Leukemia cutis in a patient with chronic neutrophilic leukemia

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare myeloproliferative disorder. Less than 50 cases have been reported. We report the first case of CNL with an associated leukemia cutis. CNL was diagnosed in a 74-year-old white woman in 1998, based on neutrophilic infiltration of the bone marrow and absence of the Philadelphia chromosome. The patient presented to the dermatology service in August 1998 with a 2-week history of a pruritic eruption on the arms, hands, and legs. Physical examination revealed red to violaceous plaques on both thighs and knees, in addition to purpuric patches and plaques on the dorsal hands, arms, and legs. Leukemia cutis was demonstrated on biopsy specimens of several lesional sites. The eruption progressed, despite treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroids. Treatment with systemic chemotherapy did affect partial resolution of the eruption, with parallel decreases in bone pain and white blood cell count, but the disease progressed and the patient ultimately died 5 months after her initial skin findings. Only one other case of CNL with dermatologic manifestations has been reported, CNL associated with a reactional neutrophilic dermatosis. Comparison to and differentiation from this case is discussed. The importance of distinguishing the specific infiltrates of leukemia from the nonspecific infiltrates of reactional dermatoses, such as Sweet's syndrome, is illustrated.

Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with filgrastim support in patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoid malignancies

To evaluate the response rate and potential toxicities, a phase II trial was conducted of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with filgrastim support in patients with previously untreated low-grade and select intermediate-grade lymphoid malignancies. Symptomatic patients with preserved end organ function received cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m(2) intravenous (iv) day 1 and fludarabine 20 mg/m(2) iv days1 through 5, followed by filgrastim 5 microg/kg subcutaneous starting approximately day 8. Treatment was repeated every 28 days until maximum response or a maximum of 6 cycles. Sixty patients, median age 53.5 years, were enrolled. Thirty-seven patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were stage IV and 6 were stage III. Eleven of 17 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were Rai intermediate risk and 6 were high risk. The overall complete response (CR) rate was 51% and the partial response (PR) rate was 41%. Of patients with CLL, 47% achieved a CR and the remaining 53% achieved a PR. Of patients with follicular lymphoma, 60% achieved CR and 32% achieved a PR. Although the toxicity of this regimen was mainly hematologic, significant nonhematologic toxicities, including infections, were seen. Twenty-four patients subsequently received an autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplant. Engraftment was rapid, and there were no noticeable procedure toxicities in the immediate posttransplant period attributable to the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide regimen. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and filgrastim make up a highly active and well-tolerated regimen in CLL and NHL.

Life expectancy benefits of cancer screening in the end-stage renal disease population

Health maintenance includes secondary prevention through cancer screening. There are no established guidelines for cancer screening patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Using an established method of estimating life expectancy, published literature on cancer screening, and information from databases on mortality and malignancy (US Renal Data System 1997 Annual Data Report and the SEER Cancer and Statistical Review, 1973-1994), a "real-time life expectancy calculator" was developed to guide the primary help provider in making informed decisions on the benefits of cancer screening in individual patients. Potential days of life saved by each screening method can be calculated using the difference in life expectancy per the DEALE (declining exponential approximation of life expectancy) method with and without cancer screening. Using two sets of assumptions (one to enhance any bias toward support for screening and one to limit this bias), a range of potential days of life saved with screening for breast and colon cancer can be calculated in individual patients with ESRD. In breast cancer, for example, a 50-year-old black woman with ESRD and multiple risk factors would have 41 to 291 potential days of life saved with screening. A 60-year-old white woman with ESRD and diabetes mellitus (DM) would have only 1 to 16 days of life saved. This life expectancy calculator can guide the primary health care provider in making clinical decisions concerning screening in the ESRD population. In addition to assisting in patient education, the calculator can be updated as new information becomes available regarding relative risk, treatment, and mortality.

The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. The National Cancer Data Base report on age, gender, treatment, and outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

BACKGROUND

The natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is changing, although the reasons (potential changes in the disease's biology or in patterns in patient characteristics, treatment, or referral) are unclear.

