1
|
Zhai L, Will RE, Zhang B. Structural diversity is better associated with forest productivity than species or functional diversity. Ecology 2024; 105:e4269. [PMID: 38361215 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and productivity can be advanced by improving metrics used to quantify biodiversity. Structural diversity, that is, variation of size and form of plant organs, is an emerging biodiversity metric. However, compared with the other biodiversity metrics, its relative importance in specific components of forest productivity, for example, recruitment of new individuals, biomass net change after accounting for mortality, is largely unknown, particularly across a large spatial scale with multiple influential gradients. To address the knowledge gap, we used USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data across the southcentral USA from 2008 to 2017. We calculated forest biomass increments due to recruitment and growth and net change in biomass. Then, we quantified the effects of a range of abiotic and biotic variables on the biomass increments and net change. Our results showed that (1) Structural diversity was negatively associated with the two biomass increments and net change in biomass. The negative effects were supported by increased occurrences of insects and diseases with greater structural diversity. (2) Compared with species and functional diversity, structural diversity showed a better association with biomass increments and net change, suggested by its larger absolute values of standardized coefficients, and the effects of structural diversity were negative in contrast to species diversity. (3) The effects of structural diversity, stand age, and elevation differed between natural and planted forests that may stem from the differences in stand development and species composition between the two forest types. Together, structural diversity may represent an important dimension of biodiversity impacts on plant productivity, which could be related to the exacerbated disturbances with greater structural diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhai
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rodney E Will
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui E. Trait-environment relationships are timescale dependent. New Phytol 2024; 241:2313-2315. [PMID: 38263681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Famiglietti et al. (2024), 241: 2423–2434.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erqian Cui
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tucker GF, Maguire DA, Tupinambá‐Simões F. Associations between shade tolerance and wood specific gravity for conifers in contrast to angiosperm trees: Foundations of the conifer fitness-enhancing shade tolerance hypothesis. Plant Environ Interact 2024; 5:e10131. [PMID: 38323133 PMCID: PMC10840375 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have held that wood specific gravity was an indicator or surrogate for both shade tolerance and successional status. However, recent research in dry tropical forests has shown very different associations regarding wood specific gravity. Past analyses of the tolerance and wood properties of tree species have focused on pooled coniferous and angiosperm species in temperate regions; fewer analyses have been conducted separately for conifers and angiosperm species. A database was compiled for the wood properties and/or tolerance scores of 542 temperate Northern Hemisphere conifer and angiosperm trees. Plant strategy was defined by shade tolerance (T shade), drought tolerance (T drought), and polytolerance (T poly = T shade + T drought) and fundamental wood properties were represented by basic specific gravity (SGbasic), relative stiffness (MOE/SGbasic), and relative strength (MOR/SGbasic). Simple linear regressions tested the significance (p < .05) of correlations between plant strategy and wood properties. Conifers, unlike angiosperm trees, showed a negative correlation between T shade and SGbasic and a positive correlation between T shade and both MOE/SGbasic and MOR/SGbasic. Only angiosperm trees had a significant correlation between T poly and both SGbasic and MOE/SGbasic, but both conifers and angiosperm trees had a significant correlation between T drought and both SGbasic and MOE/SGbasic. Shade tolerance, as a plant strategy, has functional implications for wood properties in temperate Northern Hemisphere conifers but not in associated angiosperms. The implied functional link between wood properties (SGbasic) and shade tolerance hypothetically extends to other fitness-enhancing traits impacted by SGbasic, such as growth rates and species maximum height.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F. Tucker
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and ManagementOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- O'Brien ForestWestportCounty MayoIreland
| | - Douglas A. Maguire
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and ManagementOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Frederico Tupinambá‐Simões
- University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest ManagementUniversidad de Valladolid|UVaPalenciaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thapliyal G, Bhandari MS, Vemanna RS, Pandey S, Meena RK, Barthwal S. Engineering traits through CRISPR/cas genome editing in woody species to improve forest diversity and yield. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:884-903. [PMID: 35968912 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2092714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dangers confronting forest ecosystems are many and the strength of these biological systems is deteriorating, thus substantially affecting tree physiology, phenology, and growth. The establishment of genetically engineered trees into degraded woodlands, which would be adaptive to changing climate, could help in subsiding ecological threats and bring new prospects. This should not be resisted due to the apprehension of transgene dispersal in forests. Consequently, it is important to have a deep insight into the genetic structure and phenotypic limits of the reproductive capability of tree stands/population(s) to endure tolerance and survival. Importantly, for a better understanding of genes and their functional mechanisms, gene editing (GeEd) technology is an excellent molecular tool to unravel adaptation progressions. Therefore, GeEd could be harnessed for resolving the allelic interactions for the creation of gene diversity, and transgene dispersal may be alleviated among the population or species in different bioclimatic zones around the globe. This review highlights the potential of the CRISPR/Cas tools in genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic-based assorted and programmable alterations of genes in trees that might be able to fix the trait-specific gene function. Also, we have discussed the application of diverse forms of GeEd to genetically improve several traits, such as wood density, phytochemical constituents, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and photosynthetic efficiency in trees. We believe that the technology encourages fundamental research in the forestry sector besides addressing key aspects, which might fasten tree breeding and germplasm improvement programs worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Thapliyal
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
| | - Maneesh S Bhandari
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
| | - Ramu S Vemanna
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shailesh Pandey
- Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
| | - Rajendra K Meena
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
| | - Santan Barthwal
- Division of Genetics & Tree Improvement, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schönauer M, Hietz P, Schuldt B, Rewald B. Root and branch hydraulic functioning and trait coordination across organs in drought-deciduous and evergreen tree species of a subtropical highland forest. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1127292. [PMID: 37377798 PMCID: PMC10291250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Vessel traits are key in understanding trees' hydraulic efficiency, and related characteristics like growth performance and drought tolerance. While most plant hydraulic studies have focused on aboveground organs, our understanding of root hydraulic functioning and trait coordination across organs remains limited. Furthermore, studies from seasonally dry (sub-)tropical ecosystems and mountain forests are virtually lacking and uncertainties remain regarding potentially different hydraulic strategies of plants differing in leaf habit. Here, we compared wood anatomical traits and specific hydraulic conductivities between coarse roots and small branches of five drought-deciduous and eight evergreen angiosperm tree species in a seasonally dry subtropical Afromontane forest in Ethiopia. We hypothesized that largest vessels and highest hydraulic conductivities are found in roots, with greater vessel tapering between roots and equally-sized branches in evergreen angiosperms due to their drought-tolerating strategy. We further hypothesized that the hydraulic efficiencies of root and branches cannot be predicted from wood density, but that wood densities across organs are generally related. Root-to-branch ratios of conduit diameters varied between 0.8 and 2.8, indicating considerable differences in tapering from coarse roots to small branches. While deciduous trees showed larger branch xylem vessels compared to evergreen angiosperms, root-to-branch ratios were highly variable within both leaf habit types, and evergreen species did not show a more pronounced degree of tapering. Empirically determined hydraulic conductivity and corresponding root-to-branch ratios were similar between both leaf habit types. Wood density of angiosperm roots was negatively related to hydraulic efficiency and vessel dimensions; weaker relationships were found in branches. Wood density of small branches was neither related to stem nor coarse root wood densities. We conclude that in seasonally dry subtropical forests, similar-sized coarse roots hold larger xylem vessels than small branches, but the degree of tapering from roots to branches is highly variable. Our results indicate that leaf habit does not necessarily influence the relationship between coarse root and branch hydraulic traits. However, larger conduits in branches and a low carbon investment in less dense wood may be a prerequisite for high growth rates of drought-deciduous trees during their shortened growing season. The correlation of stem and root wood densities with root hydraulic traits but not branch wood points toward large trade-offs in branch xylem towards mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Schönauer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Forest Work Science and Engineering, Department of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Hietz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Via BK, Han F, Li Y, Pei Z. Comparison of various chemometric methods on visible and near-infrared spectral analysis for wood density prediction among different tree species and geographical origins. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1121287. [PMID: 36968398 PMCID: PMC10036815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1121287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy has been widely applied in many fields for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Chemometric techniques including pre-processing, variable selection, and multivariate calibration models play an important role to better extract useful information from spectral data. In this study, a new de-noising method (lifting wavelet transform, LWT), four variable selection methods, as well as two non-linear machine learning models were simultaneously analyzed to compare the impact of chemometric approaches on wood density determination among various tree species and geographical locations. In addition, fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the parameters of generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM), respectively. As for various chemometric methods, the optimal chemometric method was different for the same tree species collected from different locations. FOA-GRNN model combined with LWT and CARS deliver the best performance for Chinese white poplar of Heilongjiang province. In contrast, PLS model showed a good performance for Chinese white poplar collected from Jilin province based on raw spectra. However, for other tree species, RSM-PSO-SVM models can improve the performance of wood density prediction compared to traditional linear and FOA-GRNN models. Especially for Acer mono Maxim, when compared to linear models, the coefficient of determination of prediction set ( R p 2 ) and relative prediction deviation (RPD) were increased by 47.70% and 44.48%, respectively. And the dimensionality of Vis-NIR spectral data was decreased from 2048 to 20. Therefore, the appropriate chemometric technique should be selected before building calibration models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Energy and Transportation Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Brian K. Via
- Forest Products Development Center, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Feifei Han
- Laboratory Zhejiang Huadong Forestry Engineering Consulting and Design Corporation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxiang Li
- College of Engineering and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyong Pei
