51
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Grönroos P, Ilmarinen T, Skottman H. Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells towards Corneal Endothelial-Like Cells under Defined Conditions. Cells 2021; 10:331. [PMID: 33562615 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most crucial function of corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs) is to maintain optical transparency by transporting excess fluid out of stroma. Unfortunately, CEnCs are not able to proliferate in vivo in the case of trauma or dystrophy. Visually impaired patients with corneal endothelial deficiencies that are waiting for transplantation due to massive global shortage of cadaveric corneal transplants are in a great need of help. In this study, our goal was to develop a defined, clinically applicable protocol for direct differentiation of CEnCs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). To produce feeder-free hPSC-CEnCs, we used small molecule induction with transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor inhibitor SB431542, GSK-3-specific inhibitor CHIR99021 and retinoic acid to guide differentiation through the neural crest and periocular mesenchyme (POM). Cells were characterized by the morphology and expression of human (h)CEnC markers with immunocytochemistry and RT-qPCR. After one week of induction, we observed the upregulation of POM markers paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2) and Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) and polygonal-shaped cells expressing CEnC-associated markers Zona Occludens-1 (ZO-1), sodium-potassium (Na+/K+)-ATPase, CD166, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1 (SLC4A4), aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and N-cadherin (NCAD). Furthermore, we showed that retinoic acid induced a dome formation in the cell culture, with a possible indication of fluid transport by the differentiated cells. Thus, we successfully generated CEnC-like cells from hPSCs with a defined, simple and fast differentiation method.
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52
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Jones I, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Carlsson L, Novikov LN. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Neural Crest Cells Promote Sprouting and Motor Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720988245. [PMID: 33522309 PMCID: PMC7863557 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720988245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in irreversible tissue damage and permanent sensorimotor impairment. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that improve the life quality of affected individuals is therefore of paramount importance. Cell transplantation is a promising approach for spinal cord injury treatment and the present study assesses the efficacy of human embryonic stem cell–derived neural crest cells as preclinical cell-based therapy candidates. The differentiated neural crest cells exhibited characteristic molecular signatures and produced a range of biologically active trophic factors that stimulated in vitro neurite outgrowth of rat primary dorsal root ganglia neurons. Transplantation of the neural crest cells into both acute and chronic rat cervical spinal cord injury models promoted remodeling of descending raphespinal projections and contributed to the partial recovery of forelimb motor function. The results achieved in this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that human embryonic stem cell–derived neural crest cells warrant further investigation as cell-based therapy candidates for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- 59588Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif Carlsson
- 59588Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lev N Novikov
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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53
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Glaeser JD, Behrens P, Stefanovic T, Salehi K, Papalamprou A, Tawackoli W, Metzger MF, Eberlein S, Nelson T, Arabi Y, Kim K, Baloh RH, Ben-David S, Cohn-Schwartz D, Ryu R, Bae HW, Gazit Z, Sheyn D. Neural crest-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells enhance cranial allograft integration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:797-809. [PMID: 33512772 PMCID: PMC8046069 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of lost cranial bone (partly mesodermal and partly neural crest‐derived) is challenging and includes the use of nonviable allografts. To revitalize allografts, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (mesoderm‐derived BM‐MSCs) have been used with limited success. We hypothesize that coating of allografts with induced neural crest cell‐mesenchymal progenitor cells (iNCC‐MPCs) improves implant‐to‐bone integration in mouse cranial defects. Human induced pluripotent stem cells were reprogramed from dermal fibroblasts, differentiated to iNCCs and then to iNCC‐MPCs. BM‐MSCs were used as reference. Cells were labeled with luciferase (Luc2) and characterized for MSC consensus markers expression, differentiation, and risk of cellular transformation. A calvarial defect was created in non‐obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice and allografts were implanted, with or without cell coating. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), microcomputed tomography (μCT), histology, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical tests were performed. Characterization of iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 vs BM‐MSC‐Luc2 showed no difference in MSC markers expression and differentiation in vitro. In vivo, BLI indicated survival of both cell types for at least 8 weeks. At week 8, μCT analysis showed enhanced structural parameters in the iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 group and increased bone volume in the BM‐MSC‐Luc2 group compared to controls. Histology demonstrated improved integration of iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 allografts compared to BM‐MSC‐Luc2 group and controls. Human osteocalcin and collagen type 1 were detected at the allograft‐host interphase in cell‐seeded groups. The iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2 group also demonstrated improved biomechanical properties compared to BM‐MSC‐Luc2 implants and cell‐free controls. Our results show an improved integration of iNCC‐MPC‐Luc2‐coated allografts compared to BM‐MSC‐Luc2 and controls, suggesting the use of iNCC‐MPCs as potential cell source for cranial bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane D Glaeser
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Phillip Behrens
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tina Stefanovic
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Khosrowdad Salehi
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angela Papalamprou
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melodie F Metzger
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel Eberlein
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Trevor Nelson
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasaman Arabi
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kim
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shiran Ben-David
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Doron Cohn-Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Robert Ryu
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hyun W Bae
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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54
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) constitutes the largest part of the peripheral nervous system. In recent years, ENS development and its neurogenetic capacity in homeostasis and allostasishave gained increasing attention. Developmentally, the neural precursors of the ENS are mainly derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cell portions. Furthermore, Schwann cell precursors, as well as endodermal pancreatic progenitors, participate in ENS formation. Neural precursorsenherite three subpopulations: a bipotent neuron-glia, a neuronal-fated and a glial-fated subpopulation. Typically, enteric neural precursors migrate along the entire bowel to the anal end, chemoattracted by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin 3 (EDN3) molecules. During migration, a fraction undergoes differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Differentiation is regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog and Notch signalling. The fully formed adult ENS may react to injury and damage with neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Nevertheless, the origin of differentiating cells is currently under debate. Putative candidates are an embryonic-like enteric neural progenitor population, Schwann cell precursors and transdifferentiating glial cells. These cells can be isolated and propagated in culture as adult ENS progenitors and may be used for cell transplantation therapies for treating enteric aganglionosis in Chagas and Hirschsprung's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko H. H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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55
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Raterman ST, Metz JR, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. Zebrafish Models of Craniofacial Malformations: Interactions of Environmental Factors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600926. [PMID: 33304906 PMCID: PMC7701217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is an appealing model organism for investigating the genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors, as well as their interactions (GxE), which contribute to craniofacial malformations. Here, we review zebrafish studies on environmental factors involved in the etiology of craniofacial malformations in humans including maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, nutrition and drug use. As an example, we focus on the (cleft) palate, for which the zebrafish ethmoid plate is a good model. This review highlights the importance of investigating ExE interactions and discusses the variable effects of exposure to environmental factors on craniofacial development depending on dosage, exposure time and developmental stage. Zebrafish also promise to be a good tool to study novel craniofacial teratogens and toxin mixtures. Lastly, we discuss the handful of studies on gene–alcohol interactions using mutant sensitivity screens and reverse genetic techniques. We expect that studies addressing complex interactions (ExE and GxE) in craniofacial malformations will increase in the coming years. These are likely to uncover currently unknown mechanisms with implications for the prevention of craniofacial malformations. The zebrafish appears to be an excellent complementary model with high translational value to study these complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Raterman
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J R Metz
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Von den Hoff
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry-Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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56
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Fedele L, Brand T. The Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System and Its Role in Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040054. [PMID: 33255284 PMCID: PMC7712215 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS) plays a key role for the regulation of cardiac activity with its dysregulation being involved in various heart diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias. The CANS comprises the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the heart. The intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) includes the network of the intracardiac ganglia and interconnecting neurons. The cardiac ganglia contribute to the tight modulation of cardiac electrophysiology, working as a local hub integrating the inputs of the extrinsic innervation and the ICNS. A better understanding of the role of the ICNS for the modulation of the cardiac conduction system will be crucial for targeted therapies of various arrhythmias. We describe the embryonic development, anatomy, and physiology of the ICNS. By correlating the topography of the intracardiac neurons with what is known regarding their biophysical and neurochemical properties, we outline their physiological role in the control of pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. We conclude by highlighting cardiac disorders with a putative involvement of the ICNS and outline open questions that need to be addressed in order to better understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the ICNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fedele
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (T.B.); Tel.: +44-(0)-207-594-6531 (L.F.); +44-(0)-207-594-8744 (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Brand
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (T.B.); Tel.: +44-(0)-207-594-6531 (L.F.); +44-(0)-207-594-8744 (T.B.)