METHODS

This report uses National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) data, which reflect a hospital-based patient population from a broad spectrum of hospitals in the United States. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, treatment, overall survival, and relative survival were evaluated according to time period (1985-1990 and 1991-1995). Comparisons were made with U. S. population figures for 1990 and with series published over the last 70 years.

RESULTS

CLL comprised 22.6% of the 108,396 cases of leukemia in the data base. The risk of developing CLL increased progressively with age and did not plateau; the average age was 69.6 years. At the time of initial diagnosis, 60.5% of patients received no treatment (this proportion increased from 58.1% to 62.7% between the 2 time periods). Overall survival was 48.2% at 5 years and 22.5% at 10 years. The 5-year relative survival was 69.5%, 72.2%, 63.1%, and 41.7% for age groups <40, 40-59, 60-79, and 80+ years, respectively; these rates indicated that CLL, and not comorbid disease, caused the greatest percentage of deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of developing CLL increases progressively with age without plateauing and is 2.8 times higher for older men than for older women. There is an increasing trend toward no treatment at the time of initial diagnosis. Long term overall survival of CLL patients is poor. CLL is a more fatal disease among older individuals because of the disease itself, not because of comorbid conditions.

Herpes virus infections occur frequently following treatment with fludarabine: results of a prospective natural history study

We performed a prospective infectious natural history study of 21 patients with low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders receiving fludarabine as initial (n = 5) or salvage (n = 16) therapy. 12 (57%) of these patients developed herpes zoster (n = 9), herpes simplex I (n = 1) or herpes simplex II (n = 2) infections at a median of 8 (range 1-17) months following initiation of fludarabine, with 75% of these having completed therapy. All patients with herpes zoster developed severe post-herpetic neuralgia. Factors differentiating patients developing these infections included older age and low serum IgG or IgA. Based upon these prospective data, we conclude that herpes virus infections frequently occur following fludarabine treatment, necessitating aggressive patient education and new prophylactic strategies.

D-dimer assay predicts mortality in critically ill patients without disseminated intravascular coagulation or venous thromboembolic disease

OBJECTIVE

To determine if D-dimer predicts outcomes in critically ill patients.

DESIGN

Observational, cohort study.

SETTING

Medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a tertiary care hospital.

PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS

Seventy-four patients consecutively admitted to the MICU.

INTERVENTIONS

D-dimer was measured by latex agglutination within 12 h of admission to the MICU.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS

Of the study population, 43.2% had positive D-dimers. The in-hospital mortality rate in D-dimer positive patients was 28.1% as compared to 7.1% in D-dimer negative subjects (p = 0.024). D-dimer positive patients had significantly greater frequencies of venous thromboses (21.9% vs 4.8%, p = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

The D-dimer assay identifies patients at increased risk for mortality and may be a more sensitive test to determine the presence of underlying microvascular pathology in critically ill patients. A positive D-dimer at admission to the MICU is associated with an increased risk for the later development of a venous thromboembolic event (VTE).

Flavopiridol induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells via activation of caspase-3 without evidence of bcl-2 modulation or dependence on functional p53

Flavopiridol has been reported to induce apoptosis in lymphoid cell lines via downregulation of bcl-2. The in vitro activity of flavopiridol against human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and potential mechanisms of action for inducing cytotoxicity were studied. The in vitro viability of mononuclear cells from CLL patients (n = 11) was reduced by 50% at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 4 days at a flavopiridol concentration of 1.15 micromol/L (95% confidence interval [CI] +/-0.31), 0.18 micromol/L (95% CI +/-0.04), and 0.16 micromol/L (95% CI +/-0.04), respectively. Loss of viability in human CLL cells correlated with early induction of apoptosis. Exposure of CLL cells to 0.18 micromol/L of flavopiridol resulted in both decreased expression of p53 protein and cleavage of the caspase-3 zymogen 32-kD protein with the appearance of its 20-kD subunit. Contrasting observations of others in tumor cell lines, flavopiridol cytotoxicity in CLL cells did not correlate with changes in bcl-2 protein expression alterations. We evaluated flavopiridol's dependence on intact p53 by exposing splenocytes from wild-type (p53(+/+)) and p53 null (p53(-/-)) mice that demonstrated no preferential cytotoxicity as compared with a marked differential with F-ara-a and radiation. Incubation of CLL cells with antiapoptotic cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) did not alter the LC50 of flavopiridol, as compared with a marked elevation noted with F-ara-a in the majority of patients tested. These data demonstrate that flavopiridol has significant in vitro activity against human CLL cells through activation of caspase-3, which appears to occur independently of bcl-2 modulation, the presence of IL-4, or p53 status. Such findings strongly support the early introduction of flavopiridol into clinical trials for patients with B-CLL.

Hemolytic anemia after fludarabine therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

PURPOSE

A report of the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of patients who developed hemolytic anemia (HA) temporally associated with fludarabine (Fludara; Berlex Laboratories, Richmond, CA) therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data on 24 patients who developed HA related to fludarabine therapy were collected from the Spontaneous Reporting System of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (Washington, DC).

RESULTS

Seventeen (71%) patients developed HA after either the first, second, or third cycle of this drug. The longest duration of fludarabine therapy before HA occurred was six cycles. The median decline in hematocrit from baseline during the hemolytic episode was 14.1 (range, 8.0 to 28.9) for the 18 patients for whom this information was available. For the 11 patients for whom transfusion requirements were known, the number of transfusions administered ranged between three and 36. Seven (29%) patients died of medical complications associated with the HA. Seven of eight patients who were re-challenged with fludarabine after an episode of HA developed recurrent HA, and three of these patients died.

CONCLUSION

HA associated with fludarabine therapy appears to be uncommon, but it can be severe and fatal, especially if a patient is re-treated with this drug after a previous episode of HA. The mechanism of this toxicity is unknown, but it may be caused by the release of a suppressed auto-antibody to a native red cell antigen.

Comparison of psychosocial adaptation of advanced stage Hodgkin's disease and acute leukemia survivors. Cancer and Leukemia Group B

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term psychosocial adaptation of Hodgkin's disease and adult acute leukemia survivors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Two hundred seventy-three Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 206 adult acute leukemia (AL) survivors were interviewed by telephone concerning their psychosocial adjustment and problems they attributed to having been treated for cancer, using identical research procedures and a common set of instruments. The following measures were used: Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS); Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI); current Conditioned Nausea and Vomiting triggered by treatment-related stimuli (CNVI); Indices of Employment, Insurance and Sexual Problems Attributed to Cancer; Negative Socioeconomic Impact of Cancer Index (NSI). All participants had been treated on one of nine Hodgkin's disease or 13 acute leukemia Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) clinical trials from 1966-1988, and had been off treatment for one year or more (mean years: HD = 5.9; AL = 5.6).

RESULTS

HD survivors' risk of having a high distress score on the BSI was almost twice that found for AL survivors (odds ratio = 1.90), with 21% of HD vs. 14% of AL survivors (P < 0.05) having scores that were 1.5 standard deviations above the norm, suggestive of a possible psychiatric disorder. HD survivors reported greater fatigue (POMS Fatigue, P = 0.01; Vigor Subscales, P = 0.001), greater conditioned nausea (CNVI, P < 0.05), greater impact of cancer on their family life (PAIS Domestic Environment, P = 0.004) and poorer sexual functioning (PAIS Sexual Relationships, P = 0.0001), than AL survivors.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment-related issues may have placed HD survivors at a greater risk for problems in long-term adaptation than AL survivors.

Transient abnormalities in serum bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase levels following red blood cell transfusions in adults

BACKGROUND

The effect of transfusion of small amounts of packed red blood cells (PRBC) on serum chemistry values is not known.

METHODS

We studied 73 adult patients without evidence of bleeding who received 2-unit PRBC transfusions. In study 1 (n=39), we examined multiple laboratory values pretransfusion and 15 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 24 hours posttransfusion. In study 2 (n=34), we examined changes in fractionated bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and haptoglobin prior to and 1 hour following the transfusion.

