1
|
Brunet J, Billaquois C, Viellard H, Courari F. Eco-friendly hospital architecture. J Visc Surg 2024; 161:54-62. [PMID: 38272758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Following a reminder on the quantities of carbon emitted in the healthcare sector, and casting a spotlight on those directly related to architecture, the authors of this article will develop three large-scale themes, the objective being to render hospital construction sustainable. 1. Energy consumption and how to reduce it. 2. "Low-carbon" construction and how building designers can limit emissions by the choice of construction materials. 3. The "resilience" of some constructions, their capacity to stave off obsolescence. As a conclusion, the authors present one of the most recent projects of the Brunet Saunier & Associates architecture agency: the Saint-Ouen university hospital, Grand Paris Nord. This project is illustrative of these preoccupations and demonstrates the possibility of meeting the challenges of sustainable development by means of simple and durable architecture.
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamada K, Murotani K, Mano M, Lim Y, Yoshimatsu J. Age-Friendly Approach Is Necessary to Prevent Depopulation: Resident Architectural Designers and Constructors' Evaluation of the Age-Friendliness of Japanese Municipalities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6626. [PMID: 37681766 PMCID: PMC10487906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Japan has the world's largest old population ratio; thus, aging is an urgent societal issue. As global trends seem to be following Japan's social changes, there is an emphasis on municipalities becoming more age-friendly. Hence, we examine the age-friendliness of 135 Japanese municipalities, selecting 240 resident architectural designers and constructors to assess their municipalities using the Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Questionnaire (AFCCQ). The findings indicate that Japan lacks "outdoor spaces and buildings". Additionally, the evaluation of "housing", "community support and health services", and "transportation" in populated municipalities in the past five years was found to be significantly higher than that in depopulated ones. Age-friendliness is significantly affected by the AFCCQ total score (hereafter, Score) based on "housing", "social participation", "community support and health services", "transportation", and "financial situation" evaluations. High specificity (0.939) was found when the score was treated as a marker of depopulation; an age-friendly approach is a necessary condition for preventing depopulation. Furthermore, a lack of "communication and information" was observed in municipalities with a higher rate of single-person households aged 65 years and older. Therefore, resident architectural designers' and constructors' assessments, combined with the AFCCQ, will be a powerful tool for evaluating the age-friendliness of municipalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Yamada
- Organization for Co-Creation Research and Contributions, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-chou, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Liaison Office, Innovation Center for Translational Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-chou 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kenta Murotani
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, 67, Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Makiko Mano
- Organization for Co-Creation Research and Contributions, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-chou, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Youngmi Lim
- Organization for Co-Creation Research and Contributions, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-chou, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshimatsu
- College of Human Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
You X, Zhang Y, Tu Z, Xu L, Li L, Lin R, Chen K, Chen S, Ren W. Research on the Sustainable Renewal of Architectural Heritage Sites from the Perspective of Extenics-Using the Example of Tulou Renovations in LantianVillage, Longyan City. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4378. [PMID: 36901388 PMCID: PMC10002194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fujian Tulous in China are important international architectural heritage sites that reflect precious human cultural heritage. Currently, only a small number of Tulou buildings have been listed as world cultural heritage sites, resulting in a lack of attention and financial support for most Tulou buildings. Thus, it is difficult to effectively renovate and repair Tulou buildings to adapt to modern life, and therefore they are facing the severe challenge of abandonment and desolation. Due to the special conditions of Tulou buildings, there are significant limitations in renovation and repair work, with a number of problems such as the lack of innovative renovations. Therefore, through a problem model analysis of a design system for Tulou renovations, in this study, we adopt the methods of divergent tree, conjugate pair, correlative net, implied system, and split-merge chain analyses in extenics to carry out extension transformation and solve the problem and we verify its feasibility using the example of the Tulou renovation projects in Lantian Village, Longyan City. We explore an innovative methodology for scientific renovation of Tulou buildings, and we establish a design system for Tulou building renovations that enriches and supplements original renovation methods; thus, we provide a basis for the repair and reuse of Tulou buildings, to extend their service life and to realize the sustainable development of Tulou buildings. The research results show that extenics can be implemented in innovative renovations of Tulou buildings, and it is concluded that the essence of achieving sustainable renewal in Tulou building renovations is to solve contradictory problems, including contradictions in conditions, objectives, and design. This study verifies the possibility of applying extenics in the design of Tulou building renovations, makes corresponding contributions to the application of extension methods in the renovation and renewal of Tulou buildings, and also contributes to the renovation, renewal, and protection of other types of architectural heritage sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianli You
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linxin Xu
- Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liyi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rong Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kaida Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shunhe Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Ren
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valentine C. Health Implications of Virtual Architecture: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Transferability of Findings from Neuroarchitecture. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2735. [PMID: 36768106 PMCID: PMC9915076 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Virtual architecture has been increasingly relied on to evaluate the health impacts of physical architecture. In this health research, exposure to virtual architecture has been used as a proxy for exposure to physical architecture. Despite the growing body of research on the health implications of physical architecture, there is a paucity of research examining the long-term health impacts of prolonged exposure to virtual architecture. In response, this paper considers: what can proxy studies, which use virtual architecture to assess the physiological response to physical architecture, tell us about the impact of extended exposure to virtual architecture on human health? The paper goes on to suggest that the applicability of these findings to virtual architecture may be limited by certain confounding variables when virtual architecture is experienced for a prolonged period of time. This paper explores the potential impact of two of these confounding variables: multisensory integration and gravitational perception. This paper advises that these confounding variables are unique to extended virtual architecture exposure and may not be captured by proxy studies that aim to capture the impact of physical architecture on human health through acute exposure to virtual architecture. While proxy studies may be suitable for measuring some aspects of the impact of both physical and virtual architecture on human health, this paper argues that they may be insufficient to fully capture the unintended consequences of extended exposure to virtual architecture on human health. Therefore, in the face of the increasing use of virtual architectural environments, the author calls for the establishment of a subfield of neuroarchitectural health research that empirically examines the physiological impacts of extended exposure to virtual architecture in its own right.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Valentine
- Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren W, Zhao J, Ma X, Wang X. Analysis of the spatial differentiation and scale effects of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in Xi'an, China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261846. [PMID: 34962958 PMCID: PMC8714097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional landscape patterns are an effective means to study the relationship between landscape pattern evolution and eco-environmental effects. This paper selects six districts in Xi'an as the study area to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in the city's main urban area using three-dimensional information on the buildings in 2020 with the support of GIS. In this study, two new architectural landscape indices-landscape height variable coefficient and building rugosity index-were employed in landscape pattern analysis, whilst a system of rigorous and comprehensive three-dimensional architectural landscape metrics was established using principal component analysis. A mathematical model of weighted change of landscape metrics based on the objective weighting method was applied to carry out scale analysis of the landscape patterns. Spatial statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted to comprehensively study the differentiation of three-dimensional architectural landscape spatial patterns. The results show that the characteristic scale of the three-dimensional landscape pattern in Xi'an's main urban area is around 8 km. Moreover, the three-dimensional landscape of the buildings in this area is spatially positively correlated, exhibiting a high degree of spatial autocorrelation whilst only showing small spatial differences. The layout of the architectural landscape pattern is disorderly and chaotic within the second ring, whilst the clustering of patch types occurs near the third ring. Moreover, the building density in the Beilin, Lianhu, and Xincheng districts is large, the building height types are rich, and the roughness of the underlying surface is high, such that these are key areas to be improved through urban renewal. The height, volume, density, morphological heterogeneity, and vertical roughness of the architectural landscape vary amongst functional areas within the study area. This paper is the first to apply the study of spatial heterogeneity of three-dimensional landscape patterns to Xi'an. It does so in order to provide a quantitative basis for urban landscape ecological design for urban renewal and the rational planning of built-up areas, which will promote the sustainable development of the city's urban environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ren
- College of Architecture, Chang’ an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- College of Architectural Engineering, Yuncheng Vocational and Technical University, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- College of Architecture, Chang’ an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xina Ma
- College of Architecture, Chang’ an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Architecture, Chang’ an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Seth S Leopold
- Editor-In-Chief, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ®, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The purposes are to analyze the mechanism of digitized landscape architecture design and stablize the garden landscape image display in constructing garden landscape digitization platform. According to previous research and mobile edge computing, a scheme of digitized landscape architecture design is proposed based on edge computing. This scheme uses discrete elevation calculation to preserve the landscape design image's frame. It adopts the Roberts edge detection and Laplacian operator for high-level stable preservation of landscape images. Simultaneously, the displayed image is stablized using edge computing algorithms. Simulation experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme of digitized landscape architecture design based on mobile edge computing. Results demonstrate that the discrete elevation calculation algorithm can avoid low visual rendering in the 3D image generation process, optimize the seed point matching of edge correlation, and ensure image clarity and stability. The edge computing algorithm can fundamentally avoid the problem of image shaking. The impact of different algorithm models on the classification and accuracy of landscape images is analyzed through parameter optimization. Compared with some latest models, the proposed landscape design scheme based on edge computing has better accuracy. The average accuracy can reach more than 90%, and the Kappa coefficient remains at 86.93%. The designed garden landscape digitization platform can stably display 3D garden landscape images while avoiding the shaking of 3D images, which can provide a theoretical basis and practical value for designing and planning landscape architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Wu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being preventable, malaria remains an important public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that overall progress in malaria control has plateaued for the first time since the turn of the century. Researchers and policymakers are therefore exploring alternative and supplementary malaria vector control tools. Research in 1900 indicated that modification of houses may be effective in reducing malaria: this is now being revisited, with new research now examining blocking house mosquito entry points or modifying house construction materials to reduce exposure of inhabitants to infectious bites. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of house modifications on malaria disease and transmission. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (OVID); Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CAB) Abstracts (Web of Science); and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database (LILACS), up to 1 November 2019. We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en/), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/) to identify ongoing trials up to the same date. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials, including cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), cross-over studies, and stepped-wedge designs were eligible, as were quasi-experimental trials, including controlled before-and-after studies, controlled interrupted time series, and non-randomized cross-over studies. We only considered studies reporting epidemiological outcomes (malaria case incidence, malaria infection incidence or parasite prevalence). We also summarised qualitative studies conducted alongside included studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors selected eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We used risk ratios (RR) to compare the effect of the intervention with the control for dichotomous data. For continuous data, we presented the mean difference; and for count and rate data, we used rate ratios. We presented all results with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS Six cRCTs met our inclusion criteria, all conducted in sub-Saharan Africa; three randomized by household, two by village, and one at the community level. All trials assessed screening of windows, doors, eaves, ceilings or any combination of these; this was either alone, or in combination with eave closure, roof modification or eave tube installation (a "lure and kill" device that reduces mosquito entry whilst maintaining some airflow). In two trials, the interventions were insecticide-based. In five trials, the researchers implemented the interventions. The community implemented the interventions in the sixth trial. At the time of writing the review, two of the six trials had published results, both of which compared screened houses (without insecticide) to unscreened houses. One trial in Ethiopia assessed screening of windows and doors. Another trial in the Gambia assessed full screening (screening of eaves, doors and windows), as well as screening of ceilings only. Screening may reduce clinical malaria incidence caused by Plasmodium falciparum (rate ratio 0.38, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.82; 1 trial, 184 participants, 219.3 person-years; low-certainty evidence; Ethiopian study). For malaria parasite prevalence, the point estimate, derived from The Gambia study, was smaller (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.17; 713 participants, 1 trial; low-certainty evidence), and showed an effect on anaemia (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42, 0.89; 705 participants; 1 trial, moderate-certainty evidence). Screening may reduce the entomological inoculation rate (EIR): both trials showed lower estimates in the intervention arm. In the Gambian trial, there was a mean difference in EIR between the control houses and treatment houses ranging from 0.45 to 1.50 (CIs ranged from -0.46 to 2.41; low-certainty evidence), depending on the study year and treatment arm. The Ethiopian trial reported a mean difference in EIR of 4.57, favouring screening (95% CI 3.81 to 5.33; low-certainty evidence). Pooled analysis of the trials showed that individuals living in fully screened houses were slightly less likely to sleep under a bed net (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.09; 2 trials, 203 participants). In one trial, bed net usage was also lower in individuals living in houses with screened ceilings (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.95; 1 trial, 135 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the two trials published to date, there is some evidence that screening may reduce malaria transmission and malaria infection in people living in the house. The four trials awaiting publication are likely to enrich the current evidence base, and we will add these to this review when they become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Furnival-Adams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Evelyn A Olanga
- Malaria Alert Centre of the College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mark Napier
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Paul Garner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sane SP, Ramaswamy SS, Raja SV. Insect architecture: structural diversity and behavioral principles. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 42:39-46. [PMID: 32841731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects build myriad structures out of diverse materials. These structures serve purposes that range from facilitating prey capture to housing their entire colony. Whereas some insects operate solitarily, others collectively build large and complex structures. The architecture of these structures vis-à-vis their ultimate function poses fascinating questions that require multidisciplinary investigations. Importantly, because the underlying design and architectural principles have evolved over millions of years to withstand multitude of environmental perturbations, they offer important lessons for human-made structures. The vast variety of insect-built structures reflects how diverse insects have adapted to resolve the ecological challenges in their specific habitats. Here, we survey insect-built structures from a comparative perspective to ask what design and architectural principles can be gleaned from them. We discuss the key hypotheses about building-behaviours, their neural underpinnings, the functional role of insect-built structures and their biomimetic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay P Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.
