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Irizarry-Gatell VM, Bacchus MW, De Leo EK, Zhang Y, Lagasse CA, Khanna AY, Harris NS, Zumberg MS. The use of andexanet alfa vs. 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates in the setting of life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2024; 35:94-100. [PMID: 38358898 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Andexanet alfa is a targeted reversal agent for life threatening hemorrhage associated with direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), but there is uncertainty regarding the benefit when compared to 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) for this indication. We investigated the clinical outcomes and cost associated with reversal of DOACs in the setting of life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS A retrospective evaluation was conducted to evaluate patients with ICH in the setting of anticoagulation with DOAC from 9/1/2013 to 4/30/2020. Patients were included in the study if they received reversal with either andexanet alfa or 4F-PCC. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients were included in the study. There was no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality between patients who received andexanet alfa or 4F-PCC (52% vs. 35%, P = 0.14). Radiographic stability of bleed was identified in 57% of patients receiving andexanet alfa vs. 58% of patients receiving 4F-PCC ( P = 0.93). Median length of stay was not different between the andexanet alfa and 4F-PCC populations (7 days [IQR 6 - 12] vs. 6 days [IQR 3-12], P = 0.66). Median cost of reversal agent was higher in patients receiving andexanet alfa compared to 4F-PCC ($15 000 [IQR 15 000-$27 000] vs. $11 650 [IQR $8567-$14 149]). CONCLUSION Among patients with life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of DOAC therapy, no clinical differences were observed with respect to selection of reversal agent. Prothrombin complex concentrates remain a viable alternative to reversal of DOAC therapy though multicenter, randomized, prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the role of 4F-PCC in the reversal of DOAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Zhang
- Statistical Consultant, University of Florida College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Neil S Harris
- Division of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Sui Y, Shi Y, Yang Y, Xiao J, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Qiu Y, Xie Y, Lv Z. Bridging techniques compared with direct endovascular therapy for stroke due to tandem occlusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:1339-1343. [PMID: 38042661 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The superiority of the bridging strategy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) plus endovascular therapy (EVT) to EVT alone for the anterior circulation with tandem vascular occlusion (TO) has not been specifically addressed by a single randomized trial. Analysis of 15 studies (n = 1857 patients) revealed that 90 Day good functional outcomes (MRS≤2) were better for bridging therapy (IVT + EVT) than for dEVT (OR:1.39, 95%CI: 1.09-1.79, p = 0.008); 90-day mortality was lower for IVT + EVT than for dEVT (OR: 0.57; 95%CI: 0.40-0.81, p = 0.002) and rates of successful recanalization were higher for IVT + EVT than for dEVT (OR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.36-2.36, p<0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of symptomatic. intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) between groups (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.64-1.31, p = 0.62).In conclusion, Patients receiving IVT + EVT have a better functional outcome, lower death rate and a higher rate of successful recanalization than those receiving dEVT but there was no difference in sICH risk between the two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Sui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jin Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanru Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyu Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Li S, Wang X, Jin A, Liu G, Gu H, Li H, Campbell BCV, Fisher M, Yang Y, Wei Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu L, Li Z, Meng X, Wang Y. Safety and Efficacy of Reteplase Versus Alteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke 2024; 55:366-375. [PMID: 38152962 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reteplase is a more affordable new-generation thrombolytic with a prolonged half-life. We aimed to determine the safety dose range of reteplase for patients with acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours of onset. METHODS This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled, open-label, blinded-end point phase 2 clinical trial. Patients with acute ischemic stroke aged between 18 and 80 years who were eligible for standard intravenous thrombolysis were enrolled from 17 centers in China and randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive intravenous reteplase 12+12 mg, intravenous reteplase 18+18 mg, or intravenous alteplase 0.9 mg/kg. The primary safety outcome was symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SITS definition) within 36 hours. The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of no more than 1 or a decrease of at least 4 points from the baseline at 14 days after thrombolysis. RESULTS Between August 2019 and May 2021, 180 patients were randomly assigned to reteplase 12+12 mg (n=61), reteplase 18+18 mg (n=67), or alteplase (n=52). Four patients did not receive the study agent. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 3 of 60 (5.0%) in the reteplase 12+12 mg group, 1 of 66 (1.5%) in the reteplase 18+18 mg group, and 1 of 50 (2.0%) in the alteplase group (P=0.53). The primary efficacy outcome in the modified intention-to-treat population occurred in 45 of 60 (75.0%) in the reteplase 12+12 mg group (odds ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.35-2.06]), 48 of 66 (72.7%) in the reteplase 18+18 mg group (odds ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.32-1.78]), and 39 of 50 (78.0%) in alteplase group. CONCLUSIONS Reteplase was well tolerated in patients with acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours of onset in China with a similar efficacy profile to alteplase. The efficacy and appropriate dosage of reteplase for patients with acute ischemic stroke need prospective validation. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04028518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Aoming Jin
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Gaifen Liu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Hongqiu Gu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Bruce C V Campbell
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.C.V.C.)
| | - Marc Fisher
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.F.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Halison International Peace Hospital of Hengshui City, China (Y.W.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sinopharm Tongmei General Hospital, Datong, China (J.W.)
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Zixiao Li
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China (S.L., X.W., A.J., G.L., H.G., H.L., Yilong Wang, X.Z., L.L., Z.L., X.M., Yongjun Wang)
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Clark K, Patrick BM, Torian SC. Acute treatment of intracranial hemorrhage complicated by hemophilia a and emicizumab therapy. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 76:272.e1-272.e2. [PMID: 38123423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among patients with hemophilia A with or without FVIII inhibitors, emicizumab prophylaxis has demonstrated significantly reduced bleeding events. However, emicizumab interferes with clotting-based assays used for monitoring FVIII activity, resulting in falsely elevated FVIII activity. This lack of accurate monitoring can complicate the dosing of intravenous therapeutic FVIII clotting factor concentrates in the treatment of critical bleeding events. This case report aims to inform providers who frequently treat hemophilia-associated hemorrhages about emicizumab's effect on clotting-based assays essential for monitoring factor replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie Clark
- Department of Pharmacy, Methodist University Hospital, 1265 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Brett M Patrick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, 910 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Sterling C Torian
- Department of Pharmacy, Methodist University Hospital, 1265 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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Cheng XD, Zhang CX, Zhang Q, Zhou S, Jia LJ, Wang LR, Wang JH, Yu NW, Li BH. Predictive Role of Pre-Thrombolytic Neutrophil-Platelet Ratio on Hemorrhagic Transformation After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2024; 30:10760296231223192. [PMID: 38166411 PMCID: PMC10768614 DOI: 10.1177/10760296231223192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the predictive role of the neutrophil-platelet ratio (NPR) before intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). AIS patients treated with IVT without endovascular therapy between June 2019 and February 2023 were included. Patients were divided into high NPR (>35) and low NPR (≤35) groups according to the optimal threshold NPR value for identifying high-risk patients before IVT. The baseline data and the incidence of HT and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were compared between the two groups. The predictive role of the NPR and other related factors on HT after IVT was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. A total of 247 patients were included, with an average age of 67.5 ± 12.4 years. Post-thrombolytic HT was observed in 18.6% of the patients, and post-thrombolytic sICH was observed in 1.2% of the patients. There were 69 patients in the high NPR group and 178 patients in the low NPR group. The incidence of HT in the high NPR group was significantly higher than that in the low NPR group (30.4% vs 16.3%, P < .05). The incidence of sICH was significantly higher in the high NPR group than in the low NPR group (14.5% vs 1.7%, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NPR > 35 was positively correlated with HT (odds ratio (OR) = 3.236, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.481-7.068, P = .003) and sICH (OR = 13.644, 95% CI: 2.392-77.833, P = .003). A high NPR (>35) before IVT may be a predictor of HT in AIS patients. This finding may help clinicians make clinical decisions before IVT in AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li-Jun Jia
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li-Rong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Neng-Wei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bing-Hu Li
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Flint AC, Eaton A, Melles RB, Hartman J, Cullen SP, Chan SL, Rao VA, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Kapadia B, Patel NU, Klingman JG. Comparative safety of tenecteplase vs alteplase for acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107468. [PMID: 38039801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tenecteplase has been compared to alteplase in acute stroke randomized trials, with similar outcomes and safety measures, but higher doses of tenecteplase have been associated with higher hemorrhage rates in some studies. Limited data are available on the safety of tenecteplase outside of clinical trials. METHODS We examined the safety measures of intracranial hemorrhage, angioedema, and serious extracranial adverse events in a 21-hospital integrated healthcare system that switched from alteplase (0.9 mg/kg, maximum dose 90 mg) to tenecteplase (0.25 mg/kg, maximum dose 25 mg) for acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS Among 3,689 subjects, no significant differences were seen between tenecteplase and alteplase in the rate of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), parenchymal hemorrhage, or volume of parenchymal hemorrhage. Symptomatic hemorrhage (sICH) was not different between the two agents: sICH by NINDS criteria was 2.0 % for alteplase vs 2.3 % for tenecteplase (P = 0.57), and sICH by SITS criteria was 0.8 % vs 1.1 % (P = 0.39). Adjusted logistic regression models also showed no differences between tenecteplase and alteplase: the odds ratio for tenecteplase (vs alteplase) modeling sICH by NINDS criteria was 0.9 (95 % CI 0.33 - 2.46, P = 0.83) and the odds ratio for tenecteplase modeling sICH by SITS criteria was 1.12 (95 % CI 0.25 - 5.07, P = 0.89). Rates of angioedema and serious extracranial adverse events were low and did not differ between tenecteplase and alteplase. Elapsed door-to-needle times showed a small improvement after the switch to tenecteplase (51.8 % treated in under 30 min with tenecteplase vs 43.5 % with alteplase, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In use outside of clinical trials, complication rates are similar between tenecteplase and alteplase. In the context of a stroke telemedicine program, the rates of hemorrhage observed with either agent were lower than expected based on prior trials and registry data. The more easily prepared tenecteplase was associated with a lower door-to-needle time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Flint
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Department of Neuroscience, Kaiser Permanente Redwood City, 1150 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94025, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Sean P Cullen
- Department of Neuroscience, KP Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Sheila L Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, KP Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Vivek A Rao
- Department of Neuroscience, KP Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Brij Kapadia
- Department of Radiology, KP San Leandro, CA, USA
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Aziz YN, Khatri P. Intravenous Thrombolysis to Dissolve Acute Stroke Thrombi: Reflections on the Past Decade. Stroke 2024; 55:186-189. [PMID: 38134255 PMCID: PMC11003301 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin N Aziz
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pooja Khatri
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Shafique MA, Ali SMS, Mustafa MS, Aamir A, Khuhro MS, Arbani N, Raza RA, Abbasi MB, Lucke-Wold B. Meta-analysis of direct endovascular thrombectomy vs bridging therapy in the management of acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 236:108070. [PMID: 38071760 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debates persist when using intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large-vessel occlusion (LVO). This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence on outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO), comparing bridging therapy (BT) with MT alone. METHOD We conducted searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to July 2023 to identify pertinent clinical trials and observational studies. RESULT 76 studies, involving 37,658 patients, revealed no significant difference in 90-day functional independence between DEVT and BT. However, a trend favoring BT for achieving functional independence with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0-1 was observed, having Odds ratio (OR) of 0.75 (95% CI 0.66-0.86; p < 0.001). DEVT was associated with higher postprocedural mortality (OR 1.44;95% CI 1.25-1.65; p < 0.001), but a lower risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage compared to BT (OR 0.855; 95% CI 0.621-1.177; p = 0.327). Successful recanalization rates favored BT, emphasizing the importance of individualized treatment decisions (OR 0.759; 95% CI 0.594-0.969; p = 0.027). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify key contributors to heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis underscores the intricate equilibrium between functional efficacy and safety in the evaluation of DEVT and BT for ACS-LVO. Fundamentally, while BT appears more efficacious, concerns about safety arise due to the superior safety profile demonstrated by DEVT. Individualized treatment decisions are imperative, and further trials are warranted to enhance precision in clinical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Aamir
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan.
| | | | - Naeemullah Arbani
- Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Pakistan.
| | - Rana Ali Raza
- Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Pakistan.
