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Vieira-Baptista P, Pérez-López FR, López-Baena MT, Stockdale CK, Preti M, Bornstein J. Risk of Development of Vulvar Cancer in Women With Lichen Sclerosus or Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2022; 26:250-257. [PMID: 35285455 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) and possibly vulvar lichen planus (VLP) are associated with an increased vulvar cancer (VC) risk. We analyzed the risk of VC and its precursors after a diagnosis of VLS or VLP. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search was performed to identify articles describing the development of vulvar neoplasia in women with VLS or VLP. This systematic review was registered with the PROSPERO database. RESULTS Fourteen studies on VLS included 14,030 women without a history of vulvar neoplasia. Vulvar cancer, differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), and vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion occurred in 2.2% (314/14,030), 1.2% (50/4,175), and 0.4% (2/460), respectively. Considering women with previous or current VC, the rate was 4.0% (580/14,372). In one study, dVIN preceded VC in 52.0% of the cases. Progression of dVIN to VC was 18.1% (2/11).The risk was significantly higher in the first 1-3 years after a biopsy of VLS and with advancing age; it significantly decreased with ultrapotent topical steroid use.For the 14,268 women with VLP (8 studies), the rates of VC, dVIN, and vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion were 0.3% (38/14,268), 2.5% (17/689), and 1.4% (10/711), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Vulvar lichen sclerosus is associated with an increased risk of VC, especially in the presence of dVIN and with advancing age. Ultrapotent topical steroids seem to reduce this risk. An increased risk of developing VC has been suggested for VLP. Hence, treatment and regular life-long follow-up should be offered to women with VLS or VLP.
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Simms-Cendan J, Hoover K, Marathe K, Tyler K. NASPAG Clinical Opinion: Diagnosis and Management of Lichen Sclerosis in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2022; 35:112-120. [PMID: 34610442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Clinical Opinion replaces the NASPAG Clinical Recommendation: Pediatric Lichen Sclerosus published in 2014. The objective of this document is to provide guidance in the diagnosis and management of vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS) in the pediatric and adolescent patient in order to treat patient symptoms and reduce long-term sequelae. LS is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the anogenital region that may present in the prepubertal or adolescent patient. Clinical presentations include significant pruritus, loss of pigmentation and vulvar adhesions with loss of normal vulvar architecture. Management includes topical agents for induction and maintenance therapy, as well as long-term follow-up for identification and treatment of recurrence and sequelae. This document is intended for use by both primary and specialty pediatric and adolescent gynecology (PAG) providers, including specialists in pediatrics, gynecology, adolescent medicine, and dermatology.
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Yalici-Armagan B, Bostan E, Akdogan N, Ersoy-Evans S. Paediatric lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: A retrospective analysis of 38 paediatric patients. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14661. [PMID: 34322973 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is a chronic inflammatory cutaneous disease. AIM To evaluate the characteristics of paediatric LSA patients in Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data for patients aged <18 years who were diagnosed with LSA by a paediatric dermatologist were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographic characteristics, clinical features, disease duration, the vitamin D level, accompanying diseases, presence of atopy, therapeutic approach and treatment response were recorded. RESULTS The study included 38 patients, of whom 35 (92.1%) were female and 3 (7.9%) were male. Mean age at onset of disease was 6.4 ± 3.3 years in females versus 3.1 ± 2.6 years in males. Mean diagnostic delay was 20.6 ± 28.9 months in females and 2 ± 1.7 months in males. In 28 (80%) patients the time from onset of lesions to diagnosis was ≥3 months. The majority (76.3%) of the patients were asymptomatic, whereas five had itching, two had itching and burning, and two had pain. Among the females, 12 (34.3%) and 23 (65.7%) presented with isolated extragenital and anogenital involvement + extragenital lesions, respectively. All three males had isolated extragenital involvement. The most commonly recommended treatments were topical calcineurin inhibitors and calcipotriol/betamethasone ointment. Accompanying diseases were as follows: alopecia areata (n = 2); atopic dermatitis (n = 2); vitiligo (n = 2); ulcerative colitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 1); Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n = 1). Among the 28 patients whose vitamin D level was measured, 24 (85.7%) had vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSION LSA can be asymptomatic in the majority of affected children. Diagnostic delay was noted in 80% of the study's LSA patients, highlighting the lack of awareness of the condition among parents and clinicians.