| | - Sree Subha Ramaswamy
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Sreekrishna Varma Raja
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being preventable, malaria remains an important public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that overall progress in malaria control has plateaued for the first time since the turn of the century. Researchers and policymakers are therefore exploring alternative and supplementary malaria vector control tools. Research in 1900 indicated that modification of houses may be effective in reducing malaria: this is now being revisited, with new research now examining blocking house mosquito entry points or modifying house construction materials to reduce exposure of inhabitants to infectious bites. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of house modifications on malaria disease and transmission. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (OVID); Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CAB) Abstracts (Web of Science); and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database (LILACS), up to 1 November 2019. We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en/), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/) to identify ongoing trials up to the same date. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials, including cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), cross-over studies, and stepped-wedge designs were eligible, as were quasi-experimental trials, including controlled before-and-after studies, controlled interrupted time series, and non-randomized cross-over studies. We only considered studies reporting epidemiological outcomes (malaria case incidence, malaria infection incidence or parasite prevalence). We also summarised qualitative studies conducted alongside included studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors selected eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We used risk ratios (RR) to compare the effect of the intervention with the control for dichotomous data. For continuous data, we presented the mean difference; and for count and rate data, we used rate ratios. We presented all results with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS Six cRCTs met our inclusion criteria, all conducted in sub-Saharan Africa; three randomized by household, two by village, and one at the community level. All trials assessed screening of windows, doors, eaves, ceilings or any combination of these; this was either alone, or in combination with eave closure, roof modification or eave tube installation (a "lure and kill" device that reduces mosquito entry whilst maintaining some airflow). In two trials, the interventions were insecticide-based. In five trials, the researchers implemented the interventions. The community implemented the interventions in the sixth trial. At the time of writing the review, two of the six trials had published results, both of which compared screened houses (without insecticide) to unscreened houses. One trial in Ethiopia assessed screening of windows and doors. Another trial in the Gambia assessed full screening (screening of eaves, doors and windows), as well as screening of ceilings only. Screening may reduce clinical malaria incidence caused by Plasmodium falciparum (rate ratio 0.38, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.82; 1 trial, 184 participants, 219.3 person-years; low-certainty evidence; Ethiopian study). For malaria parasite prevalence, the point estimate, derived from The Gambia study, was smaller (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.17; 713 participants, 1 trial; moderate-certainty evidence), and showed an effect on anaemia (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42, 0.89; 705 participants; 1 trial, moderate-certainty evidence). Screening may reduce the entomological inoculation rate (EIR): both trials showed lower estimates in the intervention arm. In the Gambian trial, there was a mean difference in EIR between the control houses and treatment houses ranging from 0.45 to 1.50 (CIs ranged from -0.46 to 2.41; low-certainty evidence), depending on the study year and treatment arm. The Ethiopian trial reported a mean difference in EIR of 4.57, favouring screening (95% CI 3.81 to 5.33; low-certainty evidence). Pooled analysis of the trials showed that individuals living in fully screened houses were slightly less likely to sleep under a bed net (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.09; 2 trials, 203 participants). In one trial, bed net usage was also lower in individuals living in houses with screened ceilings (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.95; 1 trial, 135 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the two trials published to date, there is some evidence that screening may reduce malaria transmission and malaria infection in people living in the house. The four trials awaiting publication are likely to enrich the current evidence base, and we will add these to this review when they become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Furnival-Adams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Evelyn A Olanga
- Malaria Alert Centre of the College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mark Napier
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Paul Garner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Traditionally, architectural practice has been dominated by the eye/sight. In recent decades, though, architects and designers have increasingly started to consider the other senses, namely sound, touch (including proprioception, kinesthesis, and the vestibular sense), smell, and on rare occasions, even taste in their work. As yet, there has been little recognition of the growing understanding of the multisensory nature of the human mind that has emerged from the field of cognitive neuroscience research. This review therefore provides a summary of the role of the human senses in architectural design practice, both when considered individually and, more importantly, when studied collectively. For it is only by recognizing the fundamentally multisensory nature of perception that one can really hope to explain a number of surprising crossmodal environmental or atmospheric interactions, such as between lighting colour and thermal comfort and between sound and the perceived safety of public space. At the same time, however, the contemporary focus on synaesthetic design needs to be reframed in terms of the crossmodal correspondences and multisensory integration, at least if the most is to be made of multisensory interactions and synergies that have been uncovered in recent years. Looking to the future, the hope is that architectural design practice will increasingly incorporate our growing understanding of the human senses, and how they influence one another. Such a multisensory approach will hopefully lead to the development of buildings and urban spaces that do a better job of promoting our social, cognitive, and emotional development, rather than hindering it, as has too often been the case previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Crossmodal Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li W, Li H, Liu Y, Wang S, Pei X, Li Q. Fire risk assessment of high-rise buildings under construction based on unascertained measure theory. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239166. [PMID: 32925958 PMCID: PMC7489514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent fire accidents in high-rise buildings under construction, in this paper, the fire risk assessment of such buildings is studied. First, based on project investigation and a literature review, a fire risk assessment index system suitable for high-rise buildings under construction was established. Second, the unascertained measure theory was applied to establish a fire risk assessment model for high-rise buildings under construction. The index weight was determined by the entropy weight method. Finally, taking a high-rise building project in Xi'an, China, as an example, the feasibility and rationality of the fire risk assessment index system and assessment model were verified. This research provides a new method for objectively assessing the fire risk of high-rise buildings under construction and provides a certain reference for controlling the fire risk of high-rise buildings under construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sunmeng Wang
- School of Management, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingwang Pei
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gorb SN, Gorb EV. Insect-inspired architecture to build sustainable cities. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 40:62-70. [PMID: 32604053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials, structures, surfaces and buildings of insects are of a great scientific interest, but such basic knowledge about the functional principles of these structures is also highly relevant for technical applications, especially in architecture. Some of the greatest challenges for today's architecture are multifunctionality, energy saving and sustainability - problems that insects have partially solved during their evolution. Entomologists have collected a huge amount of information about the structure and function of such living constructions and surfaces. This information can be utilized in order to mimic them for applications in architecture. The main technology areas, in which insect-inspired ideas can be applied, are the following: (1) new materials, (2) constructions, (3) surfaces, (4) adhesives and bonding technology, (5) optics and photonics. A few selected examples are discussed in this short review, but having more than one million described insect species as a source for inspiration, one might expect many more ideas from entomology for insect-inspired biomimetics in architecture. The incorporation of additional knowledge from insect biology into architecture will improve performance of future buildings. However, biologists still do not have a complete understanding of structure-function relationship of insect materials and construction. Hence, many technological areas will benefit from additional basic entomology research. Also the screening for new inspirations from insects is likely to remain an important research field