- College of Energy and Transportation Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barotto AJ, Martínez-Meier A, Segura V, Monteoliva S, Charpentier JP, Gyenge J, Sergent AS, Millier F, Rozenberg P, Fernández ME. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate physical, anatomical and hydraulic properties of Eucalyptus wood. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:501-514. [PMID: 36383394 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree breeding programs and wood industries require simple, time- and cost-effective techniques to process large volumes of samples. In recent decades, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been acknowledged as one of the most powerful techniques for wood analysis, making it the most used tool for high-throughput phenotyping. Previous studies have shown that a significant number of anatomical, physical, chemical and mechanical wood properties can be estimated through NIRS, both for angiosperm and gymnosperm species. However, the ability of this technique to predict functional traits related to drought resistance has been poorly explored, especially in angiosperm species. This is particularly relevant since determining xylem hydraulic properties by conventional techniques is complex and time-consuming, clearly limiting its use in studies and applications that demand large amounts of samples. In this study, we measured several wood anatomical and hydraulic traits and collected NIR spectra in branches of two Eucalyptus L'Hér species. We developed NIRS calibration models and discussed their ability to accurately predict the studied traits. The models generated allowed us to adequately calibrate the reference traits, with high R2 (≥0.75) for traits such as P12, P88, the slope of the vulnerability curves to xylem embolism or the fiber wall fraction, and with lower R2 (0.39-0.52) for P50, maximum hydraulic conductivity or frequency of ray parenchyma. We found that certain wavenumbers improve models' calibration, with those in the range of 4000-5500 cm-1 predicting the highest number of both anatomical and functional traits. We concluded that the use of NIRS allows calibrating models with potential predictive value not only for wood structural and chemical variables but also for anatomical and functional traits related to drought resistance in wood types with complex structure as eucalypts. These results are promising in light of the required knowledge about species and genotypes adaptability to global climatic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Cátedra de Dendrología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Meier
- INTA EEA Bariloche, Grupo de Ecología Forestal, UEDD IFAB INTA-CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología, Ecofisiología y Madera (LEEMA), Modesta Victoria 4450 (8400), Río Negro, Argentina
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
| | - Vincent Segura
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Charpentier
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Grupo Forestal, UEDD IPADS INTA-CONICET-Oficina Tandil, Rodríguez 370 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anne Sophie Sergent
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina UEDD IFAB INTA-CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología, Ecofisiología y Madera (LEEMA), Modesta Victoria 4450 (8400), RíoNegro, Argentina
| | - Frédéric Millier
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - María Elena Fernández
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Grupo Forestal, UEDD IPADS INTA-CONICET-Oficina Tandil, Rodríguez 370 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vaessen RW, Jansen PA, Richard-Hansen C, Boot RGA, Denis T, Derroire G, Petronelli P, de Vries JS, Barry KE, Ter Steege H, van Kuijk M. Defaunation changes leaf trait composition of recruit communities in tropical forests in French Guiana. Ecology 2023; 104:e3872. [PMID: 36121050 PMCID: PMC10078438 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hunting impacts tropical vertebrate populations, causing declines of species that function as seed dispersers and predators, or that browse seedlings and saplings. Whether and how the resulting reductions in seed dispersal, seed predation, and browsing translate to changes in the tree composition is poorly understood. Here, we assess the effect of defaunation on the functional composition of communities of tree recruits in tropical rainforests in French Guiana. We selected eight sites along a gradient of defaunation, caused by differences in hunting pressure, in otherwise intact old-growth forests in French Guiana. We measured shifts in functional composition by comparing leaf and fruit traits and wood density between tree recruits (up to 5 cm diameter at breast height) and adults, and tested whether and how these compositional shifts related to defaunation. We found a positive relationship with defaunation for shifts in specific leaf area, a negative relationship for shifts of leaf toughness and wood density, and a weak relationship for shifts in fruit traits. Our results suggest that the loss of vertebrates affects ecological processes such as seed dispersal and browsing, of which browsing remains understudied. Even though these changes sometimes seem minor, together they result in major shifts in forest composition. These changes have long-term ramifications that may alter forest dynamics for generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rens W Vaessen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Center for Tropical Forest Science, Ancon, Panama
| | - Cécile Richard-Hansen
- OFB/DRAS/UPFSEO, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université de la Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - René G A Boot
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Tropenbos International, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Denis
- OFB/DRAS/UPFSEO, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université de la Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université de la Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Pascal Petronelli
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université de la Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Jesse S de Vries
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kathryn E Barry
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Li Y, Li Y. Prediction approach of larch wood density from visible-near-infrared spectroscopy based on parameter calibrating and transfer learning. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1006292. [PMID: 36267936 PMCID: PMC9577256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood density, as a key indicator to measure wood properties, is of weighty significance in enhancing wood utilization and modifying wood properties in sustainable forest management. Visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy provides a feasible and efficient solution for obtaining wood density by the advantages of its efficiency and non-destructiveness. However, the spectral responses are different in wood products with different moisture content conditions, and changes in external factors may cause the regression model to fail. Although some calibration transfer methods and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep transfer learning methods have been proposed, the generalization ability and prediction accuracy of the models still need to be improved. For the prediction problem of Vis-NIR wood density in different moisture contents, a deep transfer learning hybrid method with automatic calibration capability (Resnet1D-SVR-TrAdaBoost.R2) was proposed in this study. The disadvantage of overfitting was avoided when CNN processes small sample data, which considered the complex exterior factors in actual production to enhance feature extraction and migration between samples. Density prediction of the method was performed on a larch dataset with different moisture content conditions, and the hybrid method was found to achieve the best prediction results under the calibration samples with different target domain calibration samples and moisture contents, and the performance of models was better than that of the traditional calibration transfer and migration learning methods. In particular, the hybrid model has achieved an improvement of about 0.1 in both R 2 and root mean square error (RMSE) values compared to the support vector regression model transferred by piecewise direct standardization method (SVR+PDS), which has the best performance among traditional calibration methods. To further ascertain the generalizability of the hybrid model, the model was validated with samples collected from mixed moisture contents as the target domain. Various experiments demonstrated that the Resnet1D-SVR-TrAdaBoost.R2 model could predict larch wood density with a high generalization ability and accuracy effectively but was computation consuming. It showed the potential to be extended to predict other metrics of wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Zhang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoxiang Li
- College of Engineering and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Energy and Transportation Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dória LC, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Rossi S, Marcati CR. Functional trade-offs in volume allocation to xylem cell types in 75 species from the Brazilian savanna Cerrado. Ann Bot 2022; 130:445-456. [PMID: 35863898 PMCID: PMC9486921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylem is a crucial tissue for plant survival, performing the functions of water transport, mechanical support and storage. Functional trade-offs are a result of the different assemblages of xylem cell types within a certain wood volume. We assessed how the volume allocated to different xylem cell types can be associated with wood functional trade-offs (hydraulics, mechanical and storage) in species from the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna. We also assessed the xylem anatomical characters linked to wood density across species. METHODS We analysed cross-sections of branches collected from 75 woody species belonging to 42 angiosperm families from the Cerrado. We estimated the wood volume fraction allocated to different cell types and performed measurements of vessel diameter and wood density. KEY RESULTS The largest volume of wood is allocated to fibres (0.47), followed by parenchyma (0.33) and vessels (0.20). Wood density is positively correlated to cell wall (fibre and vessel wall), and negatively to the fractions of fibre lumen and gelatinous fibres. We observed a trade-off between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and mechanics (cell wall fraction), and between mechanics and storage (parenchyma fraction). The expected positive functional relationships between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and water and carbohydrate storage (parenchyma and fibre lumen fractions) were not detected, though larger vessels are linked to a larger wood volume allocated to gelatinous fibres. CONCLUSIONS Woody species from the Cerrado show evidence of functional trade-offs between water transport, mechanical support and storage. Gelatinous fibres might be potentially linked to water storage and release by their positive relationship to increased vessel diameter, thus replacing the functional role of parenchyma and fibre lumen cells. Species can profit from the increased mechanical strength under tension provided by the presence of gelatinous fibres, avoiding expensive investments in high wood density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Regina Marcati
- Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Avenida Universitária, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Staples TL, Mayfield MM, England JR, Dwyer JM. Drivers of Acacia and Eucalyptus growth rate differ in strength and direction in restoration plantings across Australia. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2636. [PMID: 35404495 PMCID: PMC9539508 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits are proxies for a species' ecology and physiology and are often correlated with plant vital rates. As such they have the potential to guide species selection for restoration projects. However, predictive trait-based models often only explain a small proportion of plant performance, suggesting that commonly measured traits do not capture all important ecological differences between species. Some residual variation in vital rates may be evolutionarily conserved and captured using taxonomic groupings alongside common functional traits. We tested this hypothesis using growth rate data for 17,299 trees and shrubs from 80 species of Eucalyptus and 43 species of Acacia, two hyper-diverse and co-occurring genera, collected from 497 neighborhood plots in 137 Australian mixed-species revegetation plantings. We modeled relative growth rates of individual plants as a function of environmental conditions, species-mean functional traits, and neighbor density and diversity, across a moisture availability gradient. We then assessed whether the strength and direction of these relationships differed between the two genera. We found that the inclusion of genus-specific relationships offered a significant but modest improvement to model fit (1.6%-1.7% greater R2 than simpler models). More importantly, almost all correlates of growth rate differed between Eucalyptus and Acacia in strength, direction, or how they changed along the moisture gradient. These differences mapped onto physiological differences between the genera that were not captured solely by measured functional traits. Our findings suggest taxonomic groupings can capture or mediate variation in plant performance missed by common functional traits. The inclusion of taxonomy can provide a more nuanced understanding of how functional traits interact with abiotic and biotic conditions to drive plant performance, which may be important for constructing trait-based frameworks to improve restoration outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. Staples
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences PrecinctDutton ParkQueenslandAustralia
| | - Margaret M. Mayfield
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - John M. Dwyer