RESULTS

Total bilirubin increased from a median pretransfusion baseline of 0.7 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL shortly after transfusion (P <0.0005), and then returned to normal 24 hours later. Of the 36 patients with normal pretreatment total bilirubin levels, 17 (47%) became transiently abnormal. The lactate dehydrogenase level increased similarly 15 minutes after transfusion, but returned to baseline 24 hours later. The unconjugated bilirubin level increased from a median baseline pretransfusion value of 0.3 mg/dL to 1.1 mg/dL at 1 hour posttransfusion (P <0.0005). No significant changes were noted in conjugated bilirubin levels or haptoglobin concentration following transfusion.

CONCLUSIONS

Transient increases in serum bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase are seen following transfusion of PRBC. These data should be considered when interpreting laboratory values during the first few hours after a transfusion.

Autoimmune disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia

Immune dysregulation, a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), manifests itself in three autoimmune diseases: warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA); idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP); and, pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). AIHA occurs in 11% of advanced stage CLL patients. Prednisone is the first treatment of choice, with 90% responses and 65% complete responses. More than 60% of patients relapse when treatment is stopped. Intravenous immunoglobulin, the next line of treatment, causes responses in 40% of patients. While the data are very limited, cyclosporine A is a reasonable choice for third-line therapy. Alkylating agents, danazol, plasma exchange, immunoabsorption, vincristine-loaded platelets, splenectomy, and splenic irradiation are also reported to cause responses. The data on mechanisms of AIHA are most consistent with immune dysregulation leading to loss of tolerance to a self antigen which in turn leads to the immune-based hemolytic anemia. PRCA is underrecognized in CLL with 6% of CLL patients having PRCA when tested for it. Unlike AIHA, PRCA often occurs in early stage disease. Anemia, reticulocytopenia, and a marrow virtually devoid of red blood cell precursors are hallmarks of PRCA. Corticosteroid therapy is the first line of treatment. If a response is not obtained in 4 weeks, cyclosporine A should be added. Although the data on pathophysiology are very limited, PRCA appears to be the result of an abnormal T cell that both fails in its normal function to support growth and inhibits the growth of erythroid progenitor cells. ITP occurs in 2-3% of CLL patients, occurs in early stage disease and may be a presenting manifestation. Initial therapy for ITP mirrors the guidelines for primary ITP. Initial therapy should consist of prednisone. Seventy percent of patients respond. Splenectomy is a reasonable second-line treatment. Autoimmune phenomena, largely related to blood cells, are based in the immune dysregulation of CLL. Longer survivals in CLL patients, more treatment regimens per patient, and more immunosuppression with modern treatments, allow us to predict an increasing incidence of autoimmune blood cell diseases in CLL.

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in transformations of low-grade B-cell lymphomas after fludarabine treatment

Fludarabine is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and is also active in other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Although highly efficacious in destroying the malignant B-cells, fludarabine also causes T-cell lymphopenia and immunosuppression. We present five patients given fludarabine for low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders who showed transformation of the primary neoplasm to a higher grade tumor. Immunohistologic antibody studies were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the initial tissue (when available) and on the follow-up biopsy specimens for CD20, CD3, CD45RO, CD43, CD30, CD15, and latent membrane protein (LMP-1) for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The initial diagnoses in these five patients included chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (three cases), follicle center lymphoma (one case), and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (one case). All of the follow-up biopsy specimens showed scattered Hodgkin's-like cells, and two of the five also showed foci of large-cell transformation. The Hodgkin's-like cells showed CD30 immunoreactivity in four of the five cases and CD15 immunoreactivity in three of the five. Strong immunoreactivity of the large, atypical, Hodgkin's-like cells for LMP-1 of EBV was noted in four cases; in the remaining case, this finding was equivocal. In situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA was positive in four of the five cases. Molecular studies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the presence of EBV in three of the five cases. PCR for detection of immunoglobulin heavy chain demonstrated identical monoclonal rearrangements in the original lymphoma and transformation in one case with available material. The CD4 lymphocyte count in each patient was less than 550/microL, indicating cellular dysfunction. Transformation of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas after fludarabine therapy might be associated with EBV and severe immunosuppression.

Opportunistic pulmonary infections with fludarabine in previously treated patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies: a role for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis

The high incidence of opportunistic pulmonary infections in fludarabine-treated patients at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) and in the literature are described. A CancerLit search of fludarabine from June 1983-April 1994 with subsequent cross referencing and a retrospective review of all patients receiving fludarabine at WRAMC was performed. A total of 2,269 patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies who received 7,547 + cycles of fludarabine were identified from the literature. Seventy-three (3.2%) of these patients developed opportunistic infections. Seventy-one (97%) of these infections occurred in patients who were pretreated with alkylator regimens or corticosteroids. Forty-five (2%) of these were of respiratory origin and associated with a 56% mortality rate. In contrast, 6 of the 21 patients (29%) treated with fludarabine at WRAMC developed opportunistic pulmonary infections which included three Pneumocystis carinii (PCP), one PCP/disseminated Candidiasis, one Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, and one Aspergillus niger pneumonia. These infections developed during and after treatment with fludarabine in alkylator-resistant patients who had received corticosteroids before (n = 6), during (n = 1), or after (n = 4) fludarabine therapy. Lack of PCP prophylaxis was the only significant (P = .018) variable that differentiated patients who developed opportunistic pulmonary infections. Corticosteroid treatment before, during, or after fludarabine treatment in patients with alkylator-resistant, low-grade lymphoid malignancies who have not received PCP prophylaxis is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic pulmonary infections. Aggressive work-up of pulmonary syndromes and PCP prophylaxis in these patients should be considered during and after treatment with fludarabine.

Mean platelet volume improves upon the megathrombocyte index but cannot replace the blood film examination in the evaluation of thrombocytopenia

The measurement of the number of platelets larger than 3 microns (megathrombocyte index) is the first element in the evaluation of thrombocytopenia. This is currently performed by counting the number of large platelets on the peripheral blood film. The MPV (mean platelet volume) is an automated measurement of the platelet volume. This study examines the mean values, correlations, sensitivity, specificity and the receiver operating characteristic curve (comparison of two tests) to determine which of these tests better separates the production state. For increased vs. decreased production, the MPV was 10.0 + 1.9 fL and 8.0 + 1.5 fL (P < .0001) respectively and the megathrombocyte index (MEGA) was 19.0 + 17.6% and 11.5 + 14.9% (P < .007) respectively. The correlation with the state of production was better for MPV (R = .47) than for MEGA (R = .20). For the MPV a sensitivity of 80% occurred with the MPV > or = 8.4 fL with a specificity of 71%. For a MEGA > or = 6%, the sensitivity was 80% but the specificity was 43%. For any MPV the sensitivity and specificity were better than for any MEGA. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve demonstrated that the MPV is a better test than the MEGA for separating the production into increased and decreased states. The MPV is a better test than the MEGA and will add to, but not replace, examination of the peripheral blood film in the diagnosis of thrombocytopenia.

Radiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer

Patients with esophageal cancer present with a cancer that is locally aggressive in a critical area and that readily metastasizes. Neither surgery nor radiotherapy alone can control local disease, and chemotherapy alone cannot control local or disseminated disease. Combined modalities yield better results. Surgery or radiotherapy is the standard primary treatment. Chemotherapy may help to control local disease and microscopic metastatic disease. Prospective randomized trials indicate that chemotherapy added to surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy added to radiotherapy prolong survival.

Mediastinal bulk in Hodgkin disease. Method of measurement versus prognosis

The presence of a large mediastinal mass (bulk disease) in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease is believed by many to predict a poorer prognosis and to warrant more aggressive treatment. These masses are formed by an aggregate of mediastinal lymph nodes. The determination of bulk disease is confusing, with at least 27 definitions having been proposed. This study seeks to determine the best definition, and determine the role of thoracic computed tomography (CT) versus chest radiographs in the evaluation of mediastinal bulk disease. One hundred seven consecutive newly diagnosed adult patients with Hodgkin disease were evaluated using 13 commonly used definitions of mediastinal bulk. Of the 76 patients with mediastinal disease, 73 had bulk disease as defined by at least one definition. Of the 16 patients who had recurrence of mediastinal disease, only the presence of bulk disease according to one definition (hilar adenopathy, greater than or equal to 2 cm) was statistically significant in its prediction (P = .05). No definition based on the size of the mediastinal nodal mass reliably predicted those patients with recurrence. No differences in our data were found for differing stages or disease cell types, the presence of extension, or with differing treatment regimens. This study highlights the confusion and controversy surrounding the use of bulk disease of the mediastinum as an adverse prognostic indicator. The numerous methods of measuring mediastinal bulk in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease are confusing, overlap, and are not statistically reliable in predicting recurrence. Efforts to create a standard or ideal definition were unsuccessful. Thoracic CT was useful in those patients whose bulk disease distorted only one side of the mediastinal silhouette on chest radiographs.

The pattern of intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease assessed by computed tomography

Computed tomography (CT) was used to define the sites of intrathoracic abnormality in Hodgkin's disease, determine a pattern of progression of disease in the thorax, and establish the place of this pattern of spread in the differential diagnosis of thoracic abnormalities. One hundred eight patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease were studied by chest CT. Seventy-seven patients had intrathoracic abnormalities. The pattern seen was one of contiguous spread from the anterior mediastinal/paratracheal area to the other mediastinal lymph node groups (aortopulmonary, subcarinal, posterior mediastinal, and internal mammary), to the hila, and then into the lung by extension or as discrete nodules. Involvement of the pleura, pericardium, or chest wall occurred only after the anterior mediastinal/paratracheal mass had enlarged to greater than 30% of the thoracic diameter. The probability that this pattern of contiguous lymph node spread occurred by chance alone was very small. Hodgkin's disease spreads from the anterior mediastinal/paratracheal area in a contiguous manner. Exceptions are unusual enough that when they occur, diagnoses other than Hodgkin's disease are more likely.

Leukopenia, neutropenia, and reduced hemoglobin levels in healthy American blacks

Hematologic profiles of 462 persons, mostly active-duty service members, were studied to determine whether hematologic differences between blacks and whites exist in a healthy population. Whites had significantly greater mean concentrations of leukocytes (6.73 vs 5.95 x 10(9)/L), neutrophils (3.96 vs 3.16 x 10(9)/L), and hemoglobin (153 vs 135 g/L for men, 147 vs 125 g/L for women). The mean differences were largely due to relatively symmetric shifts in the frequency distributions for these cell concentrations. No significant correlation was found between neutrophil count and morbidity from infection as measured by a standardized questionnaire. The use of separate hematologic reference values for blacks and whites should be considered.

The significance of necrotic mediastinal lymph nodes on CT in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease

Necrosis in lymph nodes shown on CT in many patients with nodal metastases may indicate that the primary tumor is aggressive and has a high degree of malignancy. However, the significance of nodal necrosis in patients with mediastinal Hodgkin disease remains uncertain. We studied the thoracic CT scans of 76 patients who had newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease with mediastinal involvement with respect to the presence of necrosis (low attenuation, complex, fluidlike areas), the size and volume of the mass, the sites involved, extension ("E" disease), and the patients' clinical response to treatment. CT scans showed necrotic nodes in 16 patients (21%). The difference between these patients and those without necrotic nodes was not statistically significant with respect to sex, age, stage, distribution of disease, presence of E disease, cell type, mass diameter, or the presence of bulk disease (mass diameter/maximal thoracic diameter greater than or equal to 0.33). The mass volume as measured by CT was not significantly (p = .08) larger (1274 cm3) than the group without necrotic nodes (876 cm3). An analysis of the various mediastinal sites involved showed no difference between patients with and without necrotic nodes. Lastly, the presence of necrotic nodes had no significant impact on patients' clinical response to treatment or survival. The presence of mediastinal necrotic nodes appears to have little radiologic or prognostic significance in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease.