Influence of A23187 and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on progestagen production by rat granulosa cells in vitro

The gonadotrophic regulation of progesterone production by rat granulosa cells was examined in a chemically-defined medium containing FSH, dibutyryl cyclic AMP [Bu)2cAMP) and the calcium ionophore, A23187. FSH and A23187 alone significantly enhanced the production of pregnenolone, progesterone and its metabolite, 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OH-P) from endogenous substrate(s). Stimulation of progesterone production by A23187 was accompanied by an increase in 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) but not 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha-HSD) activity, as attested by enhancement of the metabolism of exogenous pregnenolone to progesterone but not of progesterone to 20 alpha-OH-P. In contrast, although (Bu)2cAMP increased pregnenolone and progesterone production and the metabolism of exogenous progesterone to 20 alpha-OH-P, it failed to stimulate the conversion of exogenous pregnenolone to progesterone. The increase in progesterone production and in the conversion of exogenous pregnenolone to progesterone by FSH and A23187 was concentration- and time-dependent. Whereas maximal stimulation of de-novo progesterone synthesis by FSH was evident by 6 h (earliest time examined), a significant increase in the conversion of exogenous pregnenolone to progesterone in the presence of FSH or the ionophore was not noted until 12 h of incubation. Although a small but significant increase in progesterone production was also noted as early as 6 h of incubation in the presence of the calcium ionophore, this was markedly smaller than that elicited by FSH. We conclude that the calcium ionophore A23187 and (Bu)2cAMP have similar as well as distinct effects on progesterone production in rat granulosa cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Sodium-dependent regulation of steroidogenesis in rat granulosa cells: possible involvement of a Na+/H+ antiport

The possible role of Na+/H+ antiport in the gonadotropic regulation of steroidogenesis was examined in rat granulosa cells incubated for up to 6 h in a chemically defined medium in the absence or presence of Na+ (128 mM), gonadotropin (FSH or LH; 0-500 ng/ml), dibutyryl cyclic AMP [Bu)2cAMP; 2 mM) and amiloride (0-1 mM). Replacement of Na+ (Na+0) in the incubation medium with choline chloride resulted in a marked decrease in basal and LH-, FSH- and (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OH-P) synthesis in vitro. The Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, amiloride significantly suppressed basal and hormone-stimulated progestin production dose-dependently in the presence of Na+0. However, it was without effect in Na+-deficient medium. The effect of the inhibitor on progestin production appeared to be directed at specific step(s) involved in the synthesis of pregnenolone, as concentrations of amiloride which inhibited progesterone production failed to influence the metabolism of exogenous pregnenolone to progestins. Cell viability and the incorporation of [3H]leucine into acid-precipitable material were not affected by amiloride. Our findings support the contention that extracellular sodium is important for steroidogenesis in rat granulosa cells. The inhibition by amilordie indicates an involvement of the Na+/H+ exchange in the regulation of this granulosa cell function.

Isolation of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants deficient in excision repair and mitomycin C bioactivation

Mitomycin C (MMC), a bifunctional alkylating agent, requires metabolic reduction to become biologically active. We have identified a series of genetically related Chinese hamster ovary cell lines which span approximately three orders of magnitude in the concentration of MMC required for cell killing. Many mechanisms, including drug transport, drug activation, drug detoxification, and the elimination, or repair, of drug-induced lesions, may contribute to the level of drug resistance in cells. By exploring each of the above mechanisms in the various Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, we have been able to classify these cell lines into four categories. Proceeding from least resistant to most resistant to MMC, the cell lines are: (a) proficient in the bioreduction of MMC and deficient in DNA excision repair; (b) deficient in some aspects of MMC bioreduction and deficient in repair; (c) bioreduction and repair proficient; and (d) bioreduction deficient and repair proficient.

