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Naz S, Sychra O, Rizvi SA, Dharejo AM. The genus Neopsittaconirmus (Psocodea: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from parrots of Pakistan, and evaluation of its distribution on captive parrots (Psittaciformes) around the world. Res Vet Sci 2024; 167:105121. [PMID: 38150940 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The genus Neopsittaconirmus Conci, 1942 is a host-specific genus, found on both wild and captive parrots and love birds (order Psittaciformes). Two species of this genus: N. lybartota (Ansari, 1947) and N. chandabani (Ansari, 1947) have been previously reported from the Punjab province, Pakistan. We recorded N. lybartota from Psittacula eupatria nipalensis (n = 2), Psittacula krameri borealis (n = 13), and captive Psittacula krameri krameri (n = 4) with the mean intensity of 2.0 ± 1, 2.13 ± 0.35 and 2.25 ± 0.47, respectively; the prevalence of louse infestation was 62% in P. krameri borealis and 100% in P. krameri krameri and P. eupatria nipalensis. From this material, we redescribed its morphological variations in taxonomic features. Records on P. eupatria nipalensis and P. krameri krameri represent new host associations for this species of louse. We also present a new record of Neopsittaconirmus vendulae from a captive cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicua (n = 3) in Pakistan, with mean intensity of 2.6 ± 0.66. Intraspecific variability of this species is described in detail, with special reference to the male and female terminalia, and male genitalia. We aimed to update and extend the fauna of chewing lice infesting birds of Pakistan. Previous records of Neopsittaconirmus on captive parrots around the world are summarized and discussed. Despite long-standing systematic veterinary care, some Neopsittaconirmus have cosmopolitan distribution and they are able to survive and successfully reproduce in captivity with their hosts, and even colonize novel hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Naz
- Advanced Parasitology Research Laboratory (APRL), Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan.
| | - Oldřich Sychra
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Syed Anser Rizvi
- Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ali Murtaza Dharejo
- Advanced Parasitology Research Laboratory (APRL), Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
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Yin JH, Oster S, McHale B, Neto R. Naturally occurring psittacid alphaherpesvirus 3 and probable adenovirus coinfection in an Indian ringneck parakeet in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:772-776. [PMID: 37710977 PMCID: PMC10621537 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 3 (PsAHV-3) is a rarely reported virus that has been associated with pneumonia in psittacine birds. A 5-mo-old Indian ringneck parakeet (syn. rose-ringed parakeet; Psittacula krameri) was euthanized after developing torticollis and lethargy. Postmortem examination of the parakeet revealed severe pneumonia with syncytial cells containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIBs) in the respiratory epithelium. Gene sequencing of total DNA extraction detected PsAHV-3 in the frozen lung. The pancreas had severe lytic necrosis, with the remaining parenchymal cells expanded by large basophilic INIBs. Electron microscopy of the pancreas revealed intranuclear paracrystalline arrays of viral particles morphologically resembling adenovirus. Although we found 3 PsAHV-3 cases in birds in a literature search, we found no cases with adenoviral coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hang Yin
- Departments of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Seth Oster
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Brittany McHale
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Neto
- Departments of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Zwarg T, Raso TF, de Carvalho MPN, Santos RL, Dos Santos DO, Llano HAB, Soares RM. Acute, fatal Sarcocystis falcatula infection in rose-ringed parakeets ( Psittacula krameri). Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 46:100935. [PMID: 37935536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Sarcocystosis is an important avian disease that affects several intermediate host species. Birds not endemic from Americas, like Old World psittacine species, appear to be more susceptible to lethal infection than New World psittacine species. The aim of this study was to investigate the sudden death of rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in an exotic private parrot's aviary. Macroscopically, the most prevalent findings were severe lung congestion, slight superficial myocardial hemorrhagic lesions, enlarged liver and congestion of meningeal vessels. The initial diagnosis of sarcocystosis was made in all birds by microscopic observations of intravascular pulmonary schizonts, as well hepatitis, myocarditis, and nephritis. Immunohistochemistry for detection of Sarcocystis sp. antigen revealed an intense immunoreactivity in the lungs. Molecular identification of Sarcocystis falcatula were obtained by nested PCR and sequencing of amplified fragments of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and three surface antigen-coding genes (SAG2, SAG3 and SAG4). SAG-based phylogenies showed a close relatedness of the isolate described here and S. falcatula previously detected in naturally infected native birds, which suggests that the isolates that affected ringnecks are a common isolate that circulates in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana Zwarg
- The Fauna Division of the Municipal Secretariat for Green and Environment of the Municipality of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Freitas Raso
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Lima Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Horwald A B Llano
