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Nock BA, Kanellopoulos P, Joosten L, Mansi R, Maina T. Peptide Radioligands in Cancer Theranostics: Agonists and Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050674. [PMID: 37242457 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in the diagnosis and therapy-"theranostics"-of tumors expressing the somatostatin subtype 2 receptor (SST2R) has paved the way for the development of a broader panel of peptide radioligands targeting different human tumors. This approach relies on the overexpression of other receptor-targets in different cancer types. In recent years, a shift in paradigm from internalizing agonists to antagonists has occurred. Thus, SST2R-antagonist radioligands were first shown to accumulate more efficiently in tumor lesions and clear faster from the background in animal models and patients. The switch to receptor antagonists was soon adopted in the field of radiolabeled bombesin (BBN). Unlike the stable cyclic octapeptides used in the case of somatostatin, BBN-like peptides are linear, fast to biodegradable and elicit adverse effects in the body. Thus, the advent of BBN-like antagonists provided an elegant way to obtain effective and safe radiotheranostics. Likewise, the pursuit of gastrin and exendin antagonist-based radioligands is advancing with exciting new outcomes on the horizon. In the present review, we discuss these developments with a focus on clinical results, commenting on challenges and opportunities for personalized treatment of cancer patients by means of state-of-the-art antagonist-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold A Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
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Sugano-Nakamura N, Matoba K, Hirose M, Bashiruddin NK, Matsunaga Y, Yamashita K, Hirata K, Yamamoto M, Arimori T, Suga H, Takagi J. De novo Fc-based receptor dimerizers differentially modulate PlexinB1 function. Structure 2022:S0969-2126(22)00277-5. [PMID: 35981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by single-pass transmembrane receptors often involves a formation of ligand-induced receptor dimers with particular conformation, and bivalent receptor binders can modulate receptor functions by inducing different receptor dimer conformations, although such agents are difficult to design. Here, we describe the generation of both antagonistic and agonistic receptor dimerizers toward PlexinB1 (PlxnB1), a receptor for semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), by grafting two different PlxnB1-binding peptides onto the human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc protein. The function-modulating activity of a peptide Fc was strongly dependent on the type of the peptide as well as the grafting site, with the best variants showing activity at an nM concentration range. Structural analysis of each peptide-PlxnB1 complex revealed that the agonistic Fc dimerizes PlxnB1 in a face-to-face fashion similar to that induced by Sema4D, whereas antagonistic Fc would induce signaling-incompetent PlxnB1 dimer conformation, enforcing the idea that plexin activation is primarily controlled by the receptor orientation within the dimer.
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de Villiers C, Maree L, Katz AA, van der Horst G. The in-vitro effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormones, GnRH-I and GnRH-II, on the motility, vitality and acrosome integrity of Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1394-1405. [PMID: 35877200 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two isoforms of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), GnRH-I and GnRH-II, are expressed in mammals, and the presence of one or more GnRH-like peptides has been demonstrated in the male reproductive tract. GnRH and its receptors (GnRHR) are present in human and non-human primate testis, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, spermatozoa and seminal human plasma. GnRH-II is site-specific and acts directly in an inhibitory or stimulatory fashion. Previous studies speculated that GnRH-II could disrupt specific sperm processes, such as sperm motility or capacitation and could be utilized as an effective contraceptive agent. Our study aimed to investigate the in-vitro effects of GnRH-I and GnRH-II on Vervet monkey sperm function. Electro-ejaculated semen samples from 10 Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) were used to select motile sperm populations. Sperm aliquots were incubated with GnRH-I and GnRH-II at different concentrations for 1 h, where after sperm motility and kinematic parameters were assessed using the automated Sperm Class Analyser. Additional sperm aliquots were incubated with two 10-amino acid control peptides, a non-related peptide and an inactive peptide to exclude the possible influence on sperm motility from other peptides with a structure similar to GnRH. Additionally, a GnRHR-I antagonist (GnRHR-A), Cetrorelix, was tested to establish its antagonistic capability on GnRH. The effect of selected concentrations of GnRH-I and GnRH-II on sperm vitality and acrosome intactness was also evaluated after 10- and 60 min exposure. Analysis of the percentage total sperm motility revealed that different concentrations for GnRH-I and GnRH-II inhibited sperm motility significantly. While sperm progressiveness was also notably affected and a trend of decreased sperm kinematics were evident, no effect was found on sperm vitality or acrosome intactness. The non-related and inactive peptides had no impact on sperm motility. The GnRHR-A demonstrated no effect on sperm motility and effectively blocked the inhibitory outcome on the motility of both GnRH isoforms. While GnRH-I or GnRH-II at low-dose concentrations resulted in in-vitro inhibition of sperm motility, it appears to have no adverse effects on other sperm functional parameters evaluated. These collective observations possibly indicate an essential role for GnRH in the in-vivo process of sperm selection in the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charon de Villiers
- PUDAC-Delft Animal Facility, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liana Maree
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Arieh A Katz
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard van der Horst
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Kim HJJ, Zagzoog A, Smolyakova AM, Ezeaka UC, Benko MJ, Holt T, Laprairie RB. In vivo Evidence for Brain Region-Specific Molecular Interactions Between Cannabinoid and Orexin Receptors. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:790546. [PMID: 34992518 PMCID: PMC8724524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.790546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid and orexin neuromodulatory systems serve key roles in many of the same biological functions such as sleep, appetite, pain processing, and emotional behaviors related to reward. The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and both subtypes of the orexin receptor, orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) are not only expressed in the same brain regions modulating these functions, but physically interact as heterodimers in recombinant and neuronal cell cultures. In the current study, male and female C57BL/6 mice were co-treated with the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55,940 and either the OX2R antagonist TCS-OX2-29 or the dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) TCS-1102. Mice were then evaluated for catalepsy, body temperature, thermal anti-nociception, and locomotion, after which their brains were collected for receptor colocalization analysis. Combined treatment with the DORA TCS-1102 and CP55,940 potentiated catalepsy more than CP55,940 alone, but this effect was not observed for changes in body temperature, nociception, locomotion, or via selective OX2R antagonism. Co-treatment with CP55,940 and TCS-1102 also led to increased CB1R-OX1R colocalization in the ventral striatum. This was not seen following co-treatment with TCS-OX2-29, nor in CB1R-OX2R colocalization. The magnitude of effects following co-treatment with CP55,940 and either the DORA or OX2R-selective antagonist was greater in males than females. These data show that CB1R-OX1R colocalization in the ventral striatum underlies cataleptic additivity between CP55,940 and the DORA TCS-1102. Moreover, cannabinoid-orexin receptor interactions are sex-specific with regards to brain region and functionality. Physical or molecular interactions between these two systems may provide valuable insight into drug-drug interactions between cannabinoid and orexin drugs for the treatment of insomnia, pain, and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ji J. Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anna Maria Smolyakova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Udoka C. Ezeaka