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences PrecinctDutton ParkQueenslandAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang SB, Wen GJ, Qu YY, Yang LY, Song Y. Trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength in Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:1337-1349. [PMID: 35157087 PMCID: PMC9272745 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen and deciduous species coexist in tropical dry forests and savannas, but differ in physiological mechanisms and life-history strategies. Hydraulic conductivity and mechanical support are two major functions of the xylems of woody plant species related to plant growth and survival. In this study, we measured sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (KL), modulus of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), xylem anatomical traits and fiber contents in the xylems of 20 woody species with contrasting leaf phenology (evergreen vs deciduous) in a Chinese savanna. Our results showed that deciduous species had significantly higher Ks and KL but lower MOR and MOE than evergreen species. Evergreen species experienced more negative seasonal minimum water potential (Pmin) than deciduous species during the dry season. Furthermore, we found trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength across species and within the evergreen and deciduous groups, and these trade-offs were modulated by structural and chemical traits. Both Ks and KL were significantly related to hydraulic weighted vessel diameter (Dh) across all species and within the deciduous group. Both MOR and MOE were significantly related to wood density, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber across species and within evergreen and deciduous groups. Our findings demonstrated that Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species diverged in xylem hydraulic and mechanical functions, reflecting conservative and acquisitive life-history strategies for evergreen and deciduous species, respectively. This study provides new information with which to understand the hydraulic and biomechanical properties and ecological strategies of savanna species in long-term dry-hot environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guo-Jing Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Ya-Ya Qu
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailongshi, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Lin-Yi Yang
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailongshi, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Serra-Maluquer X, Gazol A, Anderegg WRL, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Camarero JJ. Wood density and hydraulic traits influence species' growth response to drought across biomes. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:3871-3882. [PMID: 35124877 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree species display a wide variety of water-use strategies, growth rates and capacity to tolerate drought. However, if we want to forecast species capacity to cope with increasing aridity and drought, we need to identify which measurable traits confer resilience to drought across species. Here, we use a global tree ring network (65 species; 1931 site series of ring-width indices-RWI) to evaluate the relationship of long-term growth-drought sensitivity (RWI-SPEI drought index relationship) and short-term growth response to extreme drought episodes (resistance, recovery and resilience indices) with functional traits related to leaf, wood and hydraulic properties. Furthermore, we assess the influence of climate (temperature, precipitation and climatic water deficit) on these trait-growth relationships. We found a close correspondence between the long-term relationship between RWI and SPEI and resistance and recovery of tree growth to severe drought episodes. Species displaying a stronger RWI-SPEI relationship to drought and low resistance and high recovery to extreme drought episodes tended to have a higher wood density (WD) and more negative leaf minimum water potential (Ψmin). Such associations were largely maintained when accounting for direct climate effects. Our results indicate that, at a cross-species level and global scale, wood and hydraulic functional traits explain species' growth responses to drought at short- and long-term scales. These trait-growth response relationships can improve our understanding of the cross-species capacity to withstand climate change and inform models to better predict drought effects on forest ecosystem dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arnič D, Krajnc L, Gričar J, Prislan P. Relationships Between Wood-Anatomical Features and Resistance Drilling Density in Norway Spruce and European Beech. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:872950. [PMID: 35463439 PMCID: PMC9024210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions affect tree-ring width (TRW), wood structure, and, consequently, wood density, which is one of the main wood quality indicators. Although studies on inter- and intra-annual variability in tree-ring features or density exist, studies demonstrating a clear link between wood structure on a cellular level and its effect on wood density on a macroscopic level are rare. Norway spruce with its simple coniferous structure and European beech, a diffuse-porous angiosperm species were selected to analyze these relationships. Increment cores were collected from both species at four sites in Slovenia. In total, 24 European beech and 17 Norway spruce trees were sampled. In addition, resistance drilling measurements were performed just a few centimeters above the increment core sampling. TRW and quantitative wood anatomy measurements were performed on the collected cores. Resistance drilling density values, tree-ring (TRW, earlywood width-EWW, transition-TWW, and latewood width-LWW) and wood-anatomical features (vessel/tracheid area and diameter, cell density, relative conductive area, and cell wall thickness) were then averaged for the first 7 cm of measurements. We observed significant relationships between tree-ring and wood-anatomical features in both spruce and beech. In spruce, the highest correlation values were found between TRW and LWW. In beech, the highest correlations were observed between TRW and cell density. There were no significant relationships between wood-anatomical features and resistance drilling density in beech. However, in spruce, a significant negative correlation was found between resistance drilling density and tangential tracheid diameter, and a positive correlation between resistance drilling density and both TWW + LWW and LWW. Our findings suggest that resistance drilling measurements can be used to evaluate differences in density within and between species, but they should be improved in resolution to be able to detect changes in wood anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domen Arnič
- Department for Forest Technique and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Krajnc
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department for Forest Technique and Economics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lira-Martins D, Quesada CA, Strekopytov S, Humphreys-Williams E, Herault B, Lloyd J. Wood Nutrient-Water-Density Linkages Are Influenced by Both Species and Environment. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:778403. [PMID: 35444675 PMCID: PMC9014131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.778403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical trees store a large amount of nutrients in their woody tissues, thus triggering the question of what the functional association of these elements with other wood traits is. Given the osmotic activity of mineral elements such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, these elements should be strong candidates in mediating the water storing capacity in tropical trees. We investigated the role of wood nutrients in facilitating wood water storage in trees by using branch samples from 48 tropical tree species in South America and examined their associations with wood density (ρ). Wood density varied from 316 kg/m3 in Peru plots, where the soil nutrient status is relatively higher, to 908 kg/m3 in Brazil plots, where the nutrient availability is lower. Phosphorus content in wood varied significantly between plots with lowest values found in French Guiana (1.2 mol/m3) and plots with highest values found in Peru (43.6 mol/m3). Conversely, potassium in woody tissues showed a significant cross-species variation with Minquartia guianensis in Brazil showing the lowest values (8.8 mol/m3) and with Neea divaricata in Peru having the highest values (114 mol/m3). We found that lower wood density trees store more water in their woody tissues with cations, especially potassium, having a positive association with water storage. Specific relationships between wood cation concentrations and stem water storage potential nevertheless depend on both species' identity and growing location. Tropical trees with increased water storage capacity show lower wood density and have an increased reliance on cations to regulate this reservoir. Our study highlights that cations play a more important role in tropical tree water relations than has previously been thought, with potassium being particularly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrius Lira-Martins
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stanislav Strekopytov
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruno Herault
- UR Forests and Societies, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (Cirad), Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang G, Mao Z, Fortunel C, Martínez-Vilalta J, Viennois G, Maillard P, Stokes A. Parenchyma fractions drive the storage capacity of nonstructural carbohydrates across a broad range of tree species. Am J Bot 2022; 109:535-549. [PMID: 35266560 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) play a key role in tree performance and functioning and are stored in radial and axial parenchyma (RAP) cells. Whether this relationship is altered among species and climates or is linked to functional traits describing xylem structure (wood density) and tree stature is not known. METHODS In a systematic review, we collated data for NSC content and the proportion of RAP in stems for 68 tree species. To examine the relationships of NSCs and RAP with climatic factors and other functional traits, we also collected climatic data at each tree's location, as well as wood density and maximum height. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine the influence of species' evolutionary relationships on the associations among NSCs, RAP, and functional traits. RESULTS Across all 68 tree species, NSCs were positively correlated with RAP and mean annual temperature, but relationships were only weakly significant in temperate species and angiosperms. When separating RAP into radial parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP), both NSCs and wood density were positively correlated with RP but not with AP. Wood in taller trees was less dense and had lower RAP than in shorter trees, but height was not related to NSCs. CONCLUSIONS In trees, NSCs are stored mostly in the RP fraction, which has a larger surface area in warmer climates. Additionally, NSCs were only weakly linked to wood density and tree height. Our analysis of evolutionary relationships demonstrated that RAP fractions and NSC content were always closely related across all 68 tree species, suggesting that RAP can act as a reliable proxy for potential NSC storage capacity in tree stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Zhang
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Zhun Mao
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gaëlle Viennois
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Alexia Stokes
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anadon-Rosell A, Scharnweber T, von Arx G, Peters RL, Smiljanić M, Weddell S, Wilmking M. Growth and Wood Trait Relationships of Alnus glutinosa in Peatland Forest Stands With Contrasting Water Regimes. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:788106. [PMID: 35095962 PMCID: PMC8790179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human-driven peatland drainage has occurred in Europe for centuries, causing habitat degradation and leading to the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, in the last decades, there has been an increase in policies aiming at restoring these habitats through rewetting. Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is a widespread species in temperate forest peatlands with a seemingly high waterlogging tolerance. Yet, little is known about its specific response in growth and wood traits relevant for tree functioning when dealing with changing water table levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of rewetting and extreme flooding on alder growth and wood traits in a peatland forest in northern Germany. We took increment cores from several trees at a drained and a rewetted stand and analyzed changes in ring width, wood density, and xylem anatomical traits related to the hydraulic functioning, growth, and mechanical support for the period 1994-2018. This period included both the rewetting action and an extreme flooding event. We additionally used climate-growth and climate-density correlations to identify the stand-specific responses to climatic conditions. Our results showed that alder growth declined after an extreme flooding in the rewetted stand, whereas the opposite occurred in the drained stand. These changes were accompanied by changes in wood traits related to growth (i.e., number of vessels), but not in wood density and hydraulic-related traits. We found poor climate-growth and climate-density correlations, indicating that water table fluctuations have a stronger effect than climate on alder growth. Our results show detrimental effects on the growth of sudden water table changes leading to permanent waterlogging, but little implications for its wood density and hydraulic architecture. Rewetting actions should thus account for the loss of carbon allocation into wood and ensure suitable conditions for alder growth in temperate peatland forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- CREAF, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard L. Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Forest Is Life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marko Smiljanić
