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Zhou Z, Liu X, Ma J, Huang J, Lin C, He M, Ouyang W. Activation of persulfate by vanadium oxide modified carbon nanotube for 17β-estradiol degradation in soil: Mechanism, application and ecotoxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159760. [PMID: 36306855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones in the environment have attracted public attention because of their high endocrine-disrupting activity even at rather low exposure level. Excessive hormones in the soil from the pollutant discharge of intensive farming would pose a potential threat to the ecology and the human health. Vanadium oxide modified carbon nanotube (VOX-CNT) was synthesized and applied as persulfate (PDS) activator to reduce17β-estrogen (17β-E2) in soil. 86.06 % 17β-E2 could be degraded within 12 h. Process of materials exchange during oxidation was interfered by soil, resulting in insufficient degradation of 17β-E2, but the active species involved in 17β-E2 degradation would also be enriched by it. 17β-E2 was adsorbed on the VOX-CNT surface and directly degraded mainly by the active species generated on the catalyst surface, and •OH dominated the degradation of 17β-E2 in VOX-CNT/PDS system. CO, defective sites and vanadium oxides on the surface of VOX-CNT contributed to the generation of activate species. Oxidizer dosage, catalyst dosage, water-soil ratio and soil properties would affect the degradation of 17β-E2. The ecotoxicological impact on soil caused by VOX-CNT/PDS was acceptable, and would be weakened with time. Additionally, a rapid decrease in the concentration of 17β-E2 and the promotion of maize growth were observed with VOX-CNT/PDS in situ pilot-scale remediation. Those results reveal that VOX-CNT/PDS is a potential technology to remove excessive steroid hormone from soil around large-scale livestock and poultry farms.
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Sivaselvam S, Mohankumar A, Narmadha R, Selvakumar R, Sundararaj P, Viswanathan C, Ponpandian N. Effect of gamma-ray irradiated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on environmental health: An in-vitro and in-vivo studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120933. [PMID: 36565492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have drawn the attention of scientists worldwide since the last decade and it is explored for a wide range of applications. However, the rapid expansion of rGO use in various products will eventually lead to environenal exposure and rises a safety concern on the environment and humal health risk. Moreover, the utilization of toxic chemicals for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) into rGO is not environmentally friendly, warranting the exploration of non-toxic approaches. In the present work, rGO was synthesized using a different dose of gamma-ray irradiation and characterized. The in-vitro and in-vivo analysis indicated that the gamma-irradiated rGO induced toxicity depending on its degree of reduction and dosage. In the L929 cells, rGO-30 KGy significantly induced cytotoxicity even at low concentration (1 mg L-1) by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme production, nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis. The change in morphology of the cells like membrane blebbing and cell rounding was also observed via FESEM. In the in-vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans, rGO-30 KGy significantly affected the functioning of primary and secondary targeted organs and also negatively influenced the nuclear accumulation of transcription factors (DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf2), neuronal health, and antioxidant defense mechanism of the nematodes. The real-time PCR analysis showed significant up-regulation (ced-3, ced-4, cep-1, egl-1, and hus-1) and down-regulation (ced-9) of the gene involved in germ-line and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. The detailed toxicity mechanism of gamma irradiated rGO has been elucidated. This work highlights the toxicity of rGO prepared by gamma-ray radiation and paves way for understating the toxicity mechanism.
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da Silva RCB, de Barros Viana M, Ribeiro DA. The impact of stress on rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: some theoretical concepts for scientific debate. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:631-632. [PMID: 35859018 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yu HH, Chen YC, Su HP, Chen L, Chen HH, Lin KYA, Lin CH. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of tungsten trioxide and tungsten trioxide hydrate nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158885. [PMID: 36169020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten trioxide (WO3)-based nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining popularity because of their exciting potential for photocatalytic applications; however, the toxic potential of WO3-based NPs remains a concern. In this study, we evaluated the toxic risk of WO3 NPs and hydrated WO3 NPs (WO3·H2O NPs) using lung cells and explored the underlying mechanism. WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs significantly decreased the number of viable cells (59.5 %-85.8 % of control) and promoted apoptosis in human alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells after a 24-h exposure. Both WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs reduced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (0.15-0.33 folds of control) and superoxide dismutase 2 (0.31-0.66 folds of control) and increased reactive oxygen species production (1.4-2.6 folds of control) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine accumulation (1.22-1.43 folds of control). The results showed that WO3 NPs have higher cytotoxicity and oxidative potential than WO3·H2O NPs. In addition, the WO3 NP cellular uptake rate was significantly higher than the WO3·H2O NPs uptake rate in pulmonary cells. The greater extent of oxidative adverse effects induced by WO3-based NPs appears to be related to the enhanced particle uptake. WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs exposure led to the secretion of inflammatory factor interleukin 6 (1.63-3.42 folds of control). Decreases in serpin family A member 1 gene expression (0.28-0.58 folds of control) and increases in the oxidation of neutrophil elastase inhibitor (1.34-1.62 folds of control) in pulmonary cells also suggest that exposure to WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs raises the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Taken together, our findings indicate that the toxic risk of WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs must be considered when manufacturing and applying WO3-based NPs.
