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Zahra A, Hassan SUN, Batool A, Iqbal N, Khatoon F, Atteya M. Prevalence and determinants of second-hand tobacco smoking in Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 2022; 28:805-812. [PMID: 36515444 DOI: 10.26719/emhj.22.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke is a public health problem in countries with high prevalence of active smoking such as Pakistan. However, few studies have assessed the prevalence and risk factors for exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. Aims To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in Pakistan. Methods This study used data from the 2017-2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey to calculate the prevalence and determinants of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure. Sociodemographic characteristics, family size and exposure to media by the respondents were the independent variables. The chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke and the independent variables.hy9. Results The survey included 61 940 adults, of which 30 027 (48.5%) were males and 31 913 (51.5%) females. The overall prevalence of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke was 34.3%: 35.6% among males and 33.2% among females. Higher education level and rural residence were significantly positively associated with exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke among both sexes. Having a radio was inversely associated with exposure while having a television was positively associated with exposure among both sexes. Large family size was inversely associated with exposure. Currently and previously married females had significantly greater risk of exposure than never-married females. Conclusion Tailored health interventions and policies are needed that target populations at high-risk of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. Strict smoking bans in public places should be implemented to limit exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Zahra
- Leicester Medical School, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, England
| | - Sehar-Un-Nisa Hassan
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aasma Batool
- Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Piplan. Mianwali. Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahmida Khatoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Atteya
- College of Applied Medical Sciences. University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Elshazly FA, Abdelbasset WK, Elnaggar RK, Tantawy SA. Effects of second-hand smoking on lung functions in athlete and non-athlete school-aged children - observational study. Afr Health Sci 2021; 20:368-375. [PMID: 33402924 PMCID: PMC7750039 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second-hand smoking or environmental tobacco smoke is a critical health risk. Children are the most vulnerable to second-hand smoking because of their small bronchial ducts, less developed immunity, and low-physical activity. Objectives The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of second-hand smoking on lung functions in athlete and non-athlete school-aged children. Methods This observational study included forty-six school-aged children, their age was 8–15 years, assigned to three groups; 2 study groups and 1 control group (n=15). The study groups comprised of 16 football players, and of 15 cyclists. Lung functions were evaluated recording forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and peak expiratory flow using digital spirometer. Results All measures were recorded in definite values and the children were also classified into second-hand smoking (SH), or non-exposed to tobacco smoking (NE). The findings presented a significant increase (p<0.05) of the study groups in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and peak expiratory flow solely for the non-exposed children. However, there were non-significant differences between the cyclists and football players or between the passive smoking children and non-exposed children in any of the two study groups (p>0.05). Conclusion The outcomes of this study suggest beneficial influences of the sports activity on the lung functions, without different influences of the cyclists and football players on the lung functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi A Elshazly
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid K Abdelbasset
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ragab K Elnaggar
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Tantawy
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Centre of Radiation, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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3
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Alves J, Filipe R, Machado J, Nunes B, Perelman J. Change in the Prevalence and Social Patterning of First-and Second-Hand Smoking in PORTUGAL: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2005 and 2014). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17103594. [PMID: 32443801 PMCID: PMC7277527 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Between 2005 and 2007, important reinforcements of the tobacco legislation have been implemented in Portugal, which may have affected smoking patterns. The aim of this study was to measure the change in prevalence of first- and second-hand smoking (SHS) among adults, and its socio-demographic patterning in Portugal from 2005 to 2014. Data from the last two Portuguese National Health Interview Surveys (2005 and 2014) were used. The changes in daily smoking and SHS were measured using Poisson regressions, stratifying by sex and survey year. The inequalities were measured using relative inequality indexes (RII). From 2005 to 2014, there was a reduction in SHS (75%-54% among men, and 52%-38% among women), and a reduction in smoking among men (27%-26%), and an increase among women (9%-12%). SHS reduction was more marked among less privileged people. Among Portuguese men, inequalities in daily smoking have increased slightly, while among women the gap favoring low-educated reduced. Between 2005 and 2014, SHS decreased, but not daily smoking, particularly among women. Additionally, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking increased. Future policies should simultaneously tackle smoking and SHS prevalence, and their socioeconomic patterning. More comprehensive policies such as comprehensive national (non-partial) bans, combined with price increases could be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alves
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351 217 512 186
| | - Rita Filipe
- ACES Lisboa Ocidental e Oeiras—Public Health Unit, 2780-163 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - João Machado
- Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.); (B.N.)