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Weddell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Klemenc J, Fajdiga G. Statistical Modelling of the Fatigue Bending Strength of Norway Spruce Wood. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:536. [PMID: 35057254 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When wood is used as a structural material, the fact that it is a highly inhomogeneous material, which significantly affects its static and fatigue properties, presents a major challenge to engineers. In this paper, a novel approach to modelling the fatigue-life properties of wood is presented. In the model, the common inverse-power-law relationship between the structural amplitude loads and the corresponding number of load cycles to failure is augmented with the influence of the wood’s mass density, the loading direction and the processing lot. The model is based on the two-parametric conditional Weibull’s probability density function with a constant shape parameter and a scale parameter that is a function of the previously mentioned parameters. The proposed approach was validated using the example of experimental static and fatigue-strength data from spruce beams. It turned out that the newly presented model is capable of adequately replicating the spruce’s S-N curves with a scatter, despite the relatively scarce amount of experimental data, which came from different production lots that were loaded in different directions and had a significant variation in density. Based on the experimental data, the statistical model predicts that the lower density wood has better fatigue strength.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
This article comments on:
Baer AB, Fickle JC, Medina J, Robles C, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. 2021. Xylem biomechanics, water storage, and density within roots and shoots of an angiosperm tree species. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 7984–7997.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Tercer Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Andivia E, Villar-Salvador P, Oliet JA, Puértolas J, Dumroese RK, Ivetić V, Molina-Venegas R, Arellano EC, Li G, Ovalle JF. Climate and species stress resistance modulate the higher survival of large seedlings in forest restorations worldwide. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02394. [PMID: 34164882 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seedling planting plays a key role in active forest restoration and regeneration of managed stands. Plant attributes at outplanting can determine tree seedling survival and consequently early success of forest plantations. Although many studies show that large seedlings of the same age within a species have higher survival than small ones, others report the opposite. This may be due to differences in environmental conditions at the planting site and in the inherent functional characteristics of species. Here, we conducted a global-scale meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of seedling size on early outplanting survival. Our meta-analysis covered 86 tree species and 142 planting locations distributed worldwide. We also assessed whether planting site aridity and key plant functional traits related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance and growth capacity, namely specific leaf area and wood density, modulate this effect. Planting large seedlings within a species consistently increases survival in forest plantations worldwide. Species' functional traits modulate the magnitude of the positive seedling size-outplanting survival relationship, showing contrasting effects due to aridity and between angiosperms and gymnosperms. For angiosperms planted in arid/semiarid sites and gymnosperms in subhumid/humid sites the magnitude of the positive effect of seedling size on survival was maximized in species with low specific leaf area and high wood density, characteristics linked to high stress resistance and slow growth. By contrast, high specific leaf area and low wood density maximized the positive effect of seedling size on survival for angiosperms planted in subhumid/humid sites. Results have key implications for implementing forest plantations globally, especially for adjusting nursery cultivation to species' functional characteristics and planting site aridity. Nursery cultivation should promote large seedlings, especially for stress sensitive angiosperms planted in humid sites and for stress-resistant species planted in dry sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Andivia
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Juan A Oliet
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jaime Puértolas
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - R Kasten Dumroese
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Moscow, Idaho, 83843, USA
| | - Vladan Ivetić
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11030, Serbia
| | - Rafael Molina-Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Eduardo C Arellano
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8940855, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Guolei Li
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Juan F Ovalle
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li R, Zhu S, Lian J, Zhang H, Liu H, Ye W, Ye Q. Functional Traits Are Good Predictors of Tree Species Abundance Across 101 Subtropical Forest Species in China. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:541577. [PMID: 34276711 PMCID: PMC8278196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.541577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
What causes variation in species abundance for a given site remains a central question in community ecology. Foundational to trait-based ecology is the expectation that functional traits determine species abundance. However, the relative success of using functional traits to predict relative abundance is questionable. One reason is that the diversity in plant function is greater than that characterized by the few most commonly and easily measurable traits. Here, we measured 10 functional traits and the stem density of 101 woody plant species in a 200,000 m2 permanent, mature, subtropical forest plot (high precipitation and high nitrogen, but generally light- and phosphorus-limited) in southern China to determine how well relative species abundance could be predicted by functional traits. We found that: (1) leaf phosphorus content, specific leaf area, maximum CO2 assimilation rate, maximum stomata conductance, and stem hydraulic conductivity were significantly and negatively associated with species abundance, (2) the ratio of leaf nitrogen content to leaf phosphorus content (N:P) and wood density were significantly positively correlated with species abundance; (3) neither leaf nitrogen content nor leaf turgor loss point were related to species abundance; (4) a combination of N:P and maximum stomata conductance accounted for 44% of the variation in species' abundances. Taken together, our findings suggested that the combination of these functional traits are powerful predictors of species abundance. Species with a resource-conservative strategy that invest more in their tissues are dominant in the mature, subtropical, evergreen forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shidan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Juyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanhui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiao Y, Song Y, Wu FC, Zhang SB, Zhang JL. Divergence of stem biomechanics and hydraulics between Bauhinia lianas and trees. AoB Plants 2021; 13:plab016. [PMID: 34007437 PMCID: PMC8114228 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liana abundance and biomass are increasing in neotropical and Asian tropical seasonal forests over the past decades. Stem mechanical properties and hydraulic traits influence the growth and survival of plants, yet the differences in stem mechanical and hydraulic performance between congeneric lianas and trees remain poorly understood. Here, we measured 11 stem mechanical and hydraulic traits for 10 liana species and 10 tree species from Bauhinia grown in a tropical common garden. Our results showed that Bauhinia lianas possessed lower stem mechanical strength as indicated by both modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, and higher stem potential hydraulic conductivity than congeneric trees. Such divergence was mainly attributed to the differentiation in liana and tree life forms. Whether the phylogenetic effect was considered or not, mechanical strength was positively correlated with wood density, vessel conduit wall reinforcement and sapwood content across species. Results of principle component analysis showed that traits related to mechanical safety and hydraulic efficiency were loaded in the opposite direction, suggesting a trade-off between biomechanics and hydraulics. Our results provide evidence for obvious differentiation in mechanical demand and hydraulic efficiency between congeneric lianas and trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Fu-Chuan Wu
- Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodríguez-Gamir J, Xue J, Meason DF, Clearwater M, Clinton PW, Domec JC. Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:2419-2433. [PMID: 33337485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Producción Vegetal en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra de El boquerón s/n, 38270 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dean F Meason
- Forest Systems, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Michael Clearwater
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA ISPA 1391, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liang X, Ye Q, Liu H, Brodribb TJ. Wood density predicts mortality threshold for diverse trees. New Phytol 2021; 229:3053-3057. [PMID: 33251581 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, TAS, Private Bag 55, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rosell JA, Piper FI, Jiménez-Vera C, Vergílio PCB, Marcati CR, Castorena M, Olson ME. Inner bark as a crucial tissue for non-structural carbohydrate storage across three tropical woody plant communities. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:156-170. [PMID: 33034374 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are crucial for forest resilience, but little is known regarding the role of bark in NSC storage. However, bark's abundance in woody stems and its large living fraction make it potentially key for NSC storage. We quantified total NSC, soluble sugar (SS) and starch concentrations in the most living region of bark (inner bark, IB), and sapwood of twigs, trunks and roots of 45 woody species from three contrasting tropical climates spanning global extremes of bark diversity and wide phylogenetic diversity. NSC concentrations were similar (total NSC, starch) or higher (SS) in IB than wood, with concentrations co-varying strongly. NSC concentrations varied widely across organs and species within communities and were not significantly affected by climate, leaf habit or the presence of photosynthetic bark. Starch concentration tended to increase with density, but only in wood. IB contributed substantially to NSC storage, accounting for 17-36% of total NSC, 23-47% of SS and 15-33% of starch pools. Further examination of the drivers of variation in IB NSC concentration, and taking into account the substantial contribution of IB to NSC pools, will be crucial to understand the role of storage in plant environmental adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Cipatli Jiménez-Vera
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Paula C B Vergílio
- Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Paraná (UNESPAR), Paranaguá, Brazil
- Laboratório de Anatomia da Madeira, Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Marcati
- Laboratório de Anatomia da Madeira, Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ávila-Lovera E, Garcillán PP, Silva-Bejarano C, Santiago LS. Functional traits of leaves and photosynthetic stems of species from a sarcocaulescent scrub in the southern Baja California Peninsula. Am J Bot 2020; 107:1410-1422. [PMID: 33460035 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Photosynthetic stems represent a source of extra carbon in plants from hot and dry environments, but little is known about how leaves and photosynthetic stems differ in terms of photosynthetic capacity, trait coordination, and responses to seasonal drought in subtropical systems. METHODS We studied photosynthetic, hydraulic, morphometric (specific leaf area [SLA], wood density [WD]), and biochemical (C and N isotopes) traits in leaves and photosynthetic stems of 12 plant species from a sarcocaulescent scrub in the southern Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, in wet and dry seasons. RESULTS Leaves and stems had similar mean photosynthetic capacity, as evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence traits, indicating similar investment in leaf and stem photosynthesis. We did not find a relationship between stem hydraulic conductivity and leaf or stem photosynthetic traits. However, we found resource allocation trade-offs, between WD and both stem hydraulic conductivity and SLA. Leaf and stem photosynthetic traits did not change with season, but specific stem area was one of the few traits that changed the most between seasons-it increased during the dry season by as much as 154% indicating substantial water storage. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the same proportional investment in photosynthetic capacity and dry matter in both leaves and photosynthetic stems across all 12 species. We identified multiple strategies at this seasonal site, with species ranging from high WD, low SLA, low hydraulic conductivity, and high specific bark area on one end of the spectrum and opposite traits on the other end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleinis Ávila-Lovera
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Graduate Program, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pedro P Garcillán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S, 23096, México
| | - Christian Silva-Bejarano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S, 23096, México
