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Abstract
Skin flap transfer is an important method to repair and reconstruct various tissue defects; however, avascular necrosis largely affects the success of flap transfer. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) agonist SEW2871 has been proven to ameliorate ischemic injury; however, its effect on flap survival has not been reported. In this study, an experimental skin flap model was established in rats to investigate the roles of SEW2871. The results indicated that SEW2871 greatly increased the survival of the skin flap, alleviated pathological injury, promoted the angiogenesis, and inhibited cells apoptosis in skin flap tissues. SEW2871 activated S1PR1 downstream signaling pathways, including heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and protein kinase B (Akt). In addition, SEW2871 promoted the expression of S1PR1. These findings may provide novel insights for skin flap transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Qi
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhe Hu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjian Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikun Shang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
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Hafizi R, Imeri F, Wenger RH, Huwiler A. S1P Stimulates Erythropoietin Production in Mouse Renal Interstitial Fibroblasts by S1P 1 and S1P 3 Receptor Activation and HIF-2α Stabilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179467. [PMID: 34502385 PMCID: PMC8430949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is the critical hormone for erythropoiesis. In adults, Epo is mainly produced by a subset of interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney, with minor amounts being produced in the liver and the brain. In this study, we used the immortalized renal interstitial fibroblast cell line FAIK F3-5 to investigate the ability of the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) to stimulate Epo production and to reveal the mechanism involved. Stimulation of cells with exogenous S1P under normoxic conditions (21% O2) led to a dose-dependent increase in Epo mRNA and protein levels and subsequent release of Epo into the medium. S1P also enhanced the stabilization of HIF-2α, a key transcription factor for Epo expression. S1P-stimulated Epo mRNA and protein expression was abolished by HIF-2α mRNA knockdown or by the HIF-2 inhibitor compound 2. Furthermore, the approved S1P receptor modulator FTY720, and its active form FTY720-phosphate, both exerted a similar effect on Epo expression as S1P. The effect of S1P on Epo was antagonized by the selective S1P1 and S1P3 antagonists NIBR-0213 and TY-52156, but not by the S1P2 antagonist JTE-013. Moreover, inhibitors of the classical MAPK/ERK, the p38-MAPK, and inhibitors of protein kinase (PK) C and D all blocked the effect of S1P on Epo expression. Finally, the S1P and FTY720 effects were recapitulated in the Epo-producing human neuroblastoma cell line Kelly, suggesting that S1P receptor-dependent Epo synthesis is of general relevance and not species-specific. In summary, these data suggest that, in renal interstitial fibroblasts, which are the primary source of plasma Epo, S1P1 and 3 receptor activation upregulates Epo under normoxic conditions. This may have a therapeutic impact on disease situations such as chronic kidney disease, where Epo production is impaired, causing anemia, but it may also have therapeutic value as Epo can mediate additional tissue-protective effects in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redona Hafizi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.H.); (F.I.)
| | - Faik Imeri
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.H.); (F.I.)
| | - Roland H. Wenger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (R.H.); (F.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-316-323-214
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Liu H, Jackson ML, Goudswaard LJ, Moore SF, Hutchinson JL, Hers I. Sphingosine-1-phosphate modulates PAR1-mediated human platelet activation in a concentration-dependent biphasic manner. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15308. [PMID: 34321503 PMCID: PMC8319165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive signalling sphingolipid that is increased in diseases such as obesity and diabetes. S1P can modulate platelet function, however the direction of effect and S1P receptors (S1PRs) involved are controversial. Here we describe the role of S1P in regulating human platelet function and identify the receptor subtypes responsible for S1P priming. Human platelets were treated with protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1)-activating peptide in the presence or absence of S1P, S1PR agonists or antagonists, and sphingosine kinases inhibitors. S1P alone did not induce platelet aggregation but at low concentrations S1P enhanced PAR1-mediated platelet responses, whereas PAR1 responses were inhibited by high concentrations of S1P. This biphasic effect was mimicked by pan-S1PR agonists. Specific agonists revealed that S1PR1 receptor activation has a positive priming effect, S1PR2 and S1PR3 have no effect on platelet function, whereas S1PR4 and S1PR5 receptor activation have an inhibitory effect on PAR-1 mediated platelet function. Although platelets express both sphingosine kinase 1/2, enzymes which phosphorylate sphingosine to produce S1P, only dual and SphK2 inhibition reduced platelet function. These results support a role for SphK2-mediated S1P generation in concentration-dependent positive and negative priming of platelet function, through S1PR1 and S1PR4/5 receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Molly L Jackson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucy J Goudswaard
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Oakfield House, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Samantha F Moore
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James L Hutchinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Hymel LA, Ogle ME, Anderson SE, San Emeterio CL, Turner TC, York WY, Liu AY, Olingy CE, Sridhar S, Lim HS, Sulchek T, Qiu P, Jang YC, Willett NJ, Botchwey EA. Modulating local S1P receptor signaling as a regenerative immunotherapy after volumetric muscle loss injury. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:695-712. [PMID: 32608188 PMCID: PMC7772280 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle after volumetric injury is thought to be impaired by a dysregulated immune microenvironment that hinders endogenous repair mechanisms. Such defects result in fatty infiltration, tissue scarring, chronic inflammation, and debilitating functional deficits. Here, we evaluated the key cellular processes driving dysregulation in the injury niche through localized modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor signaling. We employ dimensionality reduction and pseudotime analysis on single cell cytometry data to reveal heterogeneous immune cell subsets infiltrating preclinical muscle defects due to S1P receptor inhibition. We show that global knockout of S1P receptor 3 (S1PR3) is marked by an increase of muscle stem cells within injured tissue, a reduction in classically activated relative to alternatively activated macrophages, and increased bridging of regenerating myofibers across the defect. We found that local S1PR3 antagonism via nanofiber delivery of VPC01091 replicated key features of pseudotime immune cell recruitment dynamics and enhanced regeneration characteristic of global S1PR3 knockout. Our results indicate that local S1P receptor modulation may provide an effective immunotherapy for promoting a proreparative environment leading to improved regeneration following muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Hymel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Molly E. Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon E. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Thomas C. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Y. York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alan Y. Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claire E. Olingy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sraeyes Sridhar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Seo Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 30332