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael J. Benko
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Teagan Holt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robert B. Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Hsieh YC, Lee KC, Wu PS, Huo TI, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lin HC. Eritoran Attenuates Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice with Chronic Liver Injury. Cells 2021; 10:1562. [PMID: 34205789 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling plays a key role in liver inflammation and fibrosis. The therapeutic effects of eritoran, a TLR4 antagonist, in mice with chronic liver injury remained unclear. C57BL/6 mice were fed a fast-food diet (FFD) or treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce chronic liver injury. Eritoran (10 mg/kg) or a vehicle was randomly intraperitoneally administered to the FFD-fed mice and the CCl4-injured mice. Primary mouse liver cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or eritoran. In both FFD and CCl4 mouse models, eritoran significantly reduced serum ALT levels and decreased hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration without altering hepatic steatosis. Additionally, eritoran attenuated liver fibrosis by decreasing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and the abundance of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-β1. Hepatic TLR4 downstream signaling including MyD88 expression, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, p38 and JNK phosphorylation were successfully inhibited by eritoran. In the in vitro study, LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in primary HSCs and Kupffer cells was significantly suppressed by eritoran. In conclusion, eritoran attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in mice with chronic liver injury. Eritoran may serve as a potential drug for chronic liver disease.
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Geng T, Song Z, Wang B, Dai S, Xu Z. Thrombus management during direct coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:6784-6789. [PMID: 34306427 PMCID: PMC8290728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the management of thrombus during direct coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 332 acute myocardial infarction patients receiving coronary artery intervention in our hospital from May 2017 to May 2019. Among them, 221 patients received thrombus aspiration and 111 patients received thrombus aspiration combined with platelet membrane glycoproteins receptor antagonist. The propensity score matching 1:1 nearest neighbor matching method was adopted to match 50 cases of the two methods as the control group and the experimental group, respectively. The incidence rate of intraoperative and postoperative adverse reactions, the effective rate of treatment, the electrocardiogram (ECG) at 1 h after operation, and the echocardiographic results at 1 week after operation were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The incidence rate of adverse reactions in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, (P<0.05). The incidence rate of postoperative adverse reactions in the two groups did not statistically differ (P>0.05). The effective rate was found to be substantially higher in the experimental group when compared with that of the control group (P<0.05). The ECG 1 h after operation was in favor of the experimental group (P<0.05). The echocardiography results 1 week after operation were not statistically different in the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Thrombus aspiration combined with receptor antagonist yielded a desirable outcome in direct coronary intervention for AMI, and has a high application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou, China
| | - Bingxun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou, China
| | - Shipeng Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou, China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou, China
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Grabczak EM, Dabrowska M, Birring SS, Krenke R. Looking ahead to novel therapies for chronic cough. Part 1 - peripheral sensory nerve targeted treatments. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1217-1233. [PMID: 32804594 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1811686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to a relatively high prevalence and negative impact on quality of life chronic cough (CC) is a challenge for both patients and clinicians. There is ongoing research to address the unmet need and develop more effective antitussive treatment options. This is the first part of a series of two reviews of new antitussive medications. Medical databases (Medline, Embase and SCOPUS) and trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov and EudraCT) were searched for studies on antitussive drugs targeting peripheral sensory nerves. AREAS COVERED This review presents current knowledge of peripheral receptors that are not only involved in evoking the cough reflex, but are also potentially responsible for more sustained neural alterations. Blockage of the receptors and ion channels is discussed in terms of its potential antitussive effect. EXPERT OPINION Although better understanding of CC mechanisms has facilitated the development of novel treatments including P2X2/3 receptor inhibitors (e.g. gefapixant), there remain several gaps in the knowledge about the mechanisms and treatment of CC. These include the lack of tests to diagnose cough hypersensitivity syndrome and predictors of response to specific treatments. Further research into cough phenotypes and endotypes will yield important insights and a personalized approach to cough management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta M Grabczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Dabrowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London , London, UK
| | - Rafal Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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Cui S, Qiao L, Yu S, Men L, Li Y, Li F, Du J. The antagonist of CXCR1 and CXCR2 protects db/db mice from metabolic diseases through modulating inflammation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1205-E1217. [PMID: 31573846 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00117.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8, also named CXCL8) binds to its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) with subsequent recruitment of neutrophils and enhancement of their infiltration into inflamed sites, which exaggerates inflammation in many diseases. Recent studies have proposed that metabolic disorders can be attenuated by counteracting certain inflammatory signal pathways. In this study, we examined whether intervention with G31P, an antagonist of CXCL8, could attenuate tissue inflammation and development of metabolic disorders in db/db mice. The db/m and db/db mice were subcutaneously injected with G31P or equivalent normal saline once a day for 6 wk. The physical and metabolic parameters, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and inflammation markers were measured. G31P improved hepatic insulin sensitivity by modulating expression of genes related to gluconeogenesis and phosphorylated Akt levels. The expressions of several genes encoding proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis were decreased in G31P-treated db/db mice. Meanwhile, immune cell infiltration and cytokine release were attenuated in db/db mice with G31P treatment. G31P also improved the ratio of proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Furthermore, G31P ameliorates metabolic disturbances via inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 pathways in db/db mice. These data suggest that the selective inhibition of CXC chemokines may have therapeutic effects on symptoms associated with obesity and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis/drug effects