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Kiang JG, Cannon G, Olson MG, Zhai M, Woods AK, Xu F, Lin B, Li X, Hull L, Jiang S, Xiao M. Ciprofloxacin and pegylated G-CSF combined therapy mitigates brain hemorrhage and mortality induced by ionizing irradiation. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1268325. [PMID: 38162617 PMCID: PMC10756649 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1268325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain hemorrhage was found between 13 and 16 days after acute whole-body 9.5 Gy 60Co-γ irradiation (IR). This study tested countermeasures mitigating brain hemorrhage and increasing survival from IR. Previously, we found that pegylated G-CSF therapy (PEG) (i.e., Neulasta®, an FDA-approved drug) improved survival post-IR by 20-40%. This study investigated whether Ciprofloxacin (CIP) could enhance PEG-induced survival and whether IR-induced brain hemorrhage could be mitigated by PEG alone or combined with CIP. Methods B6D2F1 female mice were exposed to 60Co-γ-radiation. CIP was fed to mice for 21 days. PEG was injected on days 1, 8, and 15. 30-day survival and weight loss were studied in mice treated with vehicles, CIP, PEG, or PEG + CIP. For the early time point study, blood and sternums on days 2, 4, 9, and 15 and brains on day 15 post-IR were collected. Platelet numbers, brain hemorrhage, and histopathology were analyzed. The cerebellum/pons/medulla oblongata were detected with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), p53, p16, interleukin-18 (IL-18), ICAM1, Claudin 2, ZO-1, and complement protein 3 (C3). Results CIP + PEG enhanced survival after IR by 85% vs. the 30% improvement by PEG alone. IR depleted platelets, which was mitigated by PEG or CIP + PEG. Brain hemorrhage, both surface and intracranial, was observed, whereas the sham mice displayed no hemorrhage. CIP or CIP + PEG significantly mitigated brain hemorrhage. IR reduced GFAP levels that were recovered by CIP or CIP + PEG, but not by PEG alone. IR increased IL-18 levels on day 4 only, which was inhibited by CIP alone, PEG alone, or PEG + CIP. IR increased C3 on day 4 and day 15 and that coincided with the occurrence of brain hemorrhage on day 15. IR increased phosphorylated p53 and p53 levels, which was mitigated by CIP, PEG or PEG + CIP. P16, Claudin 2, and ZO-1 were not altered; ICAM1 was increased. Discussion CIP + PEG enhanced survival post-IR more than PEG alone. The Concurrence of brain hemorrhage, C3 increases and p53 activation post-IR suggests their involvement in the IR-induced brain impairment. CIP + PEG effectively mitigated the brain lesions, suggesting effectiveness of CIP + PEG therapy for treating the IR-induced brain hemorrhage by recovering GFAP and platelets and reducing C3 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann G. Kiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Georgetta Cannon
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew G. Olson
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Min Zhai
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Akeylah K. Woods
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bin Lin
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xianghong Li
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa Hull
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Suping Jiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mang Xiao
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Department of Scientific Research, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Murphy LR, Hill TP, Paul K, Talbott M, Golovko G, Shaltoni H, Jehle D. Tenecteplase Versus Alteplase for Acute Stroke: Mortality and Bleeding Complications. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 82:720-728. [PMID: 37178103 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase has been the foundation of initial treatment of acute ischemic stroke for several decades. Tenecteplase is a thrombolytic agent that offers logistical advantages in cost and administration relative to alteplase. There is evidence that tenecteplase has at least similar efficacy and safety outcomes compared with alteplase for stroke. In this study, we compared tenecteplase versus alteplase for acute stroke in a large retrospective US database (TriNetX) regarding the following 3 outcomes: (1) mortality, (2) intracranial hemorrhage, and (3) the need for acute blood transfusions. METHODS In this retrospective study using the US cohort of 54 academic medical centers/health care organizations in the TriNetX database, we identified 3,432 patients treated with tenecteplase and 55,894 patients treated with alteplase for stroke after January 1, 2012. Propensity score matching was performed on basic demographic information and 7 previous clinical diagnostic groups, resulting in a total of 6,864 patients with acute stroke evenly matched between groups. Mortality rates, the frequency of intracranial hemorrhage, and blood transfusions (as a marker of significant blood loss) were recorded for each group over the ensuing 7- and 30-day periods. Secondary subgroup analyses were conducted on a cohort treated from 2021 to 2022 in an attempt to determine whether temporal differences in acute ischemic stroke treatment would alter the results. RESULTS Patients treated with tenecteplase had a significantly lower mortality rate (8.2% versus 9.8%; risk ratio [RR], 0.832) and lower risk of major bleeding as measured by the frequency of blood transfusions (0.3% versus 1.4%; RR, 0.207) than alteplase at 30 days after thrombolysis for stroke. In the larger 10-year data set of patients with stroke treated after January 1, 2012, patients receiving tenecteplase were not found to have a statistically different incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (3.5% versus 3.0%; RR, 1.185) at 30 days after the administration of the thrombolytic agents in patients. However, a subgroup analysis of 2,216 evenly matched patients with stroke treated from 2021 to 2022 demonstrated notably better survival and statistically lower rates of intracranial hemorrhage than the alteplase group. CONCLUSION In our large retrospective multicenter study using real-world evidence from large health care organizations, tenecteplase for the treatment of acute stroke demonstrated a lower mortality rate, decreased intracranial hemorrhage, and less significant blood loss. The favorable mortality and safety profiles observed in this large study, taken together with previous randomized controlled trial data and operational advantages in rapid dosing and cost-effectiveness, all support the preferential use of tenecteplase in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Murphy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
| | - T Preston Hill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Krishna Paul
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Matthew Talbott
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Georgiy Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Hashem Shaltoni
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Dietrich Jehle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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11
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Jumaa MA, Rodriguez-Calienes A, Dawod G, Vivanco-Suarez J, Hassan AE, Divani AA, Oliver M, Ribo M, Petersen N, Abraham M, Fifi J, Guerrero WR, Malik AM, Siegler JE, Nguyen T, Sheth S, Yoo A, Linares G, Janjua N, Quispe-Orozco D, Galecio-Castillo M, Zevallos C, Malaga M, Farooqui M, Jovin T, Zaidi S, Ortega-Gutierrez S. Low dose intravenous cangrelor versus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in endovascular treatment of tandem lesions. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107438. [PMID: 37883826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intravenous (IV) periprocedural antiplatelet therapy (APT) for patients undergoing acute carotid stenting during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is not fully investigated. We aimed to compare the safety profile of IV low dose cangrelor versus IV glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP-IIb/IIIa) inhibitors in patients with acute tandem lesions (TLs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified all cases of periprocedural administration of IV cangrelor or GP-IIb/IIIa inhibitors during acute TLs intervention from a multicenter collaboration. Patients were divided in two groups according to the IV APT regimen at the time of MT procedure: 1) cangrelor and 2) GP-IIb/IIIa inhibitors (tirofiban and eptifibatide). Safety outcomes included rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), parenchymal hematoma type 1 and 2 (PH1-PH2), and hemorrhagic infarction type 1 and 2 (HI1-HI2). RESULTS Sixty-three patients received IV APT during MT, 30 were in the cangrelor group, and 33 were in the GP-IIb/IIIa inhibitors group. There were no significant differences in the rates of sICH (3.3% vs. 12.1%, aOR=0.21, 95%CI 0.02-2.18, p=0.229), HI1-HI2 (21.4% vs 42.4%, aOR=0.21, 95%CI 0.02-2.18, p=0.229), and PH1-PH2 (17.9% vs. 12.1%, aOR=1.63, 95%CI 0.29-9.83, p=0.577) between both treatment groups. However, there was a trend toward reduced hemorrhage rates with cangrelor. Cangrelor was associated with increased odds of complete reperfusion (aOR=5.86; 95%CI 1.57-26.62;p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective non-randomized cohort study, our findings suggest that low dose cangrelor has similar safety and increased rate of complete reperfusion compared to IV GP-IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhammad A Jumaa
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Rodriguez-Calienes
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA; Neuroscience, Clinical Effectiveness and Public Health Research Group, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Giana Dawod
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Juan Vivanco-Suarez
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ameer E Hassan
- Department of Neurology, Valley Baptist Medical Center / University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA
| | - Afshin A Divani
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marion Oliver
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Marc Ribo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nils Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Abraham
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | - Johanna Fifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Waldo R Guerrero
- Department of Neurology and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amer M Malik
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James E Siegler
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Sunil Sheth
- Department of Neurology, UT Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Texas Stroke Institute, Plano, TX, USA
| | | | - Nazli Janjua
- Asia Pacific Comprehensive Stroke Institute, Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, Pomona, CA
| | - Darko Quispe-Orozco
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Zevallos
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marco Malaga
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mudassir Farooqui
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tudor Jovin
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Syed Zaidi
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Santiago Ortega-Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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12
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Jenniches D, Kerns AF, DelBianco J, Stripp MP, Philp AS. Administration of andexanet alfa for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of massive apixaban overdose: A case report. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:1722-1728. [PMID: 37688311 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Apixaban is a direct-acting oral anticoagulant that selectively inhibits factor Xa. Reversal strategies utilized to treat factor Xa inhibitor-associated bleeding include andexanet alfa, prothrombin complex -concentrate (PCC), and activated PCC (aPCC). The optimal treatment of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of an apixaban overdose is unknown. SUMMARY This case report describes a 69-year-old female who initially presented to an emergency department at a community hospital due to a ground-level fall with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. The patient reportedly ingested apixaban 275 mg, carvedilol 250 mg, atorvastatin 1,200 mg, and unknown amounts of amlodipine and ethanol. Anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, an aPCC, was administered approximately 3 hours after presentation. Initial thromboelastography performed approximately 4 hours after presentation showed a prolonged reaction time of 16.8 minutes. Ongoing imaging and evidence of coagulopathy prompted repeated aPCC administration to a cumulative dose of approximately 100 U/kg. The patient underwent craniotomy with hematoma evacuation. Postoperative imaging showed expansion of the existing intracranial hemorrhage and new areas of hemorrhage. Andexanet alfa was administered approximately 18 hours after presentation, followed by repeat craniotomy with evacuation of the hematoma. No further expansion of the intracranial hemorrhage was observed, and the reaction time on thromboelastography was normalized at 6.3 minutes. CONCLUSION This case suggests that andexanet alfa may have a role in the management of traumatic hemorrhage in the setting of an acute massive apixaban overdose. Use of andexanet alfa, PCC, and aPCC in this context requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jenniches
- Department of Pharmacy, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abigail F Kerns
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John DelBianco
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew P Stripp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allan S Philp
- Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Liu C, Liu M, Yang X, Wang J, Li G. Efficacy and safety of bridging therapy versus direct thrombectomy for tandem lesions in acute stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 234:108005. [PMID: 37837908 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current studies have concluded that MT (Mechanical Thrombectomy) is safe and effective for tandem lesions (TL). However, The benefit of bridging therapy for TL is controversial. OBJECTIVE To compare efficacy and safety between bridging therapy and direct thrombectomy of tandem lesions. METHOD We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing bridging therapy versus direct thrombectomy among TL patients with regards to symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH), Parenchymal hemorrhage (PH), 3-month mortality, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score within 3 months, successful reperfusion, and excellent reperfusion. The meta-analysis of proportions was conducted with a common effects model. RESULT Five studies (n = 1198 patients) were identified for the systematic review. For safety outcomes, the bridging group had no significant difference in the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.49-1.25, P = 0.31) and the rate of PH (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.39-1.13, P = 0.13) but significantly lower rate of 3-month mortality (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.37-0.75, P = 0.0004) compared to the direct thrombectomy group. In terms of efficacy outcomes, the bridging therapy group had a significantly higher rate of 3- month good functional outcome (mRS 0-2) (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.38-2.24, P < 0.00001) and successful recanalization (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.27-2.25, P = 0.0003) but no significant difference in the rate of excellent recanalization(OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.91-1.59, P = 0.19) in patients with TL compared to direct thrombectomy group. CONCLUSION Bridging therapy is effective in improving the 3-month functional prognosis and increasing the rate of arterial recanalization without increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with TL compared to direct thrombectomy. A large multicentre clinical RCT is expected, as are advanced intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mingsu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hechuan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 401500, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Guangqin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Dittmar E, Wolfel T, Menendez L, Pozo J, Ramirez M, Belnap SC, De Los Rios La Rosa F. Conversion From Intravenous Alteplase to Tenecteplase for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Across a Large Community Hospital Health System. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57:1147-1153. [PMID: 36688289 DOI: 10.1177/10600280221149409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests tenecteplase at an intravenous dose of 0.25 mg/kg is as safe and efficacious as intravenous alteplase standard dose and demonstrates a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE The purpose was to compare the safety and efficacy of alteplase versus tenecteplase for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke at a large community hospital health system following conversion in the preferred formulary thrombolytic. METHODS Prior to converting, medication safety and operationalization analyses were conducted. A multicenter, retrospective medical record review was performed for patients who received alteplase 6 months prior to formulary thrombolytic conversion and for tenecteplase 6 months post-conversion for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Primary outcomes included the rate of symptomatic intracranial and extracranial hemorrhage complications. Secondary outcomes included door-to-needle time, reduction in National Institute Health Stroke Scale at 24 hours and at discharge, order-to-administration time, and thrombolytic errors. The rates of hemorrhage were compared using binomial regression. RESULTS Of the 287 patients reviewed, 115 received alteplase and 172 received tenecteplase. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhagic complications occurred in 1 patient (1%) who received alteplase compared with 3 patients (2%) who received tenecteplase (P = 0.9). There was no statistical difference in rates of symptomatic intracranial or extracranial hemorrhagic complications. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Conversion from alteplase to tenecteplase can be safely and effectively achieved at a large community hospital health system with differing levels of stroke certification. There were also additional cost savings and practical advantages including workflow benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dittmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Baptist Hospital of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Wolfel