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Kreuter A, Koushk-Jalali B. A recurrent rash on the penis. BMJ 2021; 374:n1666. [PMID: 34233889 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sharma P, Ramesh V. Hypopigmented atrophic plaques in a young woman. BMJ 2021; 373:n1012. [PMID: 33952444 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ringel NE, Iglesia C. Common Benign Chronic Vulvar Disorders. Am Fam Physician 2020; 102:550-557. [PMID: 33118795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Common benign chronic vulvar conditions include genitourinary syndrome of menopause (formerly called vulvovaginal atrophy), lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, and vulvodynia. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause results from the hypoestrogenic state that leads to atrophy of normal vulvar and vaginal tissues. It is typically treated with lubricants, moisturizers, and intravaginal estrogen. Lichen sclerosus is an inflammatory condition characterized by intense vulvar itching. It is treated with topical steroids or, in some cases, topical calcineurin inhibitors. Patients with lichen sclerosus are at risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and should be monitored closely for malignancy. Lichen planus is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder that can affect the vulva and vagina in addition to other skin and mucosal surfaces. The first-line treatment is topical steroids, and significant scarring can occur if left untreated. Lichen simplex chronicus manifests as persistent itching and scratching of the vulvar skin that leads to thickened epithelium. Breaking the itch-scratch cycle, often with topical steroids, is the key to treatment. Vulvodynia is a common vulvar pain disorder and is a diagnosis of exclusion. A multimodal treatment approach typically includes vulvar hygiene, physical therapy, psychosocial interventions, and antineuropathy medications.
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García-Arpa M, Franco-Muñoz M, Ramos-Rodríguez C, Sánchez-Caminero MP. Lichen Sclerosus on the Eyelids. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 112:179. [PMID: 32986974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Tonin B, Catenaro R, Girolomoni G, Ghimenton C, Gisondi P. Pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic, and micaceous balanitis mimicking lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Dermatol Online J 2020; 26:13030/qt7c33g14w. [PMID: 33054948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a man in his 70s with a hyperkeratotic whitish plaque over the internal prepuce and glans. The lesion was slowly growing for four years prior to presentation and was resistant to several topical treatments. The histological examination of the lesion revealed marked hyperkeratosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, supporting the diagnosis of pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic, and micaceous balanitis. It is important to be aware of this uncommon but potentially malignant condition affecting elderly men.
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Kuraitis D, Stumpf B, Murina A. Discrepancies by dermatology resident gender in diagnostic confidence and management of female and male genital lichen sclerosus. Dermatol Online J 2020; 26:13030/qt09r2d0n3. [PMID: 32898408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physician gender may impact their exposure to genital dermatoses during residency. The purpose of this study was to survey current dermatology residents regarding their comfort in diagnosing and managing lichen sclerosus. As residents progress through training, confidence improves in diagnosing and managing both male and female lichen sclerosus. However, residents overall feel less comfortable with male genital lichen sclerosus, with female residents displaying the greatest confidence discrepancy. This study highlights gender discrepancies with dermatology resident confidence and practice habits and may serve to further guide curricula to address these disparities.
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Cheng HS, Kerckhoffs C, Perkins N, Eva L. Demographics of New Zealand women with vulval lichen sclerosus: is specialist care equitable? THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 133:24-31. [PMID: 32595219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Vulval lichen sclerosus is an inflammatory genital skin condition associated with poor quality of life, sexual dysfunction and risk of squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to document the demographics of women with lichen sclerosus seen at specialist vulval clinics. METHOD We performed a retrospective review of women with lichen sclerosus seen at a tertiary combined gynaecology/dermatology vulval clinic over 12 months and Auckland Regional sexual health vulval clinics over five years. Data were collected for age, ethnicity, skin biopsy, treatment, referral source and time from symptom onset to diagnosis. Ethnicity was compared with Census data for the Auckland region. DISCUSSION Three hundred and thirty-five women were included; 273 from the gynaecology/dermatology clinic and 62 from sexual health. Women seen at sexual health were younger than those seen by gynaecology/dermatology (mean age 45 and 64, respectively; p<0.0001). Most referrals were from general practitioners (54%), although self-referrals made up 42% of sexual health consultations. The most common ethnicity was European (82%) followed by Asian (10%), Māori (4%) and Pacific Peoples (3%). Compared with Census data, European women were over-represented and Māori, Pacific and Asian women were under-represented. CONCLUSION We found inequitable ethnic representation of women with vulval lichen sclerosus seen at our institution. Causes may include sociocultural beliefs, variations in access to care or ethnic differences in the prevalence of lichen sclerosus. A deeper understanding of underlying issues would enable planning of initiatives to ensure equitable access to specialist care for all New Zealand women with vulval conditions.