Qa-2 expression in the adult murine thymus. A unique marker for a mature thymic subset

The MHC Ag, Qa-2, is expressed on all peripheral T cells, a subset of bone marrow cells, and to a lesser extent on B cells. The Qa-2 Ag is also expressed on 5 to 6% of normal adult murine thymocytes. Through the use of flow cytometry, counterflow centrifugal elutriation and acridine orange staining, we have analyzed the cell surface phenotype, cell size, and cell cycle status of this thymic population. Our studies indicate that Qa-2+ thymocytes are large, non-mitotic, G1 cells which have the cell surface phenotype of CD5+, CD3+, J11dLO and lack receptors for peanut agglutinin. This population can be further subdivided into three categories; CD4+/CD8-, CD4-/CD8+, and CD4-/CD8-. These data indicate that Qa-2 surface expression can only be detected on thymocytes in the final stages of differentiation. The Qa-2 Ag can be used as a cell surface marker to identify a unique subset of mature thymocytes.

Qa-2 expression in the adult murine thymus. A unique marker for a mature thymic subset

The MHC Ag, Qa-2, is expressed on all peripheral T cells, a subset of bone marrow cells, and to a lesser extent on B cells. The Qa-2 Ag is also expressed on 5 to 6% of normal adult murine thymocytes. Through the use of flow cytometry, counterflow centrifugal elutriation and acridine orange staining, we have analyzed the cell surface phenotype, cell size, and cell cycle status of this thymic population. Our studies indicate that Qa-2+ thymocytes are large, non-mitotic, G1 cells which have the cell surface phenotype of CD5+, CD3+, J11dLO and lack receptors for peanut agglutinin. This population can be further subdivided into three categories; CD4+/CD8-, CD4-/CD8+, and CD4-/CD8-. These data indicate that Qa-2 surface expression can only be detected on thymocytes in the final stages of differentiation. The Qa-2 Ag can be used as a cell surface marker to identify a unique subset of mature thymocytes.

The efficacy of high-dose 4'epidoxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma

An open phase II study of high-dose 4'epidoxorubicin (90 mg/m2) was conducted in 33 patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Three out of the 33 (9%) patients showed tumour response. The treatment was relatively well tolerated with a moderate degree of haematological toxicity and alopecia, and a mild degree of nausea and vomiting. The overall median survival was 72 days with a prolongation in the patients who showed some response.

Characterization of human tracheal epithelial cells transformed by an origin-defective simian virus 40

To facilitate understanding of the mechanisms underlying pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer and cystic fibrosis, we have transformed and characterized cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. Cells were transfected by calcium phosphate precipitation with a plasmid containing a replication-defective simian virus 40 (SV40) genome. Colonies of cells with enhanced growth potential were isolated and analyzed for transformation- and epithelial-specific characteristics. Precrisis cells were observed to express the SV40 large tumor antigen, produce cytokeratins, have microvilli, and form tight junctions. After crisis, cells continued to express the SV40 large tumor antigen as well as epithelial-specific cytokeratins and to display the apical membrane microvilli. Apical membrane Cl channels were opened in postcrisis cells exposed to 50 microM forskolin. These channels showed electrical properties similar to those observed in primary cultures. The postcrisis cells have been in culture for greater than 250 generations and are potentially "immortal." In addition to providing a useful in vitro model for the study of ion transport by human airway epithelial cells, the cells can be used to examine stages of neoplastic progression.

Effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on pregnenolone metabolism to progesterone in rat granulosa cells

The effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on the metabolism of pregnenolone to progesterone was examined in rat granulosa cells during a 24-h culture period. Granulosa cells harvested from pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin treated immature rats were incubated in the presence and absence of the divalent cation ionophore A23187. The ionophore induced progesterone synthesis from both endogenous sterol substrate and exogenous pregnenolone in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Pregnenolone metabolism was examined in the presence of aminoglutethimide phosphate, an inhibitor of endogenous pregnenolone production. Steroid secretion resulting from metabolism of endogenous substrate was more sensitive to A23187 in that a lower concentration of the ionophore was required to induce a significant increase than that noted for exogenous pregnenolone metabolism. In addition, progesterone production from endogenous sterol occurred 6 h earlier than the observed increase in the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. These results indicate that A23187 and therefore possibly enhanced calcium influx may play a significant role in the regulation of pregnenolone metabolism in granulosa cells depending on the duration of incubation. The earlier steroidogenic response from endogenous substrate may be a reflection of an acute effect of A23187 on certain steroidogenic steps proximal to pregnenolone production.