- Department of Pharmacy, Baptist Hospital of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lourdes Menendez
- Clinical Pharmacy Enterprise, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessilyn Pozo
- Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maygret Ramirez
- Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Starlie C Belnap
- Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
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15
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Milling TJ. The Hard Bargain of Anticoagulation after Intracranial Hemorrhage, in the Setting of Venous Thromboembolism: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:976-977. [PMID: 37216980 DOI: 10.1055/a-2097-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Truman J Milling
- Departments of Neurology and Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
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16
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Botros D, Gautam D, Hamrick FA, Nguyen S, Cortez J, Young JB, Lombardo S, McCrum ML, Menacho ST, Grandhi R. Impact of premorbid oral anticoagulant use on survival in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 2023; 55:E2. [PMID: 37778038 DOI: 10.3171/2023.7.focus23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although oral anticoagulant use has been implicated in worse outcomes for patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI), prior studies have mostly examined the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). In an era of increasing use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in lieu of VKAs, the authors compared the survival outcomes of TBI patients on different types of premorbid anticoagulation medications with those of patients not on anticoagulation. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 1186 adult patients who presented at a level I trauma center with an intracranial hemorrhage after blunt trauma between 2016 and 2022. Patient demographics; comorbidities; and pre-, peri-, and postinjury characteristics were compared based on premorbid anticoagulation use. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression modeling of mortality was performed to adjust for risk factors that met a significance threshold of p < 0.1 on bivariate analysis. RESULTS Of 1186 patients with a traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, 49 (4.1%) were taking DOACs and 53 (4.5%) used VKAs at the time of injury. Patients using oral anticoagulants were more likely to be older (p < 0.001), to have a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (p < 0.001), and to present with a higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p < 0.001) and lower Injury Severity Score (ISS; p < 0.001) than those on no anticoagulation. Patients using VKAs were more likely to undergo reversal than patients using DOACs (53% vs 31%, p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards regression demonstrated significantly increased hazard ratios (HRs) for VKA use (HR 2.204, p = 0.003) and DOAC use (HR 1.973, p = 0.007). Increasing age (HR 1.040, p < 0.001), ISS (HR 1.017, p = 0.01), and Marshall score (HR 1.186, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of death. A higher GCS score on admission was associated with a decreased risk of death (HR 0.912, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with a traumatic intracranial injury who were on oral anticoagulant therapy before injury demonstrated higher mortality rates than patients who were not on oral anticoagulation after adjusting for age, comorbid conditions, and injury presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Botros
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah
| | | | - Forrest A Hamrick
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah
| | - Sarah Nguyen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah
| | | | - Jason B Young
- 4Department of General Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah Lombardo
- 4Department of General Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Marta L McCrum
- 4Department of General Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah T Menacho
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah
| | - Ramesh Grandhi
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah
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17
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Gorman J, Candeloro M, Schulman S. Anticoagulant Management and Outcomes in Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Complicated by Venous Thromboembolism: A Retrospective Chart Review. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:966-975. [PMID: 37015326 DOI: 10.1055/a-2068-6464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on anticoagulant management of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) after spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS We reviewed retrospectively all cases diagnosed with VTE during hospitalization for spontaneous ICH at our center during 15 years. Anticoagulation management outcomes were (1) timing after ICH of anticoagulant initiation for VTE treatment, (2) use of immediate therapeutic dosing or stepwise dose escalation, and (3) the proportion achieving therapeutic dose. Primary clinical effectiveness outcome was recurrent VTE. Primary safety outcome was expanding ICH. RESULTS We analyzed 103 cases with VTE after 11 days (median; interquartile range [IQR]: 7-22) from the diagnosis of ICH. Forty patients (39%) achieved therapeutic anticoagulation 21.5 days (median; IQR: 14-34 days) from the ICH. Of those, 14 (35%; 14% of total) received immediately therapeutic dose and 26 (65%; 25% of total) had stepwise escalation. Anticoagulation was more aggressive in patients with VTE >14 days after admission versus those with earlier VTE diagnosis. Twenty-two patients (21%) experienced recurrent/progressive VTE-less frequently among patients with treatment escalation within 7 days or with no escalation than with escalation >7 days from the VTE. There were 19 deaths 6 days (median; IQR: 3.5-15) after the index VTE, with significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate among patients without escalation in anticoagulation. CONCLUSION Prompt therapeutic anticoagulation for acute VTE seems safe when occurring more than 14 days after spontaneous ICH. For VTE occurring earlier, it might also be safe with therapeutic anticoagulation, but stepwise dose escalation to therapeutic within a 7-day period might be preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathon Gorman
- Division of Neurology, Vancouver Stroke Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
| | - Matteo Candeloro
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sam Schulman
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
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Sigmon J, Crowley KL, Groth CM. Therapeutic review: The role of tranexamic acid in management of traumatic brain injury, nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:1213-1222. [PMID: 37280158 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize current literature evaluating tranexamic acid in the management of intracranial bleeding associated with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injuries and implications for clinical practice. SUMMARY Intracranial hemorrhage, regardless of etiology, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic with anti-inflammatory properties shown to reduce mortality in trauma patients with extracranial injuries. In traumatic brain injury, a large randomized trial found no difference in outcomes when tranexamic acid was compared to placebo; however, subgroup analyses suggested that it may reduce head injury-related mortality in the context of mild-to-moderate injury if treatment occurs within 1 hour of symptom onset. More recent out-of-hospital data have disputed these findings and even suggested harm in severely injured patients. In spontaneous, nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, treatment with tranexamic acid did not result in a difference in functional status; however, rates of hematoma expansion, even though modest, were significantly reduced. In aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, tranexamic acid may prevent rebleeding, but has not led to improved outcomes or reduced mortality, and there is concern for increased incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia. Overall, tranexamic acid has not been shown to result in increased risk of thromboembolic complications across these classes of brain injury. CONCLUSION Despite its favorable safety profile overall, tranexamic acid does not seem to improve functional outcomes and cannot be routinely recommended. More data are needed to determine which head injury subpopulations are most likely to benefit from tranexamic acid and which patients are at increased risk for harm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelli L Crowley
- Department of Pharmacy, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Schell M, Nägele FL, Thomalla G. [Antagonizing anticoagulants in intracranial hemorrhage - step by step]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2023; 148:1252-1258. [PMID: 37714165 DOI: 10.1055/a-2116-4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is an indispensable tool and current standard of care in neurology. However, until recently direct therapeutic options for intracranial hemorrhage under existing anticoagulation were not available. With the introduction of two new medications - Idarucizumab and Andexanet alfa - neurologists take a more targeted approach in treating these patients.
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20
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Wei H, Fu B, Yang C, Huang M. The efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis with tenecteplase versus alteplase for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3005-3015. [PMID: 37061572 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the available evidence on the efficacy and safety outcomes of intravenous tenecteplase (TNK) compared with intravenous alteplase(ALT) for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS The MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, and Wanfang database were comprehensively searched for RCTs regarding the effects of TNK versus ALT among AIS patients in these English and Chinese electronic databases from inception dates to August 1, 2022. This meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Two reviewers independently retrieved RCTs and extracted relevant information. The methodological quality of the included trials was estimated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The pooled analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software. The primary outcome was functional outcome on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (range 0 to 5) and mortality at 90 days. The secondary outcomes included successful recanalization, early neurologic improvement < 48 h, any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and symptomatic ICH. The follow-up time of all studies was at least 3 months. RESULTS A total of nine RCTs involving 1958 patients in TNK group and 1731 patients in ALT group were finally included. For the efficacy outcomes, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of mRS score 0 ~ 2 (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.88-1.13; P = 0.96), mRS score 0 ~ 1 (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.96-1.10; P = 0.36), successful recanalization (RR 1.25; 95% CI 0.88-1.76; P = 0.21), and early neurologic improvement < 48 h (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.92-1.26; P = 0.37). Similar results were seen for the safety outcomes, which have no statistical differences in terms of any ICH (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.72-1.41; P = 0.96), symptomatic ICH (RR 1.19; 95% CI 0.81-1.76; P = 0.37), and mortality at 90 days (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.83-1.19; P = 0.94). CONCLUSION Overall, the efficacy and safety outcomes of intravenous thrombolysis with TNK versus ALT for AIS were not statistically different. However, TNK at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg may be a reasonable alternative to ALT for thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wei
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District of Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, 430040, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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21
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Chang Y, Li YZ, Xue L. Adjuvant intra-arterial thrombolysis during mechanical thrombectomy is an effective means of improving outcomes for patients with large vessel occlusion stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 232:107898. [PMID: 37473487 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unknown whether adjunctive intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) improves outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of MT with and without IAT for the treatment of LVO stroke. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify studies that compared rates of 3-month functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2), successful revascularization, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and 3-month mortality for MT+IAT and MT alone. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models, and effect sizes were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. RESULTS Twelve studies met eligibility criteria, comprising one randomized controlled trial and 11 observational cohort studies involving 2584 patients. Compared to MT alone, MT+IAT had a 43% higher odds of 3-month functional independence (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11-1.83; I2 =21%) and a 23% decrease in odds for 3-month mortality (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60-0.99; I2 =0%). There were no differences in successful revascularization (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.89-2.17; I2 =57%) or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.56-1.35; I2 =6%) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study has demonstrated that, compared with MT alone, the use of adjunct IAT during MT in patients with LVO stroke resulted in better functional outcomes and lower mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- Department of Neurology, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi-Zheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Qinghai, China
| | - Lin Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jinlin, China
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22
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Mitchell A, Elmasry Y, van Poelgeest E, Welsh TJ. Anticoagulant use in older persons at risk for falls: therapeutic dilemmas-a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med 2023; 14:683-696. [PMID: 37392359 PMCID: PMC10447288 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-023-00811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this clinical narrative review was to summarise the existing knowledge on the use of anticoagulants and potential adverse events in older people at risk of falls with a history of atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism. The review also offers practical steps prescribers can take when (de-)prescribing anticoagulants to maximise safety. METHODS Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase and Scopus. Additional articles were identified by searching reference lists. RESULTS Anticoagulants are often underused in older people due to concerns about the risk of falls and intracranial haemorrhage. However, evidence suggests that the absolute risk is low and outweighed by the reduction in stroke risk. DOACs are now recommended first line for most patients due to their favourable safety profile. Off-label dose reduction of DOACs is not recommended due to reduced efficacy with limited reduction in bleeding risk. Medication review and falls prevention strategies should be implemented before prescribing anticoagulation. Deprescribing should be considered in severe frailty, limited life expectancy and increased bleeding risk (e.g., cerebral microbleeds). CONCLUSION When considering whether to (de-)prescribe anticoagulants, it is important to consider the risks associated with stopping therapy in addition to potential adverse events. Shared decision-making with the patient and their carers is crucial as patient and prescriber views often differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneka Mitchell
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), Bath, UK.
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK.
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Yasmin Elmasry
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Tomas J Welsh
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), Bath, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
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23
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Huynh QS, Tran CC, Nguyen-Thi HT, Nguyen TT, Phan-Thi HL, Luu-Dang DT, Le MT, Nguyen MD. Low-dose intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke without large vessel occlusion screened by 3T MRI. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:6554-6562. [PMID: 37522667 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202307_33126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Globally, there are more than six million deaths due to cerebrovascular disease, which is the second leading cause of death. Although the imaging findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are more accurate than computed tomography for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), it is uncommon in recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) treatment. Alteplase is not only strongly recommended treatment for acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours, but also decreases the disability and mortality rate. Besides, low-dose rTPA was associated with significant reductions in symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), compared with standard one. However, the benefits of low-dose rTPA for the treatment of AIS without large vessel occlusion (LVO) have not been fully demonstrated. We evaluated whether the low-dose rTPA in AIS without LVO could improve prognosis in patients three months post-treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study on patients with AIS treated within 4.5 hours of symptom onset admitted to Can Tho S.I.S General Hospital between February 2019 and July 2021. The eligibility criteria were patients aged > 18 years treated with low-dose rTPA (0.6 mg/kg) and screened by 3T MRI. Patients with a pre-hospital modified Rankin score (mRS) ≥ 2 points, intracranial hemorrhage, LVO, or ≥ 3 microbleeds on brain MRI were excluded. The primary outcomes were the favorable outcome rate at three months and safety, which were evaluated by the rates of intracranial hemorrhage and mortality at three months. RESULTS This study enrolled 92 eligible patients between February 2019 and July 2021. Their National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were 7.5 ± 3.7 at admission, 3.3 ± 3.5 at discharge or seven days after discharge, and 2.2 ± 2.8 at three months. Their mRS were 2.9 ± 0.8 at admission, 1.4 ± 1.3 at discharge or seven days after discharge, and 1.1 ± 1.1 at three months. Elevated cardiac enzymes, age ≥ 75 years, and body mass index ≥ 25 were associated with increased poor outcomes at three months. While AIS was more common in men than women, a similar number of men (33.3%) and women had poor mRS. Three patients had complications associated with low-dose rTPA treatment: one (1.1%) had intracranial hemorrhage, one (1.1%) had new infarcts, and one (1.1%) had gastrointestinal bleeding. No deaths occurred within three months. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates the efficacy and safety of low-dose rTPA treatment for AIS without LVO within 4.5 hours. Patient selection for rTPA by 3T MRI decreased complications and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-S Huynh
- Department of Emergency, Can Tho S.I.S General Hospital, Can Tho, Vietnam.
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Frol S, Oblak JP, Šabovič M, Kermer P. Andexanet Alfa to Reverse the Effect of Factor Xa Inhibitors in Intracranial Hemorrhage. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:477-487. [PMID: 37133623 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Andexanet alfa (AA) is a recombinant factor Xa competing for binding with factor Xa inhibitors, thereby reversing their anticoagulation effects. Since 2019, it has been approved for individuals under apixaban or rivaroxaban therapy suffering from life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. Apart from the pivotal trial, real-world data on the use of AA in daily clinics are scarce. We reviewed the current literature on patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and summarized the available evidence regarding several outcome parameters. On the basis of this evidence, we provide a standard operating procedure (SOP) for routine AA application. We searched PubMed and additional databases through 18 January 2023 for case reports, case series, studies, reviews, and guidelines. Data on hemostatic efficacy, in-hospital mortality, and thrombotic events were pooled and compared with the pivotal trial data. While hemostatic efficacy in world-wide clinical routine seems to be comparable to the pivotal trial, thrombotic events and in-hospital mortality appear to be substantially higher. Various confounding factors responsible for this finding such as exclusion and inclusion criteria resulting in a highly selected patient cohort within the controlled clinical trial have to be considered. The SOP provided should support physicians in patient selection for AA treatment as well as facilitate routine use and dosing. This review underlines the urgent need for more data from randomized trials to appreciate the benefit and safety profile of AA. Meanwhile, this SOP should help to improve frequency and quality of AA use in patients suffering from ICH while on apixaban or rivaroxaban treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta Frol
- Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Pretnar Oblak
- Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mišo Šabovič
- Department of Vascular Disorders, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pawel Kermer
- Department of Neurology, Nordwest-Krankenhaus Sanderbusch, Friesland Kliniken GmbH, Sande, Germany
- University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Yoshimura S, Koga M, Okada T, Inoue M, Miwa K, Fukuda-Doi M, Kondo R, Inoue T, Ichijo M, Ohtaki M, Nagakane Y, Itabashi R, Sakai N, Kimura K, Kamiyama K, Shiokawa Y, Yagita Y, Iwama T, Yakushiji Y, Kusumi M, Yamaki T, Uemura J, Yasuura A, Noshiro S, Fukunaga D, Yazawa Y, Aoki J, Yoshikawa M, Ihara M, Toyoda K. Thrombolysis for Acute Wake-Up and Unclear-Onset Strokes with Alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg in Clinical Practice: THAWS2 Study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 53:46-53. [PMID: 37263235 DOI: 10.1159/000530995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg for patients with acute wake-up or unclear-onset strokes in clinical practice. METHODS This multicenter observational study enrolled acute ischemic stroke patients with last-known-well time >4.5 h who had mismatch between DWI and FLAIR and were treated with IV alteplase. The safety outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) after thrombolysis, all-cause deaths, and all adverse events. The efficacy outcomes were favorable outcome defined as an mRS score of 0-1 or recovery to the same mRS score as the premorbid score, complete independence defined as an mRS score of 0-1 at 90 days, and change in NIHSS at 24 h from baseline. RESULTS Sixty-six patients (35 females; mean age, 74 ± 11 years; premorbid complete independence, 54 [82%]; median NIHSS on admission, 11) were enrolled at 15 hospitals. Two patients (3%) had sICH. Median NIHSS changed from 11 (IQR, 6.75-16.25) at baseline to 5 (3-12.25) at 24 h after alteplase initiation (change, -4.8 ± 8.1). At discharge, 31 patients (47%) had favorable outcome and 29 (44%) had complete independence. None died within 90 days. Twenty-three (35%) also underwent mechanical thrombectomy (no sICH, NIHSS change of -8.5 ± 7.3), of whom 11 (48%) were completely independent at discharge. CONCLUSIONS In real-world clinical practice, IV alteplase for unclear-onset stroke patients with DWI-FLAIR mismatch provided safe and efficacious outcomes comparable to those in previous trials. Additional mechanical thrombectomy was performed safely in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan,
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Manabu Inoue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Mayumi Fukuda-Doi
- Department of Data Science, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Rei Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Yamagata City Hospital Saiseikan, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichijo
- Department of Neurology, Musashino Japanese Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ohtaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Itabashi
- Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shiokawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yagita
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Tetsu Yamaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Yamagata City Hospital Saiseikan, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jyunichi Uemura
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Asuka Yasuura
- Department of Neurology, Musashino Japanese Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Japan
| | - Shouhei Noshiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Daiki Fukunaga
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Yazawa
- Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junya Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Zeng Z, Chen J, Qian J, Ma F, Lv M, Zhang J. Risk Factors for Anticoagulant-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care 2023; 38:812-820. [PMID: 36670269 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage has a high mortality rate, and many factors can cause intracranial hemorrhage. Until now, systematic reviews and assessments of the certainty of the evidence have not been published. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to identify risk factors for anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage. The protocol for this systematic review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022316750). All English studies that met the inclusion criteria published before January 2022 were obtained from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Two researchers independently screened articles, extracted data, and evaluated the quality and evidence of the included studies. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage were used as the outcome index of this review. Random or fixed-effect models were used in statistical methods. I2 statistics were used to evaluate heterogeneity. RESULTS Of 7322 citations, we included 20 studies in our analysis. For intracranial hemorrhage, moderate-certainty evidence showed a probable association with race, Glasgow Coma Scale, stroke, leukoaraiosis, cerebrovascular disease, tumor, atrial fibrillation, previous bleeding, international normalized ratio, serum albumin, prothrombin time, diastolic blood pressure, and anticoagulant. Low-certainty evidence may be associated with age, cerebral microbleeds, smoking, alcohol intake, platelet count, and antiplatelet drug. In addition, we found very low-certainty evidence that there may be little to no association between the risk of intracranial hemorrhage and hypertension and creatinine clearance. Leukoaraiosis, cerebral microbleeds, cerebrovascular disease, and international normalized ratio are not included in most risk assessment models. CONCLUSIONS This study informs risk prediction for anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage and informs guidelines for intracranial hemorrhage prevention and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jiana Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jiafen Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Fuxin Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Meina Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, #18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Chaudhary R, Singh A, Chaudhary R, Bashline M, Houghton DE, Rabinstein A, Adamski J, Arndt R, Ou NN, Rudis MI, Brown CS, Wieruszewski ED, Wanek M, Brinkman NJ, Linderbaum JA, Sorenson MA, Atkinson JL, Thompson KM, Aiyer AN, McBane RD. Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Reversal Agents in Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2240145. [PMID: 36331504 PMCID: PMC9636520 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)-associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) has high morbidity and mortality. The safety and outcome data of DOAC reversal agents in ICH are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and outcomes of DOAC reversal agents among patients with ICH. DATA SOURCES PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception through April 29, 2022. STUDY SELECTION The eligibility criteria were (1) adult patients (age ≥18 years) with ICH receiving treatment with a DOAC, (2) reversal of DOAC, and (3) reported safety and anticoagulation reversal outcomes. All nonhuman studies and case reports, studies evaluating patients with ischemic stroke requiring anticoagulation reversal or different dosing regimens of DOAC reversal agents, and mixed study groups with DOAC and warfarin were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were used for abstracting data and assessing data quality and validity. Two reviewers independently selected the studies and abstracted data. Data were pooled using the random-effects model. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was proportion with anticoagulation reversed. The primary safety end points were all-cause mortality and thromboembolic events after the reversal agent. RESULTS A total of 36 studies met criteria for inclusion, with a total of 1832 patients (967 receiving 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate [4F-PCC]; 525, andexanet alfa [AA]; 340, idarucizumab). The mean age was 76 (range, 68-83) years, and 57% were men. For 4F-PCC, anticoagulation reversal was 77% (95% CI, 72%-82%; I2 = 55%); all-cause mortality, 26% (95% CI, 20%-32%; I2 = 68%), and thromboembolic events, 8% (95% CI, 5%-12%; I2 = 41%). For AA, anticoagulation reversal was 75% (95% CI, 67%-81%; I2 = 48%); all-cause mortality, 24% (95% CI, 16%-34%; I2 = 73%), and thromboembolic events, 14% (95% CI, 10%-19%; I2 = 16%). Idarucizumab for reversal of dabigatran had an anticoagulation reversal rate of 82% (95% CI, 55%-95%; I2 = 41%), all-cause mortality, 11% (95% CI, 8%-15%, I2 = 0%), and thromboembolic events, 5% (95% CI, 3%-8%; I2 = 0%). A direct retrospective comparison of 4F-PCC and AA showed no differences in anticoagulation reversal, proportional mortality, or thromboembolic events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In the absence of randomized clinical comparison trials, the overall anticoagulation reversal, mortality, and thromboembolic event rates in this systematic review and meta-analysis appeared similar among available DOAC reversal agents for managing ICH. Cost, institutional formulary status, and availability may restrict reversal agent choice, particularly in small community hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chaudhary
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amteshwar Singh
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Michael Bashline
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Damon E. Houghton
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jill Adamski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Richard Arndt
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, Wisconsin
| | - Narith N. Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria I. Rudis
- Departments of Pharmacy and Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Caitlin S. Brown
- Departments of Pharmacy and Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erin D. Wieruszewski
- Departments of Pharmacy and Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Wanek
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Jane A. Linderbaum
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Aryan N. Aiyer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert D. McBane
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