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.); (B.N.)
| | - Julian Perelman
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Ngo CQ, Phan PT, Vu GV, Chu HT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen MH, Phan HT, Ong BMY, Vu GT, Pham KTH, Tran BX, Latkin CA, Ho CSH, Ho RCM. Prevalence and Sources of Second-Hand Smoking Exposure among Non-Smoking Pregnant Women in an Urban Setting of Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16245022. [PMID: 31835519 PMCID: PMC6950206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) among non-smoking pregnant women can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. A cross-sectional study was performed from July to August 2016 among 432 pregnant women at Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, to assess the prevalence and sources of SHS exposure among non-smoking pregnant women. Socio-economic characteristics and information regarding SHS exposure of participants were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify associated factors. Overall, 92.6% and 64.5% of pregnant women were exposed to SHS in their lifetime and in the last 30 days, respectively. Cafeterias and restaurants had the highest proportion of pregnant women exposed to SHS. Those who reported that “smoking is allowed at home” (OR = 3.18; 95%CI = 1.97–5.13); going to working place (OR = 1.86; 95%CI = 1.08–3.19), going to state authority offices (OR = 1.98; 95%CI = 1.15–3.41), and cafeterias (OR = 1.96; 95%CI = 1.22–3.16) had the highest risk of SHS exposure in the last 30 days. We have found a high proportion of SHS exposure among non-smoking pregnant women in Vietnam. This comes from a multitude of sources, including homes, workplaces, cafeterias, and restaurants. The data emphasises the need for further intervention to address this health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Quy Ngo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.Q.N.); (P.T.P.); (G.V.V.); (T.T.N.); (M.H.N.)
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Phuong Thu Phan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.Q.N.); (P.T.P.); (G.V.V.); (T.T.N.); (M.H.N.)
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Giap Van Vu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.Q.N.); (P.T.P.); (G.V.V.); (T.T.N.); (M.H.N.)
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Hanh Thi Chu
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Toan Thi Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.Q.N.); (P.T.P.); (G.V.V.); (T.T.N.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Mai Hong Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.Q.N.); (P.T.P.); (G.V.V.); (T.T.N.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Hai Thanh Phan
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-333998764
| | - Benjamin M. Y. Ong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Giang Thu Vu
- Center of Excellence in Evidence-Based Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Kiet Tuan Huy Pham
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (K.T.H.P.); (B.X.T.)
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (K.T.H.P.); (B.X.T.)
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Carl A. Latkin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Cyrus S. H. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Roger C. M. Ho
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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İnci G, Baysal SU, Şişman AR. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by healthy children aged below five (Preliminary study). Turk Pediatri Ars 2018; 53:37-44. [PMID: 30083073 PMCID: PMC6070225 DOI: 10.5152/turkpediatriars.2018.5963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Children are commonly affected by environmental tobacco smoke. The presence of exposure can be deduced from urinary urine kotinine/creatinine ratio and history. The aim of this study was to investigate passive smoking in healthy children between one-month and five year old, and to determine the adverse effects of passive smoking on child health. MATERIAL AND METHODS Children between one-month and five year old who were regularly monitored for health were included following informed consent given by their parents. The questionnaire method was used. Demographic variables, respiratory tract infections, recurrent infections were questioned. The levels of cotinine, creatinine were measured and the cotinine/creatinine ratios were calculated in urine specimens taken from the children. Growth status and infection frequency were determined using demographic data, cotinine/creatinine ratios in urine, exposure rate to second-hand tobacco smoke of the children. RESULTS The ratio of household smokers was 70.3%, the ratio of non-smokers was 29.7%. Fifty percent of the mothers were smokers. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly higher in children of smokers compared with children of non-smokers (p=0.011). One third of the children was evaluated as passive smokers. The presence of a smoker at home and the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during the day increased the frequency of acute respiratory infections (p=0.047). CONCLUSION In these regularly-monitored preschool children, we found frequent exposure to cigarette smoke. This study contributes to national data and will aid in increasing the awareness for the deleterious effects of passive smoking on child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde İnci
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serpil Uğur Baysal
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Social Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Rıza Şişman
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