- Gluconeogenesis/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Mice
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lili Men
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianling Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Ng KW, Attig J, Young GR, Ottina E, Papamichos SI, Kotsianidis I, Kassiotis G. Soluble PD-L1 generated by endogenous retroelement exaptation is a receptor antagonist. eLife 2019; 8:e50256. [PMID: 31729316 PMCID: PMC6877088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation is a finely balanced process of positive and negative signals. PD-L1 and its receptor PD-1 are critical regulators of autoimmune, antiviral and antitumoural T cell responses. Although the function of its predominant membrane-bound form is well established, the source and biological activity of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that sPD-L1 in human healthy tissues and tumours is produced by exaptation of an intronic LINE-2A (L2A) endogenous retroelement in the CD274 gene, encoding PD-L1, which causes omission of the transmembrane domain and the regulatory sequence in the canonical 3' untranslated region. The alternatively spliced CD274-L2A transcript forms the major source of sPD-L1 and is highly conserved in hominids, but lost in mice and a few related species. Importantly, CD274-L2A-encoded sPD-L1 lacks measurable T cell inhibitory activity. Instead, it functions as a receptor antagonist, blocking the inhibitory activity of PD-L1 bound on cellular or exosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jan Attig
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - George R Young
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Ottina
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Spyros I Papamichos
- Department of HaematologyDemocritus University of Thrace Medical SchoolAlexandroupolisGreece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of HaematologyDemocritus University of Thrace Medical SchoolAlexandroupolisGreece
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of MedicineFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Chu PY, Joshi MS, Horlock D, Kiriazis H, Kaye DM. CXCR4 Antagonism Reduces Cardiac Fibrosis and Improves Cardiac Performance in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:117. [PMID: 30837882 PMCID: PMC6389782 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Myocardial fibrosis is a key pathologic finding in the failing heart and is implicated as a cause of increased ventricular stiffness and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia. Neurohormonal mediators such as aldosterone and angiotensin II are known to cause fibrosis in experimental models, however, clinical evidence for the reversal of fibrosis with relevant antagonists is limited. Recent studies suggest that inflammatory mediators may contribute to fibrosis. In dilated cardiomyopathy the mechanism for myocardial fibrosis is unclear and its implications on systolic function are not known. Methods and Results: We studied the effect of a highly selective antagonist of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling, AMD3100, on the development of cardiac fibrosis and cardiac function in mice with dilated cardiomyopathy due to cardiac-specific transgenic overexpression of the stress-kinase, Mst1. AMD3100 significantly attenuated the progression of myocardial fibrosis and this was accompanied by significant improvements in diastolic and systolic performance as evaluated in isolated Langendorff perfused hearts. AMD3100 reduced BNP mRNA expression but did not alter the expression of Ca2+ handling genes. CXCR4 antagonism also reduced the abundance of splenic CD4+ T cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that CXCR4 pathway contributes to pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy, and it represents a new potential therapeutic target in heart failure. The data also demonstrate that anti-fibrotic strategies can improve systolic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yin Chu
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mandar S Joshi
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Duncan Horlock
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David M Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a metabolic disorder caused by chronic hypercortisolism. CS is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal and psychological dysfunctions and can be fatal if left untreated. The first-line treatment for all forms of CS is a surgery. However, medical therapy has to be chosen if surgical resection is not an option or is deemed ineffective. Currently available therapeutics are either not selective and have side effects or are only available as an injection (pasireotide). Areas covered: The authors discuss the recent drug developments for the medical treatment of CS through two validated molecular targets. Specifically, the authors look at selective inhibitors of CYP11B1 that reduce cortisol production by inhibiting steroid 11beta-hydroxylase and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists that interrupt cortisol-mediating transcriptional regulation of related genes. Expert opinion: Patients with CS have limited treatment options; indeed, there is an unmet need for new compounds that target CYP11B1 selectively versus several steroidogenic enzymes and/or GR-signaling pathways. The complexity of steroid biosynthesis and signaling requires the application of structure-based drug discovery techniques that use molecular targets and highly similar off-targets. Significant differences in steroidogenesis between humans and other species necessitates caution over the choice of in vivo model for the preclinical evaluation of future potential compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Usanov
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Belarus , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - A V Kliuchenovich
- b Target Medicals LLC , Skolkovo Innovation Center (Technopark) , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - N V Strushkevich
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Belarus , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
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12
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Huang X, Brubaker J, Zhou W, Biju PJ, Xiao L, Shao N, Huang Y, Dong L, Liu Z, Bitar R, Buevich A, Jung J, Peterson SL, Butcher JW, Close J, Martinez M, MacCoss RN, Zhang H, Crawford S, McCormick KD, Aslanian R, Nargund R, Correll C, Gervais F, Qiu H, Yang X, Garlisi C, Rindgen D, Maloney KM, Siliphaivanh P, Palani A. Discovery of MK-8318, a Potent and Selective CRTh2 Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Asthma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:679-684. [PMID: 30034600 PMCID: PMC6047040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines were identified as potent and selective CRTh2 receptor antagonists. The agonism and antagonism switch was achieved through structure-based drug design (SBDD) using a CRTh2 receptor homologue model. The challenge of very low exposures in pharmacokinetic studies was overcome by exhaustive medicinal chemistry lead optimization through focused SAR studies on the tricyclic core. Further optimization resulted in the identification of the preclinical candidate 4-(cyclopropyl((3aS,9R,9aR)-7-fluoro-4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoyl)-2,3,3a,4,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinolin-9-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid (15c, MK-8318) with potent and selective CRTh2 antagonist activity and a favorable PK profile suitable for once daily oral dosing for potential treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Huang