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57
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Castro VL, Reyes-Nava NG, Sanchez BB, Gonzalez CG, Paz D, Quintana AM. Activation of WNT signaling restores the facial deficits in a zebrafish with defects in cholesterol metabolism. Genesis 2020; 58:e23397. [PMID: 33197123 PMCID: PMC7816230 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of cholesterol metabolism occur as a result of mutations in the cholesterol synthesis pathway (CSP). Although mutations in the CSP cause a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome, craniofacial abnormalities are a hallmark phenotype associated with these disorders. Previous studies have established that mutation of the zebrafish hmgcs1 gene (Vu57 allele), which encodes the first enzyme in the CSP, causes defects in craniofacial development and abnormal neural crest cell (NCC) differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the products of the CSP disrupt NCC differentiation are not completely known. Cholesterol is known to regulate the activity of WNT signaling, an established regulator of NCC differentiation. We hypothesized that defects in cholesterol synthesis are associated with reduced WNT signaling, consequently resulting in abnormal craniofacial development. To test our hypothesis we performed a combination of pharmaceutical inhibition, gene expression assays, and targeted rescue experiments to understand the function of the CSP and WNT signaling during craniofacial development. We demonstrate reduced expression of four canonical WNT downstream target genes in homozygous carriers of the Vu57 allele and reduced axin2 expression, a known WNT target gene, in larvae treated with Ro-48-8071, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, activation of WNT signaling via treatment with WNT agonist I completely restored the craniofacial defects present in a subset of animals carrying the Vu57 allele. Collectively, these data suggest interplay between the CSP and WNT signaling during craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Nayeli G Reyes-Nava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Brianna B Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Cesar G Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - David Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Anita M Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
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58
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Klein M, Varga I. Hirschsprung's Disease-Recent Understanding of Embryonic Aspects, Etiopathogenesis and Future Treatment Avenues. Medicina (Kaunas) 2020; 56:E611. [PMID: 33202966 PMCID: PMC7697404 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease is a neurocristopathy, caused by defective migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural crest cells, leading to gut aganglionosis. It usually manifests rapidly after birth, affecting 1 in 5000 live births around the globe. In recent decades, there has been a significant improvement in the understanding of its genetics and the association with other congenital anomalies, which share the pathomechanism of improper development of the neural crest. Apart from that, several cell populations which do not originate from the neural crest, but contribute to the development of Hirschsprung's disease, have also been described, namely mast cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. From the diagnostic perspective, researchers also focused on "Variants of Hirschsprung's disease", which can mimic the clinical signs of the disease, but are in fact different entities, with distinct prognosis and treatment approaches. The treatment of Hirschsprung's disease is usually surgical resection of the aganglionic part of the intestine, however, as many as 30-50% of patients experience persisting symptoms. Considering this fact, this review article also outlines future hopes and perspectives in Hirschsprung's disease management, which has the potential to benefit from the advancements in the fields of cell-based therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Spitalska Street 24, SK-813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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59
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Dong R, Yang R, Zhan Y, Lai HD, Ye CJ, Yao XY, Luo WQ, Cheng XM, Miao JJ, Wang JF, Liu BH, Liu XQ, Xie LL, Li Y, Zhang M, Chen L, Song WC, Qian W, Gao WQ, Tang YH, Shen CY, Jiang W, Chen G, Yao W, Dong KR, Xiao XM, Zheng S, Li K, Wang J. Single-Cell Characterization of Malignant Phenotypes and Developmental Trajectories of Adrenal Neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:716-733.e6. [PMID: 32946775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), which is a subtype of neural-crest-derived malignancy, is the most common extracranial solid tumor occurring in childhood. Despite extensive research, the underlying developmental origin of NB remains unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we generate transcriptomes of adrenal NB from 160,910 cells of 16 patients and transcriptomes of putative developmental cells of origin of NB from 12,103 cells of early human embryos and fetal adrenal glands at relatively late development stages. We find that most adrenal NB tumor cells transcriptionally mirror noradrenergic chromaffin cells. Malignant states also recapitulate the proliferation/differentiation status of chromaffin cells in the process of normal development. Our findings provide insight into developmental trajectories and cellular states underlying human initiation and progression of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Ran Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yong Zhan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hua-Dong Lai
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chun-Jing Ye
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yao
- Family Planning Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wen-Qin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Mu Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ju-Ju Miao
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Bai-Hui Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiang-Qi Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wei-Chen Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yun-Hui Tang
- Family Planning Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chun-Yan Shen
- Family Planning Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Genergy Bio-technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Kui-Ran Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xian-Min Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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60
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Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of craniofacial birth defects are multifactorial and include both genetic and environmental factors. Despite the identification of numerous genes associated with congenital craniofacial anomalies, our understanding of their etiology remains incomplete, and many affected individuals have an unknown genetic diagnosis. Here, we show that conditional loss of a Mediator complex subunit protein, Med23 in mouse neural crest cells (Med23fx/fx;Wnt1-Cre), results in micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate, mimicking the phenotype of Pierre Robin sequence. Sox9 messenger RNA and protein levels are both upregulated in neural crest cell-derived mesenchyme surrounding Meckel's cartilage and in the palatal shelves in Med23fx/fx;Wnt1-Cre mutant embryos compared to controls. Consistent with these observations, we demonstrate that Med23 binds to the promoter region of Sox9 and represses Sox9 expression in vitro. Interestingly, Sox9 binding to β-catenin is enhanced in Med23fx/fx;Wnt1-Cre mutant embryos, which, together with downregulation of Col2a1 and Wnt signaling target genes, results in decreased proliferation and altered jaw skeletal differentiation and cleft palate. Altogether, our data support a cell-autonomous requirement for Med23 in neural crest cells, potentially linking the global transcription machinery through Med23 to the etiology and pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies such as micrognathia and cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S Bhatt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - K T Falcon
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - L L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - P A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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61
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Motohashi T, Kawamura N, Watanabe N, Kitagawa D, Goshima N, Kunisada T. Sox10 Functions as an Inducer of the Direct Conversion of Keratinocytes Into Neural Crest Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1510-1519. [PMID: 33040687 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are highly migratory multipotent cells that play critical roles in embryogenesis. The generation of NCCs is controlled by various transcription factors (TFs) that are regulated by each other and combine to form a regulatory network. We previously reported that the conversion of mouse fibroblasts into NCCs was achieved by the overexpression of only one TF, Sox10; therefore, Sox10 may be a powerful inducer of the conversion of NCCs. We herein investigated whether Sox10 functions in the direct conversion of other somatic cells into NCCs. Sox10 directly converted bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, but not keratinocytes, into P75+ NCCs. However, by the co-expression of four TFs (Snail1, Snail2, Twist1, and Tcfap2a) that are involved in NCC generation, but unable convert cells into NCCs, Sox10 converted keratinocytes into P75+ NCCs. P75+ NCCs mainly differentiated into glial cells, and to a lesser extent into neuronal cells. On the other hand, when Sox10 was expressed after the four TF expression, which mimicked the expression order in in vivo NCC generation, it converted keratinocytes into multipotent NCCs. These results demonstrate that Sox10 functions as an inducer of direct conversion into NCCs in cooperation with the TFs involved in NCC generation. The sequence of expression of the inducer and cooperative factors is important for the conversion of somatic cells into bona fide target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norito Kawamura
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitagawa
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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62
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Atukorala ADS, Ratnayake RK. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the development of a cleft lip and/or cleft palate; insights from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1650-1660. [PMID: 33099891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) are immediately recognizable congenital abnormalities of the face. Lip and palate develop from facial primordia through the coordinated activities of ectodermal epithelium and neural crest cells (NCCs) derived from ectomesenchyme tissue. Subtle changes in the regulatory mechanisms of NCC or ectodermal epithelial cells can result in CLP. Genetic and environmental contributions or a combination of both play a significant role in the progression of CLP. Model organisms provide us with a wealth of information in understanding the pathophysiology and genetic etiology of this complex disease. Small teleost, zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the popular model in craniofacial developmental biology. The short generation time and large number of optically transparent, easily manipulated embryos increase the value of zebrafish to identify novel candidate genes and gene regulatory networks underlying craniofacial development. In addition, it is widely used to identify the mechanisms of environmental teratogens and in therapeutic drug screening. Here, we discuss the value of zebrafish as a model to understand epithelial and NCC induced ectomesenchymal cell activities during early palate morphogenesis and robustness of the zebrafish in modern research on identifying the genetic and environmental etiological factors of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini Atukorala
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ravindra Kumar Ratnayake
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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63
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Dash S, Bhatt S, Sandell LL, Seidel CW, Ahn Y, Krumlauf RE, Trainor PA. The Mediator Subunit, Med23 Is Required for Embryonic Survival and Regulation of Canonical WNT Signaling During Cranial Ganglia Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:531933. [PMID: 33192541 PMCID: PMC7642510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.531933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the vertebrate head is a complex and dynamic process, which requires integration of all three germ layers and their derivatives. Of special importance are ectoderm-derived cells that form the cranial placodes, which then differentiate into the cranial ganglia and sensory organs. Critical to a fully functioning head, defects in cranial placode and sensory organ development can result in congenital craniofacial anomalies. In a forward genetic screen aimed at identifying novel regulators of craniofacial development, we discovered an embryonically lethal mouse mutant, snouty, which exhibits malformation of the facial prominences, cranial nerves and vasculature. The snouty mutation was mapped to a single nucleotide change in a ubiquitously expressed gene, Med23, which encodes a subunit of the global transcription co-factor complex, Mediator. Phenotypic analyses revealed that the craniofacial anomalies, particularly of the cranial ganglia, were caused by a failure in the proper specification of cranial placode neuronal precursors. Molecular analyses determined that defects in cranial placode neuronal differentiation in Med23 sn/sn mutants were associated with elevated WNT/β-catenin signaling, which can be partially rescued through combined Lrp6 and Wise loss-of-function. Our work therefore reveals a surprisingly tissue specific role for the ubiquitously expressed mediator complex protein Med23 in placode differentiation during cranial ganglia development. This highlights the importance of coupling general transcription to the regulation of WNT signaling during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Shachi Bhatt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | | | - Youngwook Ahn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Robb E Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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64