in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav N Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elena V Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nettleton S, Martin D, Buse C, Prior L. Materializing architecture for social care: Brick walls and compromises in design for later life. Br J Sociol 2020; 71:153-167. [PMID: 31855288 PMCID: PMC6973086 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on an ethnography of architectural projects for later life social care in the UK. Informed by recent debates in material studies and "materialities of care" we offer an analysis of a care home project that is sensitive to architectural materials that are not normally associated with care and well-being. Although the care home design project we focus on in this article was never built, we found that design discussions relating to a curved brick wall and bricks more generally were significant to its architectural "making". The curved wall and the bricks were used by the architects to encode quality and values of care into their design. This was explicit in the design narrative that was core to a successful tender submitted by a consortium comprising architects, developers, contractors, and a care provider to a local authority who commissioned the care home. However, as the project developed, initial consensus for the design features fractured. Using a materialized analysis, we document the tussles generated by the curved wall and the bricks and argue that mundane building materials can be important to, and yet marginalized within, the relations inherent to an "architectural care assemblage." During the design process we saw how decisions about materials are contentious and they act as a catalyst of negotiations that compromise "materialities of care."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daryl Martin
- Department of SociologyUniversity of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Christina Buse
- Department of SociologyUniversity of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Prior
- Department of SociologyQueens University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Negi A, Sarethy IP. Microbial Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage: Events, Colonization, and Analyses. Microb Ecol 2019; 78:1014-1029. [PMID: 31025063 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Geochemical cycles result in the chemical, physical, and mineralogical modification of rocks, eventually leading to formation of soil. However, when the stones and rocks are a part of historic buildings and monuments, the effects are deleterious. In addition, microorganisms also colonize these monuments over a period of time, resulting in formation of biofilms; their metabolites lead to physical weakening and discoloration of stone eventually. This process, known as biodeterioration, leads to a significant loss of cultural heritage. For formulating effective conservation strategies to prevent biodeterioration and restore monuments, it is important to know which microorganisms are colonizing the substrate and the different energy sources they consume to sustain themselves. With this view in scope, this review focuses on studies that have attempted to understand the process of biodeterioration, the mechanisms by which they colonize and affect the monuments, the techniques used for assessment of biodeterioration, and conservation strategies that aim to preserve the original integrity of the monuments. This review also includes the "omics" technologies that have started playing a large role in elucidating the nature of microorganisms, and how they can play a role in hastening the formulation of effective conservation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sec 62, Noida, 201309, India
| | - Indira P Sarethy
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sec 62, Noida, 201309, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Molana HH, Adams RE. Evaluating sense of community in the residential environment from the perspectives of symbolic interactionism and architectural design. J Community Psychol 2019; 47:1591-1602. [PMID: 31212373 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The paper fills the gap between the design and the actuality of how buildings, and its surroundings, urban design, and the built environment influence its occupants' behavior and interactions. We assess how the built environments can be influenced by humans and their control, both physical and symbolically, of the urban landscapes. In this regard, our paper merges symbolic interactionism, sense of community, and architectural design to aid our understanding of the man-environment relationship. Specifically, we assess qualitative data on Ekbatan Residential Complex in Tehran. We use Ekbatan as a case study to see how a sense of community among residents reflects both physical features of the complex and the symbolic meaning attached to these features by residents and those living outside the community. We conclude by suggesting that combining the interests of urban sociologist, community psychology, and architects via symbolic interactionist concepts may be a fruitful avenue for studying factors affecting sense of community and larger urban processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh H Molana
- Department of Geography, College of Art and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Richard E Adams
- Department of Geography, College of Art and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lamhasni T, El-Marjaoui H, El Bakkali A, Lyazidi SA, Haddad M, Ben-Ncer A, Benyaich F, Bonazza A, Tahri M. Air pollution impact on architectural heritage of Morocco: Combination of synchronous fluorescence and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies for the analyses of black crusts deposits. Chemosphere 2019; 225:517-523. [PMID: 30897475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The work is focusing on air pollution impacts on historical limestone buildings located in urban areas in Morocco. Black crusts sampled on the façades of two ancient limestone monuments, dating back to the 12th and 20th centuries edified in the cities of Salé and Casablanca, have been analyzed by means of ATR-FTIR and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopies. Infrared analyses revealed degradation products, mainly gypsum due to calcite sulphation under wetness and SO2 rich oil fired soot, and oxalates due to ancient biological weathering. Synchronous fluorescence permitted the identification of the most hazardous PAHs along with other non-identified fluorescent organics; this technique appeared efficient and suitable for the analysis of fluorescent pollutants entrapped in black crusts. Such results keeping track of air pollution causing disfigurement of architectural heritage must alarm both cultural heritage and environmental decision makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taibi Lamhasni
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux (LASMAR), Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRST, URAC 11, Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Zitoune BP 11201, 50000 Meknès, Morocco
| | - Houssam El-Marjaoui
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux (LASMAR), Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRST, URAC 11, Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Zitoune BP 11201, 50000 Meknès, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid El Bakkali
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux (LASMAR), Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRST, URAC 11, Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Zitoune BP 11201, 50000 Meknès, Morocco
| | - Saadia Ait Lyazidi
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux (LASMAR), Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRST, URAC 11, Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Zitoune BP 11201, 50000 Meknès, Morocco.
| | - Mustapha Haddad
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux (LASMAR), Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRST, URAC 11, Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Zitoune BP 11201, 50000 Meknès, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer
- Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine (INSAP), BP 6828, Madinat al Irfane, avenue Allal El Fassi, Angle rues 5 et 7, Rabat-Instituts, Morocco
| | - Fouad Benyaich
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux (LASMAR), Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRST, URAC 11, Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Zitoune BP 11201, 50000 Meknès, Morocco
| | - Alessandra Bonazza
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mounia Tahri
- Laboratoire d'Analyse par Activation Neutronique, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zanardini E, May E, Purdy KJ, Murrell JC. Nutrient cycling potential within microbial communities on culturally important stoneworks. Environ Microbiol Rep 2019; 11:147-154. [PMID: 30346661 PMCID: PMC7379959 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on microbes associated with deterioration of cultural heritage (CH) stoneworks have revealed a diverse microbiota adapted to stresses such as low nutrients, aridity and high salinity, temperatures and radiation. However, the function of these pioneer microbial communities is still unclear. This study examines bacterial and archaeal diversity in exfoliated and dark encrustation sandstone from Portchester Castle (UK) by 16S rRNA and functional gene analyses. Bacterial and archaeal communities from the exfoliated sites were distinctly different from the dark encrustation. Detected genera were linked to extreme environmental conditions, various potential functional roles and degradation abilities. From these data it was possible to reconstruct almost complete nitrogen and sulfur cycles, as well as autotrophic carbon fixation and mineral transformation processes. Analysis of RNA showed that many of the detected genera in these nutrient cycles were probably active in situ. Thus, CH stonework microbial communities are highly diverse and potentially self-sustaining ecosystems capable of cycling carbon, nitrogen and sulfur as well as the stone biodeterioration processes that lead to alterations such as exfoliation and corrosion. These results highlight the importance of diversity and internal recycling capacity in the development of microbial communities in harsh and low energy systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Zanardini