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Meijerink AM, van Altena AM. [A girl who was suddenly unable to urinate]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2020; 164:D4469. [PMID: 32395963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We saw a 15-year-old girl with a sudden inability to urinate. She was diagnosed with an obliterated vulva, due to an uncommon first presentation of lichen sclerosus.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of vulvar squamous neoplasia has 2 pathways: human papillomavirus (HPV)-dependent and HPV-independent. The HPV-dependent pathway in the vulva follows the same progression as HPV-dependent lesions elsewhere in the gynecologic tract-HPV infection results in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion with subsequent progression to basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. The HPV-independent pathway is more complex, with a variety of precursor lesions and molecular alterations. Although the most recognized form of HPV-independent vulvar lesion is differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, recent explorations have elucidated new precursors. This review provides an update on HPV-independent risk factors and precursor lesions for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.
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Alaniz VI, Rosen M, Mohr B, Markman L, Quint EH. 4-year-old girl · genital discomfort and dysuria · clitoral hood swelling · Blood blister on the labia minora · Dx? THE JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE 2019; 68:E8-E10. [PMID: 31287448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Farmer C, Patel D, Pimentel JD, Shwayder T. Large hemorrhagic plaque with central crusting. Cutis 2019; 103:68-80. [PMID: 30893389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Ljubojević Hadžavdić S, Krtanjek J, Đurinec P, Žele-Starčević L, Skerlev M, Bartenjev I. Coexistence of genital lichen sclerosus and genital warts. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2018; 27:221-223. [PMID: 30564837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory, mucocutaneous disorder of the genital and extragenital skin. Anogenital warts are benign proliferative lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), which is found in > 95% of lesions. We present two cases of the coexistence of LS and genital warts: one patient with and one without a previous history of genital warts. According to our knowledge and a literature search, only a few cases of the coexistence of LS and genital warts have been reported.
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Hasegawa M, Ishikawa O, Asano Y, Sato S, Jinnin M, Takehara K, Fujimoto M, Yamamoto T, Ihn H. Diagnostic criteria, severity classification and guidelines of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Dermatol 2018; 45:891-897. [PMID: 29265410 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We established diagnostic criteria and severity classification of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, because there is no established diagnostic criteria or widely accepted severity classification of the disease. Also, there is no clinical guideline for lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in Japan, so we proposed its clinical guideline. The clinical guidelines were formulated by clinical questions and recommendations on the basis of evidence-based medicine according to the New Minds Clinical Practice Guideline Creation Manual (version 1.0). We aimed to make the guidelines easy to use and reliable including the newest evidence, and to present guidance for various clinical problems in treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.
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Rafiei R, Eftekhari H, Granmayeh S, Nickhah N, Rafiee B. Extramammary Paget's Disease Associated With Genital Wart and Lichen Sclerosus. ACTA MEDICA IRANICA 2017; 55:591-593. [PMID: 29202553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget's disease is an uncommon intraepithelial adenocarcinoma in genital and perianal regions. Genital wart is the most common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papilloma viruses and vulval lichen sclerosus is chronic pruritic dermatitis in genital area which could be able to change to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. We report a patient who had simultaneous lichen sclerosus, genital wart and extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva. We could not find any significant association between them in literature.
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Ambrifi M, Dona' MG, Tedesco M, Latini A, Cota C, Giuliani M, Benevolo M, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Cristaudo A. Lichen Sclerosus in stable sexual partners: etiologic correlation or mere coincidence? GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2017; 152:92-94. [PMID: 27978615 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.16.05238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
A wide range of genital infections and skin conditions may present with vulval pruritus. Lichen sclerosus is one cause. This is often associated with visible skin changes which include atrophy, resorption or fusion of the labia, sclerosis and excoriation. Ulceration may indicate malignant transformation and requires urgent biopsy. Many experienced clinicians diagnose lichen sclerosus on clinical appearance, however we recommend a low threshold for biopsy, especially for non-responding or odd looking lesions. We report a patient whose vulval skin biopsy for clinically suspected lichen sclerosus revealed extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva. We review the pathology, prognosis and treatment of this condition.
