1
|
Deng Z, Vice HK, Gilbert ME, Adams MA, Buckley TN. A double-ratio method to measure fast, slow and reverse sap flows. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:2438-2453. [PMID: 34100073 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sap velocity measurements are useful in fields ranging from plant water relations to hydrology at a variety of scales. Techniques based on pulses of heat are among the most common methods to measure sap velocity, but most lack ability to measure velocities across a wide range, including very high, very low and negative velocities (reverse flow). We propose a new method, the double-ratio method (DRM), which is robust across an unprecedented range of sap velocities and provides real-time estimates of the thermal diffusivity of wood. The DRM employs one temperature sensor upstream (proximal) and two sensors downstream (distal) to the source of heat. This facilitates several theoretical, heat-based approaches to quantifying sap velocity. We tested the DRM using whole-tree lysimetry in Eucalyptus cypellocarpa L.A.S. Johnson and found strong agreement across a wide range of velocities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Deng
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heather K Vice
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Matthew E Gilbert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mark A Adams
- School of Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gimenez BO, Jardine KJ, Higuchi N, Negrón-Juárez RI, Sampaio-Filho IDJ, Cobello LO, Fontes CG, Dawson TE, Varadharajan C, Christianson DS, Spanner GC, Araújo AC, Warren JM, Newman BD, Holm JA, Koven CD, McDowell NG, Chambers JQ. Species-Specific Shifts in Diurnal Sap Velocity Dynamics and Hysteretic Behavior of Ecophysiological Variables During the 2015-2016 El Niño Event in the Amazon Forest. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31316536 PMCID: PMC6611341 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Current climate change scenarios indicate warmer temperatures and the potential for more extreme droughts in the tropics, such that a mechanistic understanding of the water cycle from individual trees to landscapes is needed to adequately predict future changes in forest structure and function. In this study, we contrasted physiological responses of tropical trees during a normal dry season with the extreme dry season due to the 2015-2016 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. We quantified high resolution temporal dynamics of sap velocity (Vs), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (ΨL) of multiple canopy trees, and their correlations with leaf temperature (Tleaf) and environmental conditions [direct solar radiation, air temperature (Tair) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)]. The experiment leveraged canopy access towers to measure adjacent trees at the ZF2 and Tapajós tropical forest research (near the cities of Manaus and Santarém). The temporal difference between the peak of gs (late morning) and the peak of VPD (early afternoon) is one of the major regulators of sap velocity hysteresis patterns. Sap velocity displayed species-specific diurnal hysteresis patterns reflected by changes in Tleaf. In the morning, Tleaf and sap velocity displayed a sigmoidal relationship. In the afternoon, stomatal conductance declined as Tleaf approached a daily peak, allowing ΨL to begin recovery, while sap velocity declined with an exponential relationship with Tleaf. In Manaus, hysteresis indices of the variables Tleaf-Tair and ΨL-Tleaf were calculated for different species and a significant difference (p < 0.01, α = 0.05) was observed when the 2015 dry season (ENSO period) was compared with the 2017 dry season ("control scenario"). In some days during the 2015 ENSO event, Tleaf approached 40°C for all studied species and the differences between Tleaf and Tair reached as high at 8°C (average difference: 1.65 ± 1.07°C). Generally, Tleaf was higher than Tair during the middle morning to early afternoon, and lower than Tair during the early morning, late afternoon and night. Our results support the hypothesis that partial stomatal closure allows for a recovery in ΨL during the afternoon period giving an observed counterclockwise hysteresis pattern between ΨL and Tleaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Clarissa G. Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Todd E. Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Charuleka Varadharajan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Danielle S. Christianson
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jeffrey M. Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Brent D. Newman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Holm
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Charles D. Koven
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nate G. McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Q. Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marañón-Jiménez S, Van den Bulcke J, Piayda A, Van Acker J, Cuntz M, Rebmann C, Steppe K. X-ray computed microtomography characterizes the wound effect that causes sap flow underestimation by thermal dissipation sensors. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:287-301. [PMID: 28981912 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of thermal dissipation (TD) sap flow sensors in living tree stems causes damage of the wood tissue, as is the case with other invasive methods. The subsequent wound formation is one of the main causes of underestimation of tree water-use measured by TD sensors. However, the specific alterations in wood anatomy in response to inserted sensors have not yet been characterized, and the linked dysfunctions in xylem conductance and sensor accuracy are still unknown. In this study, we investigate the anatomical mechanisms prompting sap flow underestimation and the dynamic process of wound formation. Successive sets of TD sensors were installed in the early, mid and end stage of the growing season in diffuse- and ring-porous trees, Fagus sylvatica (Linnaeus) and Quercus petraea ((Mattuschka) Lieblein), respectively. The trees were cut in autumn and additional sensors were installed in the cut stem segments as controls without wound formation. The wounded area and volume surrounding each sensor was then visually determined by X-ray computed microtomography (X-ray microCT). This technique allowed the characterization of vessel anatomical transformations such as tyloses formation, their spatial distribution and quantification of reduction in conductive area. MicroCT scans showed considerable formation of tyloses that reduced the conductive area of vessels surrounding the inserted TD probes, thus causing an underestimation in sap flux density (SFD) in both beech and oak. Discolored wood tissue was ellipsoidal, larger in the radial plane, more extensive in beech than in oak, and also for sensors installed for longer times. However, the severity of anatomical transformations did not always follow this pattern. Increased wound size with time, for example, did not result in larger SFD underestimation. This information helps us to better understand the mechanisms involved in wound effects with TD sensors and allows the provision of practical recommendations to reduce biases associated with wounding in field sap flow measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marañón-Jiménez