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Lee W, Lee S, Kim J, Kim J, Kim YK, Kim K, Won JU, Roh J, Yoon JH. Relationship Between Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke in the Workplace and Occupational Injury in the Republic of Korea. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 62:41-52. [PMID: 29267948 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies in the field of smoking exposure in the workplace linked to occupational safety have only focused on active smoking. Few studies have reported that exposure to second-hand smoke in the workplace is a possible factor increasing the risk of occupational injury without considering occupational characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the association between occupational injury and level of exposure to second-hand smoke at the workplace among Korean workers, after taking into account occupational characteristics. Method Using data from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey, levels of exposure to second-hand smoke were categorized as none, moderate, and high. We investigated the influence of exposure to second-hand smoke on occupational injury using logistic regression analysis with stratification by sex, smoking status, smoke-free policy in the workplace, and occupational characteristics. Occupational characteristics (occupational classification, working schedule, length of working day, and co-exposure to occupational hazards in the workplace) were stratified and analyzed using logistic regression models to estimate the risk of occupational injury linked to exposure to second-hand smoke. Results Among all participants, there was a significant dose-dependent association between risk of occupational injury and level of exposure level to second-hand smoke. After stratification by sex and smoking status, there was a significant association between risk of occupational injury and exposure level to second-hand smoke. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between exposure to second-hand smoke in the workplace and occupational injury, depending on the smoking-free policy at workplace (odds ratio [OR] in completely non-smoking workplace, 4.23; OR in non-smoking workplace with separate smoking area, 2.98; OR in smoking workplace 2.84). Additionally, there was a significant relationship between risk of occupational injury and exposure to second-hand smoke after stratification by occupational classification, working schedule, long working hours, and co-exposure to hazards in the workplace. Discussion There was a dose-response relationship between occupational injury and exposure to second-hand smoke, even after stratification to reduce the impact of various potential confounders and after taking into account occupational characteristics. These findings provide greater insight into the effects of exposure to second-hand smoke on the working population and may direct further research and policy-making in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhyung Lee
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Incheon Worker's Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jeonghoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Incheon Worker's Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Kwang Kim
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Incheon Worker's Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoosang Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Occupational Environmental Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Uk Won
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Incheon Worker's Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Roh
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Incheon Worker's Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Incheon Worker's Health Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rachiotis G, Barbouni A, Katsioulis A, Antoniadou E, Kostikas K, Merakou K, Kourea K, Khoury RN, Tsouros A, Kremastinou J, Hadjichristodoulou C. Prevalence and determinants of current and secondhand smoking in Greece: results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013150. [PMID: 28104708 PMCID: PMC5253573 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Greece is one of the leading tobacco-producing countries in European Union, and every year over 19 000 Greeks die from tobacco-attributable diseases. The aim of the present study was to provide nationally representative estimates on current and secondhand smoking prevalence in Greece and their determinants. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Greece. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4359 individuals participated in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), a household survey of adults ≥15 years old (overall response rate 69%). They were selected through a multistage geographically clustered sampling design with face-to-face interview. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES In 2013, we investigated the prevalence of current and secondhand smoking and their determinants. Univariate and logistic regression analysis was used in order to identify possible risk factors associated with the prevalence of current and secondhand smoking. RESULTS The prevalence of current smoking was 38.2% (95% CI 35.7% to 40.8%), and the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 19.8. Multivariate analysis confirmed that male gender (OR=3.24; 95% CI 2.62 to 4.00), age groups (25-39, OR=4.49; 95% CI 3.09 to 8.46 and 40-54, OR=3.51; 95% CI 1.88 to 5.87) and high school education (OR=1.97; 95% CI 1.41 to 2.74) were independently associated with the current smoking. Remarkably, responders with primary or less education had the lowest prevalence of current smoking (p<0.001). The prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke at work, home and restaurants, was 52.3%, 65.7% and 72.2%. In total, 90.0% (95% CI 87.8% to 91.9%) of Greek population is exposed to tobacco smoke (current smoking and secondhand smoke). CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed an extremely high prevalence of current smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke among the adult population and a positive gradient between education and current smoking. These findings are alarming and implementation of comprehensive tobacco control and prevention strategies could be impactful in fighting the tobacco epidemic in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Rachiotis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasia Barbouni