Hemorrhagic shock induces bacterial translocation from the gut

Sepsis and multiple organ failure are common after hemorrhagic shock. The goal of the current experiments was to determine whether hemorrhagic shock would promote the translocation of bacteria from the gut to visceral organs. Twenty-four hours after being subjected to sham shock, or 30, 60, or 90 minutes of shock (30 mm Hg), rats were sacrificed and their organs quantitatively cultured for translocating bacteria. There was a direct relationship between the duration of hemorrhagic shock and the 24-hour mortality rate (p = 0.02). Bacteria did not translocate from the gut in the sham-shock rats, but did translocate to the mesenteric lymph nodes, livers, and spleens of the rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (p less than 0.01). Rats subjected to 90 minutes of shock shock exhibited a greater degree of bacterial translocation than rats receiving 30 or 60 minutes of shock (p less than 0.05). The most common translocating bacteria were Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. Hemorrhagic shock injured the gut mucosa and caused subepithelial edema and focal areas of necrosis. Thus hemorrhagic shock followed by reinfusion of shed blood disrupts the gut barrier and allows indigenous bacteria normally contained within the gut to cause systemic infections.

Microfilaments and FSH stimulation of rat granulosa cell steroidogenesis in vitro

The secretion of progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone) by granulosa cells from 30-day-old rats pretreated with PMSG (4 i.u.; i.p.) was significantly increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by FSH or cytochalasin B. Whereas FSH markedly stimulated progestagen secretion during 3 h of incubation, a significant enhancement of the steroidogenic response was not noted until 12 h of exposure to the inhibitor in vitro. Although cytochalasin B also enhanced the submaximal stimulation of progestagen production by FSH (15 ng/ml), it was ineffective in the presence of maximal stimulatory concentration of the gonadotrophin (150 ng/nl). With increasing concentrations of cytochalasin B, the ability of FSH to further stimulate progestagen secretion was progressively reduced. Granulosa cells cultured in medium alone contained a prominent cytoplasmic array of microfilaments which was markedly reduced by FSH or cytochalasin B. FSH and, to a greater extent, cytochalasin B elicited concentration-dependent reductions in the mean area occupied by the cells on the culture surface, the contour index (a size-independent representation of cell profile irregularity) and cell perimeter, indicating that the cells underwent less spreading and were more spherical and regular in outline in the presence of either agent. The FSH-induced reductions in the three shape-related parameters were augmented by cytochalasin B although the influence of the FSH on the mean area and perimeter was progressively reduced in the presence of higher concentrations of cytochalasin B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Gonadotropic regulation of prostaglandin production by ovarian follicular cells of the pig

Prepubertal gilts were treated with 750 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and 72 h later with 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce follicular growth and ovulation. Dispersed granulosa cells (GC) and theca interna cells (TC) from follicles of gilts 72 h (GC-72 and TC-72, respectively) and 108 h (GC-108 and TC-108 h, respectively) after PMSG treatment were cultured for 0, 12, 24, and 36 h in medium with or without luteinizing hormone (LH), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate [Bu)2cAMP), calcium ionophore (A23187), and/or arachidonic acid (AA), and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) was measured by radioimmunoassay. TC-72 was the principal source of PGs 72 h after PMSG. At 108 h, the production of PGE and PGF by GC was increased 10- and 30-fold, respectively, whereas corresponding increases by TC were 2-fold. LH and A23187 significantly stimulated PGE and PGF production by both GC-72 and TC-72, but only thecal PG production was stimulated by (Bu)2cAMP. LH had minimal or no effect on PG production by GC-108 and TC-108, but A23187 (GC-108, TC-108) and (Bu)2cAMP (TC-108) were stimulatory. Basal PG production by GC-72, GC-108, and TC-108 was stimulated by AA. However, production by GC and TC cultured in medium containing AA and LH, A23187, or (Bu)2cAMP was not different from that produced by AA alone. These findings suggested that GC and TC can synthesize PGs in vitro, but AA availability is rate-limiting in GC. After exposure to hCG in vivo, the capacity of both cell types to produce PGs is increased but is limited by AA availability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Diethyl ether as a substrate for acetone/ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 and as an inducer for cytochrome(s) P-450

