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Abstract
Two studies were conducted to examine whether facial feedback can modulate implicit racial bias as assessed by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Participants were surreptitiously induced to smile through holding a pencil in their mouth while viewing photographs of unfamiliar Black or White males or performed no somatic configuration while viewing the photographs (Study 1 only). All participants then completed the IAT with no facial manipulation. Results revealed a spreading attitude effect, with significantly less racial bias against Blacks among participants surreptitiously induced to smile during prior viewing of Black faces than among participants surreptitiously induced to smile during prior viewing of White faces.
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Gadassi R, Mor N. Confusing acceptance and mere politeness: Depression and sensitivity to Duchenne smiles. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:8-14. [PMID: 25958338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Whereas the association between depression and the perception of emotions has been widely studied, only few studies have examined the association between depression and the ability to discriminate genuine (Duchenne) from fake (non-Duchenne) smiles. The present study examined this by comparing currently depressed, previously depressed, and healthy control individuals. Guided by recent theory, the present study also investigated the effect of depression recurrence on smile identification. METHODS Participants were 27 healthy controls, 33 with past depression (51% with recurrent depression), and 22 with current depression (77% with recurrent depression). Participants were presented with a series of 20 videos depicting smiling individuals, and were asked to indicate whether each smile was genuine or fake. RESULTS Having (or having had) a first episode of depression was associated with more mistakes in categorizing smiles as genuine or fake compared to having recurrent depression or to having no history of depression. LIMITATIONS Cross sectional design and a (relatively) small sample size. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that an impaired ability to differentiate between markers of affiliation and politeness is specific to first-episode depression, even after the depression has remitted.
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Lukashevsky A. The Science of Genuine Smiles. TODAY'S FDA : OFFICIAL MONTHLY JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA DENTAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 28:6-7. [PMID: 27526521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Seikkula J, Karvonen A, Kykyri VL, Kaartinen J, Penttonen M. The Embodied Attunement of Therapists and a Couple within Dialogical Psychotherapy: An Introduction to the Relational Mind Research Project. FAMILY PROCESS 2015; 54:703-715. [PMID: 25810020 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In dialogical practice, therapists seek to respond to the utterances of clients by including in their own response what the client said. No research so far exists on how, in dialogs, therapists and clients attune themselves to each other with their entire bodies. The research program The Relational Mind is the first to look at dialog in terms of both the outer and the inner dialogs of participants (clients and therapists), observed in parallel with autonomic nervous system (ANS) measurements. In the ANS, the response occurs immediately, even before conscious thought, making it possible to follow how participants in a multiactor dialog synchronize their reactions and attune themselves to each other. The couple therapy case presented in this article demonstrates how attunement is often not a simple "all at the same time" phenomenon, but rather a complex, dyadic or triadic phenomenon which changes over time. In the case presented, there was strong synchrony between one therapist and one client in terms of their arousal level throughout the therapy session. It was also observed that high stress could occur when someone else was talking about something related to the participant, or if that person mirrored the participant's words. Overall, it seems that in evaluating the rhythmic attunement between therapists and clients it is not enough to look at single variables; instead, integrated information from several channels is needed when one is seeking to make sense of the embodiment.
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Christodoulou J, Burke DM. Mood congruity and episodic memory in young children. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 142:221-9. [PMID: 26601787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although mood congruity effects on episodic memory have been reported extensively in adults, they have not been reported for children younger than 10 years. The current research investigated mood congruity effects in story recall using an embodied approach to mood induction involving a facial manipulation task with 3- and 4-year-old children. Participants held a chopstick or a popsicle stick in their mouths in a way to either produce or inhibit a smile while they listened to a story featuring happy events for a happy character and sad events for a sad character. Children's mood ratings before and after mood induction indicated that mood became more positive in the smile condition, with no change in the no smile condition. Children in the smile condition, but not in the no smile condition, remembered more about the happy character than the sad character in the story. These results extend mood congruity effects to 3- and 4-year olds, suggesting that at this age representations of emotion interact with basic memory processes. Moreover, the efficacy of reenactment of sensorimotor components of emotion in modifying mood is consistent with embodied representation of emotion during early childhood.