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Ankamreddy H, Bok J, Groves AK. Uncovering the secreted signals and transcription factors regulating the development of mammalian middle ear ossicles. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1410-1424. [PMID: 33058336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that act as an impedance matching device during the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These ossicles are derived from cranial neural crest cells that undergo endochondral ossification and subsequently differentiate into their final functional forms. Defects that occur during middle ear development can result in conductive hearing loss. In this review, we summarize studies describing the crucial roles played by signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, notch ligands, and chemokines during the differentiation of neural crest into the middle ear ossicles. In addition to these cell-extrinsic signals, we also discuss studies on the function of transcription factor genes such as Foxi3, Tbx1, Bapx1, Pou3f4, and Gsc in regulating the development and morphology of the middle ear ossicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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65
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Ghazanfar AA, Kelly LM, Takahashi DY, Winters S, Terrett R, Higham JP. Domestication Phenotype Linked to Vocal Behavior in Marmoset Monkeys. Curr Biol 2020; 30:5026-5032.e3. [PMID: 33065007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The domestication syndrome refers to a set of traits that are the by-products of artificial selection for increased tolerance toward humans [1-3]. One hypothesis is that some species, like humans and bonobos, "self-domesticated" and have been under selection for that same suite of domesticated phenotypes [4-8]. However, the evidence for this has been largely circumstantial. Here, we provide evidence that, in marmoset monkeys, the size of a domestication phenotype-a white facial fur patch-is linked to their degree of affiliative vocal responding. During development, the amount of parental vocal feedback experienced influences the rate of growth of this facial white patch, and this suggests a mechanistic link between the two phenotypes, possibly via neural crest cells. Our study provides evidence for links between vocal behavior and the development of morphological phenotypes associated with domestication in a nonhuman primate.
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66
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Pini J, Kueper J, Hu YD, Kawasaki K, Yeung P, Tsimbal C, Yoon B, Carmichael N, Maas RL, Cotney J, Grinblat Y, Liao EC. ALX1-related frontonasal dysplasia results from defective neural crest cell development and migration. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12013. [PMID: 32914578 PMCID: PMC7539331 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A pedigree of subjects presented with frontonasal dysplasia (FND). Genome sequencing and analysis identified a p.L165F missense variant in the homeodomain of the transcription factor ALX1 which was imputed to be pathogenic. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) were derived from the subjects and differentiated to neural crest cells (NCC). NCC derived from ALX1L165F/L165F iPSC were more sensitive to apoptosis, showed an elevated expression of several neural crest progenitor state markers, and exhibited impaired migration compared to wild-type controls. NCC migration was evaluated in vivo using lineage tracing in a zebrafish model, which revealed defective migration of the anterior NCC stream that contributes to the median portion of the anterior neurocranium, phenocopying the clinical presentation. Analysis of human NCC culture media revealed a change in the level of bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), with a low level of BMP2 and a high level of BMP9. Soluble BMP2 and BMP9 antagonist treatments were able to rescue the defective migration phenotype. Taken together, these results demonstrate a mechanistic requirement of ALX1 in NCC development and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pini
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janina Kueper
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yiyuan David Hu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pan Yeung
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casey Tsimbal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baul Yoon
- Departments of Integrative Biology, Neuroscience, and Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nikkola Carmichael
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard L Maas
- Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Cotney
- Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yevgenya Grinblat
- Departments of Integrative Biology, Neuroscience, and Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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67
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Barqué A, Jan K, De La Fuente E, Nicholas CL, Hynes RO, Naba A. Knockout of the gene encoding the extracellular matrix protein SNED1 results in early neonatal lethality and craniofacial malformations. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:274-294. [PMID: 33012048 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of multicellular organisms that orchestrates developmental processes and controls cell and tissue organization. We previously identified the novel ECM protein SNED1 as a promoter of breast cancer metastasis and showed that its level of expression negatively correlated with breast cancer patient survival. Here, we sought to identify the roles of SNED1 during murine development. RESULTS We generated two novel Sned1 knockout mouse strains and showed that Sned1 is essential since homozygous ablation of the gene led to early neonatal lethality. Phenotypic analysis of the surviving knockout mice revealed a role for SNED1 in the development of craniofacial and skeletal structures since Sned1 knockout resulted in growth defects, nasal cavity occlusion, and craniofacial malformations. Sned1 is widely expressed in embryos, notably by cell populations undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, such as the neural crest cells. We further show that mice with a neural-crest-cell-specific deletion of Sned1 survive, but display facial anomalies partly phenocopying the global knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate requisite roles for SNED1 during development and neonatal survival. Importantly, the deletion of 2q37.3 in humans, a region that includes the SNED1 locus, has been associated with facial dysmorphism and short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barqué
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyleen Jan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emanuel De La Fuente
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christina L Nicholas
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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68
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Yuan F, Yun Y, Fan H, Li Y, Lu L, Liu J, Feng W, Chen SY. MicroRNA-135a Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Apoptosis in Neural Crest Cells and Craniofacial Defects in Zebrafish by Modulating the Siah1/p38/p53 Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583959. [PMID: 33134300 PMCID: PMC7561719 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in various biological processes, including apoptosis, by regulating gene expression. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that ethanol-induced downregulation of miR-135a contributes to ethanol-induced apoptosis in neural crest cells (NCCs) by upregulating Siah1 and activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p53 pathway. We found that treatment with ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in miR-135a expression in both NCCs and zebrafish embryos. Ethanol-induced downregulation of miR-135a resulted in the upregulation of Siah1 and the activation of the p38 MAPK/p53 pathway and increased apoptosis in NCCs and zebrafish embryos. Ethanol exposure also resulted in growth retardation and developmental defects that are characteristic of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in zebrafish. Overexpression of miRNA-135a significantly reduced ethanol-induced upregulation of Siah1 and the activation of the p38 MAPK/p53 pathway and decreased ethanol-induced apoptosis in NCCs and zebrafish embryos. In addition, ethanol-induced growth retardation and craniofacial defects in zebrafish larvae were dramatically diminished by the microinjection of miRNA-135a mimics. These results demonstrated that ethanol-induced downregulation of miR-135a contributes to ethanol-induced apoptosis in NCCs by upregulating Siah1 and activating the p38 MAPK/p53 pathway and that the overexpression of miRNA-135a can protect against ethanol-induced apoptosis in NCCs and craniofacial defects in a zebrafish model of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yang Yun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huadong Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lanhai Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY, United States
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69
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Kruepunga N, Hikspoors JPJM, Hülsman CJM, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the lesser pelvis of human embryos. J Anat 2020; 237:672-688. [PMID: 32592418 PMCID: PMC7495285 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic models to understand the developmental appearance of the pelvic nervous system in mammals are scarce. We visualized the development of the inferior hypogastric plexus and its preganglionic connections in human embryos at 4-8 weeks post-fertilization, using Amira 3D reconstruction and Cinema 4D-remodelling software. We defined the embryonic lesser pelvis as the pelvic area caudal to both umbilical arteries and containing the hindgut. Neural crest cells (NCCs) appeared dorsolateral to the median sacral artery near vertebra S1 at ~5 weeks and had extended to vertebra S5 1 day later. Once para-arterial, NCCs either formed sympathetic ganglia or continued to migrate ventrally to the pre-arterial region, where they formed large bilateral inferior hypogastric ganglionic cell clusters (IHGCs). Unlike more cranial pre-aortic plexuses, both IHGCs did not merge because the 'pelvic pouch', a temporary caudal extension of the peritoneal cavity, interposed. Although NCCs in the sacral area started to migrate later, they reached their pre-arterial position simultaneously with the NCCs in the thoracolumbar regions. Accordingly, the superior hypogastric nerve, a caudal extension of the lumbar splanchnic nerves along the superior rectal artery, contacted the IHGCs only 1 day later than the lumbar splanchnic nerves contacted the inferior mesenteric ganglion. The superior hypogastric nerve subsequently splits to become the superior hypogastric plexus. The IHGCs had two additional sources of preganglionic innervation, of which the pelvic splanchnic nerves arrived at ~6.5 weeks and the sacral splanchnic nerves only at ~8 weeks. After all preganglionic connections had formed, separate parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus formed at the bladder neck and distal hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Cindy J. M. Hülsman
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Greet M. C. Mommen
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - S. Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal ResearchAcademic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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70
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Ventéo S, Desiderio S, Cabochette P, Deslys A, Carroll P, Pattyn A. Neurog2 Deficiency Uncovers a Critical Period of Cell Fate Plasticity and Vulnerability among Neural-Crest-Derived Somatosensory Progenitors. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2953-2960.e2. [PMID: 31801063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionally distinct classes of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) somatosensory neurons arise from neural crest cells (NCCs) in two successive phases of differentiation assumed to be respectively and independently controlled by the proneural genes Neurog2 and Neurog1. However, the precise role of Neurog2 during this process remains unclear, notably because no neuronal loss has been reported hitherto in Neurog2-/- mutants. Here, we show that at trunk levels, Neurog2 deficiency impairs the production of subsets of all DRG neuron subtypes. We establish that this phenotype is highly dynamic and reflects multiple defects in NCC-derived progenitors, including somatosensory-to-melanocyte fate switch, apoptosis, and delayed differentiation which alters neuronal identity, all occurring during a narrow time window when Neurog2 temporarily controls onset of Neurog1 expression and neurogenesis. Collectively, these findings uncover a critical period of cell fate plasticity and vulnerability among somatosensory progenitors and establish that Neurog2 function in the developing DRG is broader than initially envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ventéo
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Desiderio
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Cabochette
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Deslys
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Carroll
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pattyn
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France.