The ability of diethyl ether to serve as a substrate for microsomal and purified cytochrome P-450 (P-450) and as an inducer for rat hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activities was examined. Microsomal oxidation of ether to acetaldehyde, as monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography, was elevated 3- to 5-fold by treatment of rats with acetone or ethanol, 1.5- to 2-fold by treatment with ether, and only slightly by phenobarbital treatment. Ether also induced N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase by up to 2-fold and 7-pentoxyresorufin dealkylation by up to 10-fold. These trends agreed with immunoblot experiments in which ether was a weak inducer of the P-450 isozyme IIE1 (encoded by the rat gene P450IIE1), but a stronger inducer of IIB1. A monoclonal antibody against IIE1 inhibited the deethylation by 78% in microsomes from acetone-treated rats and by 45% in controls. N-Nitrosodimethylamine, as well as common inhibitors of IIE1 such as hexane, benzene, pyrazole, and phenylethylamine, strongly inhibited ether deethylation. Using microsomes from acetone-induced rats, the apparent Km for deethylation was 13.4 +/- 2.4 microM and the Vmax was 8.2 +/- 0.2 (nmol of acetaldehyde/min/nmol of P-450). The Km for the controls was 71.3 +/- 9.5 microM. The rates of deethylation at 1 mM ether by purified, reconstituted IIE1 and IIB1 were 4.2 and 0.42 (nmol of acetaldehyde/min/nmol of P-450), respectively. Cytochrome b5 stimulated the rate due to IIE1 apparently by a decrease in the Km. These findings, along with previous work showing marked inhibition by ether of IIE1-dependent reactions, strongly support a major role for this isozyme in ether metabolism.

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase opens chloride channels in normal but not cystic fibrosis airway epithelium

Chloride (Cl-) secretion by the airway epithelium regulates, in part, the quantity and composition of the respiratory tract fluid, thereby facilitating mucociliary clearance. The rate of Cl- secretion is controlled by apical membrane Cl- channels. Apical Cl- channels are opened and Cl- secretion is stimulated by a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters that increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). In cystic fibrosis (CF), a common lethal genetic disease of Caucasians, airway, sweat-gland duct, secretory-coil and possibly other epithelia are anion impermeable. This abnormality may explain several of the clinical manifestations of the disease. The Cl- impermeability in CF-airway epithelia has been localized to the apical cell membrane, where regulation of Cl- channels is abnormal: hormonal secretagogues stimulate cAMP accumulation appropriately but Cl- channels fail to open. Here we report that the purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase plus ATP opens Cl- channels in excised, cell-free patches of membrane from normal cells, but fails to open Cl- channels in CF cells. These results indicate that in normal cells, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates the Cl- channel or an associated regulatory protein, causing the channel to open. The failure of CF Cl- channels to open suggests a defect either in the channel or in such an associated regulatory protein.

The characteristics of the pressure waves generated in the soft target by impact and its contribution to indirect bone fractures

When a high-velocity spherical fragment impacts a biological body, it will initiate strong pressure waves spreading throughout the body. A pressure wave, especially a shock wave with a steep front, generated by impact, may cause blood vessel injuries, viscera injuries, and indirect bone fractures. This paper reports research on pressure waves near the wound tracks, generated by spherical fragments, and calculates the zones of indirect bone fractures generated by pressure waves of impact.

Evaluation of the binding of Acanthamoeba profilin to pyrene-labeled actin by fluorescence enhancement

We have used a fluorescence assay to measure the binding of Acanthamoeba profilin to monomeric Acanthamoeba and rabbit skeletal muscle actin labeled on cysteine-374 with pyrene iodoacetamide. The wavelengths of the pyrene excitation and emission maxima are constant at 346 and 386 nm, but the fluorescence is enhanced up to 50% by profilin. The higher fluorescence is largely due to higher absorbance in the presence of profilin. The fluorescence enhancement has a hyperbolic dependence on the concentration of profilin, suggesting a single class of binding sites. Linear Scatchard plots yield an estimate of the dissociation constant, Kd, of the complex of profilin with pyrenyl-actin. In low-ionic-strength buffers with 2 to 6 mM imidazole (pH 7.0) and 0.1 mM CaCl2 the Kd is 9 microM for both muscle and Acanthamoeba actin. In 50 mM KCl the Kd for the complex with Acanthamoeba actin is 16 microM, while the Kd for the complex with muscle actin is greater than 50 microM.

The wounding characteristics of spherical steel fragments in live tissues

This paper reports the wounding effectiveness tests of four kinds of spherical steel fragments, striking against live tissues at various velocities. The most pronounced wound characteristic for the spherical fragments was that the entrances were larger than the exits; the higher the striking velocity, the larger the size of the wound. The skin near the entrance tended to be torn away when the striking velocity was above 1,200 m/s. As a general rule, most exits appeared to be circular with a diameter slightly bigger than that of the fragment. Shapes of the wound channels were conic in general. The channel volumes were proportional to the striking velocities of the fragments; in the case of two spheres having the same striking energy, the small one would produce larger volume of wound channel and amount of debrided tissues. The energy release rate for smaller fragments was higher than that for larger ones.

An estimation of the physical characteristics of wounds inflicted by spherical fragments

Based on test results of projecting four different types of spherical fragments, diameters of which were 3.175 mm, 4.763 mm, 5.56 mm, and 6.35 mm, respectively, into the biological soft tissues and the soap blocks used as simulants, an estimation of the physical characteristics of wounds inflicted by spherical fragments was established in this paper. With impact velocities in the range of 450-1,500 m/s, all four types of spherical fragments showed little variation in drag coefficients for each medium. Some specific wound characteristics such as amount of debrided tissue, volume of the wound channel, etc., can be predicted as functions of energy transfer for spherical fragments of less than 1 gram.

An analysis of the wounding factors of four different shapes of fragments

The wounding characteristics to a biological target of four typical shapes of fragments (square, triangular, cylindrical, and spherical) with masses of less than 1 gram and velocities between 460 and 1,500 m/s are studied in this paper. The following conclusions about the effects of the wounding factors, such as energy transfer, velocity, mass, and shape of fragment are presented: 1) For given target characteristics, the important wounding factors of fragments are impact velocity, mass, and shape, and of these velocity is the most important. 2) Besides direct effects, the fragment velocity has great influence on far-reaching, indirect wounding effects. When velocity increases, it not only increases the size of direct wound, but also the rate of indirect bone fracture. 3) The rate of energy transfer is affected by fragment shape, and it is also a decreasing function of mass. 4) Under the same conditions there are differences in wounding effectiveness among the four fragment shapes, the triangular with a comparatively high wounding effectiveness, followed by the square, cylindrical, and spherical. The types of wound channels are also different, the cylindrical and spherical making a "through" type, the square and triangular making a "blind-tube" type.

Wounding properties of steel pellets with different velocities and quality on soft tissue of dogs

The characteristics of the soft-tissue wounds of the hind legs of 155 dogs produced by stainless steel spheres with four different masses and at various impact velocities were observed. It was found that when the mass of the spheres was identical, the velocity became the main factor to determine the severity of the damage; when the mass of the spheres was different but their kinetic energy was similar, then a smaller but faster sphere produced more severe damage than a larger but slower one. Shallow but wide and severe wounds usually resulted. The rate of disability of extremities with such wounds was very high. These wounding properties of steel spheres have caused some new problems in the treatment of war injuries.

Endemic goitre in central China caused by excessive iodine intake

Thyroid status was examined in children from two villages in central China where the iodine concentrations in drinking water were 462.5 and 54 micrograms/l. Goitres were present in 65% (n = 120) and 15.4% (n = 51), respectively. All children in both groups were clinically euthyroid and neurologically normal. Growth measurements and intellectual performance were similar in the two groups. Children from the high-iodine village had a lower mean serum triiodothyronine and higher serum free thyroxine and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations than the children from the control village. 2 cases of overt hypothyroidism were detected in the high-iodine village.

The gut as a portal of entry for bacteremia. Role of protein malnutrition

The current studies were performed to determine the influence of malnutrition alone or in combination with endotoxemia in promoting bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. Bacterial translocation did not occur in control, starved (up to 72 hours), or protein-malnourished (up to 21 days) mice not receiving endotoxin. Bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) occurred in 80% of control mice 24 hours after receiving endotoxin (p less than 0.01). However, the combination of malnutrition plus endotoxin was associated with a higