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Stirling SA, Guercio AM, Patrick RM, Huang XQ, Bergman ME, Dwivedi V, Kortbeek RWJ, Liu YK, Sun F, Tao WA, Li Y, Boachon B, Shabek N, Dudareva N. Volatile communication in plants relies on a KAI2-mediated signaling pathway. Science 2024; 383:1318-1325. [PMID: 38513014 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released during plant-plant communication, within-plant self-signaling, and plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding VOC perception and downstream signaling is vital for unraveling the mechanisms behind information exchange in plants, which remain largely unexplored. Using the hormone-like function of volatile terpenoids in reproductive organ development as a system with a visual marker for communication, we demonstrate that a petunia karrikin-insensitive receptor, PhKAI2ia, stereospecifically perceives the (-)-germacrene D signal, triggering a KAI2-mediated signaling cascade and affecting plant fitness. This study uncovers the role(s) of the intermediate clade of KAI2 receptors, illuminates the involvement of a KAI2ia-dependent signaling pathway in volatile communication, and provides new insights into plant olfaction and the long-standing question about the nature of potential endogenous KAI2 ligand(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Stirling
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angelica M Guercio
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ryan M Patrick
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew E Bergman
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yi-Kai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Fuai Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, LBVpam UMR 5079, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Li W, Mai J, Lin L, Zhang ZG, Ledesma-Amaro R, Dong W, Ji XJ. Combination of microbial and chemical synthesis for the sustainable production of β-elemene, a promising plant-extracted anticancer compound. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3612-3621. [PMID: 37661795 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Beta-elemene, a class of sesquiterpene derived from the Chinese medicinal herb Curcuma wenyujin, is widely used in clinical medicine due to its broad-spectrum antitumor activity. However, the unsustainable plant extraction prompted the search for environmentally friendly strategies for β-elemene production. In this study, we designed a Yarrowia lipolytica cell factory that can continuously produce germacrene A, which is further converted into β-elemene with 100% yield through a Cope rearrangement reaction by shifting the temperature to 250°C. First, the productivity of four plant-derived germacrene A synthases was evaluated. After that, the metabolic flux of the precursor to germacrene A was maximized by optimizing the endogenous mevalonate pathway, inhibiting the competing squalene pathway, and expressing germacrene A synthase gene in multiple copies. Finally, the most promising strain achieved the highest β-elemene titer reported to date with 5.08 g/L. This sustainable and green method has the potential for industrial β-elemene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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Lamine M, Gargouri M, Mliki A. Identification of the NaCl-responsive metabolites in Citrus roots: A lipidomic and volatomic signature. Plant Signal Behav 2020; 15:1777376. [PMID: 32508206 PMCID: PMC8570732 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1777376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the first osmotic phase affects the growth rates of roots immediately upon addition of salt; thus, dissecting metabolites profiling provides an opportunity to throw light into the basis of plant tolerance by searching for altered signatures that may be associated with tolerance at this organ. This study examined the influence of salt treatment on fatty acid composition and chemical composition of the essential oil of C. aurantium roots. Results proved that, under salt treatment, an increase of double bond index and linoleic desaturation ratio was pointed out. On the other hand, the reduction of saturated fatty acids was spotted. Such treatment also induced quantitative changes in the chemical composition of the essential oils from C. aurantium roots and increased markedly the rates of monoterpenes, while the sesquiterpenes decreased significantly. Both primary and secondary metabolites were found to be significantly salt responsive, including one fatty acid (palmitoleic acid) and six volatiles (E-2-dodecenal, tetradecanal, γ-Elemene, trans-caryophyllene, α-Terpinene and germacrene D). Plasticity at the metabolic level may allow Citrus plants to acclimatize their metabolic ranges in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lamine
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Ling C, Zheng L, Yu X, Wang H, Wang C, Wu H, Zhang J, Yao P, Tai Y, Yuan Y. Cloning and functional analysis of three aphid alarm pheromone genes from German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Plant Sci 2020; 294:110463. [PMID: 32234219 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is one of the most ancient medicinal species in the world and terpenoids from their flowers have important medicinal value. We cloned three sesquiterpene synthase genes, McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, and performed sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The encoded proteins possess three conserved structural features: an RRxxxxxxxxW motif, an RxR motif, and a DDxxD motif. McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 were confirmed to be (E)-farnesene synthase, germacrene D synthase, and germacrene A synthase, respectively. Subcellular localization revealed diffuse GFP reporter-gene signals in the cytoplasm and nucleus. qPCR indicated that McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, were more highly expressed in young flowers than in old flowers and the expression was highly correlated with amounts of the end-product essential oils ((E)-β-farnesene, germacrene D and β-elemene), with coefficients of 0.76, 0.83 and 0.68, respectively. We also established a transformation system for chamomile hairy roots. The overexpression of McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 resulted in γ-muurolene accumulation in hairy roots. The activity of three aphid alarm pheromones here forms the molecular basis for the study of the biosynthesis and regulation of volatile terpenes. Transformation of chamomile hairy roots provides a simple system in which to study terpene biosynthesis in chamomile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ling