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Huang Y, Bai X, Li C, Kang M, Weng Y, Gong D. Modulation mechanism of phytotoxicity on Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. by surface coating-modified copper oxide nanoparticles and its health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120288. [PMID: 36180003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of surface coatings on nano-fertilizers uptake and their phytotoxicity to crops and its health risk to Chinese adults, trisodium citrate (TC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings were prepared on the surface of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), respectively, with 100 and 500 mg/L of bare CuO NPs, TC-CuO NPs, and PEG-CuO NPs were exposed to soil-grown Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Combined bio-transmission electron microscopy and micro-CT observed cellular migration of coated CuO NPs in symplastic and apoplastic pathways, as well as nanoparticles transported through vascular tissues to the above-ground parts. Since TC-CuO NPs had less inhibition on vascular phylogeny of I. aquatica roots which was determined by RT-qPCR, their migration in plants was more efficient, thus exhibiting greater phytotoxicity to shoots. Meanwhile, coatings significantly reduced the phytotoxicity of CuO NPs by stimulating plant antioxidant defense. The risk of CuO nano-fertilizers on human dietary safety was evaluated, the HQ > 1 in the 500 mg/L CuO NPs treatment indicated a potential health risk to Chinese adults, which was reduced by the coatings. This work explored for the first time the mechanism of coating effects on nanoparticles migration efficiency and phytotoxicity at the molecular level and demonstrated that the migration of nanoparticles between tissues could have an impact on phytotoxicity. It implied that coating can be tailored to target nanoparticles to specific regions of the plant. In addition, this study highlights the potential health risks associated with the consumption of I. aquatica fertilized with CuO NPs and provides valuable insights into the environmental applications of nano-fertilizers.
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Mudigonda S, Dahms HU, Hwang JS, Li WP. Combined effects of copper oxide and nickel oxide coated chitosan nanoparticles adsorbed to styrofoam resin beads on hydrothermal vent bacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136338. [PMID: 36108756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are potential carriers of harmful contaminants but their combined effects are largely unknown. It needs intensive monitoring in order to achieve a better understanding of metal-oxide nanoparticles and their dispersion via microplastics such as styrofoam in the aquatic environment. In the present study, an effort was made to provide a preferable perception about the toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), namely, copper oxide (CuO NPs), nickel oxide (NiO NPs), copper oxide/chitosan (CuO/CS NPs) and nickel oxide/chitosan (NiO/CS NPs). Characterizations of synthesized NPs included their morphology (SEM and EDX), functional groups (FT-IR) and crystallinity (XRD). Their combined toxic effect after adsorption to styrofoam (SF) was monitored using the hydrothermal vent bacterium Jeotgalicoccus huakuii as a model. This was done by determining MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) through a resazurin assay measuring ELISA, growth, biofilm inhibition and making a live and dead assay. Results revealed that at high concentrations (60 mg/10 mL) of CuO, CuO/CS NPs and 60 mg of SF adsorbed CuO and CuO/CS NPs inhibited the growth of J. huakuii. However, NPs rather than SF inhibited the growth of bacteria. The toxicity of NPs adsorbed on plain SF was found to be less compared to NPs alone. This study revealed new dimensions regarding the positive impacts of SF at low concentrations. Synthesized NPs applied separately were found to affect the growth of bacteria substantially more than if coated to SF resin beads.
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Yao J, Dong Z, Ye X, Yang J, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Liu H. Electrochemically activated peroxymonosulfate with mixed metal oxide electrodes for sulfadiazine degradation: Mechanism, DFT study and toxicity evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136695. [PMID: 36202377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically activated peroxymonosulfate with mixed metal oxide electrodes (EA-PMS-MMO/MMO) is an emerging advanced oxidation process. It performed well on the degradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ), whose removal rate reached 81.13% within 30 min. Both the MMO anode and cathode played an irreplaceable role in PMS activation. HO•, SO4•-, O2•- and 1O2 were confirmed to be the major reactive species in the system, among which 1O2 was the most abundant. The generation mechanism of the reactive species and the overall mechanism of the system were proposed. Four degradation pathways of SDZ were speculated based on density functional theory. The acute and chronic toxicity of SDZ and its degradation intermediates was evaluated by the quantitative structure-activity relationship method, and the overall toxicity was significantly reduced after the degradation by EA-PMS-MMO/MMO. The results show that EA-PMS-MMO/MMO affords a reliable technology for the degradation of organic contaminants and has promising potential for application.
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Li J, Wang C, Yue L, Chen F, Cao X, Wang Z. Nano-QSAR modeling for predicting the cytotoxicity of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113955. [PMID: 35961199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the rapid development of nanotechnology, it is crucial to understand the effects of nanoparticles on living organisms. However, it is laborious to perform toxicological tests on a case-by-case basis. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is an effective computational technique because it saves time, costs, and animal sacrifice. Therefore, this review presents general procedures for the construction and application of nano-QSAR models of metal-based and metal-oxide nanoparticles (MBNPs and MONPs). We also provide an overview of available databases and common algorithms. The molecular descriptors and their roles in the toxicological interpretation of MBNPs and MONPs are systematically reviewed and the future of nano-QSAR is discussed. Finally, we address the growing demand for novel nano-specific descriptors, new computational strategies to address the data shortage, in situ data for regulatory concerns, a better understanding of the physicochemical properties of NPs with bioactivity, and, most importantly, the design of nano-QSAR for real-life environmental predictions rather than laboratory simulations.
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Li Q, Hu R, Chen Z, Chen L, Zhang J, Wu X, Li JB, Gao Y, Yang ST, Wang H. Phytotoxicity of VO 2 nanoparticles with different sizes to pea seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113885. [PMID: 35849906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide nanoparticles (VO2 NPs) have been massively produced due to their excellent metal-insulator transition characteristics for various applications. Pilot studies indicated the toxicity of VO2 NPs to bacteria and mammalian cells, but the environmental hazards of VO2 NPs to plants have been unrevealed to date. In this study, we reported the inhibitive effects of VO2 NPs to the growth and photosynthesis of pea seedlings. Laboratory synthesized monoclinic VO2 NPs (N-VO2), commercial nanosized VO2 NPs (S-VO2), and commercial microsized VO2 particles (M-VO2) were carefully characterized for environmental toxicity evaluations. VO2 particles were supplemented to culture medium for seed germination and seedling growth. All three VO2 samples did not affect the germination rates of pee seeds, while serious growth inhibition of pea seedlings was observed at 10 mg/L for S-VO2 and N-VO2, and 100 mg/L for M-VO2. VO2 particles had no impact on the chlorophyll contents, but the photosynthesis of leaf was significantly decreased following the consequence of N-VO2 > S-VO2 > M-VO2. The inhibition of photosynthesis was attributed to the damage of acceptor side of photosystem II by VO2 particles at high concentrations. Abundant bioaccumulations of vanadium in roots aroused oxidative damage and changed the root structure. Our results collectively indicated that the phytotoxicity of VO2 NPs was related to the concentration, size and crystalline degree.
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Subhiksha V, Alatar AA, Okla MK, Alaraidh IA, Mohebaldin A, Aufy M, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Raju LL, Thomas AM, Khan SS. Double Z-Scheme ZnCo 2O 4/MnO 2/FeS 2 photocatalyst with enhanced photodegradation of organic compound: Insights into mechanisms, kinetics, pathway and toxicity studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135177. [PMID: 35640687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work highlights the preparation of double Z-scheme ZnCo2O4/MnO2/FeS2 nanocomposite (NCs) and investigated its photocatalytic activity against methyl orange (MO) dye degradation under visible light. An array of techniques was carried out to characterize the nanoparticles (NPs) in order to evaluate their morphological, structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties using FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption and desorption studies, PL, UV-visible spectrophotometer, XPS, Raman, and UV-vis DRS analysis. The degradation efficiency of NCs was tested along with different parameter studies such as different pH, NCs concentration, dye concentration, reusability and structural stability. The NCs exhibited complete photodegradation of MO dye under visible light within 80 min at pH 4. The structural and compositional stability of the prepared NCs over 6 consecutive cycles was tested via XRD and XPS analysis. The results of active species trapping experiments showed that O2-• and OH• are responsible for the degradation of MO dye. The TOC analysis showed 95% of mineralization by the prepared NCs. The MO dye degradation pathway was determined using GC-MS/MS analysis and drafted all the intermediates involved. End product toxicity via seed germination and intermediate toxicity study using ECOSAR software results in less toxicity of end product compared to parent compound. Finally, the genotoxicity of the prepared NCs was evaluated using Allium cepa and showed its no causes of cytotoxicity & genotoxicity by the prepared NCs. ZnCo2O4/MnO2/FeS2 NCs exhibited its high photocatalytic activity and the toxicity studies confirms that there is no cause of any environmental impact.