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Gomes MC, Perazzo MDF, Martins CC, Paiva SM, Granville-Garcia AF. Oral Health Problems and Smile Avoidance Among Preschool Children. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY FOR CHILDREN (CHICAGO, ILL.) 2015; 82:122-127. [PMID: 26731246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of oral health problems on the avoidance of smiling among preschool children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 835 three- to five-year-old children. Caregivers answered the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale and a questionnaire on sociodemographic data. The avoided smiling item of the child section was the dependent variable. An oral examination was performed by three dentists who had undergone calibration exercises (Kappa=0.85 to 0.90). Poisson hierarchical regression (PR) was used to determine the significance of associations between the avoidance of smiling and oral health problems (α equals five percent). The multivariate model was constructed with two hierarchical levels: (1) sociodemographic aspects and (2) oral health problems. RESULTS Seven percent of the children avoided smiling, which was associated with cavitated lesions and five years of age (PR=5.070; 95 percent confidence interval=1.57 to 16.39). CONCLUSIONS Age and cavitated lesions on the maxillary incisors were determinant factors for the avoidance of smiling.
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Haase CM, Beermann U, Saslow LR, Shiota MN, Saturn SR, Lwi SJ, Casey JJ, Nguyen NK, Whalen PK, Keltner DJ, Levenson RW. Short alleles, bigger smiles? The effect of 5-HTTLPR on positive emotional expressions. Emotion 2015; 15:438-48. [PMID: 26029940 PMCID: PMC4861141 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present research examined the effect of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene on objectively coded positive emotional expressions (i.e., laughing and smiling behavior objectively coded using the Facial Action Coding System). Three studies with independent samples of participants were conducted. Study 1 examined young adults watching still cartoons. Study 2 examined young, middle-aged, and older adults watching a thematically ambiguous yet subtly amusing film clip. Study 3 examined middle-aged and older spouses discussing an area of marital conflict (that typically produces both positive and negative emotion). Aggregating data across studies, results showed that the short allele of 5-HTTLPR predicted heightened positive emotional expressions. Results remained stable when controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and depressive symptoms. These findings are consistent with the notion that the short allele of 5-HTTLPR functions as an emotion amplifier, which may confer heightened susceptibility to environmental conditions.
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Light SN, Moran ZD, Swander L, Le V, Cage B, Burghy C, Westbrook C, Greishar L, Davidson RJ. Electromyographically assessed empathic concern and empathic happiness predict increased prosocial behavior in adults. Biol Psychol 2015; 104:116-29. [PMID: 25486408 PMCID: PMC5104350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relation between empathy subtypes and prosocial behavior was investigated in a sample of healthy adults. "Empathic concern" and "empathic happiness", defined as negative and positive vicarious emotion (respectively) combined with an other-oriented feeling of "goodwill" (i.e. a thought to do good to others/see others happy), were elicited in 68 adult participants who watched video clips extracted from the television show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. Prosocial behavior was quantified via performance on a non-monetary altruistic decision-making task involving book selection and donation. Empathic concern and empathic happiness were measured via self-report (immediately following each video clip) and via facial electromyography recorded from corrugator (active during frowning) and zygomatic (active during smiling) facial regions. Facial electromyographic signs of (a) empathic concern (i.e. frowning) during sad video clips, and (b) empathic happiness (i.e. smiling) during happy video clips, predicted increased prosocial behavior in the form of increased goodwill-themed book selection/donation.
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Mireault GC, Crockenberg SC, Sparrow JE, Pettinato CA, Woodard KC, Malzac K. Social looking, social referencing and humor perception in 6- and-12-month-old infants. Infant Behav Dev 2014; 37:536-45. [PMID: 25061893 PMCID: PMC4262602 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social referencing refers to infants' use of caregivers as emotional referents in ambiguous situations (Walden, 1993). Studies of social referencing typically require ambulation, thereby over-looking younger, non-ambulatory infants (i.e., ≤8-months) and resulting in a widespread assumption that young infants do not employ this strategy. Using a novel approach that does not require mobility, we found that when parents provided unsolicited affective cues during an ambiguous-absurd (i.e., humorous) event, 6-month-olds employ one component of social referencing, social looking Additionally, 6-month-olds who did not laugh at the event were significantly more likely to look toward parents than their counterparts who found the event funny. Sequential analyses revealed that, following a reference to a smiling parent, 6-month olds were more likely to smile at the parent, but by 12 months were more likely to smile at the event suggesting that older infants are influenced by parental affect in humorous situations. The developmental implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the usefulness of studying humor for understanding important developmental phenomena.