- Department of Public and Administrative Health, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Katsioulis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni Antoniadou
- Department of Public and Administrative Health, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kostikas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kyriakoula Merakou
- Department of Public and Administrative Health, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Kallirrhoe Kourea
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Rula N Khoury
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agis Tsouros
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenny Kremastinou
- Department of Public and Administrative Health, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
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Berthaume MA, Perry DC, Dobson CA, Witzel U, Clarke NM, Fagan MJ. Skeletal immaturity, rostral sparing, and disparate hip morphologies as biomechanical causes for Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. Clin Anat 2016; 29:759-72. [PMID: 26780125 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Legg-Calvé-Perthes' (Perthes') disease is a developmental disease of the hip joint that may result in numerous short and long term problems. The etiology of the disease remains largely unknown, but the mechanism is believed to be vascular and/or biomechanical in nature. There are several anatomical characteristics that tend to be prevalent in children with Perthes' disease, namely: skeletal immaturity, reduced height, and rostral sparing. We present an overview of the literature, summarizing the current understanding of the pathogenesis, particularly related to how the formation of the vasculature to the femoral epiphysis places children aged 5-8 at a higher risk for Perthes' disease, how skeletal immaturity and rostral sparing could increase the probability of developing Perthes' disease, and how animal models have aided our understanding of the disease. In doing so, we also explore why Perthes' disease is correlated to latitude, with populations at higher latitudes having higher incidence rates than populations closer to the Equator. Finally, we present five hypotheses detailing how Perthes' disease could have a biomechanical cause. Clin. Anat. 29:759-772, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Berthaume
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.,Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel C Perry
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - Catherine A Dobson
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Witzel
- Research Group of Biomechanics, Department of Engineering, University of Bochum, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Clarke
- Department of Child Health, Southampton General Hospital and University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Fagan
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Stojanovic-Tasic M, Grgurevic A, Trajkovic G, Pekmezovic T. Influence of Family Smoking Habits and Passive Smoking on Smoking Status Among Belgrade University Students. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:310-7. [PMID: 26829003 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1108340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many factors that affect smoking behavior. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to identify the most important risk factors related to smoking in the sample population of students at the University of Belgrade with a special emphasize on the family role. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of 2,000 students of the Belgrade University. Four faculties (Medicine, Geography, Economics, and Electrical Engineering) from which the students participating in this research were chosen by the method of random choice, conducted in the period April-June 2010. RESULTS Independent risk factors for smoking in students, assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis, included: repeating a year (odds ratio (OR) = 1.67, p < .001), the number of hours spent in the rooms where others smoke (OR = 2.86, p < .001), brother smoker (OR = 1.88, p < .001), sister smoker (OR = 2.33, p < .001), knowledge about the association between smoking and lung cancer (OR = 0.31, p < .001), and depression (OR = 1.02, p = .013). CONCLUSION Bearing in mind the influence of siblings, prevention, and intervention efforts should be focused more on family members than on the broader social environment. The results also indicate the need to develop a conscience on a healthy life style and to educate people to enhance and improve their health control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Grgurevic
- b Institute of Epidemiology , Faculty of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Goran Trajkovic
- c Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics , Faculty of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Pekmezovic