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Department of Science and High TechnologyUniversity of InsubriaComoItaly
| | - Eric May
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | | | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McLaughlan R, Pert A. Evidence and speculation: reimagining approaches to architecture and research within the paediatric hospital. Med Humanit 2018; 44:146-152. [PMID: 29175882 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2017-011285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the dominant research paradigm within the construction of contemporary healthcare facilities, evidence-based design (EBD) will increasingly impact our expectations of what hospital architecture should be. Research methods within EBD focus on prototyping incremental advances and evaluating what has already been built. Yet medical care is a rapidly evolving system; changes to technology, workforce composition, patient demographics and funding models can create rapid and unpredictable changes to medical practice and modes of care. This dynamism has the potential to curtail or negate the usefulness of current best practice approaches. To imagine new directions for the role of the hospital in society, or innovative ways in which the built environment might support well-being, requires a model that can project beyond existing constraints. Speculative design employs a design-based research methodology to imagine alternative futures and uses the artefacts created through this process to enable broader critical reflection on existing practices. This paper examines the contribution of speculative design within the context of the paediatric hospital as a means of facilitating critical reflection regarding the design of new healthcare facilities. While EBD is largely limited by what has already been built, speculative design offers a complementary research method to meet this limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McLaughlan
- Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Pert
- Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pinter-Wollman N, Jelić A, Wells NM. The impact of the built environment on health behaviours and disease transmission in social systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170245. [PMID: 29967306 PMCID: PMC6030577 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The environment plays an important role in disease dynamics and in determining the health of individuals. Specifically, the built environment has a large impact on the prevention and containment of both chronic and infectious disease in humans and in non-human animals. The effects of the built environment on health can be direct, for example, by influencing environmental quality, or indirect by influencing behaviours that impact disease transmission and health. Furthermore, these impacts can happen at many scales, from the individual to the society, and from the design of the plates we eat from to the design of cities. In this paper, we review the ways that the built environment affects both the prevention and the containment of chronic and infectious disease. We bring examples from both human and animal societies and attempt to identify parallels and gaps between the study of humans and animals that can be capitalized on to advance the scope and perspective of research in each respective field. By consolidating this literature, we hope to highlight the importance of built structures in determining the complex dynamics of disease and in impacting the health behaviours of both humans and animals.This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Pinter-Wollman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Jelić
- Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nancy M Wells
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ireland T, Garnier S. Architecture, space and information in constructions built by humans and social insects: a conceptual review. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170244. [PMID: 29967305 PMCID: PMC6030583 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The similarities between the structures built by social insects and by humans have led to a convergence of interests between biologists and architects. This new, de facto interdisciplinary community of scholars needs a common terminology and theoretical framework in which to ground its work. In this conceptually oriented review paper, we review the terms 'information', 'space' and 'architecture' to provide definitions that span biology and architecture. A framework is proposed on which interdisciplinary exchange may be better served, with the view that this will aid better cross-fertilization between disciplines, working in the areas of collective behaviour and analysis of the structures and edifices constructed by non-humans; and to facilitate how this area of study may better contribute to the field of architecture. We then use these definitions to discuss the informational content of constructions built by organisms and the influence these have on behaviour, and vice versa. We review how spatial constraints inform and influence interaction between an organism and its environment, and examine the reciprocity of space and information on construction and the behaviour of humans and social insects.This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ireland
- Kent School of Architecture, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Simon Garnier
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bayramzadeh S, Joseph A, Allison D, Shultz J, Abernathy J. Using an integrative mock-up simulation approach for evidence-based evaluation of operating room design prototypes. Appl Ergon 2018; 70:288-299. [PMID: 29866321 PMCID: PMC5992500 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the process and tools developed as part of a multidisciplinary collaborative simulation-based approach for iterative design and evaluation of operating room (OR) prototypes. Full-scale physical mock-ups of healthcare spaces offer an opportunity to actively communicate with and to engage multidisciplinary stakeholders in the design process. While mock-ups are increasingly being used in healthcare facility design projects, they are rarely evaluated in a manner to support active user feedback and engagement. Researchers and architecture students worked closely with clinicians and architects to develop OR design prototypes and engaged clinical end-users in simulated scenarios. An evaluation toolkit was developed to compare design prototypes. The mock-up evaluation helped the team make key decisions about room size, location of OR table, intra-room zoning, and doors location. Structured simulation based mock-up evaluations conducted in the design process can help stakeholders visualize their future workspace and provide active feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bayramzadeh
- Clemson University, School of Architecture Lee 2, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Anjali Joseph
- Clemson University, School of Architecture Lee 2, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - David Allison
- Clemson University, School of Architecture Lee 2, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Jonas Shultz
- Health Quality Council of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - James Abernathy
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Zayed 6208, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Postma BNJ, Jouan S, Katz BFG. Pre-Sabine room acoustic design guidelines based on human voice directivity. J Acoust Soc Am 2018; 143:2428. [PMID: 29716287 DOI: 10.1121/1.5032201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the work of Wallace C. Sabine on the lecture hall of the Fogg Art Museum and concert hall of Boston Symphony Hall, a foundation for the field of architectural acoustics as a science was laid between 1895 and 1900. Prior to that, architects employed various notions in acoustic design. Previous studies by the authors have reviewed 18th and 19th century design guidelines that were based on the quantification of the perception threshold between direct sound and first order reflections, with these guidelines being followed in the design of several rooms with acoustical demands. This study reviews an alternate metric guideline, based on the directivity and propagation distance of the human voice, which was utilized in several halls also during the 18th and 19th centuries. The related acoustic experiments tested how far sound was perceivable towards the front, sides, and rear of a speaking person. These ratios were used in the acoustical design of at least five lecture halls, four theater halls, one opera hall, and one concert hall, constructed in Germany, England, and the USA. These historic designs, and comparisons to modern measures and guidelines, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian F G Katz
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martinez-Millana A, Fernandez-Llatas C, Sacchi L, Segagni D, Guillen S, Bellazzi R, Traver V. From data to the decision: A software architecture to integrate predictive modelling in clinical settings. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2015:8161-4. [PMID: 26738188 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The application of statistics and mathematics over large amounts of data is providing healthcare systems with new tools for screening and managing multiple diseases. Nonetheless, these tools have many technical and clinical limitations as they are based on datasets with concrete characteristics. This proposition paper describes a novel architecture focused on providing a validation framework for discrimination and prediction models in the screening of Type 2 diabetes. For that, the architecture has been designed to gather different data sources under a common data structure and, furthermore, to be controlled by a centralized component (Orchestrator) in charge of directing the interaction flows among data sources, models and graphical user interfaces. This innovative approach aims to overcome the data-dependency of the models by providing a validation framework for the models as they are used within clinical settings.