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71
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Henderson DJ, Eley L, Chaudhry B. New Concepts in the Development and Malformation of the Arterial Valves. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E38. [PMID: 32987700 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although in many ways the arterial and atrioventricular valves are similar, both being derived for the most part from endocardial cushions, we now know that the arterial valves and their surrounding structures are uniquely dependent on progenitors from both the second heart field (SHF) and neural crest cells (NCC). Here, we will review aspects of arterial valve development, highlighting how our appreciation of NCC and the discovery of the SHF have altered our developmental models. We will highlight areas of research that have been particularly instructive for understanding how the leaflets form and remodel, as well as those with limited or conflicting results. With this background, we will explore how this developmental knowledge can help us to understand human valve malformations, particularly those of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Controversies and the current state of valve genomics will be indicated.
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Iwanaga R, Truong BT, Hsu JY, Lambert KA, Vyas R, Orlicky D, Shellman YG, Tan AC, Ceol C, Artinger KB. Loss of prdm1a accelerates melanoma onset and progression. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1052-1063. [PMID: 32562448 PMCID: PMC7864383 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive, deadly skin cancer derived from melanocytes, a neural crest cell derivative. Melanoma cells mirror the developmental program of neural crest cells in that they exhibit the same gene expression patterns and utilize similar cellular mechanisms, including increased cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and migration. Here we studied the role of neural crest regulator PRDM1 in melanoma onset and progression. In development, Prdm1a functions to promote neural crest progenitor fate, and in melanoma, we found that PRDM1 has reduced copy number and is recurrently deleted in both zebrafish and humans. When examining expression of neural crest and melanocyte development genes, we show that sox10 progenitor expression is high in prdm1a-/- mutants, while more differentiated melanocyte markers are reduced, suggesting that normally Prdm1a is required for differentiation. Data mining of human melanoma datasets indicates that high PRDM1 expression in human melanoma is correlated with better patient survival and decreased PRDM1 expression is common in metastatic tumors. When one copy of prdm1a is lost in the zebrafish melanoma model Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E );p53-/- ;prdm1a+/- , melanoma onset occurs more quickly, and the tumors that form have a larger area with increased expression of sox10. These data demonstrate a novel role for PRDM1 as a tumor suppressor in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brittany T. Truong
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Human Medical Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Y. Hsu
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Karoline A. Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Vyas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yiqun G. Shellman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Craig Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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73
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Torroglosa A, Villalba-Benito L, Fernández RM, Luzón-Toro B, Moya-Jiménez MJ, Antiñolo G, Borrego S. Identification of New Potential LncRNA Biomarkers in Hirschsprung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155534. [PMID: 32748823 PMCID: PMC7432910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a neurocristopathy defined by intestinal aganglionosis due to alterations during the development of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). A wide spectrum of molecules involved in different signaling pathways and mechanisms have been described in HSCR onset. Among them, epigenetic mechanisms are gaining increasing relevance. In an effort to better understand the epigenetic basis of HSCR, we have performed an analysis for the identification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) by qRT-PCR in enteric precursor cells (EPCs) from controls and HSCR patients. We aimed to test the presence of a set lncRNAs among 84 lncRNAs in human EPCs, which were previously related with crucial cellular processes for ENS development, as well as to identify the possible differences between HSCR patients and controls. As a result, we have determined a set of lncRNAs with positive expression in human EPCs that were screened for mutations using the exome data from our cohort of HSCR patients to identify possible variants related to this pathology. Interestingly, we identified three lncRNAs with different levels of their transcripts (SOCS2-AS, MEG3 and NEAT1) between HSCR patients and controls. We propose such lncRNAs as possible regulatory elements implicated in the onset of HSCR as well as potential biomarkers of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.T.); (L.V.-B.); (R.M.F.); (B.L.-T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Leticia Villalba-Benito
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.T.); (L.V.-B.); (R.M.F.); (B.L.-T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel María Fernández
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.T.); (L.V.-B.); (R.M.F.); (B.L.-T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Berta Luzón-Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.T.); (L.V.-B.); (R.M.F.); (B.L.-T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María José Moya-Jiménez
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.T.); (L.V.-B.); (R.M.F.); (B.L.-T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.T.); (L.V.-B.); (R.M.F.); (B.L.-T.); (G.A.)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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75
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Zhang M, Zhang X, Luo J, Yan R, Niibe K, Egusa H, Zhang Z, Xie M, Jiang X. Investigate the Odontogenic Differentiation and Dentin-Pulp Tissue Regeneration Potential of Neural Crest Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:475. [PMID: 32582651 PMCID: PMC7290043 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based developmental engineering has been considered as a promising strategy for tissue/organ regeneration. Tooth is formed by sequential reciprocal interactions between epithelium derived from surface ectoderm and mesenchymal cells derived from cranial neural crest. The neural crest cell is an appealing cell source for tooth development and regeneration research. In this study, we investigated the odontogenic differentiation and dentin-pulp complex regeneration potential of neural crest cells. Our results showed that neural crest cells (O9-1 mouse cranial neural crest cell line) can sequentially differentiate into dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1)-positive odontoblasts within a developing tooth germ in vitro. Moreover, O9-1 cells and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural crest-like cells (iNCLCs) can form well-organized vascularized dentin-pulp complex when transplanted in vivo with tooth scaffold. Furthermore, both O9-1 cells and iNCLCs can be differentiated into odontoblast-like cells, positive staining with odontogenic-related markers DMP-1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), under odontogenic induction with the administration of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4). These results demonstrated that neural crest cells, especially the unlimited iNCLCs, are a promising cell source for tooth development and dental tissue/tooth organ regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Luo
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunimichi Niibe
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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76
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Nesterenko Y, Dolde X, Leist M, Mayans O. Strategy to replace animal-derived ECM by a modular and highly defined matrix. ALTEX 2020; 37:482-489. [PMID: 32521034 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2003181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many extracellular matrices (ECM) used for modern cell culture are derived from animals. An alternative approach is the recombinant production of individual matrix protein components. A further development of this strategy uses a constant core protein polymer that is modifiable with functional domains of various ECM proteins. This way, a single, highly defined ECM system could be used for a large variety of cell types. Self-assembling protein domains from human muscle sarcomeres, termed here ZT material (ZT), have been shown to be suitable for this modular approach of generating ECMs. We explored in a proof-of-concept study, whether ZT, modified with the fibronectin 10 domain (ZTFn10) is able to substitute bovine serum-derived fibronectin as coating for neural crest cell (NCC)-based toxicity testing. Human NCC were generated from pluripotent stem cells and used in the automated version of a NCC migration assay (cMINC). ZTFn10, but not the unmodified core material (ZT), allowed for a high migration activity. The classical cMINC setup, with bovine fibronectin coating, was used as positive control, and detailed analysis of NCC migration by time-lapse recording indicated that the novel ECM fully matched the bioactivity of the traditional ECM. A final set of experiments showed that various positive controls of the cMINC assay (PCB180, LiCl, cytochalasin D) showed nearly identical inhibition curves on the traditional and the novel ECM. Thus, the cMINC, and possibly other bioassays, can be performed with a ZT-based ECM instead of traditional animal-derived protein coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Nesterenko
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB)
| | - Xenia Dolde
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB)
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olga Mayans
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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77