- University of Granada, Department of Applied Physics, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J Van den Bulcke
- UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Piayda
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Van Acker
- UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Cuntz
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - C Rebmann
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wiedemann A, Marañón-Jiménez S, Rebmann C, Herbst M, Cuntz M. An empirical study of the wound effect on sap flux density measured with thermal dissipation probes. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1471-1484. [PMID: 27587487 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The insertion of thermal dissipation (TD) sensors on tree stems for sap flux density (SFD) measurements can lead to SFD underestimations due to a wound formation close to the drill hole. However, the wound effect has not been assessed experimentally for this method yet. Here, we propose an empirical approach to investigate the effect of the wound healing on measured sap flux with TD probes. The approach was performed for both, diffuse-porous (Fagus sylvatica (Linnaeus)) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea (Lieblein)) species. Thermal dissipation probes were installed on different dates along the growing season to document the effects of the dynamic wound formation. The trees were cut in autumn and additional sensors were installed in the cut stems, therefore, without potential effects of wound development. A range of water pressures was applied to the stem segments and SFDs were simultaneously measured by TD sensors as well as gravimetrically in the laboratory. The formation of wounds around sensors installed in living tree stems led to underestimation of SFD by 21.4 ± 3 and 47.5 ± 3.8% in beech and oak, respectively. The differences between SFD underestimations of diffuse-porous beech and ring-porous oak were, however, not statistically significant. Sensors with 5-, 11- and 22-week-old wounds also showed no significant differences, which implies that the influence of wound formation on SFD estimates was completed within the first few weeks after perforation. These results were confirmed by time courses of SFD measurements in the field. Field SFD values decreased immediately after sensor installation and reached stable values after ~2 weeks with similar underestimations to the ones observed in the laboratory. We therefore propose a feasible approach to correct directly field observations of SFD for potential underestimations due to the wound effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wiedemann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Marañón-Jiménez
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Herbst
- Thünen Institute of Climate Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barbour MM, Whitehead D. A demonstration of the theoretical prediction that sap velocity is related to wood density in the conifer Dacrydium cupressinum. New Phytol 2003; 158:477-488. [PMID: 36056509 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
• The theoretical prediction of a close relationship between sap velocity (v) and wood density (ρb ) in conifers was tested in mature Dacrydium cupressinum trees. • Thermal dissipation probes were used to measure v during summer in 12 trees of varying size and the data were analysed in relation to ρb . • Variation in (1 - ρb )2 was found to explain 94% of variation in average sap velocity for trees growing in exposed canopy positions, in support of theoretical predictions. No relationship between v and ρb was found for trees growing in sheltered canopy positions. • Differences in the relationship between v and ρb for exposed and sheltered trees are related to mixing of the air within the canopy and the response of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to air saturation deficit. The results support the use of wood density to scale transpiration from individual trees to the stand in conifer forests.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wullschleger SD, Gunderson CA, Hanson PJ, Wilson KB, Norby RJ. Sensitivity of stomatal and canopy conductance to elevated CO 2 concentration - interacting variables and perspectives of scale. New Phytol 2002; 153:485-496. [PMID: 33863220 DOI: 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• The hydrological response of forests to rising CO2 is a critical biotic feedback in the study of global climate change. Few studies, however, have investigated this highly dynamic response at relevant temporal and spatial scales. • A combination of leaf and whole-tree measurements and stand-level extrapolations were used to assess how stomatal conductance, canopy transpiration and conductance, and evapotranspiration might be affected by future, higher CO2 concentrations. • Midday measurements of stomatal conductance for leaves sampled in a 12-yr-old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) stand exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment were up to 44% lower at elevated than at ambient CO2 concentrations, whereas canopy conductance, averaged over the growing season, was only 14% lower in stands exposed to CO2 enrichment. The magnitude of this response was dependent on vapor pressure deficit and soil water potential. Annual estimates of evapotranspiration showed relatively small reductions due to atmospheric CO2 enrichment. • These data illustrate that the hydrological response of a closed-canopy plantation to elevated CO2 depends on the temporal and spatial scale of observation. They emphasize the importance of interacting variables and confirm that integration of measurements over space and time reduce what, at the leaf level, might otherwise appear to be a large and significant response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | - C A Gunderson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | - P J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | - K B Wilson
- Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, NOAA Air Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - R J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| |
Collapse
|