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic lipoic acid esters using Candida sp. 99-125 lipase as a catalyst; and (ii) to systematically evaluate their antioxidant potential against bulk oil, oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) and cooked ground meat.

RESULTS

Lipophilic lipoic acid esters were successfully and efficiently synthesized using phytosterols as acyl receptor in the presence of Candida sp. 99-125 lipase. The product was identified as phytosterol lipoate by mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The maximum conversion of phytosterol lipoate surpassed 90% within 12 h and its final yield exceeded 81%. Interestingly, the oil solubility of lipoic acid was increased at least 25-fold and other physicochemical properties were significantly improved. Most importantly, phytosterol lipoate exhibited higher antioxidant activity than lipoic acid in bulk oil, O/W emulsions and cooked ground meat.

CONCLUSION

The antioxidant capacity of lipoic acid can be significantly enhanced by esterification with phytosterols. Therefore, phytosterol lipoate could be further developed as a new antioxidant for use in oil- and fat-based foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Profiling of Nutritionally Vital Bioactive Compounds in Emerging Green Leafy Vegetables: A Comparative Study

Green leafy vegetables (GLVs), especially lettuce and spinach, are the key source of bioactive antioxidants in a diet. This research compared the contents and composition of lettuce and spinach bioactive compounds with emerging GLVs, moringa and fenugreek. Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) with single ion monitoring (SIM) was used to examine carotenoids and tocols, while phytosterols were examined using gas chromatography (GC)-MS. Among the studied GLVs, the (all-E)-lutein was the most dominating carotenoid ranging between 31.3 (green/red lettuce)−45.3 % (fenugreek) of total carotenoids, followed by (all-E)-violaxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene. Surprisingly, (all-E)-β-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, was the second most dominating carotenoid in moringa, accounting for 109.2 µg/g fresh weight (FW). Moreover, the significantly highest (p < 0.05; Tukey HSD) contents of total carotenoids (473.3 µg/g FW), α-tocopherol (83.7 µg/g FW), and total phytosterols (206.4 µg/g FW) were recorded in moringa. Therefore, moringa foliage may serve as an affordable source of nutritionally vital constituents in a diet.

The Lipid-Soluble Bioactive Substances of Fagopyrum esculentum Varieties under Different Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilisation

Yield and grain composition play an important role in food production. The aim of this study was to determine the content of phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols in four varieties of common buckwheat grains: Kora, Panda, Smuga, and Korona depending on the tillage and nitrogen doses employed. The grains were cultivated at the Experimental Station of the State Research Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Osiny, Poland, with plow tillage, without plow tillage cultivation, and with nitrogen fertilizers (0, 50, and 100 kg N₂ ha^-1). Gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer was used to assess all the parameters studied. The cultivation methods did not affect the levels of phytosterols, tocopherols, and squalene, but the highest levels of phytosterols were seen in the Kora variety with 50 kg N₂ ha^-1 (ranging from 1198 μg to 1800 μg·g^-1 of sample weight); therefore, the variety was the best source of phytosterols investigated.

Pulsed electric field increases the extraction yield of extra virgin olive oil without loss of its biological properties

INTRODUCTION

Pulsed electric field (PEF) has been used for improving extraction of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). However, the biological changes induced by the consumption of pulsed electric field-obtained extra virgin olive oil (PEFEVOO) have not been studied yet.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EVOO oils from Empeltre variety were prepared by standard (STD) cold pressure method involving crushing of the olives, malaxation and decanting and by this procedure including an additional step of PEF treatment. Chemical analyses of EVOO oils were done. Male and female Apoe-deficient mice received diets differing in both EVOOs for 12 weeks, and their plasma, aortas and livers were analyzed.

RESULTS

PEF application resulted in a 17% increase in the oil yield and minimal changes in chemical composition regarding phytosterols, phenolic compounds and microRNA. Only in females mice consuming PEF EVOO, a decreased plasma total cholesterol was observed, without significant changes in atherosclerosis and liver steatosis.

CONCLUSION

PEF technology applied to EVOO extraction maintains the EVOO quality and improves the oil yield. The equivalent biological effects in atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease of PEF-obtained EVOO further support its safe use as a food.