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Fukasawa T, Seki T, Nakashima M, Kawakami K. Comparative effectiveness and safety of edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in patients with venous thromboembolism: A cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2083-2097. [PMID: 35748327 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have compared the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban and apixaban in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), direct comparison of these drugs with edoxaban is lacking. OBJECTIVE We compared the effectiveness and safety of edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in patients with VTE. PATIENTS/METHODS In this retrospective cohort study using a Japanese hospital administrative database, we identified three mutually exclusive groups of patients with VTE beginning treatment with edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or apixaban. Primary effectiveness outcome was recurrent VTE, and principal safety outcome was a composite of intracranial hemorrhage and gastrointestinal bleeding. Subjects were followed for up to 180 days. Baseline characteristics among groups were balanced using propensity score matching weights. RESULTS Three thousand three hundred sixty-nine edoxaban, 1592 rivaroxaban, and 1998 apixaban initiators were identified. There were no significant differences among the three drugs in the prevention of recurrent VTE (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-1.30 for edoxaban vs. rivaroxaban; aIRR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.54-1.56 for edoxaban vs. apixaban; and aIRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.69-2.10 for rivaroxaban vs. apixaban), or in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage or gastrointestinal bleeding (aIRR, 1.57, 95% CI, 0.85-2.90 for edoxaban vs. rivaroxaban; aIRR, 1.30, 95% CI, 0.76-2.23 for edoxaban vs. apixaban; and aIRR, 0.83, 95% CI, 0.42-1.64 for rivaroxaban vs. apixaban). CONCLUSIONS In routine care, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and apixaban appear to have similar effectiveness and safety in the treatment of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Fukasawa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Digital Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomotsugu Seki
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Several vaccines have been developed for coronavirus disease 2019 - caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - in record time. A few cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been reported. We herein report a 90-year-old man who received the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BNT162b2) and developed severe thrombocytopenia with intracranial hemorrhaging and duodenal bleeding, consistent with vaccine-related ITP. He was successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, prednisolone, and eltrombopag and discharged without cytopenia. Vaccine-related ITP should be suspected in patients presenting with abnormal bleeding or purpura after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Baba
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kabasawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
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Li Z, Zheng Y, Li D, Wang X, Cheng S, Luo X, Wen A. Low-Dose NOACs Versus Standard-Dose NOACs or Warfarin on Efficacy and Safety in Asian Patients with NVAF: A Meta-Analysis. Anatol J Cardiol 2022; 26:424-433. [PMID: 35703478 PMCID: PMC9361199 DOI: 10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2022.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials has illustrated that the efficacy of low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants is inferior compared with standard-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, though they are still frequently prescribed for Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. We aimed to further investigate the efficacy and safety of low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants by carrying out a meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled tri- als and cohort studies. METHODS Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and MEDLINE were sys- tematically searched from the inception to September 9, 2021, for randomized controlled trials or cohorts that compared the efficacy and/or safety of low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. The primary outcomes were stroke and major bleeding, and the secondary outcomes were mortality, intracranial hemorrhage, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were estimated using the random-effect model. RESULTS Nineteen publications involving 371 574 Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation were included. Compared with standard-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants showed compa- rable risks of stroke (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.42), major bleeding (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.21), intracranial hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.38), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI 0.87 to 1.31), though had a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.71). Compared with warfarin, low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were associated with lower risks of stroke (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.79), mortality (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.81), major bleeding (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.75), intracranial hemor- rhage (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.69), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.93). CONCLUSION Low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were superior to warfarin, and comparable to standard-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagu- lants considering risks of stroke, major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, and gastroin- testinal hemorrhage. Further, high qualified studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingming Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Cooksey GE, Hamilton LA, McMillen JC, Griffard JH, Rowe AS. Impact of Factor Xa Inhibitor Reversal with Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries. Neurocrit Care 2022; 37:471-478. [PMID: 35624388 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulant use prior to trauma has been associated with increased incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) progression, and mortality. Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) are commonly used as off-label treatments for factor Xa inhibitor-associated life-threatening hemorrhage. At this time, there is no consensus regarding appropriate indication, target dose, or outcomes of PCC administration in patients presenting with traumatic ICH. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of reversal with PCC on hemorrhage progression and outcomes in patients with TBI on preinjury factor Xa inhibitors. METHODS This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients ≥ 18 years presenting with an acute TBI of any severity on apixaban or rivaroxaban from September 1, 2016, to September 1, 2019. Patients were grouped on the basis of receipt of PCCs for reversal (i.e., reversal or no reversal). Exclusion criteria included spontaneous ICH or known coagulopathy. Propensity score matching was conducted with the following variables: age, Abbreviated Injury Scale (head) score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. The primary outcome was hemorrhage stability within 48 h. Secondary outcomes included degree of hemorrhage progression, in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, and incidence of thromboembolic events. RESULTS Of the 115 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 84 were included in the propensity score matched data set. Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and TBI severity were similar. The majority of patients in the reversal group (35 [83.3%]) and the no reversal (NR) group (40 [95.2%]) experienced a mild TBI (admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 to 15). In the reversal group, patients received 34.3 units/kg activated PCC, 30.5 units/kg four-factor PCC, or 54.9 units/kg four-factor PCC and activated PCC on average. There was no difference observed in the incidence of hemorrhage progression (10.8% NR vs. 15.0% reversal; p = 0.739) or in median change in ICH volume (0 mL NR vs. 1 mL reversal; p = 0.2199) between groups. Additionally, reversal did not affect in-hospital mortality (3 [7.1%] NR vs. 4 [9.5%] reversal; p > 0.999). One patient in the reversal group developed a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during the hospitalization; however, this did not result in a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of DVT (p > 0.999). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that PCC used for the treatment of factor Xa inhibitor-associated ICH related to mild TBI did not significantly impact the incidence or degree of hemorrhage progression, and PCC treatment did not result in increased thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooksey
- University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Box 117, Knoxville, TN, 37938, USA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Leslie A Hamilton
- University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Box 117, Knoxville, TN, 37938, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - James C McMillen
- University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Box 117, Knoxville, TN, 37938, USA
| | - Jared H Griffard
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - A Shaun Rowe
- University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Box 117, Knoxville, TN, 37938, USA.
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Matsumoto S, Mikami T, Iwagami M, Briasoulis A, Ikeda T, Takagi H, Kuno T. Mechanical Thrombectomy and Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106491. [PMID: 35468495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The benefit and risk of administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) before endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (E-MT) in acute stroke has been actively debated. We therefore aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of three therapeutic strategies for acute stroke: direct E-MT, E-MT with pre-administration of tPA, and tPA alone with a network meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS PUBMED and EMBASE were searched from September to November 2021 for randomized control trials that compared direct E-MT, E-MT with tPA, and tPA alone therapies in acute stroke. The primary outcome was functional independence, defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2, at 90 days. All-cause mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and successful revascularization were also evaluated. RESULTS We identified 11 randomized controlled trials with a total of 3,640 patients with acute stroke. Compared to E-MT with tPA, direct E-MT provided comparable outcomes regarding functional independence (relative risk (RR): 1.02; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-1.19, I2 = 36.6%) and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.85-1.31, I2 = 0%). The incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was not significantly different between direct E-MT and E-MT with tPA (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.57-1.20, I2 = 0%). Direct E-MT had favorable functional independence (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.15-1.74, I2 = 36.6%) and higher successful revascularization rate (RR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.33-1.93, I2 = 61.2%) than tPA alone. CONCLUSIONS Direct E-MT alone led to acceptable outcomes even in comparison to E-MT with tPA, whereas additional tPA did not cause higher risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masao Iwagami
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Alexandros Briasoulis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Heart Failure and Transplantation, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisato Takagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shizuoka Medical Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kuno
- Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467-2401, USA.
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Good L, Lieu Y, Banov F, Harger B, Banov D. The Potential Effects of a Compounded Methylcobalamin Nasal Spray on Short-term Memory Loss After Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Case Report. Int J Pharm Compd 2022; 26:110-115. [PMID: 35413009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Short-term memory loss is a common complication after intracranial hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors for memory symptoms of Alzheimer's disease have not been proven effective for improving memory impairment resulting from a hemorrhagic event. The purpose of this case study was to present the potential effectiveness of a compounded nasal spray containing methylcobalamin in improving short-term memory function in a patient post-intracranial hemorrhage. The patient started to administer the methylcobalamin nasal spray once daily after suffering from short-term memory loss for four years. His verbal memory, visual memory, and quality of life were assessed by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Benton Visual Retention Test, and the 36-Item Short Form Survey, respectively, at baseline and 30 days after treatment. The delayed recall test was repeated after 60 days. After 30 days of treatment, the patient received improved scores in both verbal and visual memory tests, as well as improved self-reported quality of life. The patient became less dependent on phone reminders in daily life. The improvement in delayed recall remained significant after 60 days of treatment. This case report suggests a potentially safe and effective therapy for attenuating short-term memory impairment after intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Good
- Ruston Wellness and Compounding Pharmacy, Ruston, Louisiana
| | - Yi Lieu
- Research and Development Department, Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), Houston, Texas.
| | | | | | - Daniel Banov
- Research and Development Department, Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), Houston, Texas
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Fanikos J, Goldstein JN, Lovelace B, Beaubrun AC, Blissett RS, Aragão F. Cost-effectiveness of andexanet alfa versus four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for the treatment of oral factor Xa inhibitor-related intracranial hemorrhage in the US. J Med Econ 2022; 25:309-320. [PMID: 35168455 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2042106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) on the use of andexanet alfa for the treatment of factor Xa inhibitor-related intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from the US third-party payer and societal perspectives. METHODS CEA compared andexanet alfa to prothrombin complex concentrate for the treatment of patients receiving factor Xa inhibitors admitted to hospital inpatient care with an ICH. The model comprised two linked phases. Phase 1 utilized a decision tree to model the acute treatment phase (admission of a patient with ICH into intensive care for the first 30 days). Phase 2 modeled long-term costs and outcomes using three linked Markov models comprising the six health states defined by the modified Rankin score. RESULTS The analysis showed that the strategy of using andexanet alfa for the treatment of factor Xa inhibitor-related ICH is cost-effective, with incremental cost-effectiveness per quality-adjusted life-year gained of $35,872 from a third-party payer perspective and $40,997 from a societal perspective over 20 years. LIMITATIONS (1) Absence of head-to-head trials comparing therapies included in the economic model, (2) lack of comparative long-term data on treatment efficacy, and (3) bias resulting from the study designs of published literature. CONCLUSION Given these results, the use of andexanet alfa for the reversal of anticoagulation in patients with factor Xa inhibitor-related ICH may improve quality of life and is likely to be cost-effective in a US context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Filipa Aragão
- Maple Health Group, LLC, New York, NY, USA
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Al-Shahi Salman R, Keerie C, Stephen J, Lewis S, Norrie J, Dennis MS, Newby DE, Wardlaw JM, Lip GY, Parry-Jones A, White PM, Baigent C, Lasserson D, Oliver C, O'Mahony F, Amoils S, Bamford J, Armitage J, Emberson J, Rinkel GJ, Lowe G, Innes K, Adamczuk K, Dinsmore L, Drever J, Milne G, Walker A, Hutchison A, Williams C, Fraser R, Anderson R, Covil K, Stewart K, Rees J, Hall P, Bullen A, Stoddart A, Moullaali TJ, Palmer J, Sakka E, Perthen J, Lyttle N, Samarasekera N, MacRaild A, Burgess S, Teasdale J, Coakley M, Taylor P, Blair G, Whiteley W, Shenkin S, Clancy U, Macleod M, Sutherland R, Moullaali T, Barugh A, Lerpiniere C, Moreton F, Fethers N, Anjum T, Krishnan M, Slade P, Storton S, Williams M, Davies C, Connor L, Gainard G, Murphy C, Barber M, Esson D, Choulerton J, Shaw L, Lucas S, Hierons S, Avis J, Stone A, Gbadamoshi L, Costa T, Pearce L, Harkness K, Richards E, Howe J, Kamara C, Lindert R, Ali A, Rehan J, Chapman S, Edwards M, Bathula R, Cohen D, Devine J, Mpelembue M, Yesupatham P, Chhabra S, Adewetan G, Ballantine R, Brooks D, Smith G, Rogers G, Marsden S, Clark S, Wilkinson A, Brown E, Stephenson L, Nyo K, Abraham A, Pai Y, Shim G, Baliga V, Nair A, Robinson M, Hawksworth C, Greig J, Alam I, Nortcliffe T, Ramiz R, Shaw R, Parry-Jones A, Lee S, Marsden T, Perez J, Birleson E, Yadava R, Sangombe M, Stafford S, Hughes T, Knibbs L, Morse B, Schwarz S, Jelley B, White S, Richard B, Lawson H, Moseley S, Tayler M, Edwards M, Triscott C, Wallace R, Hall A, Dell A, Rashed K, Board S, Buckley C, Tanate A, Pitt-Kerby T, Beesley K, Perry J, Hellyer C, Guyler P, Menon N, Tysoe S, Prabakaran R, Cooper M, Rajapakse A, Wynter I, Smith S, Weir N, Boxall C, Yates H, Smith S, Crawford P, Marigold J, Smith F, Harvey J, Evans S, Baldwin L, Hammond S, Mudd P, Bowring A, Keenan S, Thorpe K, Haque M, Taaffe J, Temple N, Peachey T, Wells K, Haines F, Butterworth-Cowin N, Horne Z, Licenik R, Boughton H, England T, Hedstrom A, Menezes B, Davies R, Johnson V, Whittingham-Jones S, Werring D, Obarey S, Watchurst C, Ashton A, Feerick S, Francia N, Banaras A, Epstein D, Marinescu M, Williams A, Robinson A, Humphries F, Anwar I, Annamalai A, Crawford S, Collins V, Shepherd L, Siddle E, Penge J, Epstein D, Qureshi S, Krishnamurthy V, Papavasileiou V, Waugh D, Veraque E, Douglas N, Khan N, Ramachandran S, Sommerville P, Rudd A, Kullane S, Bhalla A, Birns J, Ahmed R, Gibbons M, Klamerus E, Cendreda B, Muir K, Day N, Welch A, Smith W, Elliot J, Eltawil S, Mahmood A, Hatherley K, Mitchell S, Bains H, Quinn L, Teal R, Gbinigie I, Harston G, Mathieson P, Ford G, Schulz U, Kennedy J, Nagaratnam K, Bangalore K, Bhupathiraju N, Wharton C, Fotherby K, Nasar A, Stevens A, Willberry A, Evans R, Rai B, Blake C, Thavanesan K, Hann G, Changuion T, Nix S, Whiting A, Dharmasiri M, Mallon L, Keltos M, Smyth N, Eglinton C, Duffy J, Tone E, Sykes L, Porter E, Fitton C, Kirkineziadis N, Cluckie G, Kennedy K, Trippier S, Williams R, Hayter E, Rackie J, Patel B, Rita G, Blight A, Jones V, Zhang L, Choy L, Pereira A, Clarke B, Al-Hussayni S, Dixon L, Young A, Bergin A, Broughton D, Raghunathan S, Jackson B, Appleton J, Wilkes G, Buck A, Richardson C, Clarke J, Fleming L, Squires G, Law Z, Hutchinson C, Cvoro V, Couser M, McGregor A, McAuley S, Pound S, Cochrane P, Holmes C, Murphy P, Devitt N, Osborn M, Steele A, Guthrie LB, Smith E, Hewitt J, Chaston N, Myint M, Smith A, Fairlie L, Davis M, Atkinson B, Woodward S, Hogg V, Fawcett M, Finlay L, Dixit A, Cameron E, Keegan B, Kelly J, Concannon D, Dutta D, Ward D, Glass J, O'Connell S, Ngeh J, O'Kelly A, Williams E, Ragab S, Jenkinson D, Dube J, Gleave L, Leggett J, Kissoon N, Southern L, Naghotra U, Bokhari M, McClelland B, Adie K, Mate A, Harrington F, James A, Swanson E, Chant T, Naccache M, Coutts A, Courtauld G, Whurr S, Webber S, Shead E, Luder R, Bhargava M, Murali E, Cuenoud L, Pasco K, Speirs O, Chapman L, Inskip L, Kavanagh L, Srinivasan M, Motherwell N, Mukherjee I, Tonks L, Donaldson D, Button H, Wilcox R, Hurford F, Logan R, Taylor A, Arden T, Carpenter M, Datta P, Zahoor T, Jackson L, Needle A, Stanners A, Ghouri I, Exley D, Akhtar S, Brooke H, Beadle S, O'Brien E, Francis J, McGee J, Amis E, Mitchell J, Finlay S, Sinha D, Manoczki C, King S, Tarka J, Choudhary S, Premaruban J, Sutton D, Kumar P, Culmsee C, Winckley C, Davies H, Thatcher H, Vasileiadis E, Aweid B, Holden M, Mason C, Hlaing T, Madzamba G, Ingram T, Linforth M, Cullen C, Thomas N, France J, Saulat A, Bhaskaran B, Fitzell P, Horan K, Manyoni C, Garfield-Smith J, Griffin H, Atkins S, Redome J, Muddegowda G, Maguire H, Barry A, Abano N, Varquez R, Hiden J, Lyjko S, Remegoso A, Finney K, Butler A, Strecker M, MaCleod MJ, Irvine J, Nelson S, Guzmangutierrez G, Furnace J, Taylor V, Ramadan H, Storton K, Hassan S, Abdus Sami E, Bellfield R, Stewart K, Quinn O, Patterson C, Emsley H, Gregary B, Ahmed S, Patel S, Raj S, Sultan S, Wright F, Langhorne P, Graham R, Quinn T, McArthur K. Effects of oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation after spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage in the UK: a randomised, open-label, assessor-masked, pilot-phase, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:842-853. [PMID: 34487722 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral anticoagulation reduces the rate of systemic embolism for patients with atrial fibrillation by two-thirds, but its benefits for patients with previous intracranial haemorrhage are uncertain. In the Start or STop Anticoagulants Randomised Trial (SoSTART), we aimed to establish whether starting is non-inferior to avoiding oral anticoagulation for survivors of intracranial haemorrhage who have atrial fibrillation. METHODS SoSTART was a prospective, randomised, open-label, assessor-masked, parallel-group, pilot phase trial done at 67 hospitals in the UK. We recruited adults (aged ≥18 years) who had survived at least 24 h after symptomatic spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage, had atrial fibrillation, and had a CHA2DS2-VASc score of at least 2. Web-based computerised randomisation incorporating a minimisation algorithm allocated participants (1:1) to start or avoid long-term (≥1 year) full treatment dose open-label oral anticoagulation. The participants assigned to start oral anticoagulation received either a direct oral anticoagulant or vitamin K antagonist, and the group assigned to avoid oral anticoagulation received standard clinical practice (antiplatelet agent or no antithrombotic agent). The primary outcome was recurrent symptomatic spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage, and was adjudicated by an individual masked to treatment allocation. All outcomes were ascertained for at least 1 year after randomisation and assessed in the intention-to-treat population of all randomly assigned participants, using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for minimisation covariates. We planned a sample size of 190 participants (one-sided p=0·025, power 90%, allowing for non-adherence) based on a non-inferiority margin of 12% (or adjusted hazard ratio [HR] of 3·2). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03153150) and is complete. FINDINGS Between March 29, 2018, and Feb 27, 2020, consent was obtained at 61 sites for 218 participants, of whom 203 were randomly assigned at a median of 115 days (IQR 49-265) after intracranial haemorrhage onset. 101 were assigned to start and 102 to avoid oral anticoagulation. Participants were followed up for median of 1·2 years (IQR 0·97-1·95; completeness 97·2%). Starting oral anticoagulation was not non-inferior to avoiding oral anticoagulation: eight (8%) of 101 in the start group versus four (4%) of 102 in the avoid group had intracranial haemorrhage recurrences (adjusted HR 2·42 [95% CI 0·72-8·09]; p=0·152). Serious adverse events occurred in 17 (17%) participants in the start group and 15 (15%) in the avoid group. 22 (22%) patients in the start group and 11 (11%) patients in the avoid group died during the study. INTERPRETATION Whether starting oral anticoagulation was non-inferior to avoiding it for people with atrial fibrillation after intracranial haemorrhage was inconclusive, although rates of recurrent intracranial haemorrhage were lower than expected. In view of weak evidence from analyses of three composite secondary outcomes, the possibility that oral anticoagulation might be superior for preventing symptomatic major vascular events should be investigated in adequately powered randomised trials. FUNDING British Heart Foundation, Medical Research Council, Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland.
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Akagi Y, Kato T, Yamashita Y, Hosoi H, Murata S, Yamamoto S, Warigaya K, Nakao T, Murata S, Sonoki T, Tamura S. Intracranial Hemorrhage in a Patient with TAFRO Syndrome Treated with Cyclosporine A and Rituximab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090971. [PMID: 34577894 PMCID: PMC8464675 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TAFRO syndrome, a rare subtype of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease, manifests as thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis, and organomegaly. Thrombotic microangiopathy, including renal dysfunction, is frequently associated with this syndrome. TAFRO syndrome can be life threatening and show rapid progression, and the diagnosis and management of this disorder remain challenging. A 48-year-old woman was diagnosed with TAFRO syndrome complicated by thrombotic microangiopathy based on the clinical and histopathological findings. After receiving high-dose steroids, her thrombocytopenia and anasarca did not improve. The patient subsequently received a combination of cyclosporine A and rituximab as second-line therapy, which resulted in a significant gradual improvement in the clinical symptoms. Meanwhile, her platelet count increased to more than 40 × 109/L; however, she developed intracranial hemorrhage. Following surgical evacuation, the patient recovered with an achievement of sustained remission. Based on these findings, attention should be paid to life-threatening bleeding associated with local thrombotic microangiopathy even when intensive treatment is administered for TAFRO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Akagi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naga Municipal Hospital, Wakayama 6496414, Japan;
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Yusuke Yamashita
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naga Municipal Hospital, Wakayama 6496414, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Hosoi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Shogo Murata
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Shuto Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan;
| | - Kenji Warigaya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (K.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Taisei Nakao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naga Municipal Hospital, Wakayama 6496414, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Murata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (K.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Shinobu Tamura
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 6418509, Japan; (Y.A.); (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-73-441-0665; Fax: +81-73-441-0653
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Mayer SA, Frontera JA, Jankowitz B, Kellner CP, Kuppermann N, Naik BI, Nishijima DK, Steiner T, Goldstein JN. Recommended Primary Outcomes for Clinical Trials Evaluating Hemostatic Agents in Patients With Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Consensus Statement. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2123629. [PMID: 34473266 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In patients with acute spontaneous or traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, early hemostasis is thought to be critical to minimize ongoing bleeding. However, research evaluating hemostatic therapies has been hampered by a lack of standardized clinical trial outcome measures. OBJECTIVE To identify appropriate primary outcomes for phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of therapies aimed at reducing acute intracranial bleeding. EVIDENCE REVIEW A comprehensive review of all previous clinical trials of hemostatic therapy for intracranial bleeding was performed, and studies measuring the frequency, risk factors, and association of intracranial bleeding with outcome of hemorrhage growth were included. FINDINGS A hierarchy of 3 outcome measures is recommended, with the first choice being a global patient-centered clinical outcome scale measured 30 to 180 days after the event; the second, a combined clinical and radiographic end point associating hemorrhage expansion with a poor patient-centered outcome at 24 hours or later; and the third, a radiographic measure of hemorrhage expansion at 24 hours alone. Additional recommendations stress the importance of separating various subtypes of bleeding when possible, early treatment within a standardized treatment window, and the routine use of computerized planimetry comparing continuous measures of absolute and relative hemorrhage growth as either a primary or secondary end point. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Standardization of outcome measures in studies of intracranial bleeding and hemostatic therapy will support comparative effectiveness research and meta-analysis, with the goal of accelerating the translation of research into clinical practice. The 3 outcome measures proposed in this consensus statement could help this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Mayer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | | | - Brian Jankowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey
| | | | - Nathan Kuppermann
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento
| | - Bhiken I Naik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Daniel K Nishijima
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento
| | - Thorsten Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Frankfurt Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua N Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Spinella PC, Kassar NE, Cap AP, Kindzelski AL, Almond CS, Barkun A, Gernsheimer TB, Goldstein JN, Holcomb JB, Iorio A, Jensen DM, Key NS, Levy JH, Mayer SA, Moore EE, Stanworth SJ, Lewis RJ, Steiner ME. Recommended primary outcomes for clinical trials evaluating hemostatic blood products and agents in patients with bleeding: Proceedings of a National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and US Department of Defense Consensus Conference. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:S19-S25. [PMID: 34039915 PMCID: PMC9032809 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT High-quality evidence guiding optimal transfusion and other supportive therapies to reduce bleeding is needed to improve outcomes for patients with either severe bleeding or hemostatic disorders that are associated with poor outcomes. Alongside challenges in performing high-quality clinical trials in patient populations who are at risk of bleeding or who are actively bleeding, the interpretation of research evaluating hemostatic agents has been limited by inconsistency in the choice of primary trial outcomes. This lack of standardization of primary endpoints or outcomes decreases the ability of clinicians to assess the validity of endpoints and compare research results across studies, impairs meta-analytic efforts, and, ultimately, delays the translation of research results into clinical practice. To address this challenge, an international panel of experts was convened by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and the US Department of Defense on September 23 and 24, 2019, to develop expert opinion, consensus-based recommendations for primary clinical trial outcomes for pivotal trials in pediatric and adult patients with six categories in various clinical settings. This publication documents the conference proceedings from the workshop funded by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and the US Department of Defense that consolidated expert opinion regarding clinically meaningful outcomes across a wide range of disciplines to provide guidance for outcomes of future trials of hemostatic products and agents for patients with active bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Spinella
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Andrew P. Cap
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft Sam Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Alan Barkun
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University and the McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Joshua N. Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B. Holcomb