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lujie Zheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengxiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Yao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Nguyen TD, Kwon M, Kim SU, Fischer C, Ro DK. Catalytic Plasticity of Germacrene A Oxidase Underlies Sesquiterpene Lactone Diversification. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:945-960. [PMID: 31534022 PMCID: PMC6836840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution of enzymes benefits from catalytic promiscuity. Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) have diverged extensively in the Asteraceae, and studies of the enzymes for two representative STLs, costunolide and artemisinin, could provide an insight into the adaptive evolution of enzymes. Costunolide appeared early in Asteraceae evolution and is widespread, whereas artemisinin is a unique STL appearing in a single Asteraceae species, Artemisia annua Therefore, costunolide is a ubiquitous STL, while artemisinin is a specialized one. In costunolide biosynthesis, germacrene A oxidase (GAO) synthesizes germacrene A acid from germacrene A. Similarly, in artemisinin biosynthesis, amorphadiene oxidase (AMO) synthesizes artemisinic acid from amorphadiene. GAO promiscuity is suggested to drive the diversification of STLs. To examine the degree of GAO promiscuity, we expressed six sesquiterpene synthases from cotton (Gossypium arboretum), goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), agarwood (Aquilaria crassna), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and orange (Citrus sinensis) in yeast to produce seven distinct sesquiterpene substrates (germacrene D, 5-epi-aristolochene, valencene, δ-cadinene, α- and δ-guaienes, and valerenadiene). GAO or AMO was coexpressed in these yeasts to evaluate the promiscuities of GAO and AMO. Remarkably, all sesquiterpenes tested were oxidized to sesquiterpene acids by GAO, but negligible activities were found from AMO. Hence, GAO apparently has catalytic potential to evolve into different enzymes for synthesizing distinct STLs, while the recently specialized AMO demonstrates rigid substrate specificity. Mutant GAOs implanted with active site residues of AMO showed substantially reduced stability, but their per enzyme activities to produce artemisinic acid increased by 9-fold. Collectively, these results suggest promiscuous GAOs can be developed as novel catalysts for synthesizing unique sesquiterpene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh-Don Nguyen
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Institute of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Ueno VA, Sawaya ACHF. Influence of environmental factors on the volatile composition of two Brazilian medicinal plants: Mikania laevigata and Mikania glomerata. Metabolomics 2019; 15:91. [PMID: 31190244 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mikania laevigata Sch.Bip. ex Baker and Mikania glomerata Spreng. are medicinal plants popularly known as guaco, used for inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, included in pharmaceutical formularies and often used without distinction. However, several studies show that the chemical composition varies between these species, as well as in plants are subjected to different environmental stresses. Few studies have been carried out with the volatile compounds of guaco, even less about the changes in volatile composition due to abiotic variation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to evaluate how volatile compounds vary according to the seasons and at different times of the day and if these compounds are influenced by the variations in the growth conditions such as: temperature, luminosity and water. METHODS The headspace volatiles of the leaves were sampled by solid phase micro extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of the resulting chromatograms and chemometrics was applied. The chemical profile of the volatiles of M. laevigata and M. glomerata were different; being clearly separated in the exploratory grouping analyzes (PCA), followed by analysis of variance of the marker compounds of both species. RESULTS Only M. laevigata contained coumarin, considered to be the chemical marker of both species and to be responsible for the therapeutic activities. There was no significant difference between the morning and afternoon collections of either species. Coumarin, α-pinene and bicyclogermacrene were more intense in the volatiles of M. laevigata throughout the year and responsible for grouping the samples of this species. For M. glomerata, hexanal and 2-hexenal were responsible for grouping the samples and were more intense in all months. The growth conditions tested affected the intensity of specific compounds in the chromatograms. Some compounds were less intense with the increase of the temperature and in the plants subjected to full sunlight. However, certain volatile compounds-such as pinenes-were more intense in plants suffering drought. CONCLUSION The variation in composition between species of guaco was greater than those observed in the seasonal and cultivation studies, indicating that these species cannot be used indistinctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ayumi Ueno
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Bezerra LDA, Mangabeira PAO, de Oliveira RA, Costa LCDB, Da Cunha M. Leaf blade structure of Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) F. S. Blake (Asteraceae): ontogeny, duct secretion mechanism and essential oil composition. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20:433-443. [PMID: 29394523 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretory structures are common in Asteraceae, where they exhibit a high degree of morphological diversity. The species Verbesina macrophylla, popularly known as assa-peixe, is native to Brazil where it is widely used for medicinal purposes. Despite its potential medical importance, there have been no studies of the anatomy of this species, especially its secretory structures and secreted compounds. This study examined leaves of V. macrophylla with emphasis on secretory structures and secreted secondary metabolites. Development of secretory ducts and the mechanism of secretion production are described for V. macrophylla using ultrastructure, yield and chemical composition of its essential oils. Verbesina macrophylla has a hypostomatic leaf blade with dorsiventral mesophyll and secretory ducts associated with vascular bundles of schizogenous origin. Histochemistry identified the presence of lipids, terpenes, alkaloids and mucopolysaccharides. Ultrastructure suggests that the secretion released into the duct lumen is produced in plastids of transfer cells, parenchymal sheath cells and stored in vacuoles in these cells and duct epithelial cells. The essential oil content was 0.8%, and its major components were germacrene D, germacrene D-4-ol, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene and α-cadinol. Secretory ducts of V. macrophylla are squizogenous. Substances identified in tissues suggest that both secretions stored in the ducts and in adjacent parenchyma cells are involved in chemical defence. The essential oil is rich in sesquiterpenes, with germacrene D and its derivatives being notable components.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D A Bezerra
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - P A O Mangabeira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - R A de Oliveira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - L C D B Costa
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - M Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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Gou J, Hao F, Huang C, Kwon M, Chen F, Li C, Liu C, Ro DK, Tang H, Zhang Y. Discovery of a non-stereoselective cytochrome P450 catalyzing either 8α- or 8β-hydroxylation of germacrene A acid from the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. Plant J 2018; 93:92-106. [PMID: 29086444 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are C15 terpenoid natural products with α-methylene γ-lactone moiety. A large proportion of STLs in Asteraceae species is derived from the central precursor germacrene A acid (GAA). Formation of the lactone rings depends on the regio-(C6 or C8) and stereoselective (α- or β-)hydroxylations of GAA, producing STLs with four distinct stereo-configurations (12,6α-, 12,6β-, 12,8α-, and 12,8β-olide derivatives of GAA) in nature. Curiously, two configurations of STLs (C12,8α and C12,8β) are simultaneously present in the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. However, how these related yet distinct STL stereo-isomers are co-synthesized in I. hupehensis remains unknown. Here, we describe the functional identification of the I. hupehensis cytochrome P450 (CYP71BL6) that can catalyze the hydroxylation of GAA in either 8α- or 8β-configuration, resulting in the synthesis of both 8α- and 8β-hydroxyl GAAs. Of these two products, only 8α-hydroxyl GAA spontaneously lactonizes to the C12,8α-STL while the 8β-hydroxyl GAA remains stable without lactonization. Chemical structures of the C12,8α-STL, named inunolide, and 8β-hydroxyl GAA were fully elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and mass spectrometry. The CYP71BL6 displays 63-66% amino acid identity to the previously reported CYP71BL1/2 catalyzing GAA 6α- or 8β-hydroxylation, indicating CYP71BL6 shares the same evolutionary lineage with other stereoselective cytochrome P450s, but catalyzes hydroxylation in a non-stereoselective manner. We observed that the CYP71BL6 transcript abundance correlates closely to the accumulation of C12,8-STLs in I. hupehensis. The identification of CYP71BL6 provides an insight into the biosynthesis of STLs in Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Gou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fangfang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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González MA, Bandi KK, Bell MJ, Brazil RP, Dilger E, Guerrero A, Courtenay O, Hamilton JGC. A temporal comparison of sex-aggregation pheromone gland content and dynamics of release in three members of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) species complex. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006071. [PMID: 29194438 PMCID: PMC5745125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia longipalpis is the South American vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Male L. longipalpis produce a sex-aggregation pheromone that is critical in mating, yet very little is known about its accumulation over time or factors involved in release. This laboratory study aimed to compare accumulation of pheromone over time and determine factors that might influence release in three members of the L. longipalpis species complex. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated male sex-aggregation pheromone gland content at different ages and the release rate of pheromone in the presence or absence of females under different light conditions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pheromone gland content was determined by extraction of whole males and pheromone release rate was determined by collection of headspace volatiles. Pheromone gland content appeared age-related and pheromone began to accumulate between 6 to 12 h post eclosion and gradually increased until males were 7–9 days old. The greatest amount was detected in 9-day old Campo Grande males ((S)-9-methylgermacrene-B; X ± SE: 203.5 ± 57.4 ng/male) followed by Sobral 2S males (diterpene; 199.9 ± 34.3) and Jacobina males ((1S,3S,7R)-3-methyl-α-himachalene; 128.8 ± 30.3) at 7 days old. Pheromone release was not continuous over time. During a 4-hour period, the greatest quantities of pheromone were released during the first hour, when wing beating activity was most intense. It was then substantially diminished for the remainder of the time. During a 24 h period, 4–5 day old male sand flies released approximately 63 ± 11% of the pheromone content of their glands, depending on the chemotype. The presence of females significantly increased pheromone release rate. The light regime under which the sand flies were held had little influence on pheromone release except on Sobral 2S chemotype. Conclusions/Significance Accumulation of pheromone appears to occur at different rates in the different chemotypes examined and results in differing amounts being present in glands over time. Release of accumulated pheromone is not passive, but depends on biotic (presence of females) and abiotic (light) circumstances. There are marked differences in content and release between the members of the complex suggesting important behavioural, biosynthetic and ecological differences between them. The Dipteran subfamily Phlebotominae includes the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus among which several species are important vectors of parasitic and bacterial pathogens. The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. Based on the main component of the male sex-aggregation pheromone gland, different sex pheromone-producing populations (chemotypes) of L. longipalpis are recognized in Brazil. Given the importance of the sex-aggregation pheromones in the biology of this species complex, we present here the first attempt to study how pheromone accumulates in the glands over time and factors that might influence its release in the three most common chemotypes from Brazil. Our results demonstrated that pheromone first starts to accumulate a few hours post-eclosion (6–12 h) and this continues over 15 days. Pheromone release is a dynamic process which varies between the 3 chemotypes depending on biotic factors, such as light regime and presence/absence of conspecific females. This work provides valuable information, critical to our understanding of the behaviour and ecology of L. longipalpis sand flies and which will contribute to investigations to improve field-based pheromone control and monitoring of L. longipalpis sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna K. Bandi
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J. Bell
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erin Dilger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Guerrero
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, IQAC (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Hong B, Li W, Dong M, Niu Y. Comparison of the curdione in brain of blood stasis pregnant rats and its offsprings with the normal group rats by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Pak J Pharm Sci 2017; 30:809-816. [PMID: 28653926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Curdione is a main active component of curcuma rhizomes (Ezhu), which shows an excellent antithrombotic activity. In this study, the concentration of Curdione in pregnant rats and their offspring brain was determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method. The water extraction then alcohol precipitation extract from Ezhu was administered through tail intravenous injection. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed to compare the differences between the blood stasis group rats and normal group rats. Using Schisandrol A as an internal standard, samples were extracted using dichloromethane and isopropanol (90:10, v/v). Calibration plot was linear over the range of 0.5-200μg•mL.-1. for Curdione in brain with the lower quantification limit being 0.5μg•mL-1. The recoveries of Curdione and IS from brain were more than 93.31% and 90.90% separately. The RSD for both intra- and inter-day precision were <6.49%, RE were -14.84%~-2.8%. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and AUC among the four kinds of rats had significant difference. The Curdione distributed in rat brain in model group is less than normal group. Ezhu medicine may show the therapeutic effect but not the reproductive toxicity on mother or unborn baby to cure the pregnant women under the adaptive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoxian Dong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingcai Niu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bombo AB, Appezzato-da-Glória B, Aschenbrenner AK, Spring O. Capitate glandular trichomes in Aldama discolor (Heliantheae - Asteraceae): morphology, metabolite profile and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2016; 18:455-462. [PMID: 26642998 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The capitate glandular trichome is the most common type described in Asteraceae species. It is known for its ability to produce various plant metabolites of ecological and economic importance, among which sesquiterpene lactones are predominant. In this paper, we applied microscopy, phytochemical and molecular genetics techniques to characterise the capitate glandular trichome in Aldama discolor, a native Brazilian species of Asteraceae, with pharmacological potential. It was found that formation of trichomes on leaf primordia of germinating seeds starts between 24 h and 48 h after radicle growth indicates germination. The start of metabolic activity of trichomes was indicated by separation of the cuticle from the cell wall of secretory cells at the trichome tip after 72 h. This coincided with the accumulation of budlein A, the major sesquiterpene lactone of A. discolor capitate glandular trichomes, in extracts of leaf primordia after 96 h. In the same timeframe of 72-96 h post-germination, gene expression studies showed up-regulation of the putative germacrene A synthase (pGAS2) and putative germacrene A oxidase (pGAO) of A. discolor in the transcriptome of these samples, indicating the start of sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis. Sequencing of the two genes revealed high similarity to HaGAS and HaGAO from sunflower, which shows that key steps of this pathway are highly conserved. The processes of trichome differentiation, metabolic activity and genetic regulation in A. discolor and in sunflower appear to be typical for other species of the subtribe Helianthinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Bombo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - B Appezzato-da-Glória
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - O Spring
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Webb H, Lanfear R, Hamill J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. The yield of essential oils in Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) is regulated through transcript abundance of genes in the MEP pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60631. [PMID: 23544156 PMCID: PMC3609730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) leaves contain large amounts of an essential oil, dominated by monoterpenes. Several enzymes of the chloroplastic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway are hypothesised to act as bottlenecks to the production of monoterpenes. We investigated, whether transcript abundance of genes encoding for enzymes of the MEP pathway were correlated with foliar terpenes in M. alternifolia using a population of 48 individuals that ranged in their oil concentration from 39 -122 mg.g DM−1. Our study shows that most genes in the MEP pathway are co-regulated and that the expression of multiple genes within the MEP pathway is correlated with oil yield. Using multiple regression analysis, variation in expression of MEP pathway genes explained 87% of variation in foliar monoterpene concentrations. The data also suggest that sesquiterpenes in M. alternifolia are synthesised, at least in part, from isopentenyl pyrophosphate originating from the plastid via the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Webb
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John Hamill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Esmaeili A, Moazami N, Rustaiyan A. Biotransformation of germacranolide from Onopordon leptolepies by Aspergillus niger. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25:155-159. [PMID: 22186324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are present in the essential oils obtained from herbs and spices. They are produced by these plant species as a chemical defense mechanism against phytopathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, terpenes have attracted great attention in the food industry, e.g., they have been used in foods such as cheese as natural preservatives to prevent fungal growth. Herein, we describe the microbial transformation of onopordopicrin (1) by Aspergillus niger. Four product 11α H-dihydroonopordopicrin (2), 11β H-dihydroonopordopicrin (3), 3β-hydroxy-11β H-dihydroonopordopicrin (4), and 14-hydroxy-11β H-dihydroonopordopicrin (5) were obtained. Their structures were identified on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data. All the four compounds were novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Polizzi V, Adams A, De Saeger S, Van Peteghem C, Moretti A, De Kimpe N. Influence of various growth parameters on fungal growth and volatile metabolite production by indoor molds. Sci Total Environ 2012; 414:277-286. [PMID: 22169393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A Penicillium polonicum, an Aspergillus ustus and a Periconia britannica strain were isolated from water-damaged environments and the production of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) was investigated by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by GC-MS analysis. The most important MVOCs produced were 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin and daucane-type sesquiterpenes for P. polonicum, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, germacrene D, δ-cadinene and other sesquiterpenes for A. ustus and the volatile mycotoxin precursor aristolochene together with valencene, α-selinene and β-selinene for P. britannica. Different growth conditions (substrate, temperature, relative humidity) were selected, resembling indoor parameters, to investigate their influence on fungal metabolism in relation with the sick building syndrome and the results were compared with two other fungal strains previously analyzed under the same conditions. In general, the range of MVOCs and the emitted quantities were larger on malt extract agar than on wallpaper and plasterboard, but, overall, the main MVOC profile was conserved also on the two building materials tested. The influence of temperature and relative humidity on growth and metabolism is different for different fungal species, and two main patterns of behavior could be distinguished. Results show that, even at suboptimal conditions for growth, production of fungal volatiles can be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Polizzi
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Liu Q, Majdi M, Cankar K, Goedbloed M, Charnikhova T, Verstappen FWA, de Vos RCH, Beekwilder J, van der Krol S, Bouwmeester HJ. Reconstitution of the costunolide biosynthetic pathway in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23255. [PMID: 21858047 PMCID: PMC3156125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpene costunolide has a broad range of biological activities and is the parent compound for many other biologically active sesquiterpenes such as parthenolide. Two enzymes of the pathway leading to costunolide have been previously characterized: germacrene A synthase (GAS) and germacrene A oxidase (GAO), which together catalyse the biosynthesis of germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid. However, the gene responsible for the last step toward costunolide has not been characterized until now. Here we show that chicory costunolide synthase (CiCOS), CYP71BL3, can catalyse the oxidation of germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid to yield costunolide. Co-expression of feverfew GAS (TpGAS), chicory GAO (CiGAO), and chicory COS (CiCOS) in yeast resulted in the biosynthesis of costunolide. The catalytic activity of TpGAS, CiGAO and CiCOS was also verified in planta by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mitochondrial targeting of TpGAS resulted in a significant increase in the production of germacrene A compared with the native cytosolic targeting. When the N. benthamiana leaves were co-infiltrated with TpGAS and CiGAO, germacrene A almost completely disappeared as a result of the presence of CiGAO. Transient expression of TpGAS, CiGAO and CiCOS in N. benthamiana leaves resulted in costunolide production of up to 60 ng.g(-1) FW. In addition, two new compounds were formed that were identified as costunolide-glutathione and costunolide-cysteine conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Majdi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Goedbloed
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatsiana Charnikhova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van der Krol