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Bhagat J, Zang L, Kaneco S, Nishimura N, Shimada Y. Combined exposure to nanoplastics and metal oxide nanoparticles inhibits efflux pumps and causes oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155436. [PMID: 35461948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of microplastic/nanoplastics (MP/NPs) provides an opportunity for their interaction with other widely spread environmental contaminants. MP/NP and nanoparticles share a similar transport route from sources, production, and disposal. Metal oxide nanoparticles (nMOx) have varied industrial applications, and limited knowledge is available on their interaction with MP/NPs. The present study investigated the effect of NPs (1 mg/L) on the efflux of two nMOx, aluminium oxide nanoparticles (nAl2O3, 1 mg/L) and cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2, 1 mg/L), and their combined toxicity to zebrafish embryos. The results illustrated increased accumulation of aluminium and cerium in the combined exposure group compared to the nMOx alone treatment. The presence of NPs exacerbated the oxidative stress caused by nAl2O3 and nCeO2, as evidenced by an increase in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alteration of antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation. The integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) values showed the induction of an antioxidative response in NP + nAl2O3, whereas a decline in IBRv2 values was observed in NP + nCeO2. Our results indicate that NPs aggravated the accumulation of nMOx and their toxicity. The present work highlights that more attention should be paid to the discharge of these contaminants into the natural environment.
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Siqueira PR, Souza JP, Estevão BM, Altei WF, Carmo TLL, Santos FA, Araújo HSS, Zucolotto V, Fernandes MN. Concentration- and time-dependence toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets upon zebrafish liver cell line. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106199. [PMID: 35613511 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are carbon-based nanomaterials that have a wide range of applicability. Therefore, it is expected that their residual traces reach the aquatic environment, accumulate, and interact with its different compartments and the biota living in them. The concentration- and time-dependency response to GO and rGO in aquatic organisms are still poorly known. In the present study, the effects of GO and rGO on zebrafish hepatocytes were investigated using in vitro assays performed with established liver cell lines from zebrafish (ZFL). GO and rGO nanosheets were applied on ZFL cells at a concentration range of 1-100 µg mL-1 for 24 and 72 h. The internalization of GO and rGO nanosheets, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell viability, and cell death were evaluated. The internalization of GO increased as the concentrations of GO increased. The rGO nanosheets were smaller than GO nanosheets, and their hydrophobic characteristic favors their interaction with the cell membrane. However, the rGO nanosheets were not observed in the uptake assay. Exposure for 72 h was found to cause harmful effects in ZFL cells, causing higher ROS production in cells exposed to rGO and stopping cell replication. Nevertheless, GO did not stop cell replication, but exposed cells had higher levels of apoptosis and necrosis. After 72 h, both GO and rGO were toxic, but with different mechanisms of toxicity.
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Kar S, Pathakoti K, Leszczynska D, Tchounwou PB, Leszczynski J. In vitro and in silico study of mixtures cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: a mechanistic approach. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:566-579. [PMID: 36149909 PMCID: PMC10266837 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2123750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are commonly found in the aquatic and terrestrial systems as chemical mixtures. Assessment of cytotoxicity associated with single and combination of MONPs can truly identify the concerned environmental risk. Thus, using Escherichia coli as a test model, in vitro cytotoxicity of 6 single MONPs, 15 binary and 20 tertiary mixtures with equitoxic ratios was evaluated following standard bioassay protocols. Assessment of oxidative stress suggested that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was negligible, and the release of metal zinc ions played an important role in the toxicity of MONP mixtures. From our experimental data points, seven quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) models were developed to model the cytotoxicity of these MONPs, based on our created periodic table-based descriptors and experimentally analyzed Zeta-potential. Two strategic approaches i.e. pharmacological and mathematical hypotheses were considered to identify the mixture descriptors pool for modeling purposes. The stringent validation criteria suggested that the model (Model M4) developed with mixture descriptors generated by square-root mole contribution outperformed the other six models considering validation criteria. While considering the pharmacological approach, the 'independent action' generated descriptor pool offered the best model (Model M2), which firmly confirmed that each MONP in the mixture acts through 'independent action' to induce cytotoxicity to E. coli instead of fostering an additive, antagonistic or synergistic effect among MONPs. The total metal electronegativity in a specific metal oxide relative to the number of oxygen atoms and metal valence was associated with a positive contribution to cytotoxicity. At the same time, the core count, which gives a measure of molecular bulk and Zeta potential, had a negative contribution to cytotoxicity.
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Huang Y, Li X, Cao J, Wei X, Li Y, Wang Z, Cai X, Li R, Chen J. Use of dissociation degree in lysosomes to predict metal oxide nanoparticle toxicity in immune cells: Machine learning boosts nano-safety assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107258. [PMID: 35483183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potential immune responses resulting from exposure to metal oxide nanoparticles (MeONPs) have been the subject of intensive discussion in the last decade. Despite the extensive use of MeONPs in several applications, their toxic effects on immune cells have rarely been predicted in silico because of the complexity of immune responses and the complicated properties of MeONPs. In the present study, machine learning (ML) methods coupled with high-throughput in vitro bioassays were used to develop models for predicting the toxicity of MeONPs in immune cells. An ML model with a high prediction accuracy (97% and 96% in the training and test sets, respectively) was constructed by resolving the class imbalance problem in training and applying an ensembled algorithm. Further, to verify the model, MeONPs outside the scope of the datasets were selected to examine their cytotoxicity experimentally. The model was validated against independent MeONPs, with an accuracy of 91%. ML methods coupled with intracellular imaging revealed that the toxic ions released in the lysosome were an important determinant of toxicity in immune cells. Furthermore, ζ-potential, electronegativity, and size are crucial factors for predicting nanotoxicity. We believe the established modeling framework will provide useful insights for designing and applying safe nanoparticles and facilitating decision-making for environmental and health protection.
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Li H, Chang F, Li Z, Cui F. The Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in the Toxicity Response of Anaerobic Granule Sludge to Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095371. [PMID: 35564766 PMCID: PMC9100327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are regarded as the last barriers for the release of incompletely separated and recycled nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment. Despite the importance and ubiquity of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the complex wastewater matrix, the interaction between NPs and EPSs of anaerobic microflora involved in wastewater treatment and the resultant impact on the biomass metabolomics are unclear. Thus, the impacts of different metal oxide (TiO2, ZnO, and CuO) NPs on functional bacteria in anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) and the possible toxicity mechanisms were investigated. In particular, the binding quality, enhanced resistance mechanism, and chemical fractional contribution of EPSs from AGS against the nanotoxicity of different NPs was assessed. The results showed that CuO NPs caused the most severe inhibition towards acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, followed by ZnO NPs, whereas TiO2 NPs caused no inhibition to methanogenesis. Excessive EPS production, especially the protein-like substances, was an effective strategy for reducing certain NPs’ toxicity by immobilizing NPs away from AGS cells, whereas the metabolism restriction on inner microorganisms of AGS induced by CuO NPs can deteriorate the protective role of EPS, indicating that the roles of EPS may not be amenable to generalizations. Further investigations with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays indicated that there are greatly essential differences between the toxicity mechanisms of metal NPs to AGS, which varied depending on the NPs’ type and dosage. In addition, dynamic changes in the responses of EPS content to different NPs can result in a significant shift in methanogenic and acidogenic microbial communities. Thus, the production and composition of EPSs will be a key factor in determining the fate and potential effect of NPs in the complex biological matrix. In conclusion, this study broadens the understanding of the inhibition mechanisms of metal oxide NPs on the AGS process, and the influence of EPSs on the fate, behavior, and toxicity of NPs.
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Kalo MB, Rezaei M. In vitro toxic interaction of arsenic and hyperglycemia in mitochondria: an important implication of increased vulnerability in pre-diabetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:28375-28385. [PMID: 34993818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants and lifestyle both contribute to the rapidly increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide. Evidence suggests that exposure to environmental contaminants such as arsenic is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. In the present study, isolated rat liver mitochondria (1 mg/ml) were co-exposed to low concentration of arsenic trioxide (ATO) ( IC25 = 40 µM) and hyperglycemic condition (20, 40, 80, 160 mM glucose or 20, 40, 80, 160 mM pyruvate (PYR)). Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (complex II), glutathione content (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), and mitochondrial swelling were then evaluated in the presence of ATO 40 µM and PYR 40 mM. Unexpectedly, glucose alone (20, 40, 80, 160 mM) had no toxic effect on mitochondria, even at very high concentrations and even when combined with ATO. Interestingly, PYR at low concentrations (≤ 10 mM) has a protective effect on mitochondria, but at higher concentrations (≥ 40 mM) with ATO, it decreased the complex II activity and increased mitochondrial ROS production, lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, mitochondrial membrane damage, and swelling (p < 0.05). In conclusion, PYR but not glucose increased ATO mitochondrial toxicity even at low concentrations. These results suggest that pre-diabetics with non-clinical hyperglycemia, who are inevitably exposed to low concentrations of arsenic through food and water, may develop mitochondrial dysfunction that accelerates their progression to diabetes over time.
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Fang J, Bai XT, Qi L, Vukanti R, Ge Y. Rare-earth metal oxide nanoparticles decouple the linkage between soil bacterial community structure and function by selectively influencing potential keystone taxa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118863. [PMID: 35063538 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production and application of rare-earth metal oxide nanoparticles warrants assessment of their environmental risks. Little is known about the impact of these nanoparticles on soil bacterial communities. We quantified the effects of nano-Gd2O3 and nano-La2O3, at the different concentrations and exposure regimes, on soil bacterial community structure and function as well as the structure-function relationship. Further, we constructed and analyzed a co-occurrence network to identify and characterize potential keystone taxa that were related to the enzyme activities and responded to the increasing concentrations of nanoparticles. Both nano-Gd2O3 and nano-La2O3 significantly altered the bacterial community structure and function in a concentration-dependent manner; however, these negative effects were observed on day 1 or day 7 but not on day 60, indicating that these effects were transient and the bacterial communities can mitigate the effect of these nanoparticles over time. Interestingly, the nanoparticle exposure decoupled the relationship between the structure and function of the soil bacterial communities. The decoupling was due to changes in the composition and relative abundances of potential keystone taxa related to bacterial community functions. Altogether, we provide insights into the interactions between the rare-earth metal oxide nanoparticles and soil bacterial communities. Our results facilitate the environmental risk assessment and safe usage of rare-earth metal oxide nanoparticles.
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Ren M, Qian X, Chen Y, Wang T, Zhao Y. Potential lead toxicity and leakage issues on lead halide perovskite photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127848. [PMID: 34838362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, lead halide perovskite solar cells have become a promising next-generation photovoltaics candidate for large-scale application to realize low-cost renewable electricity generation. Although perovskite solar cells have tremendous advantages such as high photovoltaic performance, low cost and facile solution-based fabrication, the issues involving lead could be one of the main obstacles for its commercialization and large-scale applications. Lead has been widely used in photovoltaics industry, yielding its environmental and health issues of vital importance because of the widespread application of photovoltaics. When the solar cell panels especially perovskite solar cells are damaged, lead would possibly leak into the surrounding environment, causing air, soil and groundwater contamination. Therefore, lots of research efforts have been put into evaluating the lead toxicity and potential leakage issues, as well as studying the encapsulation of lead to deal with leakage issue during fire hazard and precipitation in photovoltaics. In this review, we summarize the latest progress on investigating the lead safety issue on photovoltaics, especially lead halide perovskite solar cells, and the corresponding solutions. We also outlook the future development towards solving the lead safety issues from different aspects.
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Zhang L, Bi X, Wang Z, Ertürk AS, Elmaci G, Zhao H, Zhao P, Meng X. Brønsted-acid sites promoted degradation of phthalate esters over MnO 2: Mineralization enhancement and aquatic toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132740. [PMID: 34743792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are important technologies for aqueous organics removal. Despite organic pollutants can be degraded via AOPs generally, high mineralization of them is hard to achieve. Herein, we synthesized a manganese oxide nanomaterial (H2-OMS-2) with abundant Brønsted-acid sites via ion-exchange of cryptomelane-type MnO2 (OMS-2), and tested its catalytic performance for the degradation of phthalate esters via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. About 99% of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) at a concentration of 20 mg/L could be degraded within 90 min and 82% of it could be mineralized within 180 min over 0.6 g/L of catalyst and 1.8 g/L of PMS. The catalyst could activate PMS to generate SO4-˙ and ·OH as the dominant reactive oxygen species to reach complete degradation of DMP. Especially, the higher TOC removal rate was obtained due to the rich Brønsted-acid sites and surface oxygen vacancies on the catalyst. Kinetics and mechanism study showed that MnII/MnIII might work as the active sites during the catalytic process with a lower reaction energy barrier of 55.61 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the catalyst could be reused for many times through the regeneration of the catalytic ability. The degradation and TOC removal efficiencies were still above 98% and 65% after seven consecutive cycles, respectively. Finally, H2-OMS-2-catalyzed AOPs significantly reduced the organismal developmental toxicity of the DMP wastewater through the investigation of zebrafish model system. The present work, for the first time, provides an idea for promoting the oxidative degradation and mineralization efficiencies of aqueous organic pollutants by surface acid-modification on the catalysts.
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d'Amora M, Schmidt TJN, Konstantinidou S, Raffa V, De Angelis F, Tantussi F. Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Zebrafish. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3313016. [PMID: 35154565 PMCID: PMC8837465 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3313016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) are increasingly employed in many fields with a wide range of applications from industries to drug delivery. Due to their semiconducting properties, metal oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in the manufacturing of several commercial products available in the market, including cosmetics, food additives, textile, paint, and antibacterial ointments. The use of metallic oxide nanoparticles for medical and cosmetic purposes leads to unavoidable human exposure, requiring a proper knowledge of their potentially harmful effects. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the possible toxicity of metallic oxide nanoparticles in zebrafish during both adulthood and growth stages, with an emphasis on the role of oxidative stress.
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Guo Q, Yang Y, Zhao L, Chen J, Duan G, Yang Z, Zhou R. Graphene oxide toxicity in W 1118 flies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150302. [PMID: 34536880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The risk of graphene oxide (GO) exposure to various species has been greatly amplified in recent years due to its booming production and applications in various fields. However, a deep understanding of the GO biosafety lags its wide applications. Herein, we used W1118 flies as a model organism to study GO toxicity at relatively low concentrations. We found that GO exposure led to remarkable weight loss, delayed development, retarded motion, and shortened lifespan of these flies. On the other hand, the GO influence on their sex ratio and the total number of pupae and adults were insignificant. The toxicological effect of GO was shown to be related to its serious compromise of the nutrient absorption in flies due to the severe damages in midguts. These damages were then attributed to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which triggers the oxidative stress. These findings reveal the underlying mechanisms of GO biotoxicities in fruit flies, which might provide a useful reference to assess the risks of these newly invented nanomaterials likely never encountered by various species before.
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Hadrup N, Sørli JB, Sharma AK. Pulmonary toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity evaluation of molybdenum, lithium, and tungsten: A review. Toxicology 2022; 467:153098. [PMID: 35026344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum, lithium, and tungsten are constituents of many products, and exposure to these elements potentially occurs at work. Therefore it is important to determine at what levels they are toxic, and thus we set out to review their pulmonary toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. After pulmonary exposure, molybdenum and tungsten are increased in multiple tissues; data on the distribution of lithium are limited. Excretion of all three elements is both via faeces and urine. Molybdenum trioxide exerted pulmonary toxicity in a 2-year inhalation study in rats and mice with a lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (LOAEC) of 6.6 mg Mo/m3. Lithium chloride had a LOAEC of 1.9 mg Li/m3 after subacute inhalation in rabbits. Tungsten oxide nanoparticles resulted in a no-observed-adverse-effect concentration (NOAEC) of 5 mg/m3 after inhalation in hamsters. In another study, tungsten blue oxide had a LOAEC of 63 mg W/m3 in rats. Concerning genotoxicity, for molybdenum, the in vivo genotoxicity after inhalation remains unknown; however, there was some evidence of carcinogenicity of molybdenum trioxide. The data on the genotoxicity of lithium are equivocal, and one carcinogenicity study was negative. Tungsten seems to have a genotoxic potential, but the data on carcinogenicity are equivocal. In conclusion, for all three elements, dose descriptors for inhalation toxicity were identified, and the potential for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity was assessed.