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jason Brubaker
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Purakkattle J. Biju
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ning Shao
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Dong
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rema Bitar
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joon Jung
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Scott L. Peterson
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John W. Butcher
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joshua Close
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michelle Martinez
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel N. MacCoss
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Scott Crawford
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kevin D. McCormick
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Craig Correll
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francois Gervais
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongchen Qiu
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxin Yang
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Charles Garlisi
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Rindgen
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Phieng Siliphaivanh
- Discovery Chemistry and Immunology, Merck Research
Laboratory, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Discovery
Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, and Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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刘 松, 吴 建, 胡 稷, 王 簕, 王 钊, 孟 欢, 卓 灵, 郑 健. [Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170 promotes osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and femoral defect repair in rats]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2018; 38:669-676. [PMID: 29997088 PMCID: PMC6765719 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.06.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170 in promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and accelerating healing of femoral defect in rats. METHODS The third generation of rat BMSCs were treated with PBS (control) or 10-6, 10-7, or 10-8 mol/L NPY Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170. After 7 and 14 days of treatment, the cells were examined for osteogenic differentiation with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining. At 7 and 21 days of treatment, the mRNA and protein expressions of collagen type I (COLI), osteocalcin (OCN) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in the cells were detected using q-PCR and Westem Blotting. In a male SD rat model (body weight 300∓20 g) of bilateral femoral condyle defects (2.5 mm in diameter), the effect of daily local injection of 0.2 mL PD160170 (10-6 and 10-8 mol/L, for 28 consecutive days) in promoting bone defect repair was evaluated with micro-CT scans. RESULTS ALP and alizarin red staining showed that the BMSCs treated with PD160170, at the optimal concentration of 10-8 mol/L, contained more intracellular cytoplasmic brown particles and mineralized nodules in extracellular matrix than PBS-treated cells. PD160170 (10-8 mol/L) significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of COLI at day 7 and those of OCN and Runx2 at day 21 (P<0.05). In the rat models of femoral bone defect, the volume/tissue volume ratio, bone mineral density and the number of bone trabeculae were significantly greater in 10-6 mol/L PD160170 group than in the control group (P<0.05), but the bone trabecular thickness (P=0.07) and bone volume (P=0.35) were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION NPY Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170 can promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and healing of femoral defects in rats, suggesting the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting NPY Y1 receptor signaling in the prevention and treatment of bone fracture and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 松 刘
- 广州医科大学附属第三医院骨科二区,广东 广州 510150Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - 建群 吴
- 广州市花都区人民医院骨科,广东 广州 510800Department of Orthopedics, Huadu District People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510800, China
- 南方医院医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 稷杰 胡
- 南方医院医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 簕 王
- 广州医科大学附属第三医院骨科二区,广东 广州 510150Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - 钊 王
- 广州医科大学附属第三医院骨科二区,广东 广州 510150Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - 欢 孟
- 南方医院医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 灵剑 卓
- 南方医院医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 健雄 郑
- 南方医院医科大学南方医院创伤骨科,广东 广州 510515Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Webster LR, Nalamachu S, Morlion B, Reddy J, Baba Y, Yamada T, Arjona Ferreira JC. Long-term use of naldemedine in the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Pain 2018; 159:987-994. [PMID: 29419653 PMCID: PMC5916485 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The long-term safety of naldemedine, a peripherally acting µ-opioid receptor antagonist, was evaluated in patients with opioid-induced constipation and chronic noncancer pain in a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study. Eligible adults who could be on a routine laxative regimen were randomized 1:1 to receive once-daily oral naldemedine 0.2 mg (n = 623) or placebo (n = 623). The primary endpoint was summary measures of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Additional endpoints included opioid withdrawal on the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale and the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale, pain intensity on Numeric Rating Scale, frequency of bowel movements, and constipation-related symptoms and quality of life on the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms and Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life scales, respectively. Treatment-emergent AEs (naldemedine, 68.4% vs placebo, 72.1%; difference: -3.6% [95% confidence interval: -8.7 to 1.5]) and treatment-emergent AEs leading to study discontinuation (6.3% vs 5.8%; difference: 0.5% [-2.2 to 3.1)] were reported for similar proportions of patients. Diarrhea was reported more frequently with naldemedine (11.0%) vs placebo (5.3%; difference: 5.6% [2.6-8.6]). There were no meaningful differences between groups in opioid withdrawal or pain intensity. Sustained significant improvements in bowel movement frequency and overall constipation-related symptoms and quality of life were observed with naldemedine (P ≤ 0.0001 vs placebo at all time points). Naldemedine was generally well tolerated for 52 weeks and did not interfere with opioid-mediated analgesia or precipitate opioid withdrawal. Naldemedine significantly increased bowel movement frequency, improved symptomatic burden of opioid-induced constipation, and increased patients' quality of life vs placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn R. Webster
- Scientific Affairs -- Neuroschences PRA Health Sciences, PRA Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Bart Morlion
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit Anesthesiology and Algology, University of Leuven, Leuven Center for Algology and Pain Management, University Hospital Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wang ZG, Wang DQ, Jiao Y, Tian X, Sun MY. [Stroke, platelet activating factor and receptor antagonists]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2018; 42:4750-4755. [PMID: 29493142 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, disability and mortality. The prevention and treatment conditions for stroke is severe all over the world. Antiplatelet aggregation is an effective treatment. Platelet activation factor (PAF) is another important medium in mediating platelet aggregation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke. In recent years, PAF receptor antagonists have attracted international attention in the field of stroke prevention and treatment. In this review, we would summarize the classification, mechanism and drug characteristics of PAF receptor antagonists in order to provide the valuable guidance and direction for clinical medicine and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases by Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dan-Qiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases by Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yue Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases by Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming-Yu Sun