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young C. Jang
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 30332
| | - Nick J. Willett
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
- Atlanta Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30030
| | - Edward A. Botchwey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Chua XY, Ho LTY, Xiang P, Chew WS, Lam BWS, Chen CP, Ong WY, Lai MKP, Herr DR. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for the Involvement of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:47-67. [PMID: 33180310 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphates (S1Ps) are bioactive lipids that mediate a diverse range of effects through the activation of cognate receptors, S1P1-S1P5. Scrutiny of S1P-regulated pathways over the past three decades has identified important and occasionally counteracting functions in the brain and cerebrovascular system. For example, while S1P1 and S1P3 mediate proinflammatory effects on glial cells and directly promote endothelial cell barrier integrity, S1P2 is anti-inflammatory but disrupts barrier integrity. Cumulatively, there is significant preclinical evidence implicating critical roles for this pathway in regulating processes that drive cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia, both being part of the continuum of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). This is supported by clinical studies that have identified correlations between alterations of S1P and cognitive deficits. We review studies which proposed and evaluated potential mechanisms by which such alterations contribute to pathological S1P signaling that leads to VCI-associated chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Notably, S1P receptors have divergent but overlapping expression patterns and demonstrate complex interactions. Therefore, the net effect produced by S1P represents the cumulative contributions of S1P receptors acting additively, synergistically, or antagonistically on the neural, vascular, and immune cells of the brain. Ultimately, an optimized therapeutic strategy that targets S1P signaling will have to consider these complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ying Chua
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda Wan Shing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- American University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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Laidlaw BJ, Gray EE, Zhang Y, Ramírez-Valle F, Cyster JG. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 restrains egress of γδ T cells from the skin. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1487-1496. [PMID: 31160320 PMCID: PMC6605748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a population of IL-17-committed γδ T cells in the dermis is important in promoting tissue immunity. However, the signals facilitating γδ T cell retention within the dermis remain poorly understood. Here, we find that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) acts in a cell-intrinsic manner to oppose γδ T cell migration from the dermis to the skin draining lymph node (dLN). Migration of dermal γδ T cells to the dLN under steady-state conditions occurs in an S1PR1-dependent manner. S1PR1 and CD69 are reciprocally expressed on dermal γδ T cells, with loss of CD69 associated with increased S1PR1 expression and enhanced migration to the dLN. γδ T cells lacking both S1PR2 and CD69 are impaired in their maintenance within the dermis. These findings provide a mechanism for how IL-17+ γδ T cells establish residence within the dermis and identify a role for S1PR2 in restraining the egress of tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Valle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Han C, He X, Xia X, Guo J, Liu A, Liu X, Wang X, Li C, Peng S, Zhao W, Zhou M, Shi X, Li Y, Li Y, Shan Z, Teng W. Sphk1/S1P/S1PR1 Signaling is Involved in the Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Patients and NOD.H-2 h4 Mice. Thyroid 2019; 29:700-713. [PMID: 30963819 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is growing evidence that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a pleiotropic bioactive sphingolipid metabolite synthesized intracellularly by two closely related sphingosine kinases (SphKs), SphK1 and SphK2, is involved in inflammation. However, the role of SphKs/S1P/S1P receptors (S1PRs) in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) has not been studied to date. Methods: This study examined whether SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 signaling is aberrantly altered in thyroid tissues and serum of both AIT patients and a spontaneously autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) mouse model. Murine CD4+T cells were employed to further investigate the downstream signaling of SphK1/S1P/S1PR1. Furthermore, a total of 102 NOD.H-2h4 mice, randomly divided into different groups, were used to investigate the therapeutic effect of S1PR1 blockade and its potential mechanism. Results: We found that components of the SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway were abnormally expressed in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and in a SAT mouse model. In addition, S1P could activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) through S1PR1 and its downstream signaling pathways in CD4+T cells of NOD.H-2h4 mice. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrated that blocking S1PR1 by FTY720 administration could reduce the incidence and severity of thyroiditis and goiter in SAT mice in a time-dependent manner. The proportions of STAT3-related and inflammation-related cell subtypes, such as T helper 1, T helper 17, and follicular T helper cells, were elevated in the SAT group when compared to the control group, and these cell subtypes decreased after FTY720 administration. Furthermore, the downstream inflammatory cytokines of STAT3 were also downregulated after FTY720 administration. Conclusion: The present study shows that blocking Sphk1/S1P/S1PR1 signaling can ameliorate the severity of AIT, providing evidence of a promising therapeutic target for AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Han
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- 2 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue He
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinghai Xia
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiahui Guo
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengyan Li
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiqiao Peng
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- 4 Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yushu Li
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongze Li
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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