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Osterberg EC, Gaither TW, Awad MA, Alwaal A, Erickson BA, McAninch JW, Breyer BN. Current Practice Patterns Among Members of the American Urological Association for Male Genitourinary Lichen Sclerosus. Urology 2016; 92:127-31. [PMID: 26948526 PMCID: PMC4896157 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the practice patterns of urologists who treat male genitourinary lichen sclerosus (MGU-LS) via a national web-based survey distributed to American Urological Association members. METHODS A 20-question survey was collected from a random sample of American Urological Association members. Respondents answered questions on their practice patterns for MGU-LS diagnosis, treatment of symptomatic urethral stricture disease, surveillance, and follow-up. RESULTS In total, 309 urologists completed the survey. The majority of respondents reported practicing more than 20+ years (37.5%) within an academic (31.7%) or group practice (31.1%) setting. The majority of respondents saw 3-5 men with MGU-LS per year (32.7%). The most common locations of MGU-LS involvement included the glans penis (66.2%), foreskin (26.3%), and/or the urethra (5.8%). Respondent first-line treatment for urethral stricture disease was direct visual internal urethrotomy (26.6%) and second-line treatment was referral to subspecialist (38.4%). After controlling for the number of patients evaluated with MGU-LS per year, those with reconstructive training were more likely to perform a primary urethroplasty for men with symptomatic urethral stricture disease (adjusted odds ratio 13.1, 95% confidence interval 5.1-33.8, P < .001). They were also more likely to counsel men on the associated penile cancer risks (adjusted odds ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval 1.7-12.5, P < .01). CONCLUSION Reconstructive urologists evaluate the most number of patients with MGU-LS and are more likely to perform primary urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease. Men with MGU-LS should be referred to a reconstructive urologist to understand the full gamut of treatment options.
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Moser A, Lautenschlager S. [CME Dermatology. Pruritus and white lesions of the trunk. Lichen sclerosus]. PRAXIS 2015; 104:760-761. [PMID: 26135730 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Le Lievre H, Baker L. A young boy with an interesting skin condition: a case study. AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 2015; 44:223-224. [PMID: 25901407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Patsatsi A, Kyriakou A, Mantas A, Vavilis D, Patsialas C, Sotiriadis D. Circulating anti-BP180 NC16a and anti-BP230 autoantibodies in patients with genital lichen sclerosus do not correlate with disease activity and pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:711-2. [PMID: 24676719 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Arican O, Ciralik H, Sasmaz S. Unsuccessful Treatment of Extragenital Lichen Sclerosus with Topical 1% Pimecrolimus Cream. J Dermatol 2014; 31:1014-7. [PMID: 15801267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lichen sclerosus most commonly affects the anogenital region. Spreading into the extragenital regions is rare, and its course is most commonly asymptomatic. Women have been reported to be affected 6 to 10 times more often than men. The etiology of lichen sclerosus is still unknown. The disease is characterized by ivory-white atrophic plaques, and no treatment ensuring complete recovery is available. T-cells are also involved in its pathogenesis. Pimecrolimus is a topical inhibitor of T-cells. In the present paper, we present a male patient with lichen sclerosus located only in extragenital regions and report an unsuccessful outcome of treatment with pimecrolimus 1% cream administered topically twice a day for 16 weeks.
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Chen HC, Kadono T, Mimura Y, Saeki H, Tamaki K. High-Frequency Ultrasound as a Useful Device in the Preliminary Differentiation of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus from Morphea. J Dermatol 2014; 31:556-9. [PMID: 15492421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound diagnostic equipment (HFUS) using probes with frequencies above 15-MHz has been utilized conventionally in preoperative assessments and postoperative follow-up of skin tumors. The advent of probes with even higher frequencies (up to 30-MHz) has widened the clinical applications of HFUS to inflammatory dermatoses which are histologically confined to the epidermis and upper dermis, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Ultrasound imaging has the advantage of being a noninvasive and relatively inexpensive technology that is quick and easy to perform. In addition, information obtained from HFUS is unique and useful for clinical diagnosis and evaluation for various skin disorders. We believe that HFUS has the potential to become a powerful tool for either clinical or investigative dermatology. Herein, we present a case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) to which we applied HFUS before skin biopsy and obtained substantial information for the differential diagnosis from morphea, and we reemphasize the usefulness of HFUS in studying the inflammatory skin disorders.
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