- Department of Surgery, Center for Injury Science, Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Alfonso Iorio
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario L8S 4K Canada
| | - Dennis M. Jensen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Division of Hematology and Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jerrold H. Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Stephan A. Mayer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY 10595
| | - Ernest E. Moore
- Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80204 USA
| | - Simon J. Stanworth
- Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, GBR NHSBT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roger J. Lewis
- Berry Consultants LLC, Austin TX 78746
- Department of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Marie E. Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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Milling TJ, Warach S, Johnston SC, Gajewski B, Costantini T, Price M, Wick J, Roward S, Mudaranthakam D, Dula AN, King B, Muddiman A, Lip GY. Restart TICrH: An Adaptive Randomized Trial of Time Intervals to Restart Direct Oral Anticoagulants after Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1791-1798. [PMID: 33470152 PMCID: PMC8219199 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulants prevent thrombosis and death in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism (VTE) but also increase bleeding risk. The benefit/risk ratio favors anticoagulation in most of these patients. However, some will have a bleeding complication, such as the common trip-and-fall brain injury in elderly patients that results in traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Clinicians must then make the difficult decision about when to restart the anticoagulant. Restarting too early risks making the bleeding worse. Restarting too late risks thrombotic events such as ischemic stroke and VTE, the indications for anticoagulation in the first place. There are more data on restarting patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, which is very different than traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage increases the risk of rebleeding because intrinsic vascular changes are widespread and irreversible. In contrast, traumatic cases are caused by a blow to the head, usually an isolated event portending less future risk. Clinicians generally agree that anticoagulation should be restarted but disagree about when. This uncertainty leads to long restart delays causing a large, potentially preventable burden of strokes and VTE, which has been unaddressed because of the absence of high quality evidence. Restart Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage (the "r" distinguished intracranial from intracerebral) (TICrH) is a prospective randomized open label blinded end-point response-adaptive clinical trial that will evaluate the impact of delays to restarting direct oral anticoagulation (1, 2, or 4 weeks) on the composite of thrombotic events and bleeding in patients presenting after traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Warach
- Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Byron Gajewski
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Todd Costantini
- Department of Surgery, University of California – San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michelle Price
- Coalition for National Trauma Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jo Wick
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Simin Roward
- Department of Surgery, Dell Seton Medical Center at The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Dinesh Mudaranthakam
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Ben King
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Houston, College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gregory Y.H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Demchuk AM, Yue P, Zotova E, Nakamya J, Xu L, Milling TJ, Ohara T, Goldstein JN, Middeldorp S, Verhamme P, Lopez-Sendon JL, Conley PB, Curnutte JT, Eikelboom JW, Crowther M, Connolly SJ. Hemostatic Efficacy and Anti-FXa (Factor Xa) Reversal With Andexanet Alfa in Intracranial Hemorrhage: ANNEXA-4 Substudy. Stroke 2021; 52:2096-2105. [PMID: 33966491 PMCID: PMC8140631 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Andexanet alfa is a recombinant modified human FXa (factor Xa) developed to reverse FXa inhibition from anticoagulants. Hemostatic efficacy and reversal of anti-FXa activity with andexanet were assessed in patients from the ANNEXA-4 study (Andexanet Alfa, a Novel Antidote to the Anticoagulation Effects of FXa Inhibitors) with intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH). Methods ANNEXA-4 was a single-arm study evaluating andexanet in patients presenting with major bleeding ≤18 hours after taking an FXa inhibitor. Patients received a bolus plus 2-hour infusion of andexanet. Brain imaging in patients with ICrH was performed at baseline and at 1 and 12 hours postandexanet infusion. Coprimary efficacy outcomes were change in anti-FXa activity and hemostatic efficacy at 12 hours (excellent/good efficacy defined as ≤35% increase in hemorrhage volume/thickness). Safety outcomes included occurrence of thrombotic events and death at 30 days. Results A total of 227 patients with ICrH were included in the safety population (51.5% male; mean age 79.3 years) and 171 in the efficacy population (99 spontaneous and 72 traumatic bleeds). In efficacy evaluable patients, excellent/good hemostasis 12 hours postandexanet occurred in 77 out of 98 (78.6%) and in 58 out of 70 (82.9%) patients with spontaneous and traumatic bleeding, respectively. In the subanalysis by FXa inhibitor treatment group in the efficacy population, median of percent change in anti-FXa from baseline to nadir showed a decrease of 93.8% for apixaban-treated patients (n=99) and by 92.6% for rivaroxaban-treated patients (n=59). Within 30 days, death occurred in 34 out of 227 (15.0%) patients and thrombotic events occurred in 21 out of 227 (9.3%) patients (safety population). Conclusions Andexanet reduced anti-FXa activity in FXa inhibitor-treated patients with ICrH, with a high rate of hemostatic efficacy. Andexanet may substantially benefit patients with ICrH, the most serious complication of anticoagulation. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02329327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Demchuk
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada (A.M.D.)
| | - Patrick Yue
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, now Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (P.Y., P.B.C., J.T.C.)
| | - Elena Zotova
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (E.Z., J.N., L.X., J.W.E., M.C., S.J.C.)
| | - Juliet Nakamya
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (E.Z., J.N., L.X., J.W.E., M.C., S.J.C.)
| | - Lizhen Xu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (E.Z., J.N., L.X., J.W.E., M.C., S.J.C.)
| | - Truman J. Milling
- Department of Neurology, Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Tomoyuki Ohara
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan (T.O.)
| | - Joshua N. Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.N.G.)
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef, the Netherlands (S.M.)
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Belgium (P.V.)
| | - Jose Luis Lopez-Sendon
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain (J.L.L.-S.)
| | - Pamela B. Conley
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, now Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (P.Y., P.B.C., J.T.C.)
| | - John T. Curnutte
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, now Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (P.Y., P.B.C., J.T.C.)
| | - John W. Eikelboom
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (E.Z., J.N., L.X., J.W.E., M.C., S.J.C.)
| | - Mark Crowther
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (E.Z., J.N., L.X., J.W.E., M.C., S.J.C.)
| | - Stuart J. Connolly
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (E.Z., J.N., L.X., J.W.E., M.C., S.J.C.)
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Mee HJ, Hanger HC, Wilkinson TJ, Beharry JM, Wu TYH. Anticoagulant-related intracranial haemorrhage: time to anticoagulant reversal improving but still slower than thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke. N Z Med J 2021; 134:69-79. [PMID: 33582709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to determine whether door-to-needle times (DNT) for reversal of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (1) have improved over time, (2) differ between warfarin and dabigatran and (3) are comparable to ischaemic stroke (IS) thrombolysis DNT, and (4) whether reversal is monitored. METHODS Retrospective review of all warfarin- and dabigatran-associated ICH presenting to Christchurch Hospital over a 15-year period. DNT data from 2013-2018 were compared between warfarin-related ICH (WRICH), dabigatran-related ICH (DRICH) and IS thrombolysis. RESULTS 172 WRICH were identified. Over time there were significant reductions in door-to-first-reversal-agent (r=-0.21, p=0.01), scan-to-first-reversal-agent (r=-0.27, p=0.001) and scan-to-prothrombin-complex-concentrate (PCC) (r=-0.33, p=0.001) times. In the 2013-2018 cohort, WRICH had significantly slower DNT, door-to-scan time and scan-to-needle time compared to DRICH and IS thrombolysis (all p<0.001). There was no statistical difference between DRICH and IS. Median DNT was 183 minutes for WRICH, 72 minutes for DRICH and 52 minutes for IS. Median time to repeat international normalised ratio was 231 minutes, and the median time to repeat thrombin clotting time was 825 minutes. CONCLUSION Door-to-any-reversal-agent and scan-to-PCC times have improved over time, but they remain significantly longer than IS thrombolysis times. Monitoring of reversal is inadequate, particularly for WRICH receiving PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Jane Mee
- Older Persons Rehabilitation Services, Hutt District Health Board (current work location)
| | - Hugh Carl Hanger
- Older Persons Health, Canterbury District Health Board; Department of Medicine, University of Otago
| | - Timothy James Wilkinson
- Older Persons Health, Canterbury District Health Board; Department of Medicine, University of Otago
| | | | - Teddy Yuan-Hao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Ammar AA, Ammar MA, Owusu KA, Brown SC, Kaddouh F, Elsamadicy AA, Acosta JN, Falcone GJ. Andexanet Alfa Versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitors in Intracranial Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:255-261. [PMID: 33403588 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE There are limited data on the risks and benefits of using andexanet alfa (AA) in comparison with four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) to reverse factor Xa inhibitors (FXi) associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). We sought to describe our experience with AA or 4F-PCC in patients with oral FXi-related traumatic and spontaneous ICH. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive adult patients with FXi-related ICH who received AA or 4F-PCC. FXi-related ICH cases included traumatic and spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages. Our primary analysis evaluated ICH stability on head computed tomography scan (CT), defined as a similar amount of blood from the initial scan at the onset of ICH to subsequent scans, at 6-h and 24-h post-administration of AA or 4F-PCC. For the subset of spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhages, volume was measured at 6-h and 24-h post-reversal. In secondary analyses, we evaluated good functional outcome at discharge, defined as a Modified Rankin Score of less than 3, and the incidence of thrombotic events after AA or 4F-PCC adminstration, during hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 44 patients (16 traumatic and 28 spontaneous ICH) with median age of 79 years [72-86], 36% females, with a FXi-related ICH, were included in this study. The majority of spontaneous ICHs were intraparenchymal 19 (68%). Twenty-eight patients (64%) received AA and 16 patients (36%) received 4F-PCC. There was no difference between AA and 4F-PCC in terms of CT stability at 6 h (21 [78%] vs 10 [71%], p = 0.71) and 24 h (15 [88%] vs 6 [60%], p = 0.15). In a subgroup of patients with spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage, there was no difference in the degree of achieved hemostasis based on hematoma volume between AA and 4F-PCC at 6 h (9.3 mL [6.9-26.4] vs 10 mL [9.4-22.1], adjusted p = 0. 997) and 24-h (9.2 mL [6.1-18.8] vs 9.9 [9.4-21.1], adjusted p = 1). The number of patients with good outcome based on mRS on discharge were 10 (36%) and 6 (38%) in the AA and 4F-PCC groups, respectively (adjusted p = 0.81). The incidence of thromboembolic events was similar in the AA and 4F-PCC groups (2 [7%] vs 0, p = 0.53). CONCLUSION In this limited sample of patients, we found no difference in neuroimaging stability, functional outcome and thrombotic events when comparing AA and 4F-PCC in patients with FXi-related ICH. Since our analysis is likely underpowered, a multi-center collaborative network devoted to this question is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Ammar
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, 55 Park Street, Lower Level, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Ammar
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, 55 Park Street, Lower Level, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kent A Owusu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, 55 Park Street, Lower Level, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Clinical Redesign, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stacy C Brown
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LLCI 1004D, Box 208018, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Firas Kaddouh
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LLCI 1004D, Box 208018, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Julián N Acosta
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LLCI 1004D, Box 208018, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Guido J Falcone
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LLCI 1004D, Box 208018, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Barra ME, Das AS, Hayes BD, Rosenthal ES, Rosovsky RP, Fuh L, Patel AB, Goldstein JN, Roberts RJ. Evaluation of andexanet alfa and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) for reversal of rivaroxaban- and apixaban-associated intracranial hemorrhages. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1637-1647. [PMID: 32291874 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Before approval of andexanet alfa, off-label treatment with 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) was often utilized for the management of life-threatening hemorrhages associated with oral factor Xa inhibitors. We evaluated the operational processes and outcomes of patients with oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) treated with andexanet alfa or 4F-PCC. METHODS We performed a retrospective, single-center case series of rivaroxaban or apixaban-associated ICH between 2016-2019 treated with andexanet alfa or 4F-PCC. Good or excellent hemostatic effectiveness, good functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score [GOS]> 3) at hospital discharge, and incidence of thrombosis within 30 days were reported. RESULTS Eighteen patients were included in the andexanet alfa cohort and 11 in the 4F-PCC cohort. Excellent or good hemostasis occurred in 88.9% of andexanet alfa-treated patients and 60% of 4F-PCC-treated patients. Good functional outcome on discharge occurred in 55.6% of andexanet alfa-treated patients and 9.1% of 4F-PCC-treated patients. Thrombotic complications occurred in 16.7% of andexanet alfa-treated patients and 9.1% of 4F-PCC-treated patients. Median order-to-administration time was 1.1 hours [0.8-1.4] versus 0.5 hours [0.1-0.8] in the andexanet alfa and 4F-PCC group, respectively. The median cost of therapy was $29970/patient versus $6925/patient in the andexanet alfa and 4F-PCC group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We observed higher rates of occurrence of good or excellent hemostasis and GOS > 3 on hospital discharge and increased incidence of thrombosis in patients who received andexanet alfa compared to 4F-PCC for oral factor Xa inhibitor reversal. However, patients receiving 4F-PCC had lower pre-reversal Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)score and larger pre-reversal ICH volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Barra