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Gessi S, Bencivenni S, Battistello E, Vincenzi F, Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Merighi S, Borea PA, Varani K. Inhibition of A 2A Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Cancer Cells Proliferation by the Novel Antagonist TP455. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:888. [PMID: 29249971 PMCID: PMC5716981 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several evidences indicate that the ubiquitous nucleoside adenosine, acting through A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptor (AR) subtypes, plays crucial roles in tumor development. Adenosine has contrasting effects on cell proliferation depending on the engagement of different receptor subtypes in various tumors. The involvement of A2AARs in human A375 melanoma, as well as in human A549 lung and rat MRMT1 breast carcinoma proliferation has been evaluated in view of the availability of a novel A2AAR antagonist, with high affinity and selectivity, named as 2-(2-furanyl)-N5-(2-methoxybenzyl)[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diammine (TP455). Specifically, the signaling pathways triggered in the cancer cells of different origin and the antagonist effect of TP455 were investigated. The A2AAR protein expression was evaluated through receptor binding assays. Furthermore, the effect of A2AAR activation on cell proliferation at 24, 48 and 72 hours was studied. The selective A2AAR agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS21680), concentration-dependently induced cell proliferation in A375, A549, and MRMT1 cancer cells and the effect was potently antagonized by the A2AAR antagonist TP455, as well as by the reference A2AAR blocker 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385). As for the signaling pathway recruited in this response we demonstrated that, by using the specific inhibitors of signal transduction pathways, the effect of A2AAR stimulation was induced through phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C-delta (PKC-δ). In addition, we evaluated, through the AlphaScreen SureFire phospho(p) protein assay, the kinases enrolled by A2AAR to stimulate cell proliferation and we found the involvement of protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Indeed, we demonstrated that the CGS21680 stimulatory effect on kinases was strongly reduced in the presence of the new potent compound TP455, as well as by ZM241385, confirming the role of the A2AAR. In conclusion, the A2AAR activation stimulates proliferation of A375, A549, and MRMT1 cancer cells and importantly TP455 reveals its capability to counteract this effect, suggesting selective A2AAR antagonists as potential new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Serena Bencivenni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrica Battistello
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Azimi E, Reddy VB, Pereira PJS, Talbot S, Woolf CJ, Lerner EA. Substance P activates Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors to induce itch. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:447-453.e3. [PMID: 28219706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P (SP) is linked to itch and inflammation through activation of receptors on mast cells and sensory neurons. There is increasing evidence that SP functions through Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) in addition to its conventional receptor, neurokinin-1. OBJECTIVE Because Mrgprs mediate some aspects of inflammation that had been considered mediated by neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), we sought to determine whether itch induced by SP can also be mediated by Mrgprs. METHODS Genetic and pharmacologic approaches were used to evaluate the contribution of Mrgprs to SP-induced scratching behavior and activation of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from mice. RESULTS SP-induced scratching behavior and activation of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons was dependent on Mrgprs rather than NK-1R. CONCLUSION We deduce that SP activates MrgprA1 on sensory neurons rather than NK-1R to induce itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Azimi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass
| | - Vemuri B Reddy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass
| | - Paula Juliana Seadi Pereira
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass; PUCRS, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass
| | - Ethan A Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass.
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Martínez-Pinilla E, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Franco R. The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:30. [PMID: 25750625 PMCID: PMC4335269 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa consumption began in America and in the mid sixteenth Century it quickly spread to Europe. Beyond being considered a pleasant habit due to its rich sweet lingering taste, chocolate was considered a good nutrient and even a medicine. Traditionally, health benefits of cocoa have been related with the high content of antioxidants of Theobroma cocoa beans. However, the direct psychoactive effect due to methylxanthines in cocoa is notable. Theobromine and caffeine, in the proportions found in cocoa, are responsible for the liking of the food/beverage. These compounds influence in a positive way our moods and our state of alertness. Theobromine, which is found in higher amounts than caffeine, seems to be behind several effects attributed to cocoa intake. The main mechanisms of action are inhibition of phosphodiesterases and blockade of adenosine receptors. Further mechanisms are being explored to better understand the health benefits associated to theobromine consumption. Unlike what happens in other mammals -pets- included, theobromine is safe for humans and has fewer unwanted effects than caffeine. Therefore, theobromine deserves attention as one of the most attractive molecules in cocoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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Dugovic C, Shelton JE, Yun S, Bonaventure P, Shireman BT, Lovenberg TW. Orexin-1 receptor blockade dysregulates REM sleep in the presence of orexin-2 receptor antagonism. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:28. [PMID: 24592208 PMCID: PMC3924048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with the prominent role of orexins in the maintenance of wakefulness via activation of orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R) receptors, various dual OX1/2R antagonists have been shown to promote sleep in animals and humans. While selective blockade of OX2R seems to be sufficient to initiate and prolong sleep, the beneficial effect of additional inhibition of OX1R remains controversial. The relative contribution of OX1R and OX2R to the sleep effects induced by a dual OX1/2R antagonist was further investigated in the rat, and specifically on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep since a deficiency of the orexin system is associated with narcolepsy/cataplexy based on clinical and pre-clinical data. As expected, the dual OX1/2R antagonist SB-649868 was effective in promoting non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep following oral dosing (10 and 30 mg/kg) at the onset of the dark phase. However, a disruption of REM sleep was evidenced by a more pronounced reduction in the onset of REM as compared to NREM sleep, a marked enhancement of the REM/total sleep ratio, and the occurrence of a few episodes of direct wake to REM sleep transitions (REM intrusion). When administered subcutaneously, the OX2R antagonist JNJ-10397049 (10 mg/kg) increased NREM duration whereas the OX1R antagonist GSK-1059865 (10 mg/kg) did not alter sleep. REM sleep was not affected either by OX2R or OX1R blockade alone, but administration of the OX1R antagonist in combination with the OX2R antagonist induced a significant reduction in REM sleep latency and an increase in REM sleep duration at the expense of the time spent in NREM sleep. These results indicate that additional blockade of OX1R to OX2R antagonism elicits a dysregulation of REM sleep by shifting the balance in favor of REM sleep at the expense of NREM sleep that may increase the risk of adverse events. Translation of this hypothesis remains to be tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dugovic