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092. Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Souza Dias A, Oliveira RS, Martins FR. Costs and benefits of gas inside wood and its relationship with anatomical traits: a contrast between trees and lianas. Tree Physiol 2020; 40:856-868. [PMID: 32186732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas inside wood plays an important role in plant functioning, but there has been no study examining the adaptive nature of gas inside wood across plants differing in biomechanical demands. Using a comparative approach, we measured gas volumetric content, xylem's anatomical traits and wood density of 15 tree and 16 liana species, to test whether gas content varies between these plant types strongly differing in their biomechanical demands. We asked (i) whether trees and lianas differ in gas content and (ii) how anatomical traits and wood density are related to gas content. Lianas had significantly less gas content in their branches compared with tree species. In tree species, gas content scaled positively with fiber, vessel and xylem cross-sectional area and fiber and vessel diameter, and negatively with dry-mass density. When pooling trees and lianas together, fiber cross-sectional area was the strongest predictor of gas content, with higher xylem cross-sectional area of fiber associated with higher gas content. In addition, we showed, through a simple analytical model, that gas inside wood increases the minimum branch diameter needed to prevent rupture, and this effect was stronger on trees compared with lianas. Our results support the view that gas inside wood plays an important role in the evolution of biomechanical functioning in different plant forms. Gas inside wood may also play an important role in physiological activities such as water transport, storage, photosynthesis and respiration, but it is still unknown whether these roles are or are not secondary to the mechanical support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arildo Souza Dias
- Plant Biology Graduate Course, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Rafael Silva Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Roberto Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boonman CCF, Benítez‐López A, Schipper AM, Thuiller W, Anand M, Cerabolini BEL, Cornelissen JHC, Gonzalez‐Melo A, Hattingh WN, Higuchi P, Laughlin DC, Onipchenko VG, Peñuelas J, Poorter L, Soudzilovskaia NA, Huijbregts MAJ, Santini L. Assessing the reliability of predicted plant trait distributions at the global scale. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2020; 29:1034-1051. [PMID: 32612452 PMCID: PMC7319484 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Predictions of plant traits over space and time are increasingly used to improve our understanding of plant community responses to global environmental change. A necessary step forward is to assess the reliability of global trait predictions. In this study, we predict community mean plant traits at the global scale and present a systematic evaluation of their reliability in terms of the accuracy of the models, ecological realism and various sources of uncertainty. LOCATION Global. TIME PERIOD Present. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Vascular plants. METHODS We predicted global distributions of community mean specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen concentration, plant height and wood density with an ensemble modelling approach based on georeferenced, locally measured trait data representative of the plant community. We assessed the predictive performance of the models, the plausibility of predicted trait combinations, the influence of data quality, and the uncertainty across geographical space attributed to spatial extrapolation and diverging model predictions. RESULTS Ensemble predictions of community mean plant height, specific leaf area and wood density resulted in ecologically plausible trait-environment relationships and trait-trait combinations. Leaf nitrogen concentration, however, could not be predicted reliably. The ensemble approach was better at predicting community trait means than any of the individual modelling techniques, which varied greatly in predictive performance and led to divergent predictions, mostly in African deserts and the Arctic, where predictions were also extrapolated. High data quality (i.e., including intraspecific variability and a representative species sample) increased model performance by 28%. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Plant community traits can be predicted reliably at the global scale when using an ensemble approach and high-quality data for traits that mostly respond to large-scale environmental factors. We recommend applying ensemble forecasting to account for model uncertainty, using representative trait data, and more routinely assessing the reliability of trait predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coline C. F. Boonman
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Ana Benítez‐López
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Integrative Ecology GroupEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - Aafke M. Schipper
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenthe Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, University of Savoie Mont BlancLECA, Laboratoire d’Écologie AlpineGrenobleFrance
| | - Madhur Anand
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Andres Gonzalez‐Melo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad del RosarioBogotaColombia
| | - Wesley N. Hattingh
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Pedro Higuchi
- Forestry DepartmentSanta Catarina State UniversityLagesBrazil
| | | | | | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, VallèsCataloniaSpain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CEAB‐UABCataloniaSpain
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Luca Santini
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenthe Netherlands
- National Research CouncilInstitute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR‐IRET)MonterotondoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peters RL, von Arx G, Nievergelt D, Ibrom A, Stillhard J, Trotsiuk V, Mazurkiewicz A, Babst F. Axial changes in wood functional traits have limited net effects on stem biomass increment in European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Tree Physiol 2020; 40:498-510. [PMID: 32031220 PMCID: PMC7182063 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the growing season, trees allocate photoassimilates to increase their aboveground woody biomass in the stem (ABIstem). This 'carbon allocation' to structural growth is a dynamic process influenced by internal and external (e.g., climatic) drivers. While radial variability in wood formation and its resulting structure have been intensively studied, their variability along tree stems and subsequent impacts on ABIstem remain poorly understood. We collected wood cores from mature trees within a fixed plot in a well-studied temperate Fagus sylvatica L. forest. For a subset of trees, we performed regular interval sampling along the stem to elucidate axial variability in ring width (RW) and wood density (ρ), and the resulting effects on tree- and plot-level ABIstem. Moreover, we measured wood anatomical traits to understand the anatomical basis of ρ and the coupling between changes in RW and ρ during drought. We found no significant axial variability in ρ because an increase in the vessel-to-fiber ratio with smaller RW compensated for vessel tapering towards the apex. By contrast, temporal variability in RW varied significantly along the stem axis, depending on the growing conditions. Drought caused a more severe growth decrease, and wetter summers caused a disproportionate growth increase at the stem base compared with the top. Discarding this axial variability resulted in a significant overestimation of tree-level ABIstem in wetter and cooler summers, but this bias was reduced to ~2% when scaling ABIstem to the plot level. These results suggest that F. sylvatica prioritizes structural carbon sinks close to the canopy when conditions are unfavorable. The different axial variability in RW and ρ thereby indicates some independence of the processes that drive volume growth and wood structure along the stem. This refines our knowledge of carbon allocation dynamics in temperate diffuse-porous species and contributes to reducing uncertainties in determining forest carbon fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nievergelt
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Air, Land and Water Resources Section, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcka Cesta 1176, CZ-165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Flurin Babst
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rozendaal DMA, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Alvarez-Davila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Bánki O, Brienen RJW, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon Junior BH, Marshall AR, Neill DA, Núñez Vargas P, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Reitsma J, Silveira M, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Taedoumg H, Ter Steege H, Terborgh JW, Umetsu RK, van der Heijden GMF, Vilanova E, Vos V, White LJT, Willcock S, Zemagho L, Vanderwel MC. Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa. Ecology 2020; 101:e03052. [PMID: 32239762 PMCID: PMC7379300 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree's growth rate and probability of mortality, but large-scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree-level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10-cm diameter across 151 ~1-ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot-level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot-level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot-level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment-mediated variation in basal area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Esteban Alvarez-Davila
- Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil.,Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Olaf Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - José Luis C Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, 22405, Virginia, USA.,Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, 20560-0705, D.C., USA
| | - Marie Noël Djuikouo Kamdem
- Department of Botany & Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 063, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Timothy J Killeen
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Marimon Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Australia.,Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.,Flamingo Land Ltd., Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 6UX, UK
| | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60605-2496, Illinois, USA.,Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90381, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg, P.O. Box 365, 4100 AJ, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Acre, Brazil
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Terry Sunderland
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia.,Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W Terborgh
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia.,Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo K Umetsu
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma de Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Lee J T White
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, BP 20379, Gabon.,Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, BP 13354, Gabon.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Lise Zemagho
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mark C Vanderwel
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim D, Medvigy D, Maier CA, Johnsen K, Palmroth S. Biomass increases attributed to both faster tree growth and altered allometric relationships under long-term carbon dioxide enrichment at a temperate forest. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:2519-2533. [PMID: 31869491 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations are expected to lead to increases in the rate of tree biomass accumulation, at least temporarily. On the one hand, trees may simply grow faster under higher CO2 concentrations, preserving the allometric relations that prevailed under lower CO2 concentrations. Alternatively, the allometric relations themselves may change. In this study, the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) on tree biomass and allometric relations were jointly assessed. Over 100 trees, grown at Duke Forest, NC, USA, were harvested from eight plots. Half of the plots had been subjected to CO2 enrichment from 1996 to 2010. Several subplots had also been subjected to nitrogen fertilization from 2005 to 2010. Allometric equations were developed to predict tree height, stem volume, and aboveground biomass components for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the dominant tree species, and broad-leaved species. Using the same diameter-based allometric equations for biomass, it was estimated that plots with eCO2 contained 21% more aboveground biomass, consistent with previous studies. However, eCO2 significantly affected allometry, and these changes had an additional effect on biomass. In particular, P. taeda trees at a given diameter were observed to be taller under eCO2 than under ambient CO2 due to changes in both the allometric scaling exponent and intercept. Accounting for allometric change increased the treatment effect of eCO2 on aboveground biomass from a 21% to a 27% increase. No allometric changes for the nondominant broad-leaved species were identified, nor were allometric changes associated with nitrogen fertilization. For P. taeda, it is concluded that eCO2 affects allometries, and that knowledge of allometry changes is necessary to accurately compute biomass under eCO2 . Further observations are needed to determine whether this assessment holds for other taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dohyoung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Chris A Maier
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kurt Johnsen
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Sari Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Janssen TAJ, Hölttä T, Fleischer K, Naudts K, Dolman H. Wood allocation trade-offs between fiber wall, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:965-980. [PMID: 31760666 PMCID: PMC7155043 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Functional relationships between wood density and measures of xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are ambiguous, especially in wet tropical forests. In this meta-analysis, we move beyond wood density per se and identify relationships between xylem allocated to fibers, parenchyma, and vessels and measures of hydraulic safety and efficiency. We analyzed published data of xylem traits, hydraulic properties and measures of drought resistance from neotropical tree species retrieved from 346 sources. We found that xylem volume allocation to fiber walls increases embolism resistance, but at the expense of specific conductivity and sapwood capacitance. Xylem volume investment in fiber lumen increases capacitance, while investment in axial parenchyma is associated with higher specific conductivity. Dominant tree taxa from wet forests prioritize xylem allocation to axial parenchyma at the expense of fiber walls, resulting in a low embolism resistance for a given wood density and a high vulnerability to drought-induced mortality. We conclude that strong trade-offs between xylem allocation to fiber walls, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees. Moreover, the benefits of xylem allocation to axial parenchyma in wet tropical trees might not outweigh the consequential low embolism resistance under more frequent and severe droughts in a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. J. Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and ClimateVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Katrin Fleischer
- Land Surface‐Atmosphere InteractionsTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Kim Naudts
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and ClimateVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and ClimateVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jiang P, Wang H, Meinzer FC, Kou L, Dai X, Fu X. Linking reliance on deep soil water to resource economy strategies and abundance among coexisting understorey shrub species in subtropical pine plantations. New Phytol 2020; 225:222-233. [PMID: 31247133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for deep soil water acquisition (WAdeep ) are critical to a species' adaptation to drought. However, it is unknown how WAdeep determines the abundance and resource economy strategies of understorey shrub species. With data from 13 understorey shrub species in subtropical coniferous plantations, we investigated associations between the magnitude of WAdeep , the seasonal plasticity of WAdeep , midday leaf water potential (Ψmd ), species abundance and resource economic traits across organs. Higher capacity for WAdeep was associated with higher intrinsic water use efficiency, but was not necessary for maintaining higher Ψmd in the dry season nor was it an ubiquitous trait possessed by the most common shrub species. Species with higher seasonal plasticity of WAdeep had lower wood density, indicating that fast species had higher plasticity in deep soil resource acquisition. However, the magnitude and plasticity of WAdeep were not related to shallow fine root economy traits, suggesting independent dimensions of soil resource acquisition between deep and shallow soil. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which the magnitude and plasticity of WAdeep interact with shallow soil and aboveground resource acquisition traits to integrate the whole-plant economic spectrum and, thus, community assembly processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Jiang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an, 343000, China
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Liang Kou
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an, 343000, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an, 343000, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an, 343000, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mencuccini M, Rosas T, Rowland L, Choat B, Cornelissen H, Jansen S, Kramer K, Lapenis A, Manzoni S, Niinemets Ü, Reich P, Schrodt F, Soudzilovskaia N, Wright IJ, Martínez-Vilalta J. Leaf economics and plant hydraulics drive leaf : wood area ratios. New Phytol 2019; 224:1544-1556. [PMID: 31215647 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass and area ratios between leaves, stems and roots regulate many physiological and ecological processes. The Huber value Hv (sapwood area/leaf area ratio) is central to plant water balance and drought responses. However, its coordination with key plant functional traits is poorly understood, and prevents developing trait-based prediction models. Based on theoretical arguments, we hypothesise that global patterns in Hv of terminal woody branches can be predicted from variables related to plant trait spectra, that is plant hydraulics and size and leaf economics. Using a global compilation of 1135 species-averaged Hv , we show that Hv varies over three orders of magnitude. Higher Hv are seen in short small-leaved low-specific leaf area (SLA) shrubs with low Ks in arid relative to tall large-leaved high-SLA trees with high Ks in moist environments. All traits depend on climate but climatic correlations are stronger for explanatory traits than Hv . Negative isometry is found between Hv and Ks , suggesting a compensation to maintain hydraulic supply to leaves across species. This work identifies the major global drivers of branch sapwood/leaf area ratios. Our approach based on widely available traits facilitates the development of accurate models of above-ground biomass allocation and helps predict vegetation responses to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Rosas
- CREAF, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucy Rowland
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE, Exeter, UK
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Koen Kramer
- Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrei Lapenis
- Department of Geography, New York State University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Science, Kreutzwladi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Peter Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nadia Soudzilovskaia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kiorapostolou N, Da Sois L, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Trifilò P, Nardini A, Petit G. Vulnerability to xylem embolism correlates to wood parenchyma fraction in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:1675-1684. [PMID: 31211372 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which structural and functional traits are linked to species' vulnerability to embolism formation (P50) may provide fundamental knowledge on plant strategies to maintain an efficient water transport. We measured P50, wood density (WD), mean conduit area, conduit density, percentage areas occupied by vessels, parenchyma cells (PATOT) and fibers (FA) on branches of angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Moreover, we compiled a dataset of published hydraulic and anatomical data to be compared with our results. Species more vulnerable to embolism had lower WD. In angiosperms, the variability in WD was better explained by PATOT and FA, which were highly correlated. Angiosperms with a higher P50 (less negative) had a higher amount of PATOT and total amount of nonstructural carbohydrates. Instead, in gymnosperms, P50 vs PATOT was not significant. The correlation between PATOT and P50 might have a biological meaning and also suggests that the causality of the commonly observed relationship of WD vs P50 is indirect and dependent on the parenchyma fraction. Our study suggests that angiosperms have a potential active embolism reversal capacity in which parenchyma has an important role, while in gymnosperms this might not be the case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Luca Da Sois
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Vienna, 3430, Austria
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bär A, Hamacher M, Ganthaler A, Losso A, Mayr S. Electrical resistivity tomography: patterns in Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:1262-1271. [PMID: 31070766 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrical resistivity (ER) tomography is a promising technique to minimally invasively study stems of living trees. It allows insights into xylem properties based on the cross-sectional distribution of ER that is governed by the wood's electrical conductance. In this study, ER measurements were carried out on four forest tree species, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, to demonstrate interspecific, intraspecific and within-tree variation of ER tomograms. Further, ER patterns were linked to xylem moisture content (MC), electrolyte content and density obtained from wood core analyses. The ER patterns of both coniferous species, P. abies and P. sylvestris, were found to be more homogenous and concentric compared with the complex tomograms of angiosperms. However, the ER range of coniferous trees showed considerable intraspecific variation. Measurements near ground level showed pronounced effects on ER tomograms, highlighting the importance of the chosen measurement height. A strong relation between ER and wood density was found in F. sylvatica while ER patterns of conifers were mainly influenced by MC. Results demonstrate a high species specificity of ER tomograms and of respective influencing xylem traits. They underline the importance of reference measurements for a correct interpretation of ER studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bär
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Hamacher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lira-Martins D, Humphreys-Williams E, Strekopytov S, Ishida FY, Quesada CA, Lloyd J. Tropical Tree Branch-Leaf Nutrient Scaling Relationships Vary With Sampling Location. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:877. [PMID: 31333710 PMCID: PMC6625373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bivariate relationships between plant tissue nutrient concentration have largely been studied across broad environmental scales regardless of their covariation with soil and climate. Comparing leaf and branch wood concentrations of C, Ca, K, Mg, N, Na, and P for trees growing in tropical forests in Amazonia and Australia we found that the concentrations of most elements varied with sampling location, but with foliar and branch woody tissues varying from site to site in different ways. Using a Mixed Effect Model (MEM) approach it was further found that relationships between branch and leaf concentrations within individual plots differed in terms of both slope and/or significance to the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates for most elements. Specifically, using MEM we found that within plots only K and Mg were correlated across organs, but with the K cross-organ intercept estimates varying significantly between sites. MEM analyses further showed that within-plot wood density variations were also negatively related to wood K and Na, suggesting a potentially important role for these cations in water transport and/or storage in woody tissues. The OLS method could not detect significant correlations in any of the above cases. By contrast, although Ca, N, and P leaf and wood tissue concentrations showed similar patterns when individual elements were compared across sites, MEM analyses suggested no consistent association within sites. Thus, for all these three elements, strong within-tree scaling relationships were inferred when data were analyzed across sites using OLS, even though there was no relationship within individual sites. Thus (as for Ca, N, and P) not only can a pooling of data across sites result in trait (co)variations attributable to the environment potentially being incorrectly attributed solely to the species and/or individual (the so-called "ecological fallacy"), but in some cases (as was found here for K and Na) the opposite can also sometimes occur with significant within-site covariations being obscured by large site-site variations. We refer to the latter phenomenon as "environmental obfuscation."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francoise Yoko Ishida
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wei L, Xu C, Jansen S, Zhou H, Christoffersen BO, Pockman WT, Middleton RS, Marshall JD, McDowell NG. A heuristic classification of woody plants based on contrasting shade and drought strategies. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:767-781. [PMID: 30715506 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Woody plants vary in their adaptations to drought and shade. For a better prediction of vegetation responses to drought and shade within dynamic global vegetation models, it is critical to group species into functional types with similar adaptations. One of the key challenges is that the adaptations are generally determined by a large number of plant traits that may not be available for a large number of species. In this study, we present two heuristic woody plant groups that were separated using cluster analysis in a three-dimensional trait-environment space based on three key metrics for each species: mean xylem embolism resistance, shade tolerance and habitat aridity. The two heuristic groups separate these species into tolerators and avoiders. The tolerators either rely on their high embolism resistance to tolerate drought in arid habitats (e.g., Juniperus and Prunus) or rely on high shade tolerance to withstand shaded conditions in wet habitats (e.g., Picea, Abies and Acer). In contrast, all avoiders have low embolism resistance and low shade tolerance. In arid habitats, avoiders tend to minimize catastrophic embolism (e.g., most Pinus species) while in wet habitats, they may survive despite low shade tolerance (e.g., Betula, Populus, Alnus and Salix). Because our approach links traits to the environmental conditions, we expect it could be a promising framework for predicting changes in species composition, and therefore ecosystem function, under changing environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hang Zhou
- Descartes Labs, Inc., 1613 Paseo De Peralta Ste. 200, Santa Fe, NM, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Richard S Middleton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd, Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Savi T, Tintner J, Da Sois L, Grabner M, Petit G, Rosner S. The potential of Mid-Infrared spectroscopy for prediction of wood density and vulnerability to embolism in woody angiosperms. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:503-510. [PMID: 30307571 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to embolism formation determines the species-specific drought tolerance and the survival prospects of plants under extreme climatic conditions. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a cost-effective and rapid analytical tool with potential beyond its current use in plant physiology. We tested the use of FTIR spectroscopy as a method for estimating wood density (WD) and xylem resistance to embolism formation (P50) in 24 angiosperm species. Higher WD was associated with more negative P50 (r2 = 0.41). Partial least squares regression was applied to establish models of FTIR spectra and the reference data. They showed a high predictive quality for WD (r2 = 0.73), whereas the prediction of P50 was weaker (r2 = 0.49). By including WD in the model as an additional factor influencing P50, its predictive power significantly increased (r2 = 0.59). The spectral range in the model elaboration has been also narrowed (bands of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose), but this did not influence the model descriptors, suggesting that for P50 prediction broad spectral range is more informative than narrow band regions reflecting main wood constituents. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy associated with WD measurements has proven to be a promising alternative to traditional methods for screening of individual- or species-specific resistance to embolism in angiosperms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Savi
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Botany, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Tintner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Physics and Materials Science, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Da Sois
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michael Grabner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Austria
| | - Giai Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dip. Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Sabine Rosner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Institute of Botany, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bu W, Huang J, Xu H, Zang R, Ding Y, Li Y, Lin M, Wang J, Zhang C. Plant Functional Traits Are the Mediators in Regulating Effects of Abiotic Site Conditions on Aboveground Carbon Stock-Evidence From a 30 ha Tropical Forest Plot. Front Plant Sci 2019; 9:1958. [PMID: 30687357 PMCID: PMC6333873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relative contribution of abiotic and biotic factors to the formation of ecosystem functioning across scales is vital to evaluate ecosystem services. Here, we elucidate the effects of abiotic site conditions (i.e., soil and topographic properties) and plant functional traits on variations of stand aboveground carbon (AGC) stock in an old-growth tropical montane rain forest. The response-effect framework in functional ecology is adopted in examining how plant functional traits respond to environmental changes and affect ecosystem functioning. We measured specific leaf area and wood density of 270 woody plant species and estimated stand AGC stocks in a 30-ha forest plot. The relationships among environmental factors (ENVIRONMENT), community-weighted means of functional traits (TRAITS) and stand AGC stocks across nested spatial scales were disentangled by structural equation modeling. The results showed that the stands composed of 'acquisitive' species (high specific leaf area and low wood density) had low AGC, whereas stands composed of 'conservative' species (low specific leaf area and high wood density) had high AGC. TRAITS responded to ENVIRONMENT and affected AGC directly. ENVIRONMENT had an indirect effect on AGC through its direct effect on TRAITS. TRAITS were more important than ENVIRONMENT in driving variations of AGC. The effects of TRAITS on AGC increased, while the effects of ENVIRONMENT on AGC decreased with the increase of spatial scales in the tropical montane rain forest. Our study suggests that plant functional traits are the mediators in regulating effects of abiotic site conditions on ecosystem functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Bu
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Jiulianshan National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yide Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cancan Zhang
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Jiulianshan National Observation and Research Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Muscarella R, Messier J, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Svenning JC. Effects of biotic interactions on tropical tree performance depend on abiotic conditions. Ecology 2018; 99:2740-2750. [PMID: 30485410 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Predicting biotic responses to environmental change requires understanding the joint effects of abiotic conditions and biotic interactions on community dynamics. One major challenge is to separate the potentially confounding effects of abiotic environmental variation and local biotic interactions on individual performance. The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) addresses this issue directly by predicting that the effects of biotic interactions on performance become more positive as the abiotic environment becomes more stressful. It is unclear, however, how the predictions of the SGH apply to plants of differing functional strategies in diverse communities. We asked (1) how the effect of crowding on performance (growth and survival) of trees varies across a precipitation gradient, and (2) how functional strategies (as measured by two key traits: wood density and leaf mass per area, LMA) mediate average demographic rates and responses to crowding across the gradient. We built trait-based neighborhood models of growth and survival across a regional precipitation gradient where increasing precipitation is associated with reduced abiotic stress. In total, our dataset comprised ~170,000 individual trees belonging to 252 species. The effect of crowding on tree performance varied across the gradient; crowding negatively affected growth across plots and positively affected survival in the wettest plot. Functional traits mediated average demographic rates across the gradient, but we did not find clear evidence that the strength of these responses depends on species' traits. Our study lends support to the SGH and demonstrates how a trait-based perspective can advance these concepts by linking the diversity of species interactions with functional variation across abiotic gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Muscarella
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Julie Messier
- Biology Department, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 Blvd de l' Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA.,Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rte. 53, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Katabuchi M, Wright SJ, Swenson NG, Feeley KJ, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Davies SJ. Contrasting outcomes of species- and community-level analyses of the temporal consistency of functional composition. Ecology 2018; 98:2273-2280. [PMID: 28722127 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple anthropogenic drivers affect every natural community, and there is broad interest in using functional traits to understand and predict the consequences for future biodiversity. There is, however, no consensus regarding the choice of analytical methods. We contrast species- and community-level analyses of change in the functional composition for four traits related to drought tolerance using three decades of repeat censuses of trees in the 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Community trait distributions shifted significantly through time, which may indicate a shift toward more drought tolerant species. However, at the species level, changes in abundance were unrelated to trait values. To reconcile these seemingly contrasting results, we evaluated species-specific contributions to the directional shifts observed at the community level. Abundance changes of just one to six of 312 species were responsible for the community-level shifts observed for each trait. Our results demonstrate that directional changes in community-level functional composition can result from idiosyncratic change in a few species rather than widespread community-wide changes associated with functional traits. Future analyses of directional change in natural communities should combine community-, species-, and possibly individual-level analyses to uncover relationships with function that can improve understanding and enable prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Katabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA.,Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Camarero JJ, Álvarez-Taboada F, Hevia A, Castedo-Dorado F. Radial Growth and Wood Density Reflect the Impacts and Susceptibility to Defoliation by Gypsy Moth and Climate in Radiata Pine. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1582. [PMID: 30429865 PMCID: PMC6220356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress causes a reduction in tree growth and forest productivity, which could be aggravated by climate warming and defoliation due to moth outbreaks. We investigate how European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar L., Lepidoptera: Erebidae) outbreak and related climate conditions affected growth and wood features in host and non-host tree species in north-western Spain. There, radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) stands were defoliated by the moth larvae, whereas Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) was not defoliated. The gypsy moth outbreak peaked in 2012 and 2013, and it was preceded by very warm spring conditions in 2011 and a dry-warm 2011-2012 winter. Using dendrochronology we compared growth responses to climate and defoliation of host species (radiata pine, chestnut) with the non-host species (Maritime pine). We also analyzed wood density derived from X-ray densitometry in defoliated and non-defoliated trees of radiata pine. We aimed to: (i) disentangle the relative effects of defoliation and climate stress on radial growth, and (ii) characterize defoliated trees of radiata pine according to their wood features (ring-width, maximum and minimum density). Radial growth during the outbreak (2012-2013) decreased on average 74% in defoliated (>50% of leaf area removed) trees of radiata pine, 43% in defoliated trees of chestnut, and 4% in non-defoliated trees of Maritime pine. After applying a BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact) type analysis, we concluded that the difference in the pattern of radial growth before and during the defoliation event was more likely due to the differences in climate between these two periods. Radiata pines produced abundant latewood intra-annual density fluctuations in 2006 and 2009 in response to wet summer conditions, suggesting a high climatic responsiveness. Minimum wood density was lower in defoliated than in non-defoliated trees of radiata pine prior to the outbreak, but increased during the outbreak. The pre-outbreak difference in minimum wood density suggests that the trees most affected by the outbreak produced tracheids with wider lumen and were more susceptible to drought stress. Results of this study illustrate (i) that the pattern of radial growth alone may be not a good indicator for reconstructing past defoliation events and (ii) that wood variables are reliable indicators for assessing the susceptibility of radiata pine to defoliation by the gypsy moth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Flor Álvarez-Taboada
- Grupo de Investigación en Geomática e Ingeniería Cartográfica, Universidad de León (de Ponferrada), León, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Siero, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Fernando Castedo-Dorado
- Grupo de Investigación en Geomática e Ingeniería Cartográfica, Universidad de León (de Ponferrada), León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Olson ME, Rosell JA, Zamora Muñoz S, Castorena M. Carbon limitation, stem growth rate and the biomechanical cause of Corner's rules. Ann Bot 2018; 122:583-592. [PMID: 29889257 PMCID: PMC6153482 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Corner's rules describe a global spectrum from large-leaved plants with thick, sparingly branched twigs with low-density stem tissues and thick piths to plants with thin, highly branched stems with high-density stem tissues and thin piths. The hypothesis was tested that, if similar crown areas fix similar amounts of carbon regardless of leaf size, then large-leaved species, with their distantly spaced leaves, require higher stem growth rates, lower stem tissue densities and stiffnesses, and therefore thicker twigs. Methods Structural equation models were used to test the compatibility of this hypothesis with a dataset on leaf size, shoot tip spacing, stem growth rate and dimensions, and tissue density and mechanics, sampling 55 species drawn from across the angiosperm phylogeny from a morphologically diverse dry tropical community. Key results Very good fit of structural equation models showed that the causal model is highly congruent with the data. Conclusions Given similar amounts of carbon to allocate to stem growth, larger-leaved species require greater leaf spacing and therefore greater stem extension rates and longer stems, in turn requiring lower-density, more flexible, stem tissues than small-leaved species. A given stem can have high resistance to bending because it is thick (has high second moment of area I) or because its tissues are stiff (high Young's modulus E), the so-called E-I trade-off. Because of the E-I trade-off, large-leaved species have fast stem growth rates, low stem tissue density and tissue stiffness, and thick twigs with wide piths and thick bark. The agreement between hypothesis and data in structural equation analyses strongly suggests that Corner's rules emerge as the result of selection favouring the avoidance of self-shading in the context of broadly similar rates of carbon fixation per unit crown area across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Zamora Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
García-Cervigón AI, Olano JM, von Arx G, Fajardo A. Xylem adjusts to maintain efficiency across a steep precipitation gradient in two coexisting generalist species. Ann Bot 2018; 122:461-472. [PMID: 29800073 PMCID: PMC6110345 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trees adjust the configuration of their conductive system in response to changes in water availability, maximizing efficiency in wet environments and increasing safety in dry habitats. However, evidence of this general trend is not conclusive. Generalist species growing across broad climatic gradients provide an ideal framework to assess intra-specific xylem adjustments under contrasting environmental conditions. Our aims were to compare the response of xylem traits to variations in precipitation of two co-occurring generalist tree species, and to assess climate control on xylem trait variability and co-ordination. METHODS We evaluated xylem traits of Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae, evergreen) and Nothofagus antarctica (Nothofagaceae, deciduous) in three areas across an abrupt precipitation gradient, from 500 to 2500 mm, in southern Chile. We measured wood density, vessel lumen area and density, percentage of conductive area and vessel grouping, and estimated the hydraulic function from anatomical measurements in 60 individuals per species. KEY RESULTS Both species shared a common pattern of response along the precipitation gradient, with an increase in vessel density with dryness, but without changes in estimated hydraulic conductivity. Xylem traits in E. coccineum were more variable and more responsive to the climate gradient, decreasing vessel lumen area and increasing wood density, whereas vessel grouping showed contrasting patterns between species. Additionally, the analysis of trait co-ordination at the individual level revealed a tighter co-ordination among xylem traits in E. coccineum. CONCLUSIONS Estimated xylem efficiency was maintained in combination with different levels of expected xylem safety within species. Reduction in vessel lumen area was compensated through large increases in vessel density, thus breaking the trade-off between xylem efficiency and safety. Otherwise, the existence of alternative internal adjustments in coexisting species to face similar climatic constraints might increase resilience of temperate forests against unpredictable changes in climatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I García-Cervigón
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - José M Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EiFAB, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lloret F, Sapes G, Rosas T, Galiano L, Saura-Mas S, Sala A, Martínez-Vilalta J. Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with drought-induced die-off in woody species of a shrubland community. Ann Bot 2018; 121:1383-1396. [PMID: 29893878 PMCID: PMC6007552 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between plant carbon economy and drought responses of co-occurring woody species can be assessed by comparing carbohydrate (C) dynamics following drought and rain periods, relating these dynamics to species' functional traits. We studied nine woody species coexisting in a continental Mediterranean shrubland that experienced severe drought effects followed by rain. METHODS We measured total non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and soluble sugars (SS) in roots and stems during drought and after an autumn rain pulse in plants exhibiting leaf loss and in undefoliated ones. We explored whether their dynamics were related to foliage recovery and functional traits (height [H], specific leaf area [SLA], wood density [WD]). KEY RESULTS During drought, NSC concentrations were overall lower in stems and roots of plants experiencing leaf loss, while SS decreases were smaller. Roots had higher NSC concentrations than stems. After the rain, NSC concentrations continued to decrease, while SS increased. Green foliage recovered after rain, particularly in plants previously experiencing higher leaf loss, independently of NSC concentrations during drought. Species with lower WD tended to have more SS during drought and lower SS increases after rain. In low-WD species, plants with severe leaf loss had lower NSC relative to undefoliated ones. No significant relationship was found between H or SLA and C content or dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our community-level study reveals that, while responses were species-specific, C stocks overall diminished in plants affected by prolonged drought and did not increase after a pulse of seasonal rain. Dynamics were faster for SS than NSC. We found limited depletion of SS, consistent with their role in basal metabolic, transport and signalling functions. In a scenario of increased drought under climate change, NSC stocks in woody plants are expected to decrease differentially in coexisting species, with potential implications for their adaptive abilities and community dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- correspondence.
| | - Gerard Sapes
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Teresa Rosas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Galiano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Saura-Mas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Amahowe IO, Gaoue OG, Natta AK, Piponiot C, Zobi IC, Hérault B. Functional traits partially mediate the effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on the growth of a tropical tree. AoB Plants 2018; 10:ply036. [PMID: 29991997 PMCID: PMC6019090 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how trees mediate the effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance is fundamental to developing forest sustainable management strategies. The role that intraspecific functional diversity plays in such process is poorly understood. Several tree species are repeatedly defoliated at large scale by cattle breeders in Africa to feed livestock. In addition, these tree species are also debarked for medicinal purposes. These human-induced disturbances lead to biomass loss and subsequent decline in the tree growth. The main objective of this work is to investigate how functional traits mediate tree response to chronic anthropogenic disturbance. We used a unique data set of functional traits and growth rate of 503 individual tree of Afzelia africana. We collected data on leaf mass per area (LMA), wood density (WD) and growth rate, and recorded history of human disturbances (debarking, pruning) on individual tree from 12 populations of A. africana distributed in two ecological zones in Benin (West Africa). We tested the effect of disturbances on absolute growth rate across ontogenetic stages, assessed the role of intraspecific trait variability on growth and tested the role of tree functional strategy on the tree growth response to debarking and pruning. We found that debarking did not affect stem growth, suggesting a fast compensatory regrowth of bark wounded. Moreover, tree response to debarking was independent of the functional strategy. By contrast, we found that pruning reduced tree absolute growth; however, trees with low WD were more strongly affected by pruning than trees with high WD. Our results emphasize the importance for plant functioning of the interplay between the availability of leaves for resource acquisition and a resilience strategy by mobilizing stored resources in stem wood to be reinvested for growth under severe disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Orou G Gaoue
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Armand K Natta
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Camille Piponiot
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Irié C Zobi
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Bruno Hérault
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inra, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Santiago LS, De Guzman ME, Baraloto C, Vogenberg JE, Brodie M, Hérault B, Fortunel C, Bonal D. Coordination and trade-offs among hydraulic safety, efficiency and drought avoidance traits in Amazonian rainforest canopy tree species. New Phytol 2018; 218:1015-1024. [PMID: 29457226 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting responses of tropical forests to climate change-type drought is challenging because of high species diversity. Detailed characterization of tropical tree hydraulic physiology is necessary to evaluate community drought vulnerability and improve model parameterization. Here, we measured xylem hydraulic conductivity (hydraulic efficiency), xylem vulnerability curves (hydraulic safety), sapwood pressure-volume curves (drought avoidance) and wood density on emergent branches of 14 common species of Eastern Amazonian canopy trees in Paracou, French Guiana across species with the densest and lightest wood in the plot. Our objectives were to evaluate relationships among hydraulic traits to identify strategies and test the ability of easy-to-measure traits as proxies for hard-to-measure hydraulic traits. Xylem efficiency was related to capacitance, sapwood water content and turgor loss point, and other drought avoidance traits, but not to xylem safety (P50 ). Wood density was correlated (r = -0.57 to -0.97) with sapwood pressure-volume traits, forming an axis of hydraulic strategy variation. In contrast to drier sites where hydraulic safety plays a greater role, tropical trees in this humid tropical site varied along an axis with low wood density, high xylem efficiency and high capacitance at one end of the spectrum, and high wood density and low turgor loss point at the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, Republic of Panamá
| | - Mark E De Guzman
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jacob E Vogenberg
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Max Brodie
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou, 97379, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, UMR Silva, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jucker T, Bongalov B, Burslem DFRP, Nilus R, Dalponte M, Lewis SL, Phillips OL, Qie L, Coomes DA. Topography shapes the structure, composition and function of tropical forest landscapes. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:989-1000. [PMID: 29659115 PMCID: PMC6849614 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Topography is a key driver of tropical forest structure and composition, as it constrains local nutrient and hydraulic conditions within which trees grow. Yet, we do not fully understand how changes in forest physiognomy driven by topography impact other emergent properties of forests, such as their aboveground carbon density (ACD). Working in Borneo – at a site where 70‐m‐tall forests in alluvial valleys rapidly transition to stunted heath forests on nutrient‐depleted dip slopes – we combined field data with airborne laser scanning and hyperspectral imaging to characterise how topography shapes the vertical structure, wood density, diversity and ACD of nearly 15 km2 of old‐growth forest. We found that subtle differences in elevation – which control soil chemistry and hydrology – profoundly influenced the structure, composition and diversity of the canopy. Capturing these processes was critical to explaining landscape‐scale heterogeneity in ACD, highlighting how emerging remote sensing technologies can provide new insights into long‐standing ecological questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Jucker
- Department of Plant Sciences, Forest Ecology and Conservation group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, 6014, WA, Australia
| | - Boris Bongalov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Forest Ecology and Conservation group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Centre, P.O. Box 1407, 90715, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Michele Dalponte
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Lan Qie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhusrt Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, Forest Ecology and Conservation group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li X, Blackman CJ, Choat B, Duursma RA, Rymer PD, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. Tree hydraulic traits are coordinated and strongly linked to climate-of-origin across a rainfall gradient. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:646-660. [PMID: 29314083 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic traits capture the impacts of drought stress on plant function, yet vegetation models lack sufficient information regarding trait coordination and variation with climate-of-origin across species. Here, we investigated key hydraulic and carbon economy traits of 12 woody species in Australia from a broad climatic gradient, with the aim of identifying the coordination among these traits and the role of climate in shaping cross-species trait variation. The influence of environmental variation was minimized by a common garden approach, allowing us to factor out the influence of environment on phenotypic variation across species. We found that hydraulic traits (leaf turgor loss point, stomatal sensitivity to drought [Pgs ], xylem vulnerability to cavitation [Px ], and branch capacitance [Cbranch ]) were highly coordinated across species and strongly related to rainfall and aridity in the species native distributional range. In addition, trade-offs between drought tolerance and plant growth rate were observed across species. Collectively, these results provide critical insight into the coordination among hydraulic traits in modulating drought adaptation and will significantly advance our ability to predict drought vulnerability in these dominant trees species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|