Collapse
|
26
|
Jones P. Private finance initiative hospital architecture: towards a political economy of the Royal Liverpool University Hospital. Sociol Health Illn 2018; 40:327-339. [PMID: 29464776 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sociological analysis has done much to illuminate the architectural contexts in which social life takes place. Research on care environments suggests that the built environment should not be understood as a passive backdrop to healthcare, but rather that care is conditioned by the architecture in which it happens. This article argues for the importance of going beyond the hospital walls to include the politics that underwrite the design and construction of hospital buildings. The article assesses the case of the yet-to-be-realised Liverpool Royal University Hospital, and the private finance initiative (PFI) funding that underpins the scheme, which is suggested as a salient 'external' context for understanding architecture's role in the provision of healthcare of many kinds for many years to come. PFI has major implications for democratic accountability and local economy, as well as for the architecture of the hospital as a site of care. Critical studies can illuminate these paradoxically visible-but-opaque hospital spaces by going beyond that which is immediately empirically evident, so as to reveal the ways in which hospital architecture is conditioned by political and economic forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jones
- Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stewart A, Elyan E, Isaacs J, McEwen L, Wilson L. The Effect of Person Order on Egress Time: A Simulation Model of Evacuation From a Neolithic Visitor Attraction. Hum Factors 2017; 59:1222-1232. [PMID: 28925727 DOI: 10.1177/0018720817729608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to model the egress of visitors from a Neolithic visitor attraction. BACKGROUND Tourism attracts increasing numbers of elderly and mobility-impaired visitors to our built-environment heritage sites. Some such sites have very limited and awkward access, were not designed for mass visitation, and may not be modifiable to facilitate disabled access. As a result, emergency evacuation planning must take cognizance of robust information, and in this study we aimed to establish the effect of visitor position on egress. METHOD Direct observation of three tours at Maeshowe, Orkney, informed typical time of able-bodied individuals and a mobility-impaired person through the 10-m access tunnel. This observation informed the design of egress and evacuation models running on the Unity gaming platform. RESULTS A slow-moving person at the observed speed typically increased time to safety of 20 people by 170% and reduced the advantage offered by closer tunnel separation by 26%. Using speeds for size-specific characters of 50th, 95th, and 99th percentiles increased time to safety in emergency evacuation by 51% compared with able-bodied individuals. CONCLUSION Larger individuals may slow egress times of a group; however, a single slow-moving mobility-impaired person exerts a greater influence on group egress, profoundly influencing those behind. APPLICATION Unidirectional routes in historic buildings and other visitor attractions are vulnerable to slow-moving visitors during egress. The model presented in this study is scalable, is applicable to other buildings, and can be used as part of a risk assessment and emergency evacuation plan in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leah McEwen
- Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lyn Wilson
- Historic Environment Scotland, The Engine Shed, Stirling, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
As the energy consumption has been surging in an unsustainable way, it is important to understand the impact of existing architecture designs from energy efficiency perspective, which is especially valuable for High Performance Computing (HPC) and datacenter environment hosting tens of thousands of servers. One obstacle hindering the advance of comprehensive evaluation on energy efficiency is the deficient power measuring approach. Most of the energy study relies on either external power meters or power models, both of these two methods contain intrinsic drawbacks in their practical adoption and measuring accuracy. Fortunately, the advent of Intel Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) interfaces has promoted the power measurement ability into next level, with higher accuracy and finer time resolution. Therefore, we argue it is the exact time to conduct an in-depth evaluation of the existing architecture designs to understand their impact on system energy efficiency. In this paper, we leverage representative benchmark suites including serial and parallel workloads from diverse domains to evaluate the architecture features such as Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA), Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) and Turbo Boost. The energy is tracked at subcomponent level such as Central Processing Unit (CPU) cores, uncore components and Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) through exploiting the power measurement ability exposed by RAPL. The experiments reveal non-intuitive results: 1) the mismatch between local compute and remote memory node caused by NUMA effect not only generates dramatic power and energy surge but also deteriorates the energy efficiency significantly; 2) for multithreaded application such as the Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers (PARSEC), most of the workloads benefit a notable increase of energy efficiency using SMT, with more than 40% decline in average power consumption; 3) Turbo Boost is effective to accelerate the workload execution and further preserve the energy, however it may not be applicable on system with tight power budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Yu
- Sino-German Joint Software Institute, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Sino-German Joint Software Institute, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Sino-German Joint Software Institute, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhongzhi Luan
- Sino-German Joint Software Institute, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Depei Qian
- Sino-German Joint Software Institute, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jroundi F, Schiro M, Ruiz-Agudo E, Elert K, Martín-Sánchez I, González-Muñoz MT, Rodriguez-Navarro C. Protection and consolidation of stone heritage by self-inoculation with indigenous carbonatogenic bacterial communities. Nat Commun 2017; 8:279. [PMID: 28819098 PMCID: PMC5561188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced salt weathering resulting from global warming and increasing environmental pollution is endangering the survival of stone monuments and artworks. To mitigate the effects of these deleterious processes, numerous conservation treatments have been applied that, however, show limited efficacy. Here we present a novel, environmentally friendly, bacterial self-inoculation approach for the conservation of stone, based on the isolation of an indigenous community of carbonatogenic bacteria from salt damaged stone, followed by their culture and re-application back onto the same stone. This method results in an effective consolidation and protection due to the formation of an abundant and exceptionally strong hybrid cement consisting of nanostructured bacterial CaCO3 and bacterially derived organics, and the passivating effect of bacterial exopolymeric substances (EPS) covering the substrate. The fact that the isolated and identified bacterial community is common to many stone artworks may enable worldwide application of this novel conservation methodology.Salt weathering enhanced by global warming and environmental pollution is increasingly threatening stone monuments and artworks. Here, the authors present a bacterial self-inoculation approach with indigenous carbonatogenic bacteria and find that this technique consolidates and protects salt damaged stone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Jroundi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Mara Schiro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Kerstin Elert