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C. San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Sujin Yun
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C. San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Brock T Shireman
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C. San Diego, CA, USA
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Poupel L, Boissonnas A, Hermand P, Dorgham K, Guyon E, Auvynet C, Charles FS, Lesnik P, Deterre P, Combadiere C. Pharmacological inhibition of the chemokine receptor, CX3CR1, reduces atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2297-305. [PMID: 23887641 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 gene were associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in human and limited atherosclerosis in mice. In this study, we addressed whether CX3CR1 antagonists are potential therapeutic tools to limit acute and chronic inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Treatment with F1, an amino terminus-modified CX3CR1 ligand endowed with CX3CR1 antagonist activity, reduced the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in both Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) proatherogenic mouse models. Macrophage accumulation in the aortic sinus was reduced in F1-treated Apoe(-/-) mice but the macrophage density of the lesions was similar in F1-treated and control mice. Both in vitro and in vivo F1 treatment reduced CX3CR1-dependent inflammatory monocyte adhesion, potentially limiting their recruitment. In addition, F1-treated Apoe(-/-) mice displayed reduced numbers of blood inflammatory monocytes, whereas resident monocyte numbers remained unchanged. Both in vitro and in vivo F1 treatment reduced CX3CR1-dependent inflammatory monocyte survival. Finally, F1 treatment of Apoe(-/-) mice with advanced atherosclerosis led to smaller lesions than untreated mice but without reverting to the initial phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The CX3CR1 antagonist F1 is a potent inhibitor of the progression of atherosclerotic lesions by means of its selective impact on inflammatory monocyte functions. Controlling monocyte trafficking and survival may be an alternative or complementary therapy to lipid-lowering drugs classically used in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Poupel
- From UMR_S 945, Laboratoire "Immunité et Infection," Inserm Paris, France and Université Pierre et Marie Curie- (UPMC) Paris 6, Paris, France (L.P., A.B., P.H., K.D., E.G., C.A., P.D., C.C.); UMR_S 939 P.LUMR_S 939, Laboratoire "Dyslipidémies, Inflammation et Athérosclérose," Paris, France (F.S.C., P.L.); and AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Service d'Immunologie, Paris, France (C.C.)
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Portnoy A, Kumar S, Behm DJ, Mahar KM, Noble RB, Throup JP, Russ SF. Effects of Urotensin II Receptor Antagonist, GSK1440115, in Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:54. [PMID: 23641215 PMCID: PMC3638148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Urotensin II (U-II) is highly expressed in the human lung and has been implicated in regulating respiratory physiology in preclinical studies. Our objective was to test antagonism of the urotensin (UT) receptor by GSK1440115, a novel, competitive, and selective inhibitor of the UT receptor, as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of asthma. Methods: Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single doses of GSK1440115 (1–750 mg) were assessed in a Phase I, placebo controlled study in 70 healthy subjects. In a Phase Ib study, 12 asthmatic patients were randomized into a two-period, single-blind crossover study and treated with single doses of 750 mg GSK1440115 or placebo and given a methacholine challenge. Results: Administration of GSK1440115 was safe and well-tolerated in healthy subjects and asthmatic patients. In both studies, there was a high degree of variability in the observed PK following oral dosing with GSK1440115 at all doses. There was a marked food effect in healthy subjects at the 50 mg dose. In the presence of food at the 750 mg dose, the time to maximal concentration was between 2 and 6 h and the terminal half-life was short at approximately 2 h. All asthmatic patients maintained greater than the predicted concentration levels necessary to achieve predicted 96% receptor occupancy for ≥3 h (between 4 and 7 h post-dose). There were no apparent trends or relationships between the systemic plasma exposure of GSK1440115 and pharmacodynamic endpoints, PC20 after methacholine challenge and FEV1, in asthmatics. Conclusion: While GSK1440115 was safe and well-tolerated, it did not induce bronchodilation in asthmatics, or protect against methacholine-induced bronchospasm, suggesting that acute UT antagonism is not likely to provide benefit as an acute bronchodilator in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Portnoy
- Virtual Proof of Concept Discovery Performance Unit GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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22
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Yan Y, Pushparaj A, Le Strat Y, Gamaleddin I, Barnes C, Justinova Z, Goldberg SR, Le Foll B. Blockade of dopamine d4 receptors attenuates reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:685-96. [PMID: 22030716 PMCID: PMC3260983 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since cloning of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), its role in the brain has remained unclear. It has been reported that polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in humans is associated with reactivity to cues related to tobacco smoking. However, the role of DRD4 in animal models of nicotine addiction has seldom been explored. In our study, male Long-Evans rats learned to intravenously self-administer nicotine under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement. Effects of the selective DRD4 antagonist L-745,870 were evaluated on nicotine self-administration behavior and on reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior induced by nicotine-associated cues or by priming injections of nicotine. L-745,870 was also tested on reinstatement of extinguished food-seeking behavior as a control. In addition, the selective DRD4 agonist PD 168,077 was tested for its ability to reinstate extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior. Finally, L-745,870 was tested in Sprague Dawley rats trained to discriminate administration of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine from vehicle under an FR schedule of food delivery. L-745,870 significantly attenuated reinstatement of nicotine-seeking induced by both nicotine-associated cues and nicotine priming. In contrast, L-745,870 did not affect established nicotine self-administration behavior or reinstatement of food-seeking behavior induced by food cues or food priming. L-745,870 did not produce nicotine-like discriminative-stimulus effects and did not alter discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine. PD 168,077 did not reinstate extinguished nicotine-seeking behavior. As DRD4 blockade by L-745,870 selectively attenuated both cue- and nicotine-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior, without affecting cue- or food-induced reinstatement of food-seeking behavior, DRD4 antagonists are potential therapeutic agents against tobacco smoking relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yan