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Khort A, Brookman-Amissah M, Hedberg J, Chang T, Mei N, Lundberg A, Sturve J, Blomberg E, Odnevall I. Influence of natural organic matter on the transformation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their ecotoxic potency in vitro. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100386. [PMID: 35559892 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased use and production of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) lead to an elevated risk of their diffuse dispersion into the aquatic environment and increased concern on unknown effects induced by their release into the aquatic ecosystem. An improved understanding of the environmental transformation processes of NPs of various surface characteristics is hence imperative for risk assessment and management. This study presents results on effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the environmental transformation and dissolution of metal and metal oxide NPs of different surface and solubility properties in synthetic freshwater (FW) with and without NOM. Adsorption of NOM was evident on most of the studied NPs, except Sb and Sb2O3, which resulted in the formation of negatively charged colloids of higher stability and smaller size distribution compared with the same NPs in FW only. The dissolution rate of the NPs in the presence of NOM correlated with the strength of interactions between the carboxylate group of NOM and the particle surface, and resulted in either no (Mn, Sb, ZnO NPs), increased (Co, Sn NPs) and decreased (Ni, NiO, Sb2O3, Y2O3 NPs) levels of dissolution. One type of metal NP from each group (Mn, Ni, Sn) were investigated to assess whether observed differences in adsorption of NOM and dissolution would influence their ecotoxic potency. The results showed Mn, Ni, and Sn NPs to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time and dose-dependent manner. The extent of ROS generation in FW was similar for both Mn and Ni NPs but higher for Sn NPs. These findings are possibly related to interactions and infiltration of the NPs with the cells, which lead to redox imbalances which could induce oxidative stress and cell damage. At the same time, the presence of NOM generally reduced the intracellular ROS generation by 20-40% for the investigated NPs and also reduced cytotoxicity of Sn NPs, which can be attributed to the stronger interaction of carboxylate groups of NOM with the surface of the NPs.
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de Azevedo Queiroz ÍO, Machado T, Alves CC, Vasques AMV, Cury MTS, Vasconcelos BC, Gomes-Filho JE, Vivan RR, Braga T, Love RM, Duarte MAH. Tracing the toxic ions of an endodontic tricalcium silicate-based sealer in local tissues and body organs. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126856. [PMID: 34560425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to track the toxic ions released by MTA Fillapex, BioRoot RCS, and an experimental tricalcium silicate-based sealer (CEO) into local and distant tissues as well as to investigate their potential adverse effects. In addition, the chemical constituents of the sealers were also evaluated. The main components of the dry powders, pastes, and mixed sealers were characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dry powder and sealer discs were each set for 72 h and their main components were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Polyethylene tubes filled with sealers were used to measure silicon and calcium ions. Polyethylene tubes filled with sealers or empty tubes were implanted into the dorsal connective tissue of Wistar rats. On days 7, 15, 30, and 45, the animals were euthanized and their brains, livers, kidneys, and subcutaneous tissues were removed and processed to determine the concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, iron, magnesium and nickel using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. RESULTS The main compounds in all sealers were carbon, oxygen, silicon, and calcium. MTA Fillapex release more Si while highest levels of Si were found in presence of BioRoot. The release of Si and Ca ions promoted by MTA Fillapex raise by time. No traces of cobalt, chromium, or magnesium were detected in any tissue. Irrespective of the sealer, no traces of copper and lead were found in the subcutaneous tissue; however, they were observed in the organs. The highest concentration of iron was identified in the liver. All sealers exhibited similar nickel traces in the brain, kidney, and liver except for MTA Fillapex, which demonstrated levels higher than CEO in the subcutaneous tissue on day 7. Tracing nickel ions over time revealed that lowest concentrations were found in subcutaneous tissue. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data demonstrate that CEOs have chemical compositions similar to those of other commercial sealers. Furthermore, none of them exhibited a threat to systemic health. Moreover, the minimal amounts of iron and nickel detected were not related to the sealers.
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Alhajjar RK, Ghannam RB, Chen See JR, Wright OG, Campa MF, Hazen TC, Lamendella R, Techtmann SM. Comparative study of the effects of biocides and metal oxide nanoparticles on microbial community structure in a stream impacted by hydraulic fracturing. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131255. [PMID: 34214929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our study goal was to investigate the impact of biocides and nanoparticles (NPs) on the microbial diversity in a hydraulic fracturing impacted stream. Biocides and NPs are known for their antimicrobial properties and controlling microbial growth. Previous work has shown that biocides can alter the microbial community composition of stream water and may select for biocide-resistant bacteria. Additional studies have shown that nanoparticles can also alter microbial community composition. However, previous work has often focused on the response to a single compound. Here we provide a more thorough analysis of the microbial community response to three different biocides and three different nanoparticles. A microcosm-based study was undertaken that exposed stream microbial communities to either biocides or NPs. Our results showed a decrease in bacterial abundance with different types of nanoparticles, but an increase in microbial abundance in biocide-amended treatments. The microbial community composition (MCC) was distinct from the controls in all biocide and NP treatments, which resulted in differentially enriched taxa in the treatments compared to the controls. Our results indicate that NPs slightly altered the MCC compared to the biocide-treated microcosms. After 14 days, the MCC in the nanoparticle-treated conditions was similar to the MCC in the control. Conversely, the MCC in the biocide-treated microcosms was distinct from the controls at day 14 and distinct from all conditions at day 0. This finding may point to the use of NPs as an alternative to biocides in some settings.
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