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvin S Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D Hayes
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lanting Fuh
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aman B Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua N Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russel J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Navarro-Oviedo M, Muñoz-Arrondo R, Zandio B, Marta-Enguita J, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Rodríguez JA, Roncal C, Páramo JA, Toledo E, Montaner J, Hernández-Guillamon M, Orbe J. Circulating TIMP-1 is associated with hematoma volume in patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10329. [PMID: 32587306 PMCID: PMC7316718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic zinc-endopeptidases regulated by tissue Inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We evaluated the potential of MMPs and TIMPs as clinical tools for Intracranial Haemorrhage (ICH). Spontaneous non-traumatic ICH patients were recruited from two hospitals: Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN = 29) and Vall d´Hebron (VdH = 76). Plasmatic levels of MMP-1, -2, -7, -9, -10 and TIMP-1 and their relationship with clinical, radiological and functional variables were evaluated. We further studied the effect of TIMP-1 (0.05-0.2 mg/Kg) in an experimental tail-bleeding model. In CHN, TIMP-1 was associated with admission-hematoma volume and MMP-7 was elevated in patients with deep when compared to lobar hematoma. In VdH, admission-hematoma volume was associated with TIMP-1 and MMP-7. When data from both hospitals were combined, we observed that an increase in 1 ng/ml in TIMP-1 was associated with an increase of 0.14 ml in haemorrhage (combined β = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.08-0.21). Likewise, mice receiving TIMP-1 (0.2 mg/Kg) showed a shorter bleeding time (p < 0.01). Therefore, the association of TIMP-1 with hematoma volume in two independent ICH cohorts suggests its potential as ICH biomarker. Moreover, increased TIMP-1 might not be sufficient to counterbalance MMPs upregulation indicating that TIMP-1 administration might be a beneficial strategy for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Navarro-Oviedo
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Zandio
- Neurology Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Marta-Enguita
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Neurology Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Roncal
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Páramo
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Haematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estefania Toledo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical experience with using activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCCs) to reverse the effects of factor Xa inhibitors is limited. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the achievement of effective clinical hemostasis using aPCC in patients on chronic apixaban or rivaroxaban therapy presenting with major bleeding in whom a reversal agent is warranted. We also assessed the safety of the drug. METHODS A retrospective medical records review was conducted at a tertiary referral medical center in the USA. Patients presenting with major bleeding while receiving apixaban or rivaroxaban and treated with aPCC were included. Clinical hemostasis was assessed using International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Scientific and Standardization Subcommittee criteria. RESULTS A total of 35 patients were included in the study. The most common site of bleeding was intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (n = 18 [51.4%]), followed by gastrointestinal bleed (n = 10 [28.6%]). Clinical hemostasis was achieved in 24 (68.6%) patients; 11 patients (31.4%) did not achieve clinical hemostasis; nine of these patients had ICH. Seven of the patients who did not achieve hemostasis died during hospitalization. Three (8.6%) patients experienced thromboembolic events during hospitalization. In total, 21 (60%) patients were receiving concomitant medications that interact with anti-factor Xa inhibitors and can increase the risk of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that aPCC could be an option in patients with major bleeding associated with apixaban or rivaroxaban. It may be an alternative for patients who need anticoagulation reversal if the specific antidote, andexanet alfa, is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Sheikh-Taha
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
- Department of Pharmacy, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, AL, USA.
| | - R Monroe Crawley
- Department of Pharmacy, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, AL, USA
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Huang TI, Hsieh CL. Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Long-Term Outcomes of Snakebite in Taiwan. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E132. [PMID: 32093388 PMCID: PMC7076781 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review the characteristics of the six predominant venomous snakes in Taiwan and the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the long-term outcomes of snakebite venom. We electronically searched databases, including PubMed, ClinicalKey, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan, and Airiti Library, from their inception to November 2019 by using the following Medical Subject Headings' keywords: snakebite, long-term, chronic, Chinese medicine, CAM, herb, and Taiwan. The most common long-term effects of snakebite envenomation include "migraine-like syndrome", brain injuries caused by hypoxia or intracranial hemorrhage, and chronic kidney disease. In addition, hypopituitarism is also worth mentioning. Traditional Chinese medicine can potentially be used in a complementary or alternative treatment for these effects, but additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-I Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Imura J, Yamakawa A, Ikeda M, Morikawa M, Kohmura E. [Effectiveness of Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Warfarin-related Intracranial Hemorrhage]. No Shinkei Geka 2019; 47:629-636. [PMID: 31235665 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1436203997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage(w-ICH)usually increases and results in unfavorable outcomes. Administration of prothrombin complex concentrate(PCC)can reverse anticoagulation and correct prothrombin time-international normalized ratio(PT-INR)immediately; it is recommended by some guidelines for cases of w-ICH. We assessed the effect of PCC on blood coagulation. METHODS We administered PCC and vitamin K to 11 patients with w-ICH who were admitted to our hospital between October 2016 and November 2017. We measured the PT-INR at baseline and immediately, 1 hour, 6 hours, and on the day after PCC administration. RESULTS Patients' mean(range)PT-INR normalized from 1.92(1.64-3.26)to 1.08(1.03-1.29)immediately after receiving PCC. Patients' PT-INR was 1.17(1.08-1.29)1 hour after receiving PCC, 1.22(1.16-1.52)6 hours after receiving PCC, and 1.17(1.05-1.29)on the day after receiving PCC. In all the cases, no side effects emerged. Five patients had a safe operation. All the patients' modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge were stable or within a permissive limit in comparison with the symptoms on admission. CONCLUSION In our cases, administration of PCC corrected the PT-INR immediately and contributed to a better outcome of w-ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yodogawa Christian Hospital
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Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, Gibson CM, Curnutte JT, Lawrence JH, Yue P, Bronson MD, Lu G, Conley PB, Verhamme P, Schmidt J, Middeldorp S, Cohen AT, Beyer-Westendorf J, Albaladejo P, Lopez-Sendon J, Demchuk AM, Pallin DJ, Concha M, Goodman S, Leeds J, Souza S, Siegal DM, Zotova E, Meeks B, Ahmad S, Nakamya J, Milling TJ. Full Study Report of Andexanet Alfa for Bleeding Associated with Factor Xa Inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1326-1335. [PMID: 30730782 PMCID: PMC6699827 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1814051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andexanet alfa is a modified recombinant inactive form of human factor Xa developed for reversal of factor Xa inhibitors. METHODS We evaluated 352 patients who had acute major bleeding within 18 hours after administration of a factor Xa inhibitor. The patients received a bolus of andexanet, followed by a 2-hour infusion. The coprimary outcomes were the percent change in anti-factor Xa activity after andexanet treatment and the percentage of patients with excellent or good hemostatic efficacy at 12 hours after the end of the infusion, with hemostatic efficacy adjudicated on the basis of prespecified criteria. Efficacy was assessed in the subgroup of patients with confirmed major bleeding and baseline anti-factor Xa activity of at least 75 ng per milliliter (or ≥0.25 IU per milliliter for those receiving enoxaparin). RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 77 years, and most had substantial cardiovascular disease. Bleeding was predominantly intracranial (in 227 patients [64%]) or gastrointestinal (in 90 patients [26%]). In patients who had received apixaban, the median anti-factor Xa activity decreased from 149.7 ng per milliliter at baseline to 11.1 ng per milliliter after the andexanet bolus (92% reduction; 95% confidence interval [CI], 91 to 93); in patients who had received rivaroxaban, the median value decreased from 211.8 ng per milliliter to 14.2 ng per milliliter (92% reduction; 95% CI, 88 to 94). Excellent or good hemostasis occurred in 204 of 249 patients (82%) who could be evaluated. Within 30 days, death occurred in 49 patients (14%) and a thrombotic event in 34 (10%). Reduction in anti-factor Xa activity was not predictive of hemostatic efficacy overall but was modestly predictive in patients with intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute major bleeding associated with the use of a factor Xa inhibitor, treatment with andexanet markedly reduced anti-factor Xa activity, and 82% of patients had excellent or good hemostatic efficacy at 12 hours, as adjudicated according to prespecified criteria. (Funded by Portola Pharmaceuticals; ANNEXA-4 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02329327.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Connolly
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Mark Crowther
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - John W Eikelboom
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - C Michael Gibson
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - John T Curnutte
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - John H Lawrence
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Patrick Yue
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Michele D Bronson
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Genmin Lu
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Pamela B Conley
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Peter Verhamme
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Jeannot Schmidt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Alexander T Cohen
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Pierre Albaladejo
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Jose Lopez-Sendon
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Andrew M Demchuk
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Daniel J Pallin
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Mauricio Concha
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Shelly Goodman
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Janet Leeds
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Sonia Souza
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Deborah M Siegal
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Elena Zotova
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Brandi Meeks
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Sadia Ahmad
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Juliet Nakamya
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
| | - Truman J Milling
- From the Population Health Research Institute (S.J.C., J.W.E., D.M.S., E.Z., B.M., S.A., J.N.) and the Department of Medicine (M. Crowther), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.M.D.) - all in Canada; Harvard Medical School (C.M.G.) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.P.) - both in Boston; Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (J.T.C., J.H.L., P.Y., M.D.B., G.L., P.B.C., S.G., J.L., S.S.); University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand (J.S.), and Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble (P.A.) - both in France; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (S.M.); Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London (A.T.C.); University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.B.-W.); Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (J.L.-S.); Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL (M. Concha); and Seton Dell Medical School Stroke Institute, Austin, TX (T.J.M.)
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Karibe H, Akamatsu Y, Narisawa A, Hayashi T, Kameyama M. [Efficacy of Idarucizmab in Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage Preconditioned with Dabigatran]. No Shinkei Geka 2018; 46:1117-1120. [PMID: 30572310 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1436203878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Williamson MR, Wilkinson CM, Dietrich K, Colbourne F. Acetazolamide Mitigates Intracranial Pressure Spikes Without Affecting Functional Outcome After Experimental Hemorrhagic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:428-439. [PMID: 30225552 PMCID: PMC6647499 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) after stroke can lead to poor outcome and death. Novel treatments to combat ICP rises are needed. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide diminishes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, reduces ICP in healthy animals, and is beneficial for idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients. We tested whether acetazolamide mitigates ICP elevations by presumably decreasing CSF volume after collagenase-induced striatal hemorrhage in rats. We confirmed that acetazolamide did not adversely affect hematoma formation in this model or physiological variables, such as temperature. Then, we assessed the effects of acetazolamide on ICP. Lastly, we tested the effects of acetazolamide on behavioral and histological outcome. Acetazolamide reduced the magnitude and occurrence of short-timescale ICP spikes, assessed as disproportionate increases in ICP (sudden ICP increases > 10 mmHg), 1-min peak ICP, and the magnitude of spikes > 20 mmHg. However, mean ICP was unaffected. In addition, acetazolamide reduced ICP variability, reflecting improved intracranial compliance. Compliance measures were strongly correlated with high peak and mean ICP, whereas ipsilateral hemisphere water content was not correlated with ICP. Despite effects on ICP, acetazolamide did not improve behavioral function or affect lesion size. In summary, we show that intracerebral hemorrhage creates an impaired compliance state within the cranial space that can result in large, transient ICP spikes. Acetazolamide ameliorates intracranial compliance and mitigates ICP spikes, but does not improve functional outcome, at least for moderate-severity ICH in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Williamson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cassandra M Wilkinson
- P217 Biological Sciences Building, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Kristen Dietrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- P217 Biological Sciences Building, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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