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Beauchamp MC, Alam SS, Kumar S, Jerome-Majewska LA. Spliceosomopathies and neurocristopathies: Two sides of the same coin? Dev Dyn 2020; 249:924-945. [PMID: 32315467 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in core components of the spliceosome are responsible for a group of syndromes collectively known as spliceosomopathies. Patients exhibit microcephaly, micrognathia, malar hypoplasia, external ear anomalies, eye anomalies, psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, limb, and heart defects. Craniofacial malformations in these patients are predominantly found in neural crest cells-derived structures of the face and head. Mutations in eight genes SNRPB, RNU4ATAC, SF3B4, PUF60, EFTUD2, TXNL4, EIF4A3, and CWC27 are associated with craniofacial spliceosomopathies. In this review, we provide a brief description of the normal development of the head and the face and an overview of mutations identified in genes associated with craniofacial spliceosomopathies. We also describe a model to explain how and when these mutations are most likely to impact neural crest cells. We speculate that mutations in a subset of core splicing factors lead to disrupted splicing in neural crest cells because these cells have increased sensitivity to inefficient splicing. Hence, disruption in splicing likely activates a cellular stress response that includes increased skipping of regulatory exons in genes such as MDM2 and MDM4, key regulators of P53. This would result in P53-associated death of neural crest cells and consequently craniofacial malformations associated with spliceosomopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Shameen Alam
- McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shruti Kumar
- McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Loydie Anne Jerome-Majewska
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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78
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Bartesaghi L, Wang Y, Fontanet P, Wanderoy S, Berger F, Wu H, Akkuratova N, Bouçanova F, Médard JJ, Petitpré C, Landy MA, Zhang MD, Harrer P, Stendel C, Stucka R, Dusl M, Kastriti ME, Croci L, Lai HC, Consalez GG, Pattyn A, Ernfors P, Senderek J, Adameyko I, Lallemend F, Hadjab S, Chrast R. PRDM12 Is Required for Initiation of the Nociceptive Neuron Lineage during Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3484-3492.e4. [PMID: 30917305 PMCID: PMC7676307 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensation of pain is essential for the preservation of the functional integrity of the body. However, the key molecular regulators necessary for the initiation of the development of pain-sensing neurons have remained largely unknown. Here, we report that, in mice, inactivation of the transcriptional regulator PRDM12, which is essential for pain perception in humans, results in a complete absence of the nociceptive lineage, while proprioceptive and touch-sensitive neurons remain. Mechanistically, our data reveal that PRDM12 is required for initiation of neurogenesis and activation of a cascade of downstream pro-neuronal transcription factors, including NEUROD1, BRN3A, and ISL1, in the nociceptive lineage while it represses alternative fates other than nociceptors in progenitor cells. Our results thus demonstrate that PRDM12 is necessary for the generation of the entire lineage of pain-initiating neurons. The sensation of pain, temperature, and itch by neurons of the nociceptive lineage is essential for animal survival. Bartesaghi et al. report that the transcriptional regulator PRDM12 is indispensable in neural crest cells (NCCs) for the initiation of the sensory neuronal differentiation program that generates the entire nociceptive lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bartesaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Paula Fontanet
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Simone Wanderoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Finja Berger
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Haohao Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Natalia Akkuratova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Filipa Bouçanova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Jean-Jacques Médard
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Charles Petitpré
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Mark A Landy
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ming-Dong Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Philip Harrer
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Stendel
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Stucka
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Dusl
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Croci
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helen C Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Pattyn
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, UMR1051, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francois Lallemend
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
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79
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Liu S, Narumi R, Ikeda N, Morita O, Tasaki J. Chemical-induced craniofacial anomalies caused by disruption of neural crest cell development in a zebrafish model. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:794-815. [PMID: 32314458 PMCID: PMC7384000 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Craniofacial anomalies are among the most frequent birth defects worldwide, and are thought to be caused by gene‐environment interactions. Genetically manipulated zebrafish simulate human diseases and provide great advantages for investigating the etiology and pathology of craniofacial anomalies. Although substantial advances have been made in understanding genetic factors causing craniofacial disorders, limited information about the etiology by which environmental factors, such as teratogens, induce craniofacial anomalies is available in zebrafish. Results Zebrafish embryos displayed craniofacial malformations after teratogen treatments. Further observations revealed characteristic disruption of chondrocyte number, shape and stacking. These findings suggested aberrant development of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, which was confirmed by gene expression analysis of the CNC. Notably, these observations suggested conserved etiological pathways between zebrafish and mammals including human. Furthermore, several of these chemicals caused malformations of the eyes, otic vesicle, and/or heart, representing a phenocopy of neurocristopathy, and these chemicals altered the expression levels of the responsible genes. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that chemical‐induced craniofacial malformation is caused by aberrant development of neural crest. This study indicates that zebrafish provide a platform for investigating contributions of environmental factors as causative agents of craniofacial anomalies and neurocristopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Liu
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Rika Narumi
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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80
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Morell RJ, Olszewski R, Tona R, Leitess S, Wafa TT, Taukulis I, Schultz JM, Thomason EJ, Richards K, Whitley BN, Hill C, Saunders T, Starost MF, Fitzgerald T, Wilson E, Ohyama T, Friedman TB, Hoa M. Noncoding Microdeletion in Mouse Hgf Disrupts Neural Crest Migration into the Stria Vascularis, Reduces the Endocochlear Potential, and Suggests the Neuropathology for Human Nonsyndromic Deafness DFNB39. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2976-2992. [PMID: 32152201 PMCID: PMC7141880 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2278-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional protein that signals through the MET receptor. HGF stimulates cell proliferation, cell dispersion, neuronal survival, and wound healing. In the inner ear, levels of HGF must be fine-tuned for normal hearing. In mice, a deficiency of HGF expression limited to the auditory system, or an overexpression of HGF, causes neurosensory deafness. In humans, noncoding variants in HGF are associated with nonsyndromic deafness DFNB39 However, the mechanism by which these noncoding variants causes deafness was unknown. Here, we reveal the cause of this deafness using a mouse model engineered with a noncoding intronic 10 bp deletion (del10) in Hgf Male and female mice homozygous for del10 exhibit moderate-to-profound hearing loss at 4 weeks of age as measured by tone burst auditory brainstem responses. The wild type (WT) 80 mV endocochlear potential was significantly reduced in homozygous del10 mice compared with WT littermates. In normal cochlea, endocochlear potentials are dependent on ion homeostasis mediated by the stria vascularis (SV). Previous studies showed that developmental incorporation of neural crest cells into the SV depends on signaling from HGF/MET. We show by immunohistochemistry that, in del10 homozygotes, neural crest cells fail to infiltrate the developing SV intermediate layer. Phenotyping and RNAseq analyses reveal no other significant abnormalities in other tissues. We conclude that, in the inner ear, the noncoding del10 mutation in Hgf leads to developmental defects of the SV and consequently dysfunctional ion homeostasis and a reduction in the EP, recapitulating human DFNB39 nonsyndromic deafness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hereditary deafness is a common, clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurosensory disorder. Previously, we reported that human deafness DFNB39 is associated with noncoding variants in the 3'UTR of a short isoform of HGF encoding hepatocyte growth factor. For normal hearing, HGF levels must be fine-tuned as an excess or deficiency of HGF cause deafness in mouse. Using a Hgf mutant mouse with a small 10 bp deletion recapitulating a human DFNB39 noncoding variant, we demonstrate that neural crest cells fail to migrate into the stria vascularis intermediate layer, resulting in a significantly reduced endocochlear potential, the driving force for sound transduction by inner ear hair cells. HGF-associated deafness is a neurocristopathy but, unlike many other neurocristopathies, it is not syndromic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Talah T Wafa
- Mouse Auditory Testing Core Facility, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5674
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinarian Resources, National Institutes of Health, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Tracy Fitzgerald
- Mouse Auditory Testing Core Facility, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Takahiro Ohyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | | | - Michael Hoa
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program,
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81
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Darrigrand JF, Valente M, Comai G, Martinez P, Petit M, Nishinakamura R, Osorio DS, Renault G, Marchiol C, Ribes V, Cadot B. Dullard-mediated Smad1/5/8 inhibition controls mouse cardiac neural crest cells condensation and outflow tract septation. eLife 2020; 9:e50325. [PMID: 32105214 PMCID: PMC7069721 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of separated pulmonary and systemic circulation in vertebrates, via cardiac outflow tract (OFT) septation, is a sensitive developmental process accounting for 10% of all congenital anomalies. Neural Crest Cells (NCC) colonising the heart condensate along the primitive endocardial tube and force its scission into two tubes. Here, we show that NCC aggregation progressively decreases along the OFT distal-proximal axis following a BMP signalling gradient. Dullard, a nuclear phosphatase, tunes the BMP gradient amplitude and prevents NCC premature condensation. Dullard maintains transcriptional programs providing NCC with mesenchymal traits. It attenuates the expression of the aggregation factor Sema3c and conversely promotes that of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition driver Twist1. Altogether, Dullard-mediated fine-tuning of BMP signalling ensures the timed and progressive zipper-like closure of the OFT by the NCC and prevents the formation of a heart carrying the congenital abnormalities defining the tetralogy of Fallot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Valente