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Wu W, Yuan M, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Yong L, Wang W, Qi Y, Guo D. Chemotype-dependent metabolic response to methyl jasmonate elicitation in Artemisia annua. Planta Med 2011; 77:1048-53. [PMID: 21267809 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Considerable difference in artemisinin and its direct precursors, artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid, was detected between two chemotypes within the species Artemisia annua (A. annua). These two chemotypes showed differential metabolic response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. Exogenous application of MeJA resulted in an accumulation of dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinin in Type I plants. In Type II plants, however, artemisinic acid and artemisinin level decreased dramatically under MeJA elicitation. Squalene and other sesquiterpenes, (e.g., caryophyllene, germacrene D), were stimulated by MeJA in both chemotypes. The effect of MeJA elicitation was also studied at the transcription level. Real time RT-PCR analysis showed a coordinated activation of most artemisinin pathway genes by MeJA in Type I plants. The lack of change in cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) transcript in Type I plants indicates that the rate-limiting enzymes in artemisinin biosynthesis have yet to be identified. Other chemotype-specific electron donor proteins likely exist in A. annua to meet the demand for P450-mediated reactions in MeJA-mediated cellular processes. In Type II plants, mRNA expression patterns of most pathway genes were consistent with the reduced artemisinin level. Intriguingly, the mRNA transcript of aldehyde dehydrogenase1 (ADHL1), an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of artemisinic and dihydroartemisinic aldehydes, was upregulated by MeJA. The differential metabolic response to MeJA suggests a chemotype-dependent metabolic flux control towards artemisinin and sterol production in the species A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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18
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Cankar K, van Houwelingen A, Bosch D, Sonke T, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. A chicory cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase CYP71AV8 for the oxidation of (+)-valencene. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:178-82. [PMID: 21115006 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), which is known to have a variety of terpene-hydroxylating activities, was screened for a P450 mono-oxygenase to convert (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. A novel P450 cDNA was identified in a chicory root EST library. Co-expression of the enzyme with a valencene synthase in yeast, led to formation of trans-nootkatol, cis-nootkatol and (+)-nootkatone. The novel enzyme was also found to catalyse a three step conversion of germacrene A to germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid, indicating its involvement in chicory sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis. Likewise, amorpha-4,11-diene was converted to artemisinic acid. Surprisingly, the chicory P450 has a different regio-specificity on (+)-valencene compared to germacrene A and amorpha-4,11-diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Cankar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Göpfert J, Bülow AK, Spring O. Identification and functional characterization of a new sunflower germacrene A synthase (HaGAS3). Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:709-715. [PMID: 20521533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones are major natural compounds found in linear and capitate glandular trichomes of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. In addition to two recently identified germacrene A synthases HaGAS1 and HaGAS2, found in capitate trichome gland cells, reverse transcription-PCR experiments have now allowed identification of a third enzyme of this type, HaGAS3. Its cDNA sequence was established and its functional characterization as a germacrene A synthase was achieved through in vitro expression in engineered yeast, and by GC-MS experiments. PCR and RT-PCR experiments with cDNA from different plant organs revealed that the new enzyme is expressed independently from the other two. While these latter two were expressed in plant organs bearing capitate glandular trichomes and in roots, the new enzyme occurred in plant tissues not linked to the presence of specific trichomes (for example, cotyledons), and was absent in roots. The experiments show that independently regulated pathways for the first cyclic sesquiterpene, germacrene A, are present in sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Göpfert
- University ofHohenheim, Institute of Botany (210), Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Quintana N, El Kassis EG, Stermitz FR, Vivanco JM. Phytotoxic compounds from roots of Centaurea diffusa Lam. Plant Signal Behav 2009; 4:9-14. [PMID: 19568334 PMCID: PMC2634061 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.1.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An extract of roots of Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) yielded caryophyllene oxide and linoleic acid which were shown to be phytotoxic. Also isolated were germacrene B, a previously-known phytotoxin as well as the inactive polyene aplotaxene. A combination of these compounds, if transferred to the soil, could be one factor in the invasive behavior of this weed. Contrary to a literature report, 8-hydroxyquinoline was not detected in root exudates of in vitro grown C. diffusa nor could it be identified in the root extract. However, a recent report from a different group maintains that 8-hydroxyquinoline can be released from roots of C. diffusa following a diurnal rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira Quintana
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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21
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Jia N, Xiao Chi M, Xiu Lan X, Hong Wei J, Dean G. Structural determination of two new sesquiterpenes biotransformed from germacrone by Mucor alternata. Magn Reson Chem 2008; 46:178-181. [PMID: 18098168 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Eight transformed sesquiterpenes of germacrone by Mucor alternata were obtained. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectral methods including 2D NMR. Among them, (1S, 4S, 5S, 10R)-isozedoarondiol (2) and (1R, 4S, 5S, 10R)-diepoxy-12-hydroxygermacrone (3) are new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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22
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Hendel-Rahmanim K, Masci T, Vainstein A, Weiss D. Diurnal regulation of scent emission in rose flowers. Planta 2007; 226:1491-9. [PMID: 17636322 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown diurnal oscillation of scent emission in rose flowers with a peak during the day (Helsper in Planta 207:88-95, 1998; Picone in Planta 219:468-478, 2004). Here, we studied the regulation of scent production and emission in Rosa hybrida cv. Fragrant Cloud during the daily cycle and focused on two terpenoid compounds, germacrene D and geranyl acetate, whose biosynthetic genes have been characterized by us previously. The emission of geranyl acetate oscillated during the daily light/dark cycle with a peak early in the light period. A similar daily fluctuation was found in the endogenous level of this compound and in the expression of its biosynthetic gene, alcohol acetyl transferase (RhAAT). The rhythmic expression of RhAAT continued under conditions of constant light or darkness, indicating regulation by the endogenous circadian clock. However, the accumulation and emission of geranyl acetate ceased under continuous light. Our results suggest that geranyl acetate production is limited by the level of its substrate geraniol, which is suppressed under constant light conditions. The emission of germacrene D also oscillated during the daily cycle with a peak early in the light period. However, the endogenous level of this compound and the expression of its biosynthetic gene germacrene D synthase (RhGDS) were constant throughout the day. The diurnal oscillation of germacrene D emission ceased under continuous light, suggesting direct regulation by light. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the diurnal regulation of scent emission: although the daily emission of most scent compounds is synchronized, various independently evolved mechanisms control the production, accumulation and release of different volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Hendel-Rahmanim
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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23
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Faraldos JA, Zhao Y, O'Maille PE, Noel JP, Coates RM. Interception of the enzymatic conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to 5-epi-aristolochene by using a fluoro substrate analogue: 1-fluorogermacrene A from (2E,6Z)-6-fluorofarnesyl diphosphate. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1826-33. [PMID: 17886322 PMCID: PMC2735885 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) catalyzes the Mg(II)-dependent cyclizations and rearrangements of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (PP) to the bicyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon via a tightly bound (+)-germacrene A as a deprotonated intermediate. With the native enzyme, only a few percent of the putative germacrene A intermediate is released from the active site during the catalytic cycle. 6-Fluorofarnesyl PP was designed and synthesized with the aim of arresting the cyclization-rearrangement mechanism en route to 5-epi-aristolochene. Indeed, incubation of (2E,6Z)-6-fluorofarnesyl PP with recombinant TEAS afforded (-)-1-fluorogermacrene A as the sole product in 58% yield. Steady-state kinetic experiments with farnesyl PP and the 6-fluoro analogue showed that the overall catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) are essentially the same for both substrates. 1-Fluorogermacrene A was characterized by chromatographic properties (TLC, GC), MS, optical rotation, UV, IR and (1)H NMR data, and by heat-induced Cope rearrangement to (+)-1-fluoro-beta-elemene. (1)H NMR spectra at room temperature revealed that this (E,E)-configured fluorocyclodecadiene exists in solution as a 7:3 mixture of UU and UD conformers. 1-Fluorogermacrene A underwent trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed cyclization to give three 1alpha-fluoroselinene isomers at a rate estimated to be about 1000 times slower than that of the similar cyclization of (+)-germacrene A to the parent selinenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Faraldos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Paul E. O'Maille
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics The Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307 (USA)
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics The Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307 (USA)
| | - Robert M. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
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24
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Abstract
The mechanism of the conversion of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, 1a) to aristolochene (6) catalyzed by aristolochene synthase from Penicillium roqueforti has been proposed to proceed through the neutral intermediate germacrene A (4a). However, much of the experimental evidence is also in agreement with a mechanism in which germacrene A is not an intermediate in the predominant mechanism that leads to the formation of aristolochene, but rather an off-pathway product that is formed in a side reaction. Hence, to elucidate the mechanism of FPP cyclisation the substrate analogue 2-fluoroFPP (1b) was synthesized, and upon incubation with aristolochene synthase was converted to a single pentane extractable product according to GC-MS analysis. On the basis of NMR analyses this product was identified as 2-fluorogermacrene A (4b). Variable temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy indicated the existence of two conformers of 4b that were in slow exchange at -60 degrees C, while at 90 degrees C the two isomers gave rise to averaged NMR signals. In the major isomer (approximately 75%) the methyl groups on C3 and C7 were most likely in the down-down orientation as had been observed for other (E,E)-germacranes. This work suggests that after an initial concerted cyclisation of FPP to germacryl cation deprotonation leads to the formation of germacrene A, and provides compelling evidence that germacrene A is indeed an on-pathway product of catalysis by aristolochene synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Miller
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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25