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa González-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shen QR, Li T, Cao Y, Pan Y. [Extensive Green Roof Substrate Composition Based on Sludge Recycling]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:2953-2960. [PMID: 29964638 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201701196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was carried out to study the reasonable composition of stable anaerobic sludge in the extensive green roof growth substrate by a total of 650 mm artificial rainfall event. Combined with the N, P leaching problem of the sludge resources utilization, the quality of the effluent and the change of the nutrient content of the substrate in the process of application were investigated. The results showed that the anaerobic sludge could significantly increase the plant biomass and the average weight gain was 808%. Stable anaerobic sludge caused a large amount of leaching of TP and water treatment residual could effectively control TP leaching and did not affect the absorption of P to the plant. During the experiment, the TP of the effluent was reduced by 68.66%.After stabilization, the effluent TP reached the surface water Ⅴ standard. The main form of leached TN was NO3--N and the leaching of NO3--N could be reduced by rice husk charcoal. In the experiment, the NO3- -N leaching mass was reduced by 28.86% totally. Increasing the amount of rice husk charcoal helped to control NO3--N leaching. SS and COD could be quickly decreased and stabilized. The COD of effluent after stabilization was about 30 mg·L-1, which was better than the standard of surface water Ⅴ. Under the condition of actual precipitation with medium and small rainfall, the anaerobic sludge nutrient retention time should be more than 1 year, which meets the growing needs of plants for a long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ran Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mallam SC, Lundh M, MacKinnon SN. Evaluating a digital ship design tool prototype: Designers' perceptions of novel ergonomics software. Appl Ergon 2017; 59:19-26. [PMID: 27890127 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided solutions are essential for naval architects to manage and optimize technical complexities when developing a ship's design. Although there are an array of software solutions aimed to optimize the human element in design, practical ergonomics methodologies and technological solutions have struggled to gain widespread application in ship design processes. This paper explores how a new ergonomics technology is perceived by naval architecture students using a mixed-methods framework. Thirteen Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Masters students participated in the study. Overall, results found participants perceived the software and its embedded ergonomics tools to benefit their design work, increasing their empathy and ability to understand the work environment and work demands end-users face. However, participant's questioned if ergonomics could be practically and efficiently implemented under real-world project constraints. This revealed underlying social biases and a fundamental lack of understanding in engineering postgraduate students regarding applied ergonomics in naval architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Mallam
- Human Factors & Navigation Division, Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Monica Lundh
- Human Factors & Navigation Division, Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott N MacKinnon
- Human Factors & Navigation Division, Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ahola M, Mugge R. Safety in passenger ships: The influence of environmental design characteristics on people's perception of safety. Appl Ergon 2017; 59:143-152. [PMID: 27890122 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although objective safety is a widely studied topic in ergonomics, subjective safety has received far less research attention. Nevertheless, most of human decision-making and behavior depends on how we perceive our environment. This study investigates the effects of various environmental design characteristics on people's safety perception in a passenger ship context. Five different environmental design characteristics were manipulated to increase the openness of the space or to create more clear navigation, resulting in 20 different cabin corridors for a passenger ship. Ninety-seven respondents were asked to rate these corridors on the perceived safety in an experiment. The results showed that people feel more safe when the corridors have a curved ceiling, when the walls do not have a split-level design, and when there is a view to the outside. Designers can use these insights when designing future environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ahola
- Aalto University, School of Arts, Design and Architecture/School of Engineering, PO Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Ruth Mugge
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Product Innovation Management, Landbergstraat 15, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Molineux CJ, Gange AC, Newport DJ. Using soil microbial inoculations to enhance substrate performance on extensive green roofs. Sci Total Environ 2017; 580:846-856. [PMID: 28034543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Green roofs are increasing in popularity in the urban environment for their contribution to green infrastructure; but their role for biodiversity is not often a design priority. Maximising biodiversity will impact positively on ecosystem services and is therefore fundamental for achieving the greatest benefits from green roofs. Extensive green roofs are lightweight systems generally constructed with a specialised growing medium that tends to be biologically limited and as such can be a harsh habitat for plants to thrive in. Thus, this investigation aimed to enhance the soil functioning with inoculations of soil microbes to increase plant diversity, improve vegetation health/performance and maximise access to soil nutrients. Manipulations included the addition of mycorrhizal fungi and a microbial mixture ('compost tea') to green roof rootzones, composed mainly of crushed brick or crushed concrete. The study revealed that growing media type and depth play a vital role in the microbial ecology of green roofs, with complex relationships between depth and type of substrate and the type of microbial inoculant applied, with no clear pattern being observed. For bait plant measurements (heights, leaf numbers, root/shoot biomass, leaf nutrients), a compost tea may have positive effects on plant performance when grown in substrates of shallower depths (5.5cm), even one year after inoculums are applied. Results from the species richness surveys show that diversity was significantly increased with the application of an AM fungal treatment and that overall, results suggest that brick-based substrate blends are most effective for vegetation performance as are deeper depths (although this varied with time). Microbial inoculations of green roof habitats appeared to be sustainable; they need only be done once for benefits to still been seen in subsequent years where treatments are added independently (not in combination). They seem to be a novel and viable method of enhancing rooftop conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Molineux
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London, Docklands Campus, 4-6 University Way, London E16 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan C Gange
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl J Newport
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London, Docklands Campus, 4-6 University Way, London E16 2RD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Meisenberg O, Mishra R, Joshi M, Gierl S, Rout R, Guo L, Agarwal T, Kanse S, Irlinger J, Sapra BK, Tschiersch J. Radon and thoron inhalation doses in dwellings with earthen architecture: Comparison of measurement methods. Sci Total Environ 2017; 579:1855-1862. [PMID: 27939079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The radioactive noble gas radon (222Rn) and its decay products have been considered a health risk in the indoor environment for many years because of their contribution to the radiation dose of the lungs. The radioisotope thoron (220Rn) and its decay products came into focus of being a health risk only recently. The reason for this is its short half-life, so only building material can become a significant source for indoor thoron. In this study, dwellings with earthen architecture were investigated with different independent measurement techniques in order to determine appropriate methods for reliable dose assessment of the dwellers. While for radon dose assessment, radon gas measurement and the assumption of a common indoor equilibrium factor often are sufficient, thoron gas has proven to be an unreliable surrogate for a direct measurement of thoron decay products. Active/time-resolved but also passive/integrating measurements of the total concentration of thoron decay products demonstrated being precise and efficient methods for determining the exposure and inhalation dose from thoron and its decay products. Exhalation rate measurements are a useful method for a rough dose estimate only if the exhalation rate is homogeneous throughout the house. Before the construction of a building in-vitro exhalation rate measurements on the building material can yield information about the exposure that is to be expected. Determining the unattached fraction of radon decay products and even more of thoron decay products leads to only a slightly better precision; this confirms the relative unimportance of the unattached thoron decay products due to their low concentration. The results of this study thereby give advice on the proper measurement method in similar exposure situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Meisenberg
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Rosaline Mishra
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai 400 085, India.
| | - Manish Joshi
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Stefanie Gierl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rajeswari Rout
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Lu Guo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sandeep Kanse
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Josef Irlinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Balvinder K Sapra
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai 400 085, India.