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure team, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737ParisFrance
| | - Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Pauline Martinez
- INSERM - Sorbonne Université UMR974 - Center for Research in MyologyParisFrance
| | - Maxime Petit
- Unité Lymphopoïèse – INSERM U1223, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | | | - Daniel S Osorio
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics Lab, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Gilles Renault
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Carmen Marchiol
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Vanessa Ribes
- Universite de Paris, Institut Jacques MonodCNRSParisFrance
| | - Bruno Cadot
- INSERM - Sorbonne Université UMR974 - Center for Research in MyologyParisFrance
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82
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Lin S, Liu W, Chen CL, Sun D, Hu JX, Li L, Ye J, Mei L, Xiong WC. Neogenin-loss in neural crest cells results in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous formation. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:17-31. [PMID: 31336386 PMCID: PMC7053014 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neogenin is a transmembrane receptor critical for multiple cellular processes, including neurogenesis, astrogliogenesis, endochondral bone formation, and iron homeostasis. Here we present evidence that loss of neogenin contributes to pathogenesis of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) formation, a genetic disorder accounting for ~ 5% of blindness in the USA. Selective loss of neogenin in neural crest cells (as observed in Wnt1-Cre; Neof/f mice), but not neural stem cells (as observed in GFAP-Cre and Nestin-Cre; Neof/f mice), resulted in a dysregulation of neural crest cell migration or delamination, exhibiting features of PHPV-like pathology (e.g. elevated retrolental mass), unclosed retinal fissure, and microphthalmia. These results demonstrate an unrecognized function of neogenin in preventing PHPV pathogenesis, implicating neogenin regulation of neural crest cell delamination/migration and retinal fissure formation as potential underlying mechanisms of PHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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83
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Stefanko NS, Davies OMT, Beato MJ, Blei F, Drolet BA, Fairley J, Frieden IJ, Galligan ER, Goddard D, Howard R, Husain S, Lauren CT, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, MacArthur C, Metry DW, Morel KD, Niedt GW, Garzon MC, Sokumbi O, Siegel DH. Hamartomas and midline anomalies in association with infantile hemangiomas, PHACE, and LUMBAR syndromes. Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:78-85. [PMID: 31631401 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of infantile hemangiomas (IH), PHACE, and LUMBAR syndromes remains unknown. We aim to describe histopathologic features of midline anomalies associated with IH, including patients with PHACE and LUMBAR syndromes. METHODS A multicenter retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with IH, PHACE, and LUMBAR syndrome with histopathologic specimens from sternal or midline anomalies. A total of 18 midline lesions from 13 patients were included. Out of 18, 14 midline lesions underwent both histopathologic and clinical review. Three hamartoma-like chin plaques and one supraumbilical raphe underwent only clinical review. RESULTS All 13 patients had midline lesions and IH. Histopathologic diagnoses were as follows: rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma (3), folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (1), fibroepithelial polyp (1), verrucous epidermal hyperplasia with vascular proliferation and fibroplasia (1), congenital midline cervical cleft (1), pericardium with fibrosis (1), fibrous components with increased collagen (1), atrophic skin/membrane (3), angiolipomatous mass with neural components (1), and lipomatous mass (1). Due to the retrospective nature of this study, it was not possible to obtain pathology slides for all midline lesions that had previously been biopsied or resected. We show clinically and histopathologically a new association between PHACE syndrome and rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma (RMH), in addition to demonstrating the association between PHACE syndrome and chin hamartomas. We also display histopathologic findings seen in midline lesions resected from LUMBAR patients. CONCLUSION Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma is thought to be related to aberrations of mesenchymal cells during development; therefore, this may provide clues to the pathogenesis of IH and related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Jose Beato
- Vascular Anomalies Center, La Paz Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francine Blei
- Lennox Hill Hospital of Northwell Health, New York, New York
| | - Beth A Drolet
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | - Renee Howard
- University of California, San Francisco, California
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84
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Huertas-Castaño C, Gómez-Muñoz MA, Pardal R, Vega FM. Hypoxia in the Initiation and Progression of Neuroblastoma Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E39. [PMID: 31861671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most frequent extracranial solid tumour in children, causing 10% of all paediatric oncology deaths. It arises in the embryonic neural crest due to an uncontrolled behaviour of sympathetic nervous system progenitors, giving rise to heterogeneous tumours. Low local or systemic tissue oxygen concentration has emerged as a cellular stimulus with important consequences for tumour initiation, evolution and progression. In neuroblastoma, several evidences point towards a role of hypoxia in tumour initiation during development, tumour cell differentiation, survival and metastatic spreading. However, the heterogeneous nature of the disease, its developmental origin and the lack of suitable experimental models have complicated a clear understanding of the effect of hypoxia in neuroblastoma tumour progression and the molecular mechanisms implicated. In this review, we have compiled available evidences to try to shed light onto this important field. In particular, we explore the effect of hypoxia in neuroblastoma cell transformation and differentiation. We also discuss the experimental models available and the emerging alternatives to study this problem, and we present hypoxia-related therapeutic avenues being explored in the field.
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85
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Hovland AS, Rothstein M, Simoes-Costa M. Network architecture and regulatory logic in neural crest development. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2019; 12:e1468. [PMID: 31702881 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is an ectodermal cell population that gives rise to over 30 cell types during vertebrate embryogenesis. These stem cells are formed at the border of the developing central nervous system and undergo extensive migration before differentiating into components of multiple tissues and organs. Neural crest formation and differentiation is a multistep process, as these cells transition through sequential regulatory states before adopting their adult phenotype. Such changes are governed by a complex gene regulatory network (GRN) that integrates environmental and cell-intrinsic inputs to regulate cell identity. Studies of neural crest cells in a variety of vertebrate models have elucidated the function and regulation of dozens of the molecular players that are part of this network. The neural crest GRN has served as a platform to explore the molecular control of multipotency, cell differentiation, and the evolution of vertebrates. In this review, we employ this genetic program as a stepping-stone to explore the architecture and the regulatory principles of developmental GRNs. We also discuss how modern genomic approaches can further expand our understanding of genetic networks in this system and others. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Developmental Biology > Lineages Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin S Hovland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Megan Rothstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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86
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Sanchez E, Laplace-Builhé B, Mau-Them FT, Richard E, Goldenberg A, Toler TL, Guignard T, Gatinois V, Vincent M, Blanchet C, Boland A, Bihoreau MT, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Nephi W, Lüdecke HJ, Verheij JBGM, Moreau-Lenoir F, Denoyelle F, Rivière JB, Laplanche JL, Willing M, Captier G, Apparailly F, Wieczorek D, Collet C, Djouad F, Geneviève D. POLR1B and neural crest cell anomalies in Treacher Collins syndrome type 4. Genet Med 2020; 22:547-56. [PMID: 31649276 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare autosomal dominant mandibulofacial dysostosis, with a prevalence of 0.2–1/10,000. Features include bilateral and symmetrical malar and mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities due to abnormal neural crest cell (NCC) migration and differentiation. To date, three genes have been identified: TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D. Despite a large number of patients with a molecular diagnosis, some remain without a known genetic anomaly. Methods We performed exome sequencing for four individuals with TCS but who were negative for pathogenic variants in the known causative genes. The effect of the pathogenic variants was investigated in zebrafish. Results We identified three novel pathogenic variants in POLR1B. Knockdown of polr1b in zebrafish induced an abnormal craniofacial phenotype mimicking TCS that was associated with altered ribosomal gene expression, massive p53-associated cellular apoptosis in the neuroepithelium, and reduced number of NCC derivatives. Conclusion Pathogenic variants in the RNA polymerase I subunit POLR1B might induce massive p53-dependent apoptosis in a restricted neuroepithelium area, altering NCC migration and causing cranioskeletal malformations. We identify POLR1B as a new causative gene responsible for a novel TCS syndrome (TCS4) and establish a novel experimental model in zebrafish to study POLR1B-related TCS.