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Ma XC, Zheng J, Wu LJ, Guo DA. Structural determination of three new germacrane-type sesquiterpene alcohols from curdione by microbial transformation. Magn Reson Chem 2007; 45:90-2. [PMID: 17103486 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Five germacrane-type sesquiterpene alcohols obtained from curdione (1) by microbial biotransformation were isolated. Their structures were characterized as (2R)-2beta-hydroxycurdione (2), 1alpha, 10beta-epoxy-11-hydroxycurdione (3), (2S)-2alpha, 11-dihydroxycurdione (4), 11,15-dihydroxycurdione (5) and (3R)-3alpha-hydroxycurdione (6) based on the extensive NMR studies. Among them, 4, 5 and 6 are new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-chi Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road #38, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
Sesquiterpene cyclases catalyze the conversion of common precursor, farnesyl pyrophosphate, into various terpene backbones. X-ray crystallography of tobacco epi-aristolochene synthase has previously proposed a cyclization mechanism wherein the allylic carbocation intermediate is stabilized by the main chain carbonyl oxygens of three consecutive threonine residues. Alignment of amino acid sequences of plant terpene cyclases shows that the first position of the triad is almost invariably threonine or serine. To probe the carbocation-stabilizing role, the amino acid residues of the 433TSA435 triad in (+)-germacrene A synthase from Ixeris dentata were altered by site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme kinetic measurements of the mutants and GC/MS analysis of the enzyme reaction products indicate that mutations of the triad decreased enzyme catalysis rather than substrate binding but did not affect its structural rearrangement in the catalytic mechanism. This is the first report that the hydroxyl group of threonine at the first position of the triad is required for the cyclase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Jin Chang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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27
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Lou Y, Baldwin IT. Nitrogen supply influences herbivore-induced direct and indirect defenses and transcriptional responses in Nicotiana attenuata. Plant Physiol 2004; 135:496-506. [PMID: 15133153 PMCID: PMC429401 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although nitrogen (N) availability is known to alter constitutive resistance against herbivores, its influence on herbivore-induced responses, including signaling pathways, transcriptional signatures, and the subsequently elicited chemical defenses is poorly understood. We used the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, which germinates in the postfire environment and copes with large changes in soil N during postfire succession, to compare a suite of Manduca sexta- and elicitor-induced responses in plants grown under high- and low-N (LN) supply rates. LN supply decreased relative growth rates and biomass by 35% at 40 d compared to high-N plants; furthermore, it also attenuated (by 39 and 60%) the elicitor-induced jasmonate and salicylate bursts, two N-intensive direct defenses (nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors, albeit by different mechanisms), and carbon-containing nonvolatile defenses (rutin, chlorogenic acid, and diterpene glycosides), but did not affect the induced release of volatiles (cis-alpha-bergamotene and germacrene A), which function as indirect defenses. M. sexta and methyl jasmonate-induced transcriptional responses measured with a microarray enriched in herbivore-induced genes were also substantially reduced in plants grown under LN supply rates. In M. sexta-attacked LN plants, only 36 (45%) up-regulated and 46 (58%) down-regulated genes showed the same regulation as those in attacked high-N plants. However, transcriptional responses frequently directly countered the observed metabolic changes. Changes in a leaf's sensitivity to elicitation, an attacked leaf's waning ability to export oxylipin wound signals, and/or resource limitations in LN plants can account for the observed results, underscoring the conclusion that defense activation is a resource-intensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Aharoni A, Giri AP, Deuerlein S, Griepink F, de Kogel WJ, Verstappen FWA, Verhoeven HA, Jongsma MA, Schwab W, Bouwmeester HJ. Terpenoid metabolism in wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant Cell 2003; 15:2866-84. [PMID: 14630967 PMCID: PMC282818 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.016253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile components, such as terpenoids, are emitted from aerial parts of plants and play a major role in the interaction between plants and their environment. Analysis of the composition and emission pattern of volatiles in the model plant Arabidopsis showed that a range of volatile components are released, primarily from flowers. Most of the volatiles detected were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which in contrast to other volatiles showed a diurnal emission pattern. The active terpenoid metabolism in wild-type Arabidopsis provoked us to conduct an additional set of experiments in which transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing two different terpene synthases were generated. Leaves of transgenic plants constitutively expressing a dual linalool/nerolidol synthase in the plastids (FaNES1) produced linalool and its glycosylated and hydroxylated derivatives. The sum of glycosylated components was in some of the transgenic lines up to 40- to 60-fold higher than the sum of the corresponding free alcohols. Surprisingly, we also detected the production and emission of nerolidol, albeit at a low level, suggesting that a small pool of its precursor farnesyl diphosphate is present in the plastids. Transgenic lines with strong transgene expression showed growth retardation, possibly as a result of the depletion of isoprenoid precursors in the plastids. In dual-choice assays with Myzus persicae, the FaNES1-expressing lines significantly repelled the aphids. Overexpression of a typical cytosolic sesquiterpene synthase resulted in the production of only trace amounts of the expected sesquiterpene, suggesting tight control of the cytosolic pool of farnesyl diphosphate, the precursor for sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. This study further demonstrates the value of Arabidopsis for studies of the biosynthesis and ecological role of terpenoids and provides new insights into their metabolism in wild-type and transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaph Aharoni
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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