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abhiram Pushparaj
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Islam Gamaleddin
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chanel Barnes
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Centre, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Addiction (CAMH), University of Toronto, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada, Tel: +416 535 8501 extension 4772, Fax: +416 595 6922, E-mail:
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Matsushima A, Liu X, Okada H, Shimohigashi M, Shimohigashi Y. Bisphenol AF is a full agonist for the estrogen receptor ERalpha but a highly specific antagonist for ERbeta. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1267-72. [PMID: 20427257 PMCID: PMC2944088 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol AF has been acknowledged to be useful for the production of CF3-containing polymers with improved chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Because of the lack of adequate toxicity data, bisphenol AF has been nominated for comprehensive toxicological characterization. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the relative preference of bisphenol AF for the human nuclear estrogenic receptors ERalpha and ERbeta and the bisphenol A-specific estrogen-related receptor ERRgamma, and to clarify structural characteristics of receptors that influence bisphenol AF binding. METHODS We examined receptor-binding activities of bisphenol AF relative to [3H]17beta-estradiol (for ERalpha and ERbeta) and [3H]bisphenol A (for ERRgamma). Functional luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to assess receptor activation in HeLa cells. RESULTS We found that bisphenol AF strongly and selectively binds to ERs over ERRgamma. Furthermore, bisphenol AF receptor-binding activity was three times stronger for ERbeta [IC50 (median inhibitory concentration) = 18.9 nM] than for ERalpha. When examined using a reporter gene assay, bisphenol AF was a full agonist for ERalpha. In contrast, it was almost completely inactive in stimulating the basal constitutive activity of ERbeta. Surprisingly, bisphenol AF acted as a distinct and strong antagonist against the activity of the endogenous ERbeta agonist 17beta-estradiol. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that bisphenol AF could function as an endocrine-disrupting chemical by acting as an agonist or antagonist to perturb physiological processes mediated through ERalpha and/or ERbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Matsushima
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Shimohigashi
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System of Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shimohigashi
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bell IM, Gallicchio SN, Wood MR, Quigley AG, Stump CA, Zartman CB, Fay JF, Li CC, Lynch JJ, Moore EL, Mosser SD, Prueksaritanont T, Regan CP, Roller S, Salvatore CA, Kane SA, Vacca JP, Selnick HG. Discovery of MK-3207: A Highly Potent, Orally Bioavailable CGRP Receptor Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:24-9. [PMID: 24900170 DOI: 10.1021/ml900016y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of polar functionality into a series of highly potent calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists was explored in an effort to improve pharmacokinetics. This strategy identified piperazinone analogues that possessed improved solubility at acidic pH and increased oral bioavailability in monkeys. Further optimization led to the discovery of the clinical candidate 2-[(8R)-8-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-10-oxo-6,9-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-9-yl]-N-[(2R)-2'-oxo-1,1',2',3-tetrahydrospiro[indene-2,3'-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl]acetamide (MK-3207) (4), the most potent orally active CGRP receptor antagonist described to date.
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Abstract
The endothelin system appears to play an important role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF). Endothelin receptor antagonists represent a novel class of agents that are being evaluated for their potential benefits in treating various cardiovascular disorders. Bosentan is an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist that has been studied for the treatment of CHF. Early clinical experience with bosentan has confirmed some benefits on hemodynamic parameters in patients with CHF. Its role in slowing the progression of the disease and improving survival remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ellahham
- Division of Cardiology, Washington Hospital Center, DC 20010, USA
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Abstract
This article examines the role of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly. This syndrome, caused by excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion by a pituitary adenoma, is associated with a doubled mortality rate and poor quality of life. Pituitary microsurgery has long been the first choice of treatment since it cures many patients, especially those with localized tumors. Adjuvant irradiation was given if insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or GH did not normalize. The introduction of long-acting slow- release somatostatin analogs was a breakthrough for adjuvant treatment, although not always effective. Rather, targeting excessive GH production, muting the GH signal at its receptor, was a totally different approach. The development of GH antagonists (by mutation ofglycine at position 120) and other modifications to enhance receptor binding, and subsequent pegylation of the molecule led to the development of B2036. After pegylation of B2036 at 5 positions the distribution volume is restricted and its serum half-life considerably increased. In short-term clinical studies performed in selected, mostly pretreated, acromegalic patients, IGF-I normalized in the majority of cases. Combination therapy with long-acting somatostatin analogs and weekly rather than daily pegvisomant injections appears to be successful in one clinical study and might limit the high cost of pegvisomant. Long-term efficacy and safety has to be demonstrated. The drug does not cross the blood-brain barrier, and whether it distributes freely into the extracellular space of other organs than the liver has not been investigated, which might have implications for persistent local IGF-I production under unrestrained GH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Calo G, Rizzi A, Rizzi D, Bigoni R, Guerrini R, Marzola G, Marti M, McDonald J, Morari M, Lambert DG, Salvadori S, Regoli D. [Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]nociceptin-NH2, a novel potent and selective antagonist of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136:303-11. [PMID: 12010780 PMCID: PMC1573345 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) modulates several biological functions by activating a specific G-protein coupled receptor (NOP). Few molecules are available that selectively activate or block the NOP receptor. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel NOP receptor ligand, [Nphe(1),Arg(14),Lys(15)]N/OFQ-NH(2) (UFP-101). 2. UFP-101 binds to the human recombinant NOP receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with high affinity (pK(i) 10.2) and shows more than 3000 fold selectivity over classical opioid receptors. UFP-101 competitively antagonizes the effects of N/OFQ on GTPgamma(35)S binding in CHO(hNOP) cell membranes (pA(2) 9.1) and on cyclic AMP accumulation in CHO(hNOP) cells (pA(2) 7.1), being per se inactive at concentrations up to 10 microM. 3. In isolated peripheral tissues of mice, rats and guinea-pigs, and in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes preloaded with [(3)H]-5-HT, UFP-101 competitively antagonized the effects of N/OFQ with pA(2) values in the range of 7.3 - 7.7. In the same preparations, the peptide was inactive alone and did not modify the effects of classical opioid receptor agonists. 