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Puliyath N, Av V. Navigating the unregulated terrain of testosterone boosters: a growing concern in men's health. Aging Male 2024; 27:2312176. [PMID: 38305179 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2024.2312176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nisanth Puliyath
- Department of Urology & Renal Transplant Surgery, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Venugopalan Av
- Department of Urology & Renal Transplant Surgery, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
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Mazzarino M, Al-Mohammed H, Al-Darwish SK, Salama S, Al-Kaabi A, Samsam W, Kraiem S, Botré F, Beotra A, Mohamed-Ali V, Al-Maadheed M. Liquid vs dried blood matrices: Application to longitudinal monitoring of androstenedione, testosterone, and IGF-1 by LC-MS-based techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116007. [PMID: 38367516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried blood spots have recently been approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency as an alternative biological matrix for testing of doping substances. However, their use is limited to the detection of non-threshold compounds without a Minimum Reporting Level due to the numerous issues related to quantitative analyses and the limitation on testing capabilities of a haemolysed matrix. AIM In this study androstenedione, testosterone and IGF-1 were longitudinally monitored in four different blood matrices to evaluate the potential of liquid capillary blood as an alternative matrix for quantitative determination in doping control analysis. METHODOLOGY The analytical protocols developed to pretreat 20 μL of the blood matrices selected were based: i) for testosterone and androstenedione, on supported liquid extraction for liquid blood matrices, and on ultrasonication in the presence of methanol for dried blood matrices; ii) for IGF-1, proteins precipitation followed by evaporation of the supernatant was used to pretreat both liquid and dried blood matrices. The detection for all the target analytes was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The analytical workflows, once optimized, were fully validated according to the requirements of World Anti-Doping Agency and ISO 17025 standard and used for the analysis of venous (serum) and capillary (liquid plasma and dried whole blood collected using either volumetric or non-volumetric devices) blood samples collected from 7 healthy subjects. RESULTS The validation results showed satisfactory performance as related to specificity, sensitivity, matrix effects, linearity, accuracy, and precision in all the blood matrices evaluated despite the limited volume of sample used. The analysis of the different blood matrices collected from the subjects showed non-significant differences between the levels of testosterone and androstenedione measured in dried (fixed volume collected) and liquid matrices. An acceptable underestimation (lower than 15 %) was observed in capillary plasma compared to venous serum. The testosterone/androstenedione ratio was similar in all the blood matrices considered (bias lower than 5 %), indicating this parameter was not affected by either the blood matrix or collection device selected. For IGF-1, the levels measured in liquid blood matrices differed significantly (bias higher than 20 %) from those measured in dried whole blood matrices, suggesting haemolyzed blood might represent a challenge for the determination of macromolecules, mainly due to the complexity of the whole blood matrix in comparison to plasma/serum. NOVELTY The outcomes of our study suggest that liquid capillary blood might open new avenues to blood microsampling in doping control field. It represents an efficient alternative to overcome the issues related to venous blood and dried blood spot sampling. Furthermore, it also allows greater frequency of blood sampling, with minor discomfort and without needing a phlebotomist, for analyses that can only be performed in blood samples, with an increased probability to detect and report Adverse Analytical Finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hana Al-Mohammed
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sofia Salama
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | - AlAnoud Al-Kaabi
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | - Waseem Samsam
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhail Kraiem
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco Botré
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Doping in Sport, ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon - Quartier Centre, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alka Beotra
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar; Center of Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Road, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Aspire Zone 54, Street 665, Doha, Qatar; Center of Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Road, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Schneider D, O'Leary M, Amini E, Miller J, Hassas N, Nguyen J, Hammad MAM, Barham D, Yafi FA. Peyronie's disease response to intralesional collagenase clostridium histolyticum therapy is independent of baseline testosterone. Andrology 2024; 12:830-834. [PMID: 37753943 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone plays an important role in collagen metabolism, transforming growth factor-β1 expression, and wound healing, which are all critical factors in pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease. Some clinical studies have suggested an association between Peyronie's disease and hypogonadism. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether baseline total testosterone levels influence response to intralesional collagenase clostridium histolyticum in Peyronie's disease. METHODS A retrospective review of patients receiving collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections with available total testosterone levels within 1 year of initial injection was conducted at a single institution. Baseline demographics, hypogonadal status, total testosterone, number of collagenase clostridium histolyticum cycles, and pre- and post-treatment degrees of curvature were collected. Hypogonadism was defined as total testosterone <300 ng/dL. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thirty-six men were included with mean age of 58.2 years (SD 10.4) and mean body mass index 26.8 (SD 3.2). The mean total testosterone was 459.2 ng/dL (SD 144.0), and four (11.1%) were hypogonadal. Mean pre-treatment curvature was 47.6°, and mean post-treatment curvature was 27.8°, with mean improvement of 19.9° (40.1%). Hypogonadal status was not significantly associated with more severe curvature, 46.4° among hypogonadal men as to 57.5° among eugonadal men (p = 0.32). On linear regression analysis, total testosterone did not significantly predict improvement in degrees (β = -0.02; R2 = 0.06; p = 0.14) or percent (β = 0.0; R2 = 0.05; p = 0.18). Improvement in neither degrees nor percent differed significantly by hypogonadal status (p = 0.41 and 0.82, respectively). The cycle number did significantly predict greater improvement in curvature on both univariate and multivariate analyses (β = 5.7; R2 = 0.34; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Neither total testosterone nor hypogonadism is associated with a degree of improvement after collagenase clostridium histolyticum treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Schneider
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mitchell O'Leary
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Eliad Amini
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jake Miller
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nick Hassas
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeanie Nguyen
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - David Barham
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Faysal A Yafi
- Irvine Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Rasker S, Blokland MH, Bovee TFH, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A. Exploring the potential of using ion mobility-mass spectrometry to separate matrix interferences from analytes in food control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124086. [PMID: 38489940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
During residue analysis in complex matrices for food safety purposes, interfering signals can sometimes overlap with those of the analyte of interest. Access to an additional separation dimension besides chromatographic and mass separation, such as ion mobility, can aid in removing interfering signals, allowing for correct analyte identification in these cases. In our laboratory, during routine LC-MS/MS analysis of liver samples for growth promoter residues, an interfering signal was found that matches the retention time and m/z values for stanozolol, a synthetic anabolic steroid. In the present work, the performance of a liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS) method has been evaluated to study whether this LC-MS/MS false positive in liver samples could be eliminated by LC-IM-MS analysis. A cyclic ion mobility system already allowed the separation of stanozolol from the interfering peak after only one pass, showing a significant improvement compared to the conventional LC-MS/MS method. Additionally, collisional cross section (CCS) values were calculated and successfully compared with those from literature for identification purposes, eventually allowing both the identification and quantification of stanozolol in this complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Rasker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco H Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Scarth M, Hauger LE, Thorsby PM, Leknes S, Hullstein IR, Westlye LT, Bjørnebekk A. Supraphysiological testosterone levels from anabolic steroid use and reduced sensitivity to negative facial expressions in men. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:701-715. [PMID: 37993638 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used to improve physical performance and appearance, but have been associated with deficits in social cognitive functioning. Approximately 30% of people who use AAS develop a dependence, increasing the risk for undesired effects. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between AAS use (current/previous), AAS dependence, and the ability to recognize emotional facial expressions, and investigate the potential mediating role of hormone levels. METHODS In total 156 male weightlifters, including those with current (n = 45) or previous (n = 34) AAS use and never-using controls (n = 77), completed a facial Emotion Recognition Task (ERT). Participants were presented with faces expressing one out of six emotions (sadness, happiness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise) and were instructed to indicate which of the six emotions each face displayed. ERT accuracy and response time were recorded and evaluated for association with AAS use status, AAS dependence, and serum reproductive hormone levels. Mediation models were used to evaluate the mediating role of androgens in the relationship between AAS use and ERT performance. RESULTS Compared to never-using controls, men currently using AAS exhibited lower recognition accuracy for facial emotional expressions, particularly anger (Cohen's d = -0.57, pFDR = 0.03) and disgust (d = -0.51, pFDR = 0.05). Those with AAS dependence (n = 47) demonstrated worse recognition of fear relative to men without dependence (d = 0.58, p = 0.03). Recognition of disgust was negatively correlated with serum free testosterone index (FTI); however, FTI did not significantly mediate the association between AAS use and recognition of disgust. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate impaired facial emotion recognition among men currently using AAS compared to controls. While further studies are needed to investigate potential mechanisms, our analysis did not support a simple mediation effect of serum FTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Scarth
- Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lisa Evju Hauger
- Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Medbøe Thorsby
- Hormone laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical endocrinology and metabolism research group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn R Hullstein
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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Senefeld JW, Hunter SK. Hormonal Basis of Biological Sex Differences in Human Athletic Performance. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae036. [PMID: 38563597 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic human performance involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance and is more predictive of athletic performance than gender. This perspective article highlights 3 key medical and physiological insights related to recent evolving research into the sex differences in human physical performance: (1) sex and gender are not the same; (2) males and females exhibit profound differences in physical performance with males outperforming females in events and sports involving strength, power, speed, and aerobic endurance; (3) endogenous testosterone underpins sex differences in human physical performance with questions remaining on the roles of minipuberty in the sex differences in performance in prepubescent youth and the presence of the Y chromosome (SRY gene expression) in males, on athletic performance across all ages. Last, females are underrepresented as participants in biomedical research, which has led to a historical dearth of information on the mechanisms for sex differences in human physical performance and the capabilities of the female body. Collectively, greater effort and resources are needed to address the hormonal mechanisms for biological sex differences in human athletic performance before and after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Athletic and Human Performance Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Anawalt BD. TRAVERSING the Mountain of Ignorance: Testosterone and Cardiovascular Safety. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1359-e1360. [PMID: 37738547 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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Hoseini R, Hoseini Z. Exploring the prevalence of anabolic steroid use among men and women resistance training practitioners after the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:798. [PMID: 38481173 PMCID: PMC10938795 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on individual health and fitness routines globally. Resistance training, in particular, has become increasingly popular among men and women looking to maintain or improve their physical fitness during the pandemic. However, using Anabolic Steroids (AS) for performance enhancement in resistance training has known adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to explore the prevalence of AS use among men and women resistance training practitioners after the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,603 resistance training practitioners (1,855 men and 1,748 women) in various geographical locations impacted by COVID-19. The participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires, which included questions regarding demographic information, training habits, and current or prior usage of AS. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and the chi-square method, with a significance level of (P < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 3603 men and women resistance training practitioners completed the survey. In the study, 53.05% of men and 41.99% of women used anabolic and androgenic steroids. Of those men who used steroids, 29.47% used Testosterone, while 31.20% of women used Winstrol. Additionally, 50.30% of men used steroids via injection, while 49.05% of women used them orally. According to the study, 49.99% of the participants had 6 to 12 months of experience with resistance training, and 64.25% of them underwent three training sessions per week. The analysis using the χ2 test did not reveal any significant difference between men and women in terms of duration of bodybuilding, frequency per week, and engagement in other activities. CONCLUSION This study shows that a significant proportion of men and women resistance training practitioners used AS, particularly among young adults with limited training experience. Thus, there is a need for targeted education and awareness campaigns to address the hazards of AS use and promote healthy training habits during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastegar Hoseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, P.O. Box. 6714414971, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hoseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, P.O. Box. 6714414971, Iran
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Vauhkonen P, Oura P, Kriikku P, Mäyränpää MI, Lindroos K. Association of anabolic androgenic steroid use with perimortem polypharmacy, antemortem prescription drug use, and utilization of health care services - A Finnish triple register study of forensic autopsy cases. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 356:111947. [PMID: 38290417 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use has previously been associated with complex polysubstance use that may increase morbidity and mortality among these individuals. In this study we aimed to further describe the features of perimortem polysubstance use, antemortem central nervous system (CNS) drug use and health care service utilization of AAS using males that suffer premature death. The main sample included all cases that were screened for AAS in connection with forensic autopsy between 2016-2019 and tested positive (n = 16). The control samples included autopsy cases that were screened for AAS but tested negative (n = 30) and randomly selected, age and sex matched autopsy cases not suspected of having used AAS but were otherwise fully toxicologically investigated (n = 43). Postmortem toxicological results were used for perimortem polysubstance use prevalence and severity estimation. Antemortem CNS drug use was calculated from a national register of reimbursed prescription medicines, and health care utilization from public health care registers, covering the last five years of life. Perimortem polysubstance use was prevalent in all groups, but the AAS positive had a tendency for greater CNS drug polypharmacy and the highest number of antemortem CNS drug purchases during the last five years of life, with a median of 14.5 purchases/person, vs. 1/person in the AAS negative and 0/person in the random group (Kruskal-Wallis H test, p < .001). Yearly medical contacts increased in all groups as death approached. Our findings suggest that prescription CNS drug use may play a significant role in polysubstance use disorders of AAS using males that suffer premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vauhkonen
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Petteri Oura
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Kriikku
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Ilari Mäyränpää
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarina Lindroos
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
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Liu L, Karim Z, Schlörer N, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Biotransformation of anabolic androgenic steroids in human skin cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106444. [PMID: 38092130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In comparison to well-known drug-metabolizing organs such as the liver, the metabolic capacity of human skin is still not well elucidated despite the widespread use of topical drug application. To gain a comprehensive insight into anabolic steroid metabolism in the skin, six structurally related anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, metandienone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, and methylclostebol, were applied to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the juvenile foreskin. Phase I metabolites obtained from incubation media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 5α-reductase activity was predominant in the metabolic pathways as supported by the detection of 5α-reduced metabolites after incubation of testosterone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, and methylclostebol. Additionally, the stereochemistry structures of fully reduced metabolites (4α,5α-isomers) of clostebol and methylclostebol were newly confirmed in this study by the help of inhouse synthesized reference materials. The results provide insights into the steroid metabolism in human skin cells with respect to the characteristics of the chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziaul Karim
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Drugs, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Glover F, Sullivan E, Mulloy E, Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Eisenberg ML. The relationship between klotho, testosterone, and sexual health parameters among US adult men. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:523-533. [PMID: 37648906 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klotho is a pleotropic hormone involved in a multitude of biological processes necessary for healthy aging, and affords protection from adverse events such as cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and various cancers. Emerging evidence suggests that klotho is also an important component of biochemical pathways that regulate hormone balance, which may include those pathways governing testosterone production and men's sexual health, though data are limited and results are mixed. OBJECTIVE Using a cohort of 767 men from the NHANES 2015-2016 survey cycle, we set out to quantify the association between serum klotho levels and serum testosterone levels, as well as clinical markers of men's sexual health (e.g., testosterone:estrogen ratio, bioavailable testosterone, and free testosterone). METHODS Multivariable linear and logistic regression models while controlling for potential confounders were constructed to quantify the relationship between serum klotho and testosterone, as well as between serum klotho and odds of low testosterone (serum testosterone < 300 ng/dL). RESULTS A positive association was observed between serum klotho and testosterone (β = 0.18, p = 0.04). Serum klotho levels were also stratified into quartiles, and we observed statistically significant increases in testosterone for increasing quartile level of klotho using the first quartile as the reference group (β = 90.51, p = 0.001, β = 106.93, p = 0.002, β = 95.33, p = 0.03 for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively). The average testosterone values by quartiles of klotho were 306.9 ng/dL, 390 ng/dL, 409.3 ng/dL, and 436.6 ng/dL, respectively. We modeled important proxies for sexual health including bioavailable and free testosterone, the testosterone:estradiol ratio, and C-reactive protein. Men in the second quartile of klotho had a significantly lower odds of an abnormal testosterone:estradiol ratio compared to the first quartile [OR = 0.18, 95% CI = (0.03, 0.98)].We observed null associations between continuous serum klotho and odds of low testosterone [OR = 1.0, 95% CI = (1.0, 1.0)], and when stratified by quartile, we observed a significant decrease in the odds of low testosterone for individuals in the second quartile of klotho compared to the first quartile [OR = 0.21, 95% CI = (0.05, 0.91)]. In addition, C-reactive protein was inversely associated with testosterone in men (β = - 4.65, p = 0.001), and inversely associated with quartiles of klotho (β = - 2.28, p = 0.04, β = - 2.22, p = 0.04, β = - 2.28, p = 0.03, for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings support previous studies suggesting a role for klotho in testosterone levels and sexual function among men. Future studies are warranted to corroborate these findings, determine clinical significance, and elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Glover
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - E Sullivan
- Pharmacology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - E Mulloy
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - F Belladelli
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - F Del Giudice
- Department of Maternal-Infant and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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13
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Handelsman DJ. Muscle Memory: Gathering the Data, Lifting the Veil. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1305-e1306. [PMID: 37595262 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
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14
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Cai Q, Tian X, Tang Y, Cong H, Liu J, Zhao S, Ma R, Wang J, Zhu J. Association between prolactin/testosterone ratio and breast cancer in Chinese women. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:368-370. [PMID: 38200638 PMCID: PMC10836897 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaohan Tian
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuyi Tang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510310, China
| | - Han Cong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Collage of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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15
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Barcelos MN, Gonçalves-Santos E, Souza MA, Santos EC, Gonçalves RV, Castro-Gamero AM, Novaes RD. Prolonged testosterone 17β-cyclopentylpropionate exposition induces behavioral, ovarian, oviductal, uterine and reproductive disturbances in female mice. Life Sci 2024; 338:122408. [PMID: 38181852 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse is often associated with metabolic disorders and infertility. However, the current evidence on AAS-induced reproductive toxicity is mainly based on male studies. Thus, AAS repercussions on female reproductive capacity remain poorly understood, despite scarce evidence that fertility determinants may be more severely impaired in females than males exposed to these drugs. Accordingly, this study used an integrated framework to investigate the impact of different testosterone 17β-cyclopentylpropionate (TC) doses on pain sensitivity, aggressiveness, anxiety, sexual behavior, ovarian, oviductal, uterine and reproductive morphofunctional and molecular outcomes. These parameters were used to explore the reproductive capacity in female mice exposed to this synthetic testosterone ester. The animals were untreated or intraperitoneally treated with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg TC every 48 h for 12 weeks. Our findings indicated that testosterone was upregulated while the hormones luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, estrogen and progesterone were down-regulated by TC. This AAS also exerted deleterious effects on anxiety, aggressivity, nociception, exploratory and sexual behavior in female mice. Concurrently, TC attenuated ovarian follicle maturation, interrupted the estrous cycle, induced oviductal and uterine hypotrophy. Estrous cyclicity was reestablished 60 days after AAS treatment. However, TC-treated mice still exhibited impaired reproductive capacity, a disturbance potentially related to deficiency in folliculogenesis, sex hormones production, and endometrial receptivity mediate by ER-α, PR, HOXA-10 and LIF down-regulation. Taken together, our findings indicated that in addition to female behavior, reproductive organs microstructure and function are markedly impaired by TC in a dose-dependent manner, whose time-dependent reversibility remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica N Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária C Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angel Mauricio Castro-Gamero
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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16
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Thieme D, Krumbholz A, Bidlingmaier M, Geffert C, Hameder A, Stöver A, Graw M, Keiler AM. Influence of ethanol consumption and food intake on serum concentrations of endogenous steroids. Steroids 2024; 201:109331. [PMID: 37926183 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroid biosynthesis and biotransformation are based on a cascade of enzymatic processes being highly sensitive to various external influences. Amongst those, ethanol was shown to affect testosterone metabolism. For doping analyses, athlete steroid profiles comprise seven urinary steroid metabolites, of which relevant ratios are significantly increased following ethanol consumption. This effect is presumably based on the lack of hepatic NAD+-coenzyme as a consequence of ethanol oxidation. Only recently, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) blood profiles have been introduced as additional approach for doping control. However, a potential influence of ethanol intake on testosterone biosynthesis and thus on blood steroid profiles has not been investigated so far. Therefore, steroid concentrations from 10 males and 10 females receiving an ethanol infusion up to a breath alcohol concentration of 0.5 mg/L which was hold as a plateau for two hours were conducted. Blood samples were drawn every 15 min for steroid quantification. An ethanol-dependent T/A4 increase up to 385% resulting from A4 suppression was observed in 14 volunteers. In addition, we observed sporadic A4 increases coinciding with cortisol and ACTH pulses pointing to a meal-induced adrenal stimulation. While testosterone levels in males showed diurnal variation solely, testosterone levels in some females were found to be susceptible to ethanol- and ACTH-dependent perturbations, which is thought to be due to its predominant adrenal synthesis in females. In conclusion, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of blood sampling at a sufficient time interval from food and ethanol intake. This is of interest if T and A4 are used for diagnostics in doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Aniko Krumbholz
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annika Hameder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Stöver
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annekathrin M Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany; Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, TU Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Valente-Santos J, Vitorino R, Sousa-Mendes C, Oliveira P, Colaço B, Faustino-Rocha AI, Neuparth MJ, Leite-Moreira A, Duarte JA, Ferreira R, Amado F. Long-Term Exposure to Supraphysiological Levels of Testosterone Impacts Rat Submandibular Gland Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:550. [PMID: 38203721 PMCID: PMC10778877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands play a central role in the secretion of saliva, whose composition and volume affect oral and overall health. A lesser-explored dimension encompasses the possible changes in salivary gland proteomes in response to fluctuations in sex hormone levels. This study aimed to examine the effects of chronic exposure to testosterone on salivary gland remodeling, particularly focusing on proteomic adaptations. Therefore, male Wistar rats were implanted with subcutaneous testosterone-releasing devices at 14 weeks of age. Their submandibular glands were histologically and molecularly analyzed 47 weeks later. The results underscored a significant increase in gland mass after testosterone exposure, further supported by histologic evidence of granular duct enlargement. Despite increased circulating sex hormones, there was no detectable shift in the tissue levels of estrogen alpha and androgen receptors. GeLC-MS/MS and subsequent bioinformatics identified 308 proteins in the submandibular glands, 12 of which were modulated by testosterone. Of note was the pronounced upregulation of Klk3 and the downregulation of Klk6 and Klk7 after testosterone exposure. Protein-protein interaction analysis with the androgen receptor suggests that Klk3 is a potential target of androgenic signaling, paralleling previous findings in the prostate. This exploratory analysis sheds light on the response of salivary glands to testosterone exposure, providing proteome-level insights into the associated weight and histological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Valente-Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.V.-S.); (R.F.)
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia Sousa-Mendes
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.-M.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.O.); (A.I.F.-R.)
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.O.); (A.I.F.-R.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Neuparth
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.N.); (J.A.D.)
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.-M.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.N.); (J.A.D.)
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.V.-S.); (R.F.)
| | - Francisco Amado
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.V.-S.); (R.F.)
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18
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Shah I, Hakeem MK, Alraeesi A, Barker J. Innovative Detection of Testosterone Esters in Camel Hair: Unravelling the Mysteries of Dromedary Endocrinology. Molecules 2023; 29:97. [PMID: 38202682 PMCID: PMC10779721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Doping and steroid use represent a serious threat to animal health and can even lead to their untimely and painful death. However, doping is an acute problem in today's animal racing world, particularly in camel racing. Testosterone and its ten esters (benzoate, valerate, isocaproate, hexahydrobenzoate, decanoate, undecanoate, laurate, enanthate, cypionate, and caproate) are of utmost importance, because when they are administered to animals it is difficult to measure them efficiently. The levels of testosterone and its esters in camels and other animals are typically determined using urine and blood tests. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method to determine testosterone esters in camel hair, and to apply the validated method to determine testosterone esters in collected samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such research. Results and Discussion: The levels of testosterone and its ten derivatives, along with the cortisol-D4 internal standard, were optimised for LC-MS/MS analysis; however, only testosterone along with its seven esters (namely benzoate, valerate, isocaproate, hexahydrobenzoate, decanoate, undecanoate and laurate) could be validated in camel hair. Only five testosterone esters could be determined in camel hair samples; the concentrations were obtained as 10.5-14.9 pg/mg for valerate (in three camels), 12.5-151.6 pg/mg for hexahydrobenzoate (in six camels), 4.8-32.1 pg/mg for laurate (in five camels), 5.1 pg/mg decanoate (in one camel), and 8.35-169 pg/mg for testosterone (in all 24 camels). Interestingly, the three racing camels displayed high concentrations of testosterone (59.2-169 pg/mg, all three camels), laurate (4.8-14.5 pg/mg, two camels), hexahydrobenzoate (116 pg/mg, one camel), decanoate (5.1 pg/mg, one camel), and valerate (11.7 pg/mg, one camel). Methods: Camel hair samples were collected from 21 non-racing dromedary camels along with three racing camels in Al Ain, UAE; these were decontaminated, pulverised, sonicated, and extracted prior to analysis. An LC-MS/MS method was employed to determine the levels of testosterone esters in the hair samples. Conclusions: This novel camel-hair test procedure is accurate, sensitive, rapid, and robust. The findings reported in this study could be significant to evaluate racing camels for suspected doping offenses. Further controlled testosterone supplementation studies are required to evaluate individual esters' effects on camel health and diseases and on performance enhancement levels. This new hair test could promote further studies in doping control, toxicology, and pharmacology, as well as having other clinical applications relating to camel health, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.K.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Muhammad K. Hakeem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.K.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Aysha Alraeesi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.K.H.); (A.A.)
| | - James Barker
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
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19
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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20
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Barbonetti A, Castellini C, Di Giulio F, Antolini F, Tienforti D, Muselli M, Baroni MG. Iodine Intake and Testosterone. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2348573. [PMID: 38117501 PMCID: PMC10733805 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.48573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluates whether urinary iodine concentration is associated with testosterone among men who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Barbonetti
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Chiara Castellini
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Giulio
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Federica Antolini
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniele Tienforti
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Mario Muselli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio Baroni
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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21
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Jorban A, Lunenfeld E, Huleihel M. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced maturation of spermatogonial cells from prepubertal mice in vitro is enhanced by testosterone. Eur Cytokine Netw 2023; 34:54-62. [PMID: 38526175 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2023.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the complicated process of sperm generation. During this process, spermatogonial cells proliferate and differentiate via meiotic and post-meiotic stages to produce mature sperm. This process is under the regulation of testicular autocrine/paracrine factors. In addition, endocrine factors are crucial to complete spermatogenesis. We aimed to localize granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its receptor (GM-CSFR) in testicular cells and further evaluate its involvement in the development of spermatogenesis in vitro. We isolated cells from seminiferous tubule cells of seven-day-old mice and cultured them in vitro using a methylcellulose culture system (MCS), in the presence of GM-CSF and/or testosterone for four weeks. The cells were then examined for markers of different stages of spermatogenesis by immunofluorescence staining and/or qPCR analyses. Our results revealed the presence of GM-CSF and GM-CSFR in testicular cells (premeiotic and meiotic cells as well as somatic cells; Leydig and Sertoli cells). We further demonstrated the development of colonies/spheroids in the MCS which contained pre-meiotic, meiotic, and post-meiotic cells. The addition of GM-CSF to the MCS significantly increased the percentage of pre-meiotic and meiotic cells compared to control. Furthermore, the addition of GM-CSF and testosterone together significantly increased the percentage of cells in the post-meiotic stage compared to the addition of each separately. In conclusion, our results indicate that testicular cells express GM-CSF/GM-CSFR, and that GM-CSF is involved in the development of different stages of spermatogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, testosterone enhances the development of spermatogenic cells and potentiates the effect of GMCSF on the development of post-meiotic cells. These findings provide evidence that GM-CSF and testosterone are involved in the development of spermatogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In brief: Testicular somatic and germ cells express GM-CSF and GM-CSFR. Our study suggests that testicular GM-CSF is involved in the development of spermatogenesis, which is potentiated by testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Jorban
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, The Center of Advanced Research and Education in Reproduction (CARER), Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, The Center of Advanced Research and Education in Reproduction (CARER), Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Evaluation of alternative gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour of trimethylsilyl-derivatives of non-hydrolysed sulfated anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1344-1355. [PMID: 36843396 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated metabolites have shown to have potential as long-term markers (LTMs) of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. The compatibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with trimethylsilyl (TMS)-derivatives of non-hydrolysed sulfated steroids has been demonstrated, where, after derivatisation, generally, two closely eluting isomers are formed that both have the same molecular ion [M-H2 SO4 ]•+ . Sulfated reference standards are in limited commercial availability, and therefore, the current knowledge of the GC-MS behaviour of these compounds is mainly based on sulfating and analysing the available standard reference material. This procedure can unfortunately not cover all of the current known LTMs as these are often not available as pure substance. Therefore, in theory, some metabolites could be missed as they exhibit alternative behaviour. To investigate the matter, in-house sulfated reference materials that bear resemblance to known sulfated LTMs were analysed on GC-MS in their TMS-derivatised non-hydrolysed state. The (alternative) gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour was mapped, evaluated and linked to the corresponding steroid structures. Afterwards, using fraction collection, known sulfated LTMs were isolated from excretion urine to confirm the observed findings. The categories that were selected were mono-hydroxy-diones, 17-methyl-3,17-diols and 17-keto-3,16-diols as these are commonly encountered AAS conformations. The ability to predict the GC-MS behaviour of non-hydrolysed sulfated AAS metabolites is the corner stone of finding new metabolites. This knowledge is also essential, for example, for understanding AAS detection analyses, for the mass spectrometric characterization of metabolites of new designer steroids or when one needs to characterize an unknown steroid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Alibhai SMH. Testosterone Replacement in Men With Hypogonadism and Effects on Anemia-Blood, Sex, and Aging. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2339969. [PMID: 37889494 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir M H Alibhai
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Deng L, Shi Q. Testosterone treatment: who will benefit the most? Lancet Healthy Longev 2023; 4:e524-e525. [PMID: 37804839 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Deng
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Shi
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Detlefsen AJ, Mesaros CA, Duan L, Penning TM. AKR1C3 Converts Castrate and Post-Abiraterone DHEA-S into Testosterone to Stimulate Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells via 5-Androstene-3β,17β-Diol. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:1888-1898. [PMID: 37772993 PMCID: PMC10508215 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) are used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to stop a resurgence of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Despite early success, patients on ARSIs eventually relapse, develop drug resistance, and succumb to the disease. Resistance may occur through intratumoral steroidogenesis mediated by upregulation of aldo-keto reductase family 1C member 3 (AKR1C3). Patients treated with leuprolide (castrate) and those treated with leuprolide plus abiraterone (post-Abi) harbor a reservoir of DHEA-S which could fuel testosterone (T) biosynthesis via AKR1C3 to cause a resurgence of prostate cancer cell growth. We demonstrate that concentrations of DHEA-S found in castrate and post-Abi patients are (i) converted to T in an AKR1C3-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells, and (ii) in amounts sufficient to stimulate AKR1C3-dependent cell growth. We observed this in primary and metastatic prostate cancer cell lines, CWR22PC and DuCaP, respectively. Androgen measurements were made by stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. We demonstrate AKR1C3 dependence using stable short hairpin RNA knockdown and pharmacologic inhibitors. We also demonstrate that free DHEA is reduced to 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol (5-Adiol) by AKR1C3 and that this is a major metabolite, suggesting that in our cell lines 5-Adiol is a predominant precursor of T. We have identified a mechanism of ARSI resistance common to both primary and metastatic cell lines that is dependent on the conversion of DHEA to 5-Adiol on route to T catalyzed by AKR1C3. SIGNIFICANCE We show that reservoirs of DHEA-S that remain after ARSI treatment are converted into T in primary and metastatic prostate cancer cells in amounts sufficient to stimulate cell growth. Pharmacologic and genetic approaches demonstrate that AKR1C3 is required for these effects. Furthermore, the route to T proceeds through 5-Adiol. We propose that this is a mechanism of ARSI drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clementina A. Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Nolan BJ, Zwickl S, Locke P, Zajac JD, Cheung AS. Early Access to Testosterone Therapy in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults Seeking Masculinization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2331919. [PMID: 37676662 PMCID: PMC10485726 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Testosterone treatment is a necessary component of care for some transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Observational studies have reported associations between commencement of gender-affirming hormone therapy and improvements in gender dysphoria and depression, but there is a lack of data from randomized clinical trials. Objective To assess the effect of testosterone therapy compared with no treatment on gender dysphoria, depression, and suicidality in transgender and gender-diverse adults seeking masculinization. Design, Setting, and Participants A 3-month open-label randomized clinical trial was conducted at endocrinology outpatient clinics and primary care clinics specializing in transgender and gender-diverse health in Melbourne, Australia, from November 1, 2021, to July 22, 2022. Participants included transgender and gender-diverse adults aged 18 to 70 years seeking initiation of testosterone therapy. Interventions Immediate initiation of testosterone commencement (intervention group) or no treatment (standard care waiting list of 3 months before commencement). This design ensured no individuals would be waiting longer than the time to standard care. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was gender dysphoria, as measured by the Gender Preoccupation and Stability Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression and the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS) to assess suicidality. Questionnaires were undertaken at 0 and 3 months. The evaluable cohort was analyzed. Results Sixty-four transgender and gender-diverse adults (median [IQR] age, 22.5 [20-27] years) were randomized. Compared with standard care, the intervention group had a decrease in gender dysphoria (mean difference, -7.2 points; 95% CI, -8.3 to -6.1 points; P < .001), a clinically significant decrease in depression (ie, change in score of 5 points on PHQ-9; mean difference, -5.6 points; 95% CI, -6.8 to -4.4 points; P < .001), and a significant decrease in suicidality (mean difference in SIDAS score, -6.5 points; 95% CI, -8.2 to -4.8 points; P < .001). Resolution of suicidality assessed by PHQ-9 item 9 occurred in 11 individuals (52%) with immediate testosterone commencement compared with 1 (5%) receiving standard care (P = .002). Seven individuals reported injection site pain/discomfort and 1 individual reported a transient headache 24 hours following intramuscular administration of testosterone undecanoate. No individual developed polycythemia. Conclusions and Relevance In this open-label randomized clinical trial of testosterone therapy in transgender and gender-diverse adults, immediate testosterone compared with no treatment significantly reduced gender dysphoria, depression, and suicidality in transgender and gender-diverse individuals desiring testosterone therapy. Trial Registration ANZCTR Identifier: ACTRN1262100016864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sav Zwickl
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Locke
- Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D. Zajac
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ada S. Cheung
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Lee JH, Jung HD, Choi JD, Kang JY, Yoo TK, Park YW. Non-linear association between testosterone and LDL concentrations in men. Andrology 2023; 11:1107-1113. [PMID: 36681877 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contradictory data have been reported about the association between testosterone levels and the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between testosterone and LDL levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted that included 7268 men who had participated in a health examination. Men who took agents that influence serum lipid profiles within the previous 6 months were excluded. A full metabolic work-up and serum testosterone level checks were performed. The main outcome measures included the testosterone level and testosterone <3.5 ng/ml prevalence of each decile of LDL and their polynomial trendlines and the odds ratio (OR) of testosterone <3.5 ng/ml according to the LDL level. RESULTS The polynomial trendline suggests the inverse association of testosterone with the deciles of triglycerides, the positive association of testosterone with the deciles of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the inverted U-shaped association between testosterone and the deciles of LDL. The polynomial trendline suggests a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between the deciles of LDL and the prevalence of testosterone <3.5 ng/ml. The adjusted ORs of testosterone <3.5 ng/ml in men in the lowest and highest deciles were significantly higher than those of men in the 10th-90th deciles of LDL (OR [95% CI], < 10th LDL: 1.4[1.2-1.8]; 10th - 90th LDL: 1.0 [reference]; >90th LDL: 1.3[1.0-1.6]), which reinforces the U-shaped curvilinear relationship between LDL levels and the prevalence of testosterone <3.5 ng/ml. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Further research is needed to elucidate the association of very low or very high LDL concentrations with circulating testosterone in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Dal Jung
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Duck Choi
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Kang
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tag Keun Yoo
- Department of Urology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Won Park
- Department of Urology, National Police Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Odoardi S, Mestria S, Biosa G, Cittadini F, Senati M, Strano Rossi S. Hair analysis as a powerful tool for the identification of anabolic androgenic steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs in a subject with tissues damages. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1010-1017. [PMID: 37055374 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Odoardi
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Biosa
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cittadini
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Senati
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano Rossi
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Güneş M, Güneş E, Öztürk F. Total testosterone cut-off value indicating androgen-secreting tumor in premenopausal women with hirsutism. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:8681-8689. [PMID: 37782181 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202309_33791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is insufficient data on which cut-off value must be used to measure the increase in total testosterone (TT) compared to the upper limit of normal (CULN) in the diagnosis of androgen-secreting tumor (ASTM) in female individuals with premenopausal hirsutism (FIPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 413 FIPH over 18 years of age who were admitted to the endocrinology clinic between May 2013 and 30 April 2018 were eligible for the study. Hormone profiles of the participants in the follicular phase and other information were obtained from their files. The androgen suppression ratio (ASR) was analyzed after 48 hours of low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) in those whose TT CULN (nmol/L) increased two-fold. RESULTS Idiopathic hirsutism was found in 193 participants (46.73%) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in 200 (48.43%) and other sources of hirsutism; non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) in 10 patients (2.42%), hyperprolactinemia in 6 patients (1.45%), ASTM of ovarian origin in 2 patients (0.48%), Cushing's disease in 1 patient (0.24%), and adrenal ASTM in 1 patient (0.24%). A cut-off value of two-fold CULN increase for TT sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.5% in indicating an ASTM source, and ASR above 49% in LDDST sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 100% in excluding an ASTM source, was used. CONCLUSIONS At the TT level, a two-fold increase CULN in FIPH indicates an ASTM source. In addition, ASR after LDDST is a useful parameter in the exclusion of ASTM sources in the same patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Güneş
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
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Hou Y, Lu X, Yang J, Tang C, Jiang H, Cai T, Chen M, Wei Z, Yu P. A label-free fluorescent aptamer sensor for testosterone based on SYBR Green I. Anal Methods 2023; 15:1546-1552. [PMID: 36883443 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is a steroid hormone that plays an indispensable role in the normal metabolism of organisms. However, exogenous testosterone, even as low as nmol L-1, will harm the human body due to accumulation. In this study, we developed an unlabeled fluorescent sensor for testosterone based on SYBR Green I. SYBR Green I is a fluorescent dye that can be embedded into the G-quadruplex of the testosterone aptamer T5. The fluorescence quenching effect is utilized to achieve quantitative detection, which occurs by the competition between testosterone and SYBR Green I for the T5 aptamer binding sites. In this work, we optimized the detection conditions to make the fluorescent sensor more sensitive and verify the specificity, linear range, and detection ability in the buffer and real water samples. The sensor's LOD and LOQ values were 0.27 nmol L-1 and 0.91 nmol L-1, respectively, while the detection range was linear from 0.91 nmol L-1 to 2000 nmol L-1. According to the results, the sensor shows high specificity and good performance even in real sample detection such as tap water and river water, providing an alternative method for the quantitative detection of testosterone in the environment, which is more convenient and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Hou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Chunhua Tang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Hanbing Jiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Tongji Cai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Meilun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Zheng Wei
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
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Moen MH, Johansen N. Testosteronbehandling til kvinner. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2023; 143:22-0799. [PMID: 36919306 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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Pang Q, Jia A, Al Masri MK, Varkaneh HK, Abu-Zaid A, Gao X. The effect of androstenedione supplementation on testosterone, estradiol, body composition, and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:545-554. [PMID: 35841524 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, no meta-analysis has been carried out to collect evidence from randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) for the purpose of comprehensively summarizing the effect of androstenedione supplementation. Therefore, the aim of this research was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all RCTs that explored the effect of androstenedione supplementation on individual hormonal, lipid, and anthropometric indices. METHODS We searched five databases (Web of Science, SCOPUS, Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) using a combination of medical subject headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms. Using the random-effects model, we summarized the outcomes as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Eight eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled effect sizes suggested a significant effect of androstenedione supplementation on serum estradiol concentrations (WMD: 20.82 ng/ml, 95% CI: 7.25 to 34.38, p = 0.003), triglycerides (TG, WMD: -0.19 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.96, 0.57, p = 0.000), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (WMD: - 0.13 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.23 to - 0.03, p = 0.009); however, it had no effect on testosterone (WMD: 0.098 ng/ml, 95% CI: - 0.499 to 0.696, p = 0.748), body weight (WMD: 0.579 kg, 95% CI: - 4.02 to 5.17, p = 0.805), body mass index (BMI, WMD: - 0.73 kg/m2, 95% CI: - 2.98, 1.50, p = 0.519), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (WMD: - 0.074 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.37 to 0.22, p = 0.622), and total cholesterol (TC, WMD: - 0.15 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.49, 0.17, p = 0.198). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that androstenedione supplementation can lower TG and HDL-cholesterol and increase estradiol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Pang
- Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Aoyun Jia
- Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China
| | | | - Hamed Kord Varkaneh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Abu-Zaid
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiang Gao
- Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China.
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Zitzmann M, Cremers JF, Krallmann C, Kliesch S. The HEAT-Registry (HEmatopoietic Affection by Testosterone): comparison of a transdermal gel vs long-acting intramuscular testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal men. Aging Male 2022; 25:134-144. [PMID: 35467476 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2063830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Testosterone (T) therapy of hypogonadal men requires stable kinetics, tolerance and attenuation of symptoms. Both intramuscular injections of the long-acting ester T undecanoate (TU) and transdermal application of T gel offer a proven efficacy. As T has marked effects on hematopoiesis, an elevation of hematocrit has to be considered during T therapy. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of a transdermal T gel with long-acting intramuscular TU on hematopoiesis, controlling for age, diagnosis, androgen receptor susceptibility and obesity. DESIGN Prospective two-arm open registry, minimum duration of 26 weeks per patient. Putative modulators of erythropoiesis entering regression models were type of medication, type of hypogonadism, delta of total testosterone concentrations, waist circumference, age as well as (in a sub-group) androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length. SETTING Tertiary university based andrological outpatient department. PATIENTS 802 hypogonadal men, 498 receiving T gel and 304 receiving intramuscular TU, median age 40 years (interquartile range = 25). RESULTS Follow-up visits after initiation of treatment occurred between treatment weeks 26-30. Serum T concentrations increased markedly in both patient groups. Men receiving intramuscular TU exhibited an increased hematocrit (>50%) to a significantly higher amount than men receiving T gel (69/304 vs. 25/498, p < 0.001). Corresponding results were seen for higher values of hematocrit (>52% and >54%). Advanced age (p = 0.009), higher waist circumference (p = 0.01), higher delta testosterone (p = 0.007) and functional vs classical hypogonadism (p = 0.04) contributed to the effect in stepwise multiple regression models. Attenuated androgen action (longer androgen receptor CAG repeats) mitigated the effect (p = 0.01) in a subgroup of 574 patients. Men with anemia (hemoglobin ≤12.7 g/dl) were more likely to move out of the pathological range when receiving TU vs T gel (41/53 vs. 49/89 p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS T substitution with intramuscular TU or T gel increase T concentrations effectively. Long-acting TU leads to a higher rate of hematocrit levels >50%, whilst at the same time it seems to be more efficient to ameliorate anemia in the subgroup of respectively affected hypogonadal patients . This applies especially to obese older men with functional hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zitzmann
- Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Universitatsklinikum Munster Centrum fur Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Munster, Germany
| | - Jann F Cremers
- Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Universitatsklinikum Munster Centrum fur Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Munster, Germany
| | - Claudia Krallmann
- Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Universitatsklinikum Munster Centrum fur Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Munster, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Universitatsklinikum Munster Centrum fur Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Munster, Germany
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Windfeld-Mathiasen J, Christoffersen T, Horwitz H. [Not Available]. Ugeskr Laeger 2022; 184:V06220373. [PMID: 36426813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroid abuse is a growing health concern due to its relatively prevalent use and adverse health effects. These drugs cause significant disturbances of the body's endocrine system, and the most common somatic adverse drug reactions are gynaecomastia, infertility, testicular dysfunction, and acne. Furthermore, the use of anabolic steroids is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders and antisocial behaviour as summarised in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thea Christoffersen
- Klinisk Farmakologisk Afdeling, Københavns Universitetshospital - Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg Hospital
| | - Henrik Horwitz
- Klinisk Farmakologisk Afdeling, Københavns Universitetshospital - Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg Hospital
- Afdeling for Klinisk Medicin, Københavns Universitet
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Siserman CV, Jeican II, Gheban D, Anton V, Mironescu D, Șușman S, Vică ML, Lazăr M, Aluaș M, Toader C, Albu S. Fatal Form of COVID-19 in a Young Male Bodybuilder Anabolic Steroid Using: The First Autopsied Case. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58101373. [PMID: 36295534 PMCID: PMC9611349 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 34-year-old male patient, a bodybuilding trainer and user of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) for 16 years. He was found in cardio-respiratory arrest in his home. By performing a medico-legal autopsy, a severe form of COVID-19, aortic atherosclerotic plaques, and an old myocardial infarction was found. The SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test on necroptic lung fragments was positive, with a B.1.258 genetic line. The histopathological examinations showed microthrombi with endothelitis in the cerebral tissue, massive pulmonary edema, diffuse alveolar damage grade 1, pulmonary thromboembolism, hepatic peliosis, and severe nesidioblastosis. The immunohistochemical examinations showed SARS-CoV-2 positive in the myocardium, lung, kidneys, and pancreas. ACE-2 receptor was positive in the same organs, but also in the spleen and liver. HLA alleles A*03, A*25, B*18, B*35, C*04, C*12, DRB1*04, DRB1*15, DQB1*03, DQB1*06 were also identified. In conclusion, death was due to a genetic predisposition, a long-term abuse of AASs that favored the development of a pluriorganic pathological tissue terrain, and recent consumption of AASs, which influenced the immune system at the time of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costel Vasile Siserman
- Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Legal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionuț Isaia Jeican
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Infectious Disease Clinical Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Gheban
- Department of Pathology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Anton
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Sergiu Șușman
- Imogen Medical Research Institute, County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Laura Vică
- Institute of Legal Medicine, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Lazăr
- Viral Respiratory Infections Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military-Medical Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Aluaș
- Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeș Str., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Corneliu Toader
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Albu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, University Clinical Hospital of Railway Company, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Valentine A, Davis S, Furniss A, Dowshen N, Kazak AE, Lewis C, Loeb DF, Nahata L, Pyle L, Schilling LM, Sequeira GM, Nokoff N. Multicenter Analysis of Cardiometabolic-related Diagnoses in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: A PEDSnet Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e4004-e4014. [PMID: 35945152 PMCID: PMC9516032 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies on cardiometabolic health in transgender and gender-diverse youth (TGDY) are limited to small cohorts. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine the odds of cardiometabolic-related diagnoses in TGDY compared to matched controls in a cross-sectional analysis, using a large, multisite database (PEDSnet). METHODS Electronic health record data (2009-2019) were used to determine odds of cardiometabolic-related outcomes based on diagnosis, anthropometric, and laboratory data using logistic regression among TGDY youth vs controls. The association of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) with these outcomes was examined separately among TGDY. TGDY (n = 4172) were extracted from 6 PEDSnet sites and propensity-score matched on 8 variables to controls (n = 16 648). Main outcomes measures included odds of having cardiometabolic-related diagnoses among TGDY compared to matched controls, and among TGDY prescribed GAHT compared to those not prescribed GAHT. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, TGDY had higher odds of overweight/obesity (1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3) than controls. TGDY with a testosterone prescription alone or in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) had higher odds of dyslipidemia (1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3 and 3.7; 95% CI, 2.1-6.7, respectively) and liver dysfunction (1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9 and 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3) than TGDY not prescribed GAHT. TGDY with a testosterone prescription alone had higher odds of overweight/obesity (1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.1) and hypertension (1.6 95% CI, 1.2-2.2) than those not prescribed testosterone. Estradiol and GnRHa alone were not associated with greater odds of cardiometabolic-related diagnoses. CONCLUSION TGDY have increased odds of overweight/obesity compared to matched controls. Screening and tailored weight management, sensitive to the needs of TGDY, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valentine
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Division of Endocrinology, Aurora, Colorado 80045USA
| | - Shanlee Davis
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Division of Endocrinology, Aurora, Colorado 80045USA
| | - Anna Furniss
- University of Colorado Adult & Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Sciences (ACCORDS), Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Nadia Dowshen
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anne E Kazak
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Christopher Lewis
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Danielle F Loeb
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Leena Nahata
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43215, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- University of Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Lisa M Schilling
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Data Science to Patient Value Initiative, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gina M Sequeira
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
| | - Natalie Nokoff
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Division of Endocrinology, Aurora, Colorado 80045USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the overall prevalence of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) users seeking support from physicians. Secondary objectives are to compare this prevalence in different locations and among subpopulations of AAS users, and to discuss some of the factors that could have influenced the engagement of AAS users with physicians. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and SciELO were searched in January 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Quantitative and qualitative studies reporting the number of AAS users who sought support from physicians, with no restrictions of language or time of publication. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of studies, including publication bias. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall prevalence of AAS users seeking support from physicians, followed by pooled prevalence rates by studies' location and the subpopulation of AAS users. RESULTS We identified 36 studies published between 1988 and 2021, involving 10 101 AAS users. The estimated overall prevalence of AAS users seeking support from physicians is 37.12% (95% CI 29.71% to 44.52%). Higher prevalence rates were observed in studies from Australia (67.27%; 95% CI 42.29% to 87.25%) and among clients of the needle and syringe exchange programme (54.13%; 95% CI 36.41% to 71.84%). The lowest prevalence was observed among adolescent AAS users (17.27%; 95% CI 4.80% to 29.74%). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that about one-third of AAS users seek support from physicians, with remarkable differences between locations and subpopulations of AAS users. Further studies should investigate the factors influencing the engagement of AAS users with physicians. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020177919.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Kimergård
- Addictions, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Paolo Deluca
- Addictions, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Jaursch-Hancke
- Fachbereich Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Stoffwechsel, DKD Helios Klinik Wiesbaden, Aukammallee 33, 65191, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
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40
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Bowling DL, Gahr J, Ancochea PG, Hoeschele M, Canoine V, Fusani L, Fitch WT. Endogenous oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in response to group singing. Horm Behav 2022; 139:105105. [PMID: 34999566 PMCID: PMC8915780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans have sung together for thousands of years. Today, regular participation in group singing is associated with benefits across psychological and biological dimensions of human health. Here we examine the hypothesis that a portion of these benefits stem from changes in endocrine activity associated with affiliation and social bonding. Working with a young adult choir (n = 71), we measured changes salivary concentrations of oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone from before and after four experimental conditions crossing two factors: vocal production mode (singing vs. speaking) and social context (together vs. alone). Salivary oxytocin and cortisol decreased from before to after the experimental manipulations. For oxytocin the magnitude of this decrease was significantly smaller after singing compared to speaking, resulting in concentrations that were significantly elevated after singing together compared to speaking together, after controlling for baseline differences. In contrast, the magnitude of the salivary cortisol decreases was the same across experimental manipulations, and although large, could not be separated from diurnal cycling. No significant effects were found in a low-powered exploratory evaluation of testosterone (tested only in males). At a psychological level, we found that singing stimulates greater positive shifts in self-perceived affect compared to speaking-particularly when performed together-and that singing together enhances feelings of social connection more than speaking together. Finally, measurements of heart rate made for a subset of participants provide preliminary evidence regarding physical exertion levels across conditions. These results are discussed in the context of a growing multidisciplinary literature on the endocrinological correlates of musical behavior. We conclude that singing together can have biological and psychological effects associated with affiliation and social bonding, and that these effects extend beyond comparable but non-musical group activities. However, we also note that these effects appear heavily influenced by broader contextual factors that shape social dynamics, such as stress levels, the intimacy of interactions, and the status of existing relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bowling
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Gahr
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P Graf Ancochea
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Hoeschele
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria; Acoustics Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - V Canoine
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - L Fusani
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria; Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - W T Fitch
- Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Austria; CogSci Hub University of Vienna, Austria
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Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Zoontjes PW, Lasaroms JJP, Nielen MWF, Blokland MH. Simplified screening approach of anabolic steroid esters using a compact atmospheric solid analysis probe mass spectrometric system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3459-3470. [PMID: 35220465 PMCID: PMC9018663 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the absence of chromatographic separation, ambient ionization mass spectrometry had the potential to improve the throughput of control laboratories in the last decades and will soon be an excellent approach for on-site use as well. In this study, an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) with a single quadrupole mass analyzer has been evaluated to identify anabolic steroid esters rapidly. Sample introduction, applied scan time, and probe temperature were optimized for sensitivity. The in-source fragmentations of seventeen selected steroid esters, commonly found in illicit samples, were determined by applying different cone voltages (12, 20, 30, and 40 V). A spectral library was created for these steroid esters based on the four stages of in-source fragmentation spectra. The applicability of this method was demonstrated for the rapid identification of steroid esters in oily injection solutions, providing test results in less than 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paul W Zoontjes
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan J P Lasaroms
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco H Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Shimko KM, O'Brien JW, Li J, Tscharke BJ, Brooker L, Thai PK, Choi PM, Samanipour S, Thomas KV. In-Sewer Stability Assessment of Anabolic Steroids and Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:1627-1638. [PMID: 35060377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is a potential complementary technique for monitoring the use of performance- and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs), such as anabolic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), within the general population. Assessing in-sewer transformation and degradation is critical for understanding uncertainties associated with wastewater analysis. An electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 59 anabolic agents in wastewater influent was developed. Limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 0.004 to 1.56 μg/L and 0.01 to 4.75 μg/L, respectively. Method performance was acceptable for linearity (R2 > 0.995, few exceptions), accuracy (68-119%), and precision (1-21%RSD), and applicability was successfully demonstrated. To assess the stability of the selected biomarkers in wastewater, we used laboratory-scale sewer reactors to subject the anabolic agents to simulated realistic sewer environments for 12 h. Anabolic agents, including parent compounds and metabolites, were spiked into freshly collected wastewater that was then fed into three sewer reactor types: control sewer (no biofilm), gravity sewer (aerobic conditions), and rising main sewer (anaerobic conditions). Our results revealed that while most glucuronide conjugates were completely transformed following 12 h in the sewer reactors, 50% of the investigated biomarkers had half-lives longer than 4 h (mean residence time) under gravity sewer conditions. Most anabolic agents were likely subject to biofilm sorption and desorption. These novel results lay the groundwork for any future wastewater-based epidemiology research involving anabolic steroids and SARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Water Unit, Health Protection Branch, Queensland Health, 15 Butterfield Street, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, Amsterdam 904, The Netherlands
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Huml L, Tauchen J, Rimpelová S, Holubová B, Lapčík O, Jurášek M. Advances in the Determination of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: From Standard Practices to Tailor-Designed Multidisciplinary Approaches. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 22:4. [PMID: 35009549 PMCID: PMC8747103 DOI: 10.3390/s22010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), a group of compounds frequently misused by athletes and, unfortunately, also by the general population, have lately attracted global attention; thus, significant demands for more precise, facile, and rapid AAS detection have arisen. The standard methods ordinarily used for AAS determination include liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. However, good knowledge of steroid metabolism, pretreatment of samples (such as derivatization), and well-trained operators of the instruments are required, making this procedure expensive, complicated, and not routinely applicable. In the drive to meet current AAS detection demands, the scientific focus has shifted to developing novel, tailor-made approaches leading to time- and cost-effective, routine, and field-portable methods for AAS determination in various matrices, such as biological fluids, food supplements, meat, water, or other environmental components. Therefore, herein, we present a comprehensive review article covering recent advances in AAS determination, with a strong emphasis on the increasingly important role of chemically designed artificial sensors, biosensors, and antibody- and fluorescence-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Huml
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbora Holubová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Oldřich Lapčík
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.L.); (M.J.)
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Crissman HP, Moravek MB. Centering patients: a quest to understand the short- and long-term implications of gender-affirming testosterone on the endometrium. Fertil Steril 2021; 115:1181-1182. [PMID: 33933176 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halley P Crissman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Molly B Moravek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Kouidi EJ, Kaltsatou A, Anifanti MA, Deligiannis AP. Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity, and Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Users. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18136974. [PMID: 34209901 PMCID: PMC8295852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of androgen anabolic steroids (AAS) use on athletes’ cardiac autonomic activity in terms of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and heart rate variability (HRV) have not yet been adequately studied. Furthermore, there is no information to describe the possible relationship between the structural and functional cardiac remodeling and the cardiac autonomic nervous system changes caused by AAS abuse. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of long-term AAS abuse on cardiac autonomic efficacy and cardiac adaptations in strength-trained athletes. In total, 80 strength-trained athletes (weightlifters and bodybuilders) participated in the study. Notably, 40 of them using AAS according to their state formed group A, 40 nonuser strength-trained athletes comprised group B, and 40 healthy nonathletes (group C) were used as controls. All subjects underwent a head-up tilt test using the 30 min protocol to evaluate the baroreflex sensitivity and short HRV modulation. Furthermore, all athletes undertook standard echocardiography, a cardiac tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) study, and a maximal spiroergometric test on a treadmill to estimate their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The tilt test results showed that group A presented a significantly lower BRS and baroreflex effectiveness index than group B by 13.8% and 10.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). Regarding short-term HRV analysis, a significant increase was observed in sympathetic activity in AAS users. Moreover, athletes of group A showed increased left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMI) by 8.9% (p < 0.05), compared to group B. However, no difference was found in LV ejection fraction between the groups. TDI measurements indicated that AAS users had decreased septal and lateral peak E’ by 38.0% (p < 0.05) and 32.1% (p < 0.05), respectively, and increased E/E’ by 32.0% (p < 0.05), compared to group B. This LV diastolic function alteration was correlated with the year of AAS abuse. A significant correlation was established between BRS depression and LV diastolic impairment in AAS users. Cardiopulmonary test results showed that AAS users had significantly higher time to exhaustion by 11.0 % (p < 0.05) and VO2max by 15.1% (p < 0.05), compared to controls. A significant correlation was found between VO2max and LVMI in AAS users. The results of the present study indicated that long-term AAS use in strength-trained athletes led to altered cardiovascular autonomic modulations, which were associated with indices of early LV diastolic dysfunction.
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Jiafeng Y, Decheng S, Xiaoyong L, Yang L, Guangyu L, Min BS. Multiresidue determination of 19 anabolic steroids in animal oil using enhanced matrix removal lipid cleanup and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 2021; 13:2374-2383. [PMID: 34027940 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for sensitive analysis of 19 anabolic steroids (AS) in animal oil using enhanced matrix removal lipid (EMR-Lipid) cleanup and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed. Oil samples were extracted with 20 mL of acetonitrile aqueous solution and purified using EMR-Lipid cartridges. The eluent was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid-water solutions as the mobile phase via gradient elution. The method effectively removed unwanted matrix co-extractives better than other extraction cleanup techniques while still delivering acceptable recovery results for most of the AS. The established quantification method showed AS recovery in the range of 72.9-110.7% with good precision (relative standard deviation < 15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiafeng
- Liaoning Provincial Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Shenyang 110016, China
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de Ronde W, Jacobs L, Smit DL. [Outpatient clinic for users of anabolic androgenic; experiences and practical tools]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2021; 165:D5715. [PMID: 34346623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, an estimated 20,000 men abuse illegal androgens. The confrontation with a patient who uses illegal substances can evoke questions and emotions. We advise not to moralize users of anabolic steroids, but to strive for harm reduction by starting a discussion about the pros and cons of androgen abuse, taking into account your assumptions and judgments about this subject. Underlying psychopathology should be recognized and treated if the user is open to it. We recommend against prescribing anabolic steroids without medical indication and not to perform health checks routinely while the patient continues using anabolic steroids as long as it is not established that this can prevent health damage. If the user reports with health problems, this should be used as a starting point to (re) open the conversation about the advantages and disadvantages of use. Harmful effects of use must be handled according to appropriate guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W de Ronde
- Spaarne Gasthuis, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Haarlem
- Contact: W. de Ronde
| | - L Jacobs
- Spaarne Gasthuis, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Haarlem
| | - D L Smit
- Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Tilburg
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Whitaker DL, Geyer-Kim G, Kim ED. Anabolic steroid misuse and male infertility: management and strategies to improve patient awareness. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2021; 16:109-122. [PMID: 33973822 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2021.1921574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Anabolic androgenic steroid use is an uncommon but important cause of male infertility. As paternal age and anabolic steroid use increases, providers are more likely than ever to encounter men with infertility and prior or concurrent anabolic steroid use. In this review, we outline the background, epidemiology and pathophysiology of anabolic steroid induced male infertility and provide recommendations regarding the diagnosis, management, and future prevention of this condition.Areas covered: Male reproductive physiology is a tightly regulated process that can be influenced by exogenous sources such as anabolic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Data suggest that a combination of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), aromatase inhibitors (AIs), and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) may lead to spermatogenesis recovery.Expert opinion: Anabolic steroid and SARM users continue to exhibit lack of understanding regarding the potential side effects of their use on male fertility. Current literature suggests that spermatogenesis can be safely recovered using a combination of SERMs, hCG, AIs and rFSH although additional studies are necessary. While anabolic steroid prevention strategies have largely been focused on the individual level, further investigation is necessary and should be approached in a socioecological manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin L Whitaker
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Gabriella Geyer-Kim
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Edward D Kim
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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Schaaf L, Ehrmann K. [Diabetes mellitus and testosterone]. MMW Fortschr Med 2020; 162:84-87. [PMID: 33164195 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-020-4429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Schaaf
- Städt. Klinikum München GmbH\/Klinikum Schwabing, Kraeppelinstr. 2 - 10, 80804, München, Germany.
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Gray B, Tuckley L, Cutler C, Biddle S, Hudson S, Gower S, Vanhaecke L. Investigations into the analysis of intact drug conjugates in animal sport doping control - Development and assessment of a rapid and economical approach for screening greyhound urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:731-742. [PMID: 32052913 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal sport doping control laboratories are constantly reviewing ways in which they can improve their service offering whilst ensuring that they remain economically viable. This paper describes the development and assessment of a rapid and economical method for the detection of intact glucuronide conjugates of three anabolic steroids and their metabolites along with three corticosteroids in canine urine. The analysis of intact drug conjugates for animal sport doping control is generally not performed routinely as it presents a number of analytical challenges, not least of which is the lack of availability of appropriate reference standards. Here, we report the development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method using APCI in the negative ion mode for the detection of intact phase II conjugates, including the importance of in vitro incubations in order to provide appropriate reference materials. Cross-validation of the developed method demonstrated that the detection capability of the intact phase II conjugates of stanozolol, boldenone, nandrolone, and their metabolites along with the corticosteroids dexamethasone and methylprednisolone was equivalent to that achieved in routine race-day screens. The new process has been in operation for approximately 2 years and has been used to analyze in excess of 13500 canine urine samples, resulting in a number of positive screening findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported use of a routine screen for intact drug conjugates within animal sport doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Gray
- Bob Gray, LGC Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisa Tuckley
- Bob Gray, LGC Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Simon Biddle
- Bob Gray, LGC Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Simon Hudson
- Bob Gray, LGC Ltd, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Simon Gower
- Greyhound Board of Great Britain, 6 New Bridge Street, London, UK
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
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