- b Institute of Epidemiology , Faculty of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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Siddiqi K, Huque R, Jackson C, Parrott S, Dogar O, Shah S, Thomson H, Sheikh A. Children Learning About Secondhand Smoke (CLASS II): protocol of a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008749. [PMID: 26307620 PMCID: PMC4550726 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) increases children's risk of acquiring chest and ear infections, tuberculosis, meningitis and asthma. Smoking bans in public places (where implemented) have significantly reduced adults' exposure to SHS. However, for children, homes remain the most likely place for them to be exposed to SHS. Additional measures are therefore required to protect children from SHS. In a feasibility study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, we have shown that a school-based smoke-free intervention (SFI) was successful in encouraging children to negotiate and implement smoking restrictions in homes. We will now conduct a pilot trial to inform plans to undertake a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of SFI in reducing children's exposure to SHS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We plan to recruit 12 primary schools in Dhaka, Bangladesh. From these schools, we will recruit approximately 360 schoolchildren in year 5 (10-12 years old), that is, 30 per school. SFI consists of six interactive educational activities aimed at increasing pupils' knowledge about SHS and related harms, motivating them to act, providing skills to negotiate with adults to persuade them not to smoke inside homes and helping families to 'sign-up' to a voluntary contract to make their homes smoke-free. Children in the control arm will receive the usual education. We will estimate: recruitment and attrition rates, acceptability, fidelity to SFI, effect size, intracluster correlation coefficient, cost of intervention and adverse events. Our primary outcome will consist of SHS exposure in children measured by salivary cotinine. Secondary outcomes will include respiratory symptoms, lung function tests, healthcare contacts, school attendance, smoking uptake, quality of life and academic performance. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial has received ethics approval from the Research Governance Committee at the University of York. Findings will help us plan for the definitive trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN68690577.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Cath Jackson
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK
| | - Omara Dogar
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK
| | - Sarwat Shah
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Heath Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ainsworth H, Shah S, Ahmed F, Amos A, Cameron I, Fairhurst C, King R, Mir G, Parrott S, Sheikh A, Torgerson D, Thomson H, Siddiqi K. Muslim communities learning about second-hand smoke (MCLASS): study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:295. [PMID: 24034853 PMCID: PMC3847687 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the UK, 40% of Bangladeshi and 29% of Pakistani men smoke cigarettes regularly compared to the national average of 24%. As a consequence, second-hand smoking is also widespread in their households which is a serious health hazard to non-smokers, especially children. Smoking restrictions in households can help reduce exposure to second-hand smoking. This is a pilot trial of 'Smoke Free Homes', an educational programme which has been adapted for use by Muslim faith leaders, in an attempt to find an innovative solution to encourage Pakistani- and Bangladeshi-origin communities to implement smoking restrictions in their homes. The primary objectives for this pilot trial are to establish the feasibility of conducting such an evaluation and provide information to inform the design of a future definitive study. METHODS/DESIGN This is a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of 'Smoke Free Homes', with an embedded preliminary health economic evaluation and a qualitative analysis. The trial will be carried out in around 14 Islamic religious settings. Equal randomisation will be employed to allocate each cluster to a trial arm. The intervention group will be offered the Smoke Free Homes package (Smoke Free Homes: a resource for Muslim religious teachers), trained in its use, and will subsequently implement the package in their religious settings. The remaining clusters will not be offered the package until the completion of the study and will form the control group. At each cluster, we aim to recruit around 50 households with at least one adult resident who smokes tobacco and at least one child or a non-smoking adult. Households will complete a household survey and a non-smoking individual will provide a saliva sample which will be tested for cotinine. All participant outcomes will be measured before and after the intervention period in both arms of the trial. In addition, a purposive sample of participants and religious leaders/teachers will take part in interviews and focus groups. DISCUSSION The results of this pilot study will inform the protocol for a definitive trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN03035510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ainsworth
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, England
| | - Sarwat Shah
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, England
| | - Faraz Ahmed
- Cambridge Centre for Health Services Research, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, England
| | - Amanda Amos
- UKCTCS, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Ian Cameron
- Leeds City Council, Civic Hall, Calverley Street, Leeds LS1 1UR, England
| | - Caroline Fairhurst
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, England
| | - Rebecca King
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9LJ, England
| | - Ghazala Mir
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9LJ, England
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, England
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Allergy & Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - David Torgerson
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, England
| | - Heather Thomson
- Leeds City Council, Civic Hall, Calverley Street, Leeds LS1 1UR, England
| | - Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, England
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