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Sule RO, Phinney BS, Salemi MR, Gomes AV. Mitochondrial and Proteasome Dysfunction Occurs in the Hearts of Mice Treated with Triazine Herbicide Prometryn. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15266. [PMID: 37894945 PMCID: PMC10607192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prometryn is a methylthio-s-triazine herbicide used to control the growth of annual broadleaf and grass weeds in many cultivated plants. Significant traces of prometryn are documented in the environment, mainly in waters, soil, and plants used for human and domestic consumption. Previous studies have shown that triazine herbicides have carcinogenic potential in humans. However, there is limited information about the effects of prometryn on the cardiac system in the literature, or the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying any potential cytotoxic effects are not known. It is important to understand the possible effects of exogenous compounds such as prometryn on the heart. To determine the mechanisms and signaling pathways affected by prometryn (185 mg/kg every 48 h for seven days), we performed proteomic profiling of male mice heart with quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using ten-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling. The data suggest that several major pathways, including energy metabolism, protein degradation, fatty acid metabolism, calcium signaling, and antioxidant defense system were altered in the hearts of prometryn-treated mice. Proteasome and immunoproteasome activity assays and expression levels showed proteasome dysfunction in the hearts of prometryn-treated mice. The results suggest that prometryn induced changes in mitochondrial function and various signaling pathways within the heart, particularly affecting stress-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed O. Sule
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.S.P.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Michelle R. Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.S.P.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Xu L, Abd El-Aty AM, Zhao J, Lei X, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Cui X, She Y, Jin F, Wang J, Jin M, Hammock BD. Obtaining a Monoclonal Antibody against a Novel Prometryn-Like Hapten and Characterization of Its Selectivity for Triazine Herbicides. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 13:22. [PMID: 36671858 PMCID: PMC9855386 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a previously unreported 3-((4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino) butyric acid hapten was designed and synthesized. This maximized the exposure of the antigen-determinant isopropyl of prometryn to the immune system in animals to induce the production of anticipated highly specific anti-prometryn antibodies. The hapten has a molecular weight of 285.37 Da. The compound was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), nuclear magnetic resonance carbon spectroscopy (13C NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). By using the active ester approach, immunogens and coated antigens were created. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as an immunogen, along with the successfully produced hapten, to immunize mice. The IC50 value of mouse monoclonal anti-prometryn antibody (mAb) 7D4 (the quantity of analyte that generated 50% prometryn inhibition) was 3.9 ng/mL. The anti-prometryn mAb was of the IgG1 subclass. The IC20 (80% binding level (B/B0) of prometryn)-IC80 (20% binding level (B/B0) of prometryn) range of the anti-prometryn monoclonal antibody standard curve working range was 0.9-18.1 ng/mL. The prepared mAb has good characteristics because it can specifically recognize prometryn, and the cross-reaction rates for ametryn, desmetryn, and terbumeton were 34.77%, 18.09%, and 7.64%, respectively. The cross-reaction rate with the other seven triazines was less than 1%. The hapten structure proposed can serve as an additional tool for modulating selectivity in detecting triazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingmei Lei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Gui Y, Yu W, Ge X, Li H, Sun C, Mao X, Yuan K. Root exudation of prometryn and its metabolites from Chinese celery ( Apium graveolens). J Pestic Sci 2022; 47:1-7. [PMID: 35414755 PMCID: PMC8931558 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d21-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates from Chinese celery (Apium graveolens) and Chinese cabbage (pak choi, Brassica chinensis) plants treated by prometryn, an herbicide, were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated and compared under hydroponic cultivation. Prometryn and its metabolites released into the nutrient solution were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometer to investigate whether this xylem-mobile herbicide is exuded from the roots. The results showed that celery and pak choi had different root exudation profiles. Celery metabolized prometryn to prometryn sulfoxide and released both compounds from the roots. In contrast, pak choi barely metabolized or actively released prometryn from the roots. The concentration of prometryn sulfoxide released from celery after 96 hr was 21 µg/L, which was nearly one-third that of released prometryn. Our results indicate that the root exudation and translocation of xylem-mobile herbicides could be significant in plants and are highly species dependent compared with phloem-mobile herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingai Gui
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Xiangwu Ge
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Chengpeng Sun
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Xiqin Mao
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Kuijing Yuan
- Dalian Inspection, Examination and Certification Technical Service Center, Dalian 116021, China
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Ni J, Sun SX, Zheng Y, Datta R, Sarkar D, Li YM. Removal of prometryn from hydroponic media using marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.). Int J Phytoremediation 2018; 20:909-913. [PMID: 29873532 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1448359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris was evaluated for its efficacy in removing prometryn from nutrient solution. Under optimized experimental conditions, up to 94.0% of the initial prometryn was removed from the hydroponic culture medium by H. vulgaris in 30 days. The concentration of prometryn decreased from the initial level of 0.55 ± 0.013 mg/L to 0.036 ± 0.001 mg/L at the end of the experimental period. The removal kinetics followed first-order kinetic equation (Ct = 0.4569e-0.09t). Half-life (t1/2) of prometryn was greatly shortened from 27.16 days (without plant) to 5.58 days (with H. vulgaris). Approximately 22% of the initial prometryn residue was found in H. vulgaris tissue, while 11.7% was degraded by the plant in 30 days. The metabolites of prometryn detected were 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (in the hydroponic culture medium) and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine (in plant tissue) after 30 days. The results indicate that H. vulgaris can be used for phytoextraction of prometryn and could potentially be effective in removing other s-trazine pesticides from contaminated aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ni
- a Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , P. R. China
- b College of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China
| | - S X Sun
- b College of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China
| | - Y Zheng
- b College of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China
| | - R Datta
- c Biological Sciences Department , Michigan Technological University , Houghton , MI , USA
| | - D Sarkar
- d Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering Department , Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken , NJ , USA
| | - Y M Li
- a Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , P. R. China
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