| | - Jochen Tschiersch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gaylarde C, Baptista-Neto JA, Ogawa A, Kowalski M, Celikkol-Aydin S, Beech I. Epilithic and endolithic microorganisms and deterioration on stone church facades subject to urban pollution in a sub-tropical climate. Biofouling 2017; 33:113-127. [PMID: 28054493 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1269893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Weathering of two church facades in Rio de Janeiro was caused substantially by salts, mainly halite and gypsum, detected by SEM and chemical analyses, which cause physical stresses by deposition within the rock. Biofilm populations, determined by SEM and as operational taxonomic units (OTUs), degraded stone by penetration, solubilization and redeposition of minerals on their surfaces. Endolithic cyanobacteria were associated with gypsum deposits. Microbiomes were typical for high-stress environments, high salt, intense insolation, low water and low nutrients (eg halophilic Rubrobacter, Salinicola, Sterigmatomyces). The main colonizers on the church most affected by traffic (Nossa Senhora da Candelária - CA) were Actinobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria (chiefly Pseudomonas) were predominant on the site situated in a leafy square (São Francisco de Paula - SF). Major Gammaproteobacteria on CA were halophilic Halomonas and Rhodobacteriaceae. Fungal OTUs on both churches were principally dimorphic, yeast-like basidiomycetes. Many OTUs of thermophilic microorganisms (eg the Thermomicrobia class, Chloroflexi) were present. This is the first use of next generation sequencing (NGS) to study microbial biofilm interactions with metamorphic and granite buildings in an intensely urban, sub-tropical climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gaylarde
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | | | - Akiko Ogawa
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | - Matthew Kowalski
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | - Sukriye Celikkol-Aydin
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | - Iwona Beech
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun T Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Motzek T, Büter K. [In process]. Pflege Z 2016; 69:754-757. [PMID: 29426118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
|
38
|
Sterck F, Zweifel R. Trees maintain a similar conductance per leaf area through integrated responses in growth, allocation, architecture and anatomy. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:1307-1309. [PMID: 27744382 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University , Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Abstract
This research addresses whether one underlying concept of appreciation exists across different classes of objects. Three studies were done. To identify aesthetic properties relevant for the aesthetic judgment of everyday objects and paintings, in Study 1 expert interviews were conducted with 12 interior designers, object-oriented designers and architects, and 12 students of art history. In Study 2, multidimensional unfolding (MDU) was used to examine whether common judgment criteria can be identified for the objects of the different classes. A sample of 217 German subjects participated. 2- or 3-dimensional MDU solutions resulted for each object class. The identified dimensions were labeled using the aesthetic properties derived from the expert interviews (Study 1). These dimensions represent relevant dimensions of aesthetic judgment on which object properties vary. Study 2 suggested that people use different dimensions of aesthetic judgment for different object classes. The identified dimensions were then used to construct three sets of systematically varied everyday objects and one set of systematically varied paintings. Using this stimulus material in Study 3, conjoint analysis indicated these dimensions are differentially important for the overall aesthetic judgment.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kraas E. [Impressions and memories of the educational trip to Florence for the 19th Symposium "The art of healing and healing art in buildings and pictures from the 9th to 12th October 2013]. Hist Hosp 2016; 29:260-269. [PMID: 27501558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
Most previous research suggests that the horizontal size of a space has a strong effect on the perception of enclosure, but Hayward and Franklin reported in 1974 that the main determinant of perceived enclosure was the ratio of boundary height (H) over the distance to boundary (D) rather than just the boundary height per se or distance per se. We attempted replication of that finding. Students (41 male, mean age = 24.7 yr., SD = 7.7) rated 16 images on a scale of open/enclosed. There was a strong effect on impressions of enclosure for angle above observer ( r = .91), and this effect was larger than the effect of height ( r = −.17), but there also was another strong effect for distance ( r = −.68). Moreover, the effect of distance was dependent on angle above observer ( r = −.52). Thus, partial replication was achieved, and a new relationship between the geometry of environments and perceived enclosure was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Stamps
- Institute of Environmental Quality, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
von Troschke J. [Physician's art column]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2016; 105:795. [PMID: 27329716 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
44
|
Eagle A. Nurses' Orders: Architecture firms are vying for unique insights from caregivers to improve health facility design. Health Facil Manage 2016; 29:18-23. [PMID: 27323498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
|
45
|
Ryhl C, Kajita M, Sørensen R. Qualitative Description of Spatial Quality in Inclusive Architecture. Stud Health Technol Inform 2016; 229:639-641. [PMID: 27534361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Universal design (UD) has gained global significance and is in the process of institutionalisation in the Nordic Region. This is despite an urgent necessity for developing the theoretical basis and practical applicability of UD. Reflecting this need for furthering the comprehensive understanding of spatial implication of UD, this paper aims to contribute for articulating a means to assess the quality of UD in architecture. Drawing upon numerous cases from research conducted at the Danish Building Research Institute, the paper focuses on sensory aspects of spatial quality, and discusses as well as reflects an applied method for producing the qualitative description of selected buildings that embody UD through creative solutions. The qualitative description of collected examples appears to be effective in delineating sensory aspects of spatial experience; however the systematic development of assessment criteria is essential in order to support students and designers to make responsible decisions in shaping built environments that are accessible and inclusive but also enjoyable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ryhl
- Danish Building Research Institute (SBi), Aalborg University, Copenhagen
| | - Masashi Kajita
- Danish Building Research Institute (SBi), Aalborg University, Copenhagen
| | - René Sørensen
- Danish Building Research Institute (SBi), Aalborg University, Copenhagen
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Malkin J, Ferenc J. Designing Safer Hospitals: Evidence is Everything. Hosp Health Netw 2016; 90:30-31. [PMID: 26904913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
47
|
Top 15 architectual firms. Ranked by 2014 dollar volume. Mod Healthc 2015; Suppl Dec 21 2015:34. [PMID: 27086472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
48
|
Case KH. Our Spaces Build Us. Beginnings 2015; 35:18-20. [PMID: 26867263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
49
|
Oettl D. A multiscale modelling methodology applicable for regulatory purposes taking into account effects of complex terrain and buildings on pollutant dispersion: a case study for an inner Alpine basin. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:17860-17875. [PMID: 26162440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion modelling in complex terrain always has been challenging for modellers. Although a large number of publications are dedicated to that field, candidate methods and models for usage in regulatory applications are scarce. This is all the more true when the combined effect of topography and obstacles on pollutant dispersion has to be taken into account. In Austria, largely situated in Alpine regions, such complex situations are quite frequent. This work deals with an approach, which is in principle capable of considering both buildings and topography in simulations by combining state-of-the-art wind field models at the micro- (<1 km) and mesoscale γ (2-20 km) with a Lagrangian particle model. In order to make such complex numerical models applicable for regulatory purposes, meteorological input data for the models need to be readily derived from routine observations. Here, use was made of the traditional way to bin meteorological data based on wind direction, speed, and stability class, formerly mainly used in conjunction with Gaussian-type models. It is demonstrated that this approach leads to reasonable agreements (fractional bias < 0.1) between observed and modelled annual average concentrations in an Alpine basin with frequent low-wind-speed conditions, temperature inversions, and quite complex flow patterns, while keeping the simulation times within the frame of possibility with regard to applications in licencing procedures. However, due to the simplifications in the derivation of meteorological input data as well as several ad hoc assumptions regarding the boundary conditions of the mesoscale wind field model, the methodology is not suited for computing detailed time and space variations of pollutant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Oettl
- Air Quality Control, Government of Styria, Landhausgasse 7, 8010, Graz, Styria, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu CH, Ng CT, Wong CCC. A theory of ventilation estimate over hypothetical urban areas. J Hazard Mater 2015; 296:9-16. [PMID: 25901939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urban roughness is a major factor governing the flows and scalar transport in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) but our understanding is rather limited. The ventilation and pollutant removal of hypothetical urban areas consisting of various types of street canyons are examined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The aerodynamic resistance, ventilation efficiency, and pollutant removal are measured by the friction factor f, air exchange rate (ACH), and pollutant exchange rate (PCH), respectively. Two source configurations of passive tracer, ground-level-only (Tracer 0) and all-solid-boundary (Tracer 1) are employed to contrast their transport behavior. It is found that the ventilation and pollutant removal are largely attributed to their turbulent components (over 60%). Moreover, with a consistent support from analytical solution and CFD results, the turbulent ACH is a linear function of the square root of the friction factor (ACH'∝f(1/2)) regardless of building geometry. Tracer 0 and Tracer 1 exhibit diversified removal behavior as functions of friction factor so analytical parameterizations have not yet been developed. In view of the large portion of aged air removal by turbulence, it is proposed that the aerodynamic resistance can serve as an estimate to the minimum ventilation efficiency of urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-To Ng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Colman C C Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|