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Abad-Zapatero C. Notes of a protein crystallographer: the legacy of J.-B. J. Fourier - crystallography, time and beyond. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:703-711. [PMID: 33950024 PMCID: PMC8098479 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832100293x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the Fourier transform as a fundamental tool for crystallography is well known in the field. However, the complete legacy of Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) as a pioneer Egyptologist and premier mathematician and physicist of his time, and the implications of his work in other scientific fields, is less well known. Significantly, his theoretical and experimental work on phenomena related to the transmission of heat founded the mathematical study of irreversible phenomena and introduced the flow of time in physico-chemical processes and geology, with its implications for biological evolution. Fourier's insights are discussed in contrast to the prevalent notion of reversible dynamic time in the early 20th century, which was dominated by Albert Einstein's (1875-1953) theory of general relativity versus the philosophical notion of durée proposed by the French philosopher Henri-Louis Bergson (1859-1941). The current status of the mathematical description of irreversible processes by Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (1917-2003) is briefly discussed as part of the enduring legacy of the pioneering work of J.-B. J. Fourier, first established nearly two centuries ago, in numerous scientific endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celerino Abad-Zapatero
- Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Abstract
Fifty years ago, the first landmark structures of antibodies heralded the dawn of structural immunology. Momentum then started to build toward understanding how antibodies could recognize the vast universe of potential antigens and how antibody-combining sites could be tailored to engage antigens with high specificity and affinity through recombination of germline genes (V, D, J) and somatic mutation. Equivalent groundbreaking structures in the cellular immune system appeared some 15 to 20 years later and illustrated how processed protein antigens in the form of peptides are presented by MHC molecules to T cell receptors. Structures of antigen receptors in the innate immune system then explained their inherent specificity for particular microbial antigens including lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, small molecules, and specific proteins. These two sides of the immune system act immediately (innate) to particular microbial antigens or evolve (adaptive) to attain high specificity and affinity to a much wider range of antigens. We also include examples of other key receptors in the immune system (cytokine receptors) that regulate immunity and inflammation. Furthermore, these antigen receptors use a limited set of protein folds to accomplish their various immunological roles. The other main players are the antigens themselves. We focus on surface glycoproteins in enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2 that enable entry and egress into host cells and are targets for the antibody response. This review covers what we have learned over the past half century about the structural basis of the immune response to microbial pathogens and how that information can be utilized to design vaccines and therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Allergy and Immunology/history
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Crystallography/history
- Crystallography/methods
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Protein Folding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- V(D)J Recombination
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Wlodawer A. Serendipity, politics, and crystal structures, or how I became a protein crystallographer. Postepy Biochem 2016; 62:239-241. [PMID: 28132476 PMCID: PMC6292444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Skalka AM(A, Andrake MD, Katz RA. Successes and challenges with retroviral enzymes. Postepy Biochem 2016; 62:280-285. [PMID: 28132482 PMCID: PMC6177231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Collaborations between the Wlodawer and Skalka laboratories have covered a period of almost 30 years. During that time our groups have co-authored 18 publications, including several much cited journal articles, book chapters, and scholarly reviews. It has therefore been most rewarding for us to share enthusiasm, insights, and expertise with our Frederick colleagues over the years, and also to enjoy lasting friendships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie (Ann) Skalka
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia PA, USA.
| | - Mark D. Andrake
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia PA, USA.
| | - Richard A. Katz
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia PA, USA.
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Jaskólski M. Foreword - Alexander Wlodawer Cirrculum Vitae. Postepy Biochem 2016; 62:237-238. [PMID: 28132475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Dhungat JVP. George Minot and Pernicious Anemia. J Assoc Physicians India 2015; 63:94-95. [PMID: 27604448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
George Minot (1885-1950) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was great grandson of James Jackson, co-founder of Massachusetts General Hospital in 1821. Graduating from Harvard College he enrolled at Harvard Medical School and obtained his MD in 1912. As a house pupil (intern) at the hospital he became interested in diseases of the blood and began taking meticulous histories of dietary habits of patients with anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Pai Dhungat
- Professor of Medicine (Retd.), T.N. Medical College, Hon. Physician, Bhatia Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra
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Abstract
William Barlow (1845-1934) was an important if unconventional scientist, known for having developed the 'closest-packing' atomic models of crystal structure. He resumed an early nineteenth-century tradition of utilizing crystallographical and chemical data to determine atomic arrangements in crystals. This essay recounts Barlow's career and scientific activity in three parts: (a) His place in the tradition of determining atomic arrangement in context of this earlier tradition and of contemporaneous developments of crystallography and chemistry, (b) his unconventional career, and (c) the 'success' of his program to determine atomic arrangements in crystals and its influence on the work of William Lawrence Bragg.
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Abstract
The Protein Data Bank archive was established in 1971, and recently celebrated its 40th anniversary (Berman et al. in Structure 20:391, 2012). An analysis of interrelationships of the science, technology and community leads to further insights into how this resource evolved into one of the oldest and most widely used open-access data resources in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Berman
- RCSB PDB, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,
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100 years young. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:565. [PMID: 25091440 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Stubbs MT, Baumann U. No end in sight: the development of protein crystallography in Martinsried. Biol Chem 2012; 393:1025-6. [PMID: 23089608 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
No abstract available.
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Jaskólski M. [Retroviral proteases 20 years later: reminiscences]. Postepy Biochem 2009; 55:15-20. [PMID: 19514461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Jaskólski
- Zakład Krystalografii, Wydział Chemii Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań.
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Abstract
Enantiomorphism and enantiomorphous were the first enantio-based terms, introduced 150 years ago, by Carl Friedrich Naumann, a German crystallographer, to refer to non-superposable mirror-image crystals. The terminology was not adopted by Pasteur, the discoverer of molecular chirality, and was not embraced at first in the stereochemical context, until it was accepted in 1877 by Van't Hoff in the German edition of his proposal for the tetrahedral asymmetric carbon atom. In the 1890s the use of enantio terms began to spread in the research literature, and many new derivatives of Naumann's original two terms were subsequently introduced. Problems in the usage of some of the terms are often found in the literature, e.g., enantiomorphism is sometimes confused with chirality; enantiomeric is often misused; the meaning of some of the many derived terms, e.g., enantiosymmetric, enantioposition, etc., is unclear. All in all, Naumann should be remembered as the creator of essential terminology in the realm of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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Yathindra N. M. Sundaralingam (1931–2004): distinguished nucleic acid researcher. Acta Cryst D 2005; 61:845-9. [PMID: 15983405 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444905014964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Yathindra
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology G5, Tech Park Mall, ITPL, Whitefield Road, Bangalore 560 066, India.
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Coppens P. Ewald Prize awarded to Professor Philip Coppens. Acta Crystallogr A 2005; 61:300. [PMID: 15724078 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam R Desiraju
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Beinert H. EPR on the P450cam system in the late 1960s with Gunny and his gang: insights concerning the structure of Fe-S proteins and the spin states of P450. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:45-7. [PMID: 14630015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Beinert
- InCollege of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726-4087, USA.
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The winning channels. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2003; 10:873-873. [PMID: 14583733 DOI: 10.1038/nsb1103-873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
There are no established conventions for portraying scientific women. At the Royal Society, the first image of a female scientist was Henry Moore's drawing of Dorothy Hodgkin's hands, cruelly twisted by agonising arthritis. In her famous oil portrait, Maggi Hambling also focuses on Hodgkin's hands, thus symbolising the Nobel-prize winner's dedication to research and the importance of manual dexterity. Although Hambling's picture features a model of insulin, it is very different from photographs celebrating the discovery of DNA.
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French AD. George Alan Jeffrey. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:1-9. [PMID: 11836940 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Prien EL. The use of polarized light in the analysis of calculi and in the study of crystals in tissue: a preliminary report on the method employed. 1941. J Urol 2002; 167:831-2. [PMID: 11905906 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(02)80269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T Senda
- Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
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Ceska TA. Recollections of the electron crystallographic heavy atom derivative search of purple membrane: the quest for EM structure determination. J Struct Biol 1999; 127:135-40. [PMID: 10527902 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1999.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of multiple isomorphous replacement in protein electron crystallography for phase determination has been systematically studied only for purple membrane, even though the use of heavy atoms or heavy atom clusters has been used on many occasions in electron microscopy for locating domains or subunits in protein assemblies. The background behind the structure determination of bacteriorhodopsin, the protein component of purple membranes, is summarized and an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of using isomorphous replacement in electron crystallography is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ceska
- Celltech Therapeutics, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, United Kingdom
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Fogazzi GB. Austria 19th century. An atlas on urinary sediment written by a surgeon and a chemist still of interest today. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:2038-40. [PMID: 10462298 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/14.8.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G B Fogazzi
- Divisione di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale Maggiore, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Electron crystallography is a powerful tool for the quantitative structural characterization of substances that preferentially form thin microcrystals. Because multiple-beam dynamical scattering may cause observed diffraction intensities to deviate significantly from their kinematical values, it is necessary to demonstrate that the conditions favoring ab initio determinations can be established. Review of similar determinations made from electron and X-ray data make clear both the strengths and weaknesses of electron crystallography. With current instrumentation, the major onus now placed on the experimentalist is to optimize specimen preparation so that the resultant diffraction data can be directly interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Dorset
- Electron Diffraction Department, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Inc., Buffalo, New York 14203-1196, USA.
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Shanchuk T. The Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Inc. Mol Med 1998; 4:693-7. [PMID: 9932106 PMCID: PMC2230343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Shanchuk
- Office of Development and Public Relations, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Inc., Buffalo, NY 14203-1196, USA. ,
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2128, USA.
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Authier A. Asbjørn Ivar Hordvik 1928-1995. Acta Crystallogr A 1997; 53 ( Pt 2):105-7. [PMID: 9115671 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767396014250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Snelders HA. [Are liquid crystals living organisms?]. Gewina 1997; 20:129-42. [PMID: 11625121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
In 1888 the Austrian botanist F. Reinitzer made the observation that the solid compound cholesteryl-benzoate changes - when melting at 145.5 oC - into a cloudy liquid, that however, turns into a clear liquid at 178.5 oC and higher temperatures. The cloudy liquid seemed to be doubly refracting. Soon a number of these so-called 'liquid crystals' were discovered; in 1908 D. Vorländer, professor of organic chemistry at Halle, described more than 250 of these substances. It was O. Lehmann, professor of physics at Aachen (1885), Dresden (1888) and Karlsruhe (1889), who immediately after Reinitzer's observation began a systematic study of these liquid crystals. In The Netherlands the Amsterdam professor of physican chemistry H. W. Bakhuis Roozeboom was interested in liquid crystals, in particular because of their place in his phase system. F.M. Jaeger, at that time teaching chemistry in a secondary school in Zaandam (near Amsterdam) and working as an unpaid university lecturer at the Amsterdam university (by recommendation of Bakhuis Roozeboom), investigated liquid crystals (1906), as did a number of doctoral students (A.C. de Kock, 1903; A. Prins, 1907). At the university of Utrecht L.S. Ornstein, professor of physics, gave the study of liquid crystals a prominent place in his research programme. The discovery of liquid crystals, which seemed to be able to grow, move, divide, copulate, and so on, led to a discussion on the nature of these substances. Time and again Lehmann called them 'apparently living crystals', although without considering them as 'real living beings'. In his book Flüssige Kristalle und die Theorien des Lebens (1906), Lehmann proved to be an obvious adherent of the monistic views of the biologist E. Haeckel. Haeckel considered the existence of liquid crystals as proof of the unity between the inorganic and the organic world that he believed in so strongly. In his last book, Kristallseelen. Studien über das Anorganische Leben (1917), he considered liquid crystals a real form of life, as did F. Rinne, professor of mineralogy and petrography, as late as in the nineteen thirties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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Abrahams SC. A. J. C. Wilson. 80 years. Acta Crystallogr A 1994; 50 ( Pt 6):655-7. [PMID: 7999334 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767394009311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Shafrir E. Aaron Klug--a pioneer of crystallographic electron microscopy. Isr J Med Sci 1994; 30:734. [PMID: 8088991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Shafrir
- Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Proceedings: The Dale Medal 1974. J Endocrinol 1974; 63:1P-2P. [PMID: 4613786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Delaunay A. [A life and its work (Louis Pasteur)]. Nouv Presse Med 1973; 2:1177-82. [PMID: 4577120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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