- Investigation Group (GINVER), School of Veterinary Medicine, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ecco R, Silva LMN, Dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda M, Dos Santos de Moraes MV, de Oliveira LB, de Magalhães Santos WH, Rizotto LS, Saraiva LHG, Bueno LM, Dorlass EG, Durigon EL, Spilki FR, Ferreira HL. First detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 and coinfection with beak and feather disease virus in naturally infected captive ringneck parakeets ( Psittacula krameri) in Brazil. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2319-2324. [PMID: 35962822 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a case report in captive rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) that developed clinical signs and eventually died after introducing new birds without quarantine. Bronchopneumonia and airsacculitis with syncytial cells associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies were found. Herpesvirus was detected in lungs and liver by PCR, and a nearly complete genome sequence of a Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 was obtained from the lung of a bird. Metagenomic analysis also identified beak and feather disease virus in the same samples. The study also highlights the importance of quarantine for avoiding the introduction of new diseases in captive aviaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselene Ecco
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Morais Nascimento Silva
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Maira Dos Santos Carneiro Lacerda
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Vitória Dos Santos de Moraes
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Letícia Batelli de Oliveira
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Willian Henrique de Magalhães Santos
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laís Santos Rizotto
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luís Henrique Gouvêa Saraiva
- Setor de Patologia, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Mayumi Bueno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, FZEA-USP, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635900, Brazil
| | - Erick G Dorlass
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Prédio Vermelho, Piso 1, Sala 103, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Programa de pós-graduação em epidemiologia experimental aplicada às Zoonoses, FMVZ-USP, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, FZEA-USP, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635900, Brazil.
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Jaimohan SM, Naresh MD, Arumugam V, Mandal AB. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of parakeet ( Psittacula krameri) haemoglobin. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:1027-9. [PMID: 19851014 PMCID: PMC2765893 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109034071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Birds often show efficient oxygen management in order to meet the special demands of their metabolism. However, the structural studies of avian haemoglobins (Hbs) are inadequate for complete understanding of the mechanism involved. Towards this end, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out for parakeet Hb. Parakeet Hb was crystallized as the met form in low-salt buffered conditions after extracting haemoglobin from crude blood by microcentrifugation and purifying the sample by column chromatography. Good-quality crystals were grown from 10% PEG 3350 and a crystal diffracted to about 2.8 A resolution. Preliminary diffraction data showed that the Hb crystal belonged to the monoclinic system (space group C2), with unit-cell parameters a = 110.68, b = 64.27, c = 56.40 A, beta = 109.35 degrees . Matthews volume analysis indicated that the crystals contained a half-tetramer in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Jaimohan
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
- Biophysics Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
| | - M. D. Naresh
- Biophysics Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
| | - V. Arumugam
- Biophysics Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
| | - A. B. Mandal
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
- Biophysics Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
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Sengupta A, Kumar Maitra S. The pineal gland, but not melatonin, is associated with the termination of seasonal testicular activity in an annual reproductive cycle in roseringed parakeet Psittacula krameri. Chronobiol Int 2006; 23:915-33. [PMID: 17050209 DOI: 10.1080/07420520600921062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin in the regulation of annual testicular events was investigated for the first time in a psittacine bird, the roseringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri). Accordingly, the testicular responsiveness of the birds was evaluated following surgical pinealectomy with or without the exogenous administration of melatonin and the experimental manipulations of the endogenous levels of melatonin through exposing the birds to continuous illumination. An identical schedule was followed during the four reproductive phases, each characterizing a distinct testicular status in the annual cycle, namely, the phases of gametogenic quiescence (preparatory phase), seasonal recovery of gametogenesis (progressive phase), seasonal initiation of sperm formation (pre-breeding phase), and peak gametogenic activity (breeding phase). In each reproductive phase, the birds were subjected to various experimental conditions, and the effects were studied comparing the testicular conditions in the respective control birds. The study included germ cell profiles of the seminiferous tubules, the activities of steroidogenic enzymes 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), and Delta(5)3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Delta(5)3beta- HSD) in the testis, and the serum levels of testosterone and melatonin. An analysis of the data reveals that the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin may play an inhibitory role in the development of the testis until the attainment of the seasonal peak in the annual reproductive cycle. However, in all probability, the termination of the seasonal activity of the testis or the initiation of testicular regression in the annual reproductive cycle appears to be the function of the pineal gland, but not of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sengupta
- Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India
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