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87
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Min H, Kim HP, Shin JO. Depletion of CTCF induces craniofacial malformations in mouse embryos. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:6102-6109. [PMID: 31632578 PMCID: PMC6789244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation in various human developmental disorders, including facial abnormalities and intellectual disability. Mutations in CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) demonstrate its role in craniofacial development, but early lethality precludes the use of Ctcf mutant mice for phenotypic investigations. In this study, we deleted Ctcf specifically in neural crest cells, the multipotent cells that give rise to many structures of the skeleton and connective tissues in the developing head. Although the pharyngeal arches were initially morphologically normal, many of the neural crest cell-derived skeletal and non-skeletal components were truncated in the Wnt1-Cre; Ctcffl/fl mutant mice. The expression level of chondrogenic and osteogenic-related genes were significantly decreased. Our results implicate CTCF in two distinct events in craniofacial development; first, in the regulation of outgrowth and morphogenesis by cell survival and proliferation, and second, in the differentiation of the facial skeleton. Our findings highlight the important contribution of CTCF to craniofacial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehyun Min
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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88
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Zhu Y, Crowley SC, Latimer AJ, Lewis GM, Nash R, Kucenas S. Migratory Neural Crest Cells Phagocytose Dead Cells in the Developing Nervous System. Cell 2019; 179:74-89.e10. [PMID: 31495570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During neural tube closure and spinal cord development, many cells die in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively). However, myeloid-derived professional phagocytes have not yet colonized the trunk region during early neurogenesis. How apoptotic cells are removed from this region during these stages remains largely unknown. Using live imaging in zebrafish, we demonstrate that neural crest cells (NCCs) respond rapidly to dying cells and phagocytose cellular debris around the neural tube. Additionally, NCCs have the ability to enter the CNS through motor exit point transition zones and clear debris in the spinal cord. Surprisingly, NCCs phagocytosis mechanistically resembles macrophage phagocytosis and their recruitment toward cellular debris is mediated by interleukin-1β. Taken together, our results reveal a role for NCCs in phagocytosis of debris in the developing nervous system before the presence of professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Samantha C Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca Nash
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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89
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Yin B, Shi B, Jia ZL. [Pathogenic genes and clinical therapeutic strategies for Treacher Collins syndrome]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019; 37:330-335. [PMID: 31218872 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome is a congenital craniofacial malformation with autosomal dominant inheritance as the main genetic pattern. In this condition, the biosynthesis of ribosomes in neural crest cells and neuroepithelial cells is blocked and the number of neural crest cells that migrate to the craniofacial region decreases, causing first and second branchial arch dysplasia. Definite causative genes include treacle ribosome biogenesis factor 1 (tcof1), RNA polymerase Ⅰ and Ⅲ subunit C (polr1c), and RNA polymerase Ⅰ and Ⅲ subunit D (polr1d). This paper provides a review of research of three major patho-genic genes, pathogenesis, phenotypic research, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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90
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Seelan RS, Pisano M, Greene RM. Nucleic acid methylation and orofacial morphogenesis. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1593-1610. [PMID: 31385455 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the current state of knowledge of the diverse roles nucleic acid methylation plays in the embryonic development of the orofacial region and how aberrant methylation may contribute to orofacial clefts. We also consider the role of methylation in the regulation of neural crest cell function as it pertains to orofacial ontogeny. Changes in DNA methylation, as a consequence of environmental effects, have been observed in the regulatory regions of several genes, potentially identifying new candidate genes for orofacial clefting and opening promising new avenues for further research. While the focus of this review is primarily on the nonsyndromic forms of orofacial clefting, syndromic forms are briefly discussed in the context of aberrant nucleic acid methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
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Torroglosa A, Villalba-Benito L, Luzón-Toro B, Fernández RM, Antiñolo G, Borrego S. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Hirschsprung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133123. [PMID: 31247956 PMCID: PMC6650840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, OMIM 142623) is due to a failure of enteric precursor cells derived from neural crest (EPCs) to proliferate, migrate, survive or differentiate during Enteric Nervous System (ENS) formation. This is a complex process which requires a strict regulation that results in an ENS specific gene expression pattern. Alterations at this level lead to the onset of neurocristopathies such as HSCR. Gene expression is regulated by different mechanisms, such as DNA modifications (at the epigenetic level), transcriptional mechanisms (transcription factors, silencers, enhancers and repressors), postranscriptional mechanisms (3′UTR and ncRNA) and regulation of translation. All these mechanisms are finally implicated in cell signaling to determine the migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival processes for correct ENS development. In this review, we have performed an overview on the role of epigenetic mechanisms at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels on these cellular events in neural crest cells (NCCs), ENS development, as well as in HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Leticia Villalba-Benito
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Berta Luzón-Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Raquel María Fernández
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 41013 Seville, Spain.
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92
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Lasser M, Pratt B, Monahan C, Kim SW, Lowery LA. The Many Faces of Xenopus: Xenopus laevis as a Model System to Study Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Front Physiol 2019; 10:817. [PMID: 31297068 PMCID: PMC6607408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and various physical malformations including craniofacial, skeletal, and cardiac defects. These phenotypes, as they involve structures that are derived from the cranial neural crest, suggest that WHS may be associated with abnormalities in neural crest cell (NCC) migration. This syndrome is linked with assorted mutations on the short arm of chromosome 4, most notably the microdeletion of a critical genomic region containing several candidate genes. However, the function of these genes during embryonic development, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder, are still unknown. The model organism Xenopus laevis offers a number of advantages for studying WHS. With the Xenopus genome sequenced, genetic manipulation strategies can be readily designed in order to alter the dosage of the WHS candidate genes. Moreover, a variety of assays are available for use in Xenopus to examine how manipulation of WHS genes leads to changes in the development of tissue and organ systems affected in WHS. In this review article, we highlight the benefits of using X. laevis as a model system for studying human genetic disorders of development, with a focus on WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Pratt
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Connor Monahan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Seung Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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93
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Corsinovi D, Giannetti K, Cericola A, Naef V, Ori M. PDGF-B: The missing piece in the mosaic of PDGF family role in craniofacial development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:603-612. [PMID: 31070827 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family consists of four ligands (PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C, PDGF-D) and two tyrosine kinase receptors (PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β). In vertebrates, PDGF signaling influences cell proliferation, migration, and matrix deposition, and its up-regulation is implicated in cancer progression. Despite this evidence, the role of each family member during embryogenesis is still incomplete and partially controversial. In particular, study of the role of pdgf signaling during craniofacial development has been focused on pdgf-a, while the role of pdgf-b is almost unknown due to the lethal phenotypes of pdgf-b-null mice. RESULTS By using a pdgf-b splice-blocking morpholino approach, we highlighted impairment of neural crest cell (NCC) migration in Xenopus laevis morphants, leading to alteration of NCC derivatives formation, such as cranial nerves and cartilages. We also uncovered a possible link between pdgf-b and the expression of cadherin superfamily members cdh6 and cdh11, which mediate cell-cell adhesion promoting NCC migration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that pdgf-b signaling is involved in cranial NCC migration and it is required for proper formation of craniofacial NCC derivatives. Taken together, these data unveiled a new role for pdgf-b during vertebrate development, contributing to complete the picture of pdgf signaling role in craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michela Ori
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
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94
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Bi L, Lwigale P. Transcriptomic analysis of differential gene expression during chick periocular neural crest differentiation into corneal cells. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:583-602. [PMID: 31004457 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent neural crest cells (NCC) contribute to the corneal endothelium and keratocytes during ocular development, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process remain poorly understood. We performed RNA-Seq analysis on periocular neural crest (pNC), corneal endothelium, and keratocytes and validated expression of candidate genes by in situ hybridization. RESULTS RNA-Seq profiling revealed enrichment of genes between pNC and neural crest-derived corneal cells, which correspond to pathways involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion, melanogenesis, and MAPK signaling. Comparisons of candidate NCC genes to ocular gene expression revealed that majority of the NCC genes are expressed in the pNC, but they are either differentially expressed or maintained during corneal development. Several genes involved in retinoic acid, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt signaling pathways and their modulators are also differentially expressed. We identified differentially expressed transcription factors as potential downstream candidates that may instruct expression of genes involved in establishing corneal endothelium and keratocyte identities. CONCLUSION Combined, our data reveal novel changes in gene expression profiles as pNC differentiate into highly specialized corneal endothelial cells and keratocytes. These data serve as platform for further analyses of the molecular networks involved in NCC differentiation into corneal cells and provide insights into genes involved in corneal dysgenesis and adult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Bi
- BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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95