4. UFP-101 is also active in vivo where it prevented the depressant action on locomotor activity and the pronociceptive effect induced by 1 nmol N/OFQ i.c.v. in the mouse. In the tail withdrawal assay, UFP-101 at 10 nmol produces per se a robust and long lasting antinociceptive effect. 5. UFP-101 is a novel, potent and selective NOP receptor antagonist which appears to be a useful tool for future investigations of the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Calo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara, 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Liston TE, Conklyn MJ, Houser J, Wilner KD, Johnson A, Apseloff G, Whitacre C, Showell HJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist CP-105,696 in man following single oral administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45:115-21. [PMID: 9491823 PMCID: PMC1873355 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS CP-105,696, (+)-1-(3S,4R)-[3-(4-phenylbenzyl)-4-hydroxy-chroman-7-yl] cyclopropane carboxylic acid is a potent, novel LTB4 receptor antagonist advanced to clinical trials to determine its efficacy in inflammatory diseases. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CP-105,696 were investigated in healthy male volunteers following oral administration of single doses of 5 to 640 mg. METHODS Forty-eight subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Plasma and urine concentrations of CP-105,696 were determined at intervals after drug administration. As an indication of LTB4 receptor antagonism following oral administration of CP-105,696, the inhibiton of LTB4-induced upregulation of the neutrophil cell surface complement receptor (CR3), CD11b/CD18, was monitored at 4 h following drug administration using an ex vivo whole blood flow cytometry assay. RESULTS Cmax and AUC(0, infinity) increased in a dose-related manner. Respective mean Cmax values were 0.54 to 30.41 microg ml(-1) following doses of 5 to 640 mg. Respective mean AUC(0, infinity) values were 1337 to 16819 microg ml(-1) h for the 40 to 640 mg dose groups. Plasma concentrations declined in a monoexponential manner, with terminal elimination half-lives ranging from 289 to 495 h. Group mean terminal elimination half-lives were dose-independent. Urinary excretion of unchanged drug accounted for < 1% of the administered dose. A linear relationship was observed between CP-105,696 plasma concentrations and inhibition of LTB4-mediated CD11b upregulation on human neutrophils in whole blood. CP-105,696 plasma concentrations of 5-6 microg ml(-1) were necessary to elicit a two-fold shift to the right of the LTB4 concentration response curve for CD11b upregulation. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate pharmacologically significant LTB4-receptor antagonism following a single dose of CP-105,696 and pharmacokinetics consistent with once-daily dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Liston
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Martin DE, Tompson D, Boike SC, Tenero D, Ilson B, Citerone D, Jorkasky DK. Lack of effect of eprosartan on the single dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered digoxin in healthy male volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 43:661-4. [PMID: 9205830 PMCID: PMC2042782 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect of eprosartan, a nonbiphenyl tetrazole angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on digoxin pharmacokinetics in a randomized, open-label, two period, period balanced crossover study in 12 healthy men. METHODS Each subject received a single 0.6 mg oral dose of digoxin (Lanoxicaps 0.2 mg/capsule, Glaxo Wellcome) alone or following 4 days of dosing with eprosartan 200 mg orally every 12 h. Each study period was separated by a 14 day washout interval. Serial blood samples were obtained for up to 96 h after each digoxin dose for determination of digoxin pharmacokinetics. The effect of eprosartan on digoxin pharmacokinetics was assessed through an equivalence-type approach using AUC(0, t') as the primary endpoint. RESULTS For AUC(0, t'), the ratio of digoxin+eprosartan: digoxin alone was 0.99 with a 90% confidence interval (CI) of [0.90, 1.09]. For Cmax, the ratio was 1.00 with a 90% CI of [0.86, 1.17]. tmax was similar for both regimens. Both regimens were safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Based on AUC and Cmax data, it can be concluded that eprosartan has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of digoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Martin
- SmithKline Beecham Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Presbyterian Medical Center of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Health System 19104 USA
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK)-B and gastrin receptors are expressed on a variety of human tumor cells. Recently, we have demonstrated that the human brain CCK-B receptors are identical to the gastrin receptors derived from the stomach mucosa, and that the brain-gut peptides, CCK-8 and gastrin I are mitogenic for mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts expressing human CCK-B/gastrin receptors (N-hCCKBR). In this report, we evaluated the antiproliferative potency of CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonists by using N-hCCKBR cells. Among several antagonists, a benzodiazepine derivative, YM022 had the most potent activities in competing with [125I]CCK-8 or [125I]gastrin I binding, inhibition of CCK-8- or gastrin I-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and increasing cytoplasmic free calcium. Interestingly, a potent antagonist for rat CCK-B/gastrin receptors did not have such activities in N-hCCKBR cells. YM022 inhibited the CCK-8- or gastrin I-induced [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation of N-hCCKBR cells in a dose-dependent manner. In the absence of exogenous peptide ligands, YM022 also inhibited the proliferation of several human cancer cell lines expressing the genes for both gastrin and its receptor. These results suggest that YM022 could intervene in the autocrine stimulation of human tumor cell lines through CCK-B/gastrin receptors. N-hCCKBR cells are an excellent tool to screen for novel human CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonists possessing antiproliferative activity for human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murayama
- Third Division, Department of Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine
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Field RB, Chirtel SJ. The effects of histamine, pyrilamine, cimetidine, and ranitidine on secretion of lingual lipase and amylase from rat von Ebner's glands. Agents Actions 1992; 37:210-9. [PMID: 1284190 PMCID: PMC7087539 DOI: 10.1007/bf02028111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Minced von Ebner's glands of rat tongue were incubated in vitro with histamine and histamine receptor antagonists. At various time intervals, media and homogenates of the tissue were assayed for lingual lipase and amylase activity and percentage secretion calculated. Histamine elicited moderate secretion (approximately 10%) of lingual lipase and amylase. In contrast, pyrilamine, an H1 receptor antagonist, elicited > 60% secretion. There were statistically significant differences between the percentage secretion of lingual lipase and amylase for basal secretion, as well as for histamine- and pyrilamine-evoked secretion above basal. The H2 receptor inhibitors, cimetidine and ranitidine, stimulated secretion of only amylase, but not lingual lipase. When combined with histamine, these antagonists partially inhibited only the secretion of histamine-evoked lingual lipase, but not amylase. The differences in percentage secretion between the two enzymes indicate that exocytosis may not be the only process involved in protein secretion. The anomalous effects of the H1 and H2 receptor antagonists necessitate a more detailed characterization of the receptors of von Ebner's glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Field
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Washington, DC 20007
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