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Gülcan F, Nasir E, Ekbäck G, Ordell S, Åstrøm AN. Change in Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) with increasing age: testing the evaluative properties of the OIDP frequency inventory using prospective data from Norway and Sweden. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:59. [PMID: 24884798 PMCID: PMC4061514 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health-related quality of life, OHRQoL, among elderly is an important concern for the health and welfare policy in Norway and Sweden. The aim of the study was to assess reproducibility, longitudinal validity and responsiveness of the OIDP frequency score. Whether the temporal relationship between tooth loss and OIDP varied by country of residence was also investigated. METHODS In 2007 and 2012, all inhabitants born in 1942 in three and two counties of Norway and Sweden were invited to participate in a self-administered questionnaire survey. In Norway the response rates were 58.0% (4211/7248) and 54.5% (3733/6841) in 2007 and 2012. Corresponding figures in Sweden were 73.1% (6078/8313) and 72.2% (5697/7889), respectively. RESULTS Reproducibility of the OIDP in terms of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.73 in Norway and 0.77 in Sweden. The mean change scores for OIDP were predominantly negative among those who worsened, zero in those who did not change and positive in participants who improved change scores of the reference variables; self-reported oral health and tooth loss. General Linear Models (GLM) repeated measures revealed significant interactions between OIDP and change scores of the reference variables (p < 0.05). Stratified analysis revealed that the mean OIDP frequency score worsened in participants who became dissatisfied- and improved in participants who became satisfied with oral health. Compared to participants who maintained all teeth, those who lost teeth were more likely to experience improvement and worsening of OIDP across both countries. The two-way interaction between country and tooth loss was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Changes in OIDP at the individual level were more pronounced than the percentage distribution of OIDP at each point in time would suggest. The OIDP frequency score showed promising evaluative properties in terms of acceptable longitudinal validity, responsiveness and reproducibility among older people in Norway and Sweden. This suggests that the OIDP instrument is able to detect change in the oral health status that occurred over the 5 year period investigated. Norwegian elderly were more likely to report worsening in OIDP than their Swedish counterparts. Disease prevention should be at focus when formulating the health policy for older people.
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Abstract
The objective of orthognathic surgery is the repositioning of the osseous bases of the jaws. Its consequences are both aesthetic and functional. As adults are increasingly concerned with appearance, orthognathic surgery is today, more than ever, a close collaboration between the orthodontist, surgeon and general dentist. The whole team must be capable of coordinating its approach with an aesthetic objective. For the surgeon, a perfect knowledge of complementary techniques (rhinoplasty, bone grafts, plastic surgery of the face, lipostructure or fillers) makes orthognathic surgery a completely separate surgical speciality. The aim of this article is to establish the philosophy underlying this type of treatment and define relevant fundamental aspects. We propose an esthetic "extra-oral" clinical approach not focused on occlusal anomalies but on classification of tooth positional abnormalities in the smile and the therapeutic options that we have for placing teeth in correct positions in the smile.
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Musaniwabo C. Smiling again after fifteen years of torture. Torture 2014; 24 Suppl 1:17-20. [PMID: 24986578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Kret ME, de Gelder B. When a smile becomes a fist: the perception of facial and bodily expressions of emotion in violent offenders. Exp Brain Res 2013; 228:399-410. [PMID: 23828232 PMCID: PMC3710410 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested an enhancement of facial expression recognition in women as compared to men. It has also been suggested that men versus women have a greater attentional bias towards angry cues. Research has shown that facial expression recognition impairments and attentional biases towards anger are enhanced in violent criminal male offenders. Bodily expressions of anger form a more direct physical threat as compared to facial expressions. In four experiments, we tested how 29 imprisoned aggressive male offenders perceive body expressions by other males. The performance of all participants in a matching-to-sample task dropped significantly when the distracting image showed an angry posture. Violent offenders misjudged fearful body movements as expressing anger significantly more often than the control group. When violent offenders were asked to categorize facial expressions and ignore the simultaneously presented congruent or incongruent posture, they performed worse than the control group, specifically, when a smile was combined with an aggressive posture. Finally, violent offenders showed a greater congruency effect than controls when viewing postures as part of an emotionally congruent social scene and did not perform above chance when categorizing a happy posture presented in a fight scene. The results suggest that violent offenders have difficulties in processing emotional incongruence when aggressive stimuli are involved and a possible bias towards aggressive body language.
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Naidoo S, Sheiham A, Tsakos G. The relation between oral impacts on daily performances and perceived clinical oral conditions in primary school children in the Ugu District, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa. SADJ : JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION = TYDSKRIF VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE TANDHEELKUNDIGE VERENIGING 2013; 68:214-218. [PMID: 23971286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Few studies have related the common oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) impacts in children to perceived causes. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence, extent and intensity of oral impacts in relation to perceived clinical conditions in primary school children in South Africa. METHODS Cross-sectional study of a random sample of children attending 26 schools. The Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) index, administered through individual face-to-face interviews, was used. RESULTS Sixty four per cent of the sample of 2610 children aged 11-13 years participated. 36.2% reported having one or more oral impacts on daily performances, 61.1% having one affected and 63.1% reporting impacts were of "very little" or "little" intensity. Eating was most commonly affected (22.8%) mainly related to decay (40%), followed by cleaning the teeth (17.2%). Toothache impacted on speaking (32.5%), whereas toothache (35.7%) and tooth decay (28.6%) influenced studying. Position of teeth impacted on smiling (19.2%), social (8.5%) and speaking (7.5%). Bleeding gums" and "tooth colour" affected cleaning teeth and smiling respectively. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of oral impacts on the quality of life in this South African population of schoolchildren was relatively modest, as was the extent and intensity of the impacts, affecting mainly eating, cleaning of teeth and smiling.
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Ketelaar T, Koenig BL, Gambacorta D, Dolgov I, Hor D, Zarzosa J, Luna-Nevarez C, Klungle M, Wells L. Smiles as signals of lower status in football players and fashion models: evidence that smiles are associated with lower dominance and lower prestige. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 10:371-97. [PMID: 22947668 PMCID: PMC10481004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Across four studies, the current paper demonstrates that smiles are associated with lower social status. Moreover, the association between smiles and lower status appears in the psychology of observers and generalizes across two forms of status: prestige and dominance. In the first study, faces of fashion models representing less prestigious apparel brands were found to be more similar to a canonical smile display than the faces of models representing more prestigious apparel brands. In a second study, after being experimentally primed with either high or low prestige fashion narratives, participants in the low prestige condition were more likely to perceive smiles in a series of photographs depicting smiling and non-smiling faces. A third study of football player photographs revealed that the faces of less dominant (smaller) football players were more similar to the canonical smile display than the faces of their physically larger counterparts. Using the same football player photographs, a fourth study found that smiling was a more reliable indicator of perceived status-relevant personality traits than perceptions of the football players' physical sizes inferred from the photographs.
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Todd RM, Lee W, Evans JW, Lewis MD, Taylor MJ. Withholding response in the face of a smile: age-related differences in prefrontal sensitivity to Nogo cues following happy and angry faces. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2:340-50. [PMID: 22669035 PMCID: PMC6987687 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of control processes by stimulus salience, as well as associated neural activation, changes over development. We investigated age-related differences in the influence of facial emotion on brain activation when an action had to be withheld, focusing on a developmental period characterized by rapid social-emotional and cognitive change. Groups of kindergarten and young school-aged children and a group of young adults performed a modified Go/Nogo task. Response cues were preceded by happy or angry faces. After controlling for task performance, left orbitofrontal regions discriminated trials with happy vs. angry faces in children but not in adults when a response was withheld, and this effect decreased parametrically with age group. Age-related changes in prefrontal responsiveness to facial expression were not observed when an action was required, nor did this region show age-related activation changes with the demand to withhold a response in general. Such results reveal age-related differences in prefrontal activation that are specific to stimulus valence and depend on the action required.
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Wörmann V, Holodynski M, Kärtner J, Keller H. A cross-cultural comparison of the development of the social smile: a longitudinal study of maternal and infant imitation in 6- and 12-week-old infants. Infant Behav Dev 2012; 35:335-47. [PMID: 22721734 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Social smiling is universally regarded as being an infant's first facial expression of pleasure. Underlying co-constructivist emotion theories are the assumptions that the emergence of social smiling is bound to experiences of face-to-face interactions with caregivers and the impact of two developmental mechanisms--maternal and infant imitation. We analyzed mother-infant interactions from two different socio-cultural contexts and hypothesized that cross-cultural differences in face-to-face interactions determine the occurrence of both of these mechanisms and of the frequency of social smiling by 12-week-old infants. Twenty mother-infant dyads from a socio-cultural community with many face-to-face interactions (German families, Münster) were compared with 24 mother-infant dyads from a socio-cultural community with few such interactions (rural Nso families, Cameroon) when the infants were aged 6 and 12 weeks. When infants were 6 weeks old, mothers and their infants from both cultural communities smiled at each other for similar (albeit very short) amounts of time and used imitated each other's smiling similarly rarely. In contrast, when infants were 12 weeks old, mothers and their infants from Münster smiled at and imitated each other more often than did Nso mothers and their infants.
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Smith M. A smile and a positive attitude: both have an important place in prehospital medicine. EMS WORLD 2011; 40:22. [PMID: 21736224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Lombardo L, Berveglieri C, Guarneri MP, Siciliani G. Anterior dental alignment and smile: perception and sensations in a sample of 8- to 10-year-old children and their parents. ORTHODONTICS : THE ART AND PRACTICE OF DENTOFACIAL ENHANCEMENT 2011; 12:366-377. [PMID: 22299109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe the perception and sensations that dental alignment and smile determine in a sample of 180 children aged between 8 and 10 years, to assess whether there is a general trend in the classification of smiles, and to understand the influence of background attractiveness and sexual traits on the judgment of smile in the sample of children and 150 parents. METHODS We employed visual media showing a smile in four different arrangements (ideal incisal occlusion [N], median diastema [D], incisal crowding [A], and protruding incisors [P), in both a dynamic and static way, with and without background attractiveness. RESULTS Trends were found among responses to the four classes of videos and photographs: The boy's smile gained a higher score than the girl's smile. In both the boy and girl presentations, there was an important preference to the following sequence of smiles: N, D, A, and P. Furthermore, the girl photographs showed no relevant difference between A and D. CONCLUSION This study showed that there are no different perceptions and sensations due to the variation of dental alignment. There is a general trend in the classification of smiles according to dental alignment. Background attractiveness and sexual traits influenced the judgment of smile.
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Weiner AA, Stark PC, Lasalvia J, Navidomskis M, Kugel G. Fears and concerns of individuals contemplating esthetic restorative dentistry. COMPENDIUM OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN DENTISTRY (JAMESBURG, N.J. : 1995) 2010; 31:446-8, 450, 452 passim. [PMID: 20712108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Questionnaires that focus on the fear of dental treatment typically include a narrow list of previous treatment-related factors. By omitting items concerned with psychologic, emotional, and interpersonal traits that impact treatment, practitioners often fail to gain additional valuable information on related anxiety issues. This study was undertaken to identify previously unrecognized or poorly discussed sources of fear and anxiety in patients seeking esthetic dental treatment. The Esthetic Clinic at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine recruited 62 participants who were asked to score their level of anxieties and concerns based on 24 different items on a 0 to 5 Likert scale. In addition, age, gender, and type of procedure in consideration were the only other variables recorded. The item that elicited the highest level of anxiety was "not feeling happy with my new smile." Thirty-eight respondents (61.3%) said they feel "markedly anxious"or "severely anxious" or answered "avoid completely." Concerns "that the outcome might look false and unnatural" or "that the dentist might not redo it if I am not satisfied with the outcome" both received 37 out of 62 (59.7%) similar responses. These results suggest obstacles to treatment exist not only in areas typically investigated but also in factors rarely discussed during the patient-practitioner encounter. The practitioner needs to consider a broader range of issues when addressing the patient's concerns.
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Larsson P, John MT, Nilner K, Bondemark L, List T. Development of an Orofacial Esthetic Scale in prosthodontic patients. INT J PROSTHODONT 2010; 23:249-256. [PMID: 20552092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the interest and need to assess orofacial esthetics in prosthodontic patients, few self-reporting instruments are available to measure this construct, and none describe how prosthodontic patients perceive the appearance of their face, mouth, teeth, and dentures. The development of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) is reported in this article, in particular its conceptual framework, how questionnaire items were generated, and the scale's measurement model. MATERIALS AND METHODS After test conceptualization, the authors solicited esthetic concerns from 17 prosthodontic patients by asking them to evaluate their own photographs. A focus group of 8 dental professionals reduced the initial number of concerns/items and decided on an item response format. Pilot testing in 9 subjects generated the final instrument, the OES. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to investigate OES dimensionality and item analysis to investigate item difficulty and discrimination in 119 subjects. RESULTS Prosthodontic patients generated an initial 28 esthetic concerns. These items were reduced to 8 preliminary representative items that were subsequently confirmed during pilot testing. Analysis supported 8 items assessing appearance: face, profile, mouth, tooth alignment, tooth shape, tooth color, gums, and overall impression, measured on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = very dissatisfied, 10 = very satisfied). Exploratory factor analysis found only 1 factor and high positive loadings for all items (.73 to .94) on the first factor, supporting the unidimensionality of the OES. CONCLUSIONS The OES, developed especially for prosthodontic patients, is a brief questionnaire that assesses orofacial esthetic impacts.
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Nowzari H, Botero JE, Rich SK. The impact of early-in-life periodontal infection on the smiles of children: a worldwide view. COMPENDIUM OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN DENTISTRY (JAMESBURG, N.J. : 1995) 2010; 31:154, 156-8, 160 passim. [PMID: 20344901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Little attention has been directed toward evidence that an early-in-life oral infection with the potential to reach epidemic proportions is threatening the health of youths throughout world. Health professionals and the public seem unaware that the silent disease process of early-in-life periodontal infection is targeting thousands of children and young adults, their smiles, and, consequently, their emotional and psychologic lives. Yet, the literature is replete with reports that many periodontopathic microorganisms are multiplying at an alarming rate with a serious impact on youths in many cities, towns, and villages throughout the globe. However, clinical measurement of reported periodontal disease has been fraught with problems that have confused and clouded messages to policymakers in government and health professionals in treatment settings. The aim of this article is to help raise the level of awareness so that those who have the power and knowledge can appropriately address the suffering of the youngest members of societies.
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Druian M. The value of a smile. THE ALPHA OMEGAN 2009; 102:120. [PMID: 20151560 DOI: 10.1016/j.aodf.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Parlade MV, Messinger DS, Delgado CEF, Kaiser MY, Van Hecke AV, Mundy PC. Anticipatory smiling: linking early affective communication and social outcome. Infant Behav Dev 2009; 32:33-43. [PMID: 19004500 PMCID: PMC2650826 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In anticipatory smiles, infants appear to communicate pre-existing positive affect by smiling at an object and then turning the smile toward an adult. We report two studies in which the precursors, development, and consequences of anticipatory smiling were investigated. Study 1 revealed a positive correlation between infant smiling at 6 months and the level of anticipatory smiling at 8 and 10 months during joint attention episodes, as well as a positive correlation between anticipatory smiling and parent-rated social expressivity scores at 30 months. Study 2 confirmed a developmental increase in the number of infants using anticipatory smiles between 9 and 12 months that had been initially documented in the Study 1 sample [Venezia, M., Messinger, D. S., Thorp, D., & Mundy, P. (2004). The development of anticipatory smiling. Infancy, 6(3), 397-406]. Additionally, anticipatory smiling at 9 months positively predicted parent-rated social competence scores at 30 months. Findings are discussed with regard to the importance of anticipatory smiling in early socioemotional development.
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