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Vivancos Stalin L, Gualandi M, Schulte JH, Renella R, Shakhova O, Mühlethaler-Mottet A. Expression of the Neuroblastoma-Associated ALK-F1174L Activating Mutation During Embryogenesis Impairs the Differentiation of Neural Crest Progenitors in Sympathetic Ganglia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:275. [PMID: 31058082 PMCID: PMC6477091 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal malignancy derived from the abnormal differentiation of the sympathetic nervous system. The Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) gene is frequently altered in NB, through copy number alterations and activating mutations, and represents a predisposition in NB-genesis when mutated. Our previously published data suggested that ALK activating mutations may impair the differentiation potential of neural crest (NC) progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of the endogenous ALK gene starts at E10.5 in the developing sympathetic ganglia (SG). To decipher the impact of deregulated ALK signaling during embryogenesis on the formation and differentiation of sympathetic neuroblasts, Sox10-Cre;LSL-ALK-F1174L embryos were produced to restrict the expression of the human ALK-F1174L transgene to migrating NC cells (NCCs). First, ALK-F1174L mediated an embryonic lethality at mid-gestation and an enlargement of SG with a disorganized architecture in Sox10-Cre;LSL-ALK-F1174L embryos at E10.5 and E11.5. Second, early sympathetic differentiation was severely impaired in Sox10-Cre;LSL-ALK-F1174L embryos. Indeed, their SG displayed a marked increase in the proportion of NCCs and a decrease of sympathetic neuroblasts at both embryonic stages. Third, neuronal and noradrenergic differentiations were blocked in Sox10-Cre;LSL-ALK-F1174L SG, as a reduced proportion of Phox2b+ sympathoblasts expressed βIII-tubulin and almost none were Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) positive. Finally, at E10.5, ALK-F1174L mediated an important increase in the proliferation of Phox2b+ progenitors, affecting the transient cell cycle exit observed in normal SG at this embryonic stage. Altogether, we report for the first time that the expression of the human ALK-F1174L mutation in NCCs during embryonic development profoundly disturbs early sympathetic progenitor differentiation, in addition to increasing their proliferation, both mechanisms being potential crucial events in NB oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Vivancos Stalin
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Laboratory, DFME, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gualandi
- Translational Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Hubertus Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and SCT, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Berlin and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raffaele Renella
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Laboratory, DFME, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olga Shakhova
- Translational Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Mühlethaler-Mottet
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Laboratory, DFME, University Hospital of Lausanne, CHUV-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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96
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Zhu S, Liu W, Ding HF, Cui H, Yang L. BMP4 and Neuregulin regulate the direction of mouse neural crest cell differentiation. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3883-3890. [PMID: 31007733 PMCID: PMC6468403 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a transient embryonic tissue that initially generates neural crest stem cells, which then migrate throughout the body to give rise to a variety of mature tissues. It was proposed that the fate of neural crest cells is gradually determined via environmental cues from the surrounding tissues. In the present study, neural crest cells were isolated and identified from mouse embryos. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and Neuregulin (NRG) were employed to induce the differentiation of neural crest cells. Treatment with BMP4 revealed neuron-associated differentiation; cells treated with NRG exhibited differentiation into the Schwann cell lineage, a type of glia. Soft agar clonogenic and neurosphere formation assays were conducted to investigate the effects of N-Myc (MYCN) overexpression in neural crest cells; the number of colonies and neurospheres notably increased after 14 days. These findings demonstrated that the direction of cell differentiation may be affected by altering the factors present in the surrounding environment. In addition, MYCN may serve a key role in regulating neural crest cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
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97
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Jäger K, Larribère L, Wu H, Weiss C, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. Expression of Neural Crest Markers GLDC and ERRFI1 is Correlated with Melanoma Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E76. [PMID: 30641895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of particular genes during the formation of neural crest (NC) cells is also described during progression of malignant melanoma. In this context, it is of paramount importance to develop neural crest models allowing the identification of candidate genes, which could be used as biomarkers for melanoma prognosis. Here, we used a human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)-based approach to present novel NC-associated genes, expression of which was upregulated in melanoma. A list of 8 candidate genes, based on highest upregulation, was tested for prognostic value in a tissue microarray analysis containing samples from advanced melanoma (good versus bad prognosis) as well as from high-risk primary melanomas (early metastasizing versus non or late-metastasizing). CD271, GLDC, and ERRFI1 showed significantly higher expression in metastatic patients who died early than the ones who survived at least 30 months. In addition, GLDC and TWIST showed a significantly higher immunohistochemistry (IHC) score in primary melanomas from patients who developed metastases within 12 months versus those who did not develop metastases in 30 months. In conclusion, our iPSC-based study reveals a significant association of NC marker GLDC protein expression with melanoma prognosis.
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98
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Prasad MS, Charney RM, García-Castro MI. Specification and formation of the neural crest: Perspectives on lineage segregation. Genesis 2019; 57:e23276. [PMID: 30576078 PMCID: PMC6570420 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a fascinating embryonic population unique to vertebrates that is endowed with remarkable differentiation capacity. Thought to originate from ectodermal tissue, neural crest cells generate neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, and melanocytes throughout the body. However, the neural crest also generates many ectomesenchymal derivatives in the cranial region, including cell types considered to be of mesodermal origin such as cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue. These ectomesenchymal derivatives play a critical role in the formation of the vertebrate head, and are thought to be a key attribute at the center of vertebrate evolution and diversity. Further, aberrant neural crest cell development and differentiation is the root cause of many human pathologies, including cancers, rare syndromes, and birth malformations. In this review, we discuss the current findings of neural crest cell ontogeny, and consider tissue, cell, and molecular contributions toward neural crest formation. We further provide current perspectives into the molecular network involved during the segregation of the neural crest lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneeshi S Prasad
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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99
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Kramer K, Yang J, Swanson WB, Hayano S, Toda M, Pan H, Kim JK, Krebsbach PH, Mishina Y. Rapamycin rescues BMP mediated midline craniosynostosis phenotype through reduction of mTOR signaling in a mouse model. Genesis 2018; 56:e23220. [PMID: 30134066 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is defined as congenital premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. While the genetic basis for about 30% of cases is known, the causative genes for the diverse presentations of the remainder of cases are unknown. The recently discovered cranial suture stem cell population affords an opportunity to identify early signaling pathways that contribute to craniosynostosis. We previously demonstrated that enhanced BMP signaling in neural crest cells (caA3 mutants) leads to premature cranial suture fusion resulting in midline craniosynostosis. Since enhanced mTOR signaling in neural crest cells leads to craniofacial bone lesions, we investigated the extent to which mTOR signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of BMP-mediated craniosynostosis by affecting the suture stem cell population. Our results demonstrate a loss of suture stem cells in the caA3 mutant mice by the newborn stage. We have found increased activation of mTOR signaling in caA3 mutant mice during embryonic stages, but not at the newborn stage. Our study demonstrated that inhibition of mTOR signaling via rapamycin in a time specific manner partially rescued the loss of the suture stem cell population. This study provides insight into how enhanced BMP signaling regulates suture stem cells via mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitrin Kramer
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | | | - Satoru Hayano
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masako Toda
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jin Koo Kim
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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100
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Fujii S, Yoshida S, Inagaki E, Hatou S, Tsubota K, Takahashi M, Shimmura S, Sugita S. Immunological Properties of Neural Crest Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 28:28-43. [PMID: 30251915 PMCID: PMC6350061 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Collecting sufficient quantities of primary neural crest cells (NCCs) for experiments is difficult, as NCCs are embryonic transient tissue that basically does not proliferate. We successfully induced NCCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in accordance with a previously described method with some modifications. The protocol used in this study efficiently produced large amounts of iPSC-derived NCCs (iPSC-NCCs). Many researchers have recently produced large amounts of iPSC-NCCs and used these to examine the physiological properties, such as migratory activity, and the potential for medical uses such as wound healing. Immunological properties of NCCs are yet to be reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the immunological properties of human iPSC-NCCs. Our current study showed that iPSC-NCCs were hypoimmunogenic and had immunosuppressive properties in vitro. Expression of HLA class I molecules on iPSC-NCCs was lower than that observed for iPSCs, and there was no expression of HLA class II and costimulatory molecules on the cells. With regard to the immunosuppressive properties, iPSC-NCCs greatly inhibited T cell activation (cell proliferation and production of inflammatory cytokines) after stimulation. iPSC-NCCs constitutively expressed membrane-bound TGF-β, and TGF-β produced by iPSC-NCCs played a critical role in T cell suppression. Thus, cultured human NCCs can fully suppress T cell activation in vitro. This study may contribute to the realization of using stem cell-derived NCCs in cell-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujii
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoru Yoshida
- 3 Department of Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Emi Inagaki
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,5 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Hatou
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- 2 Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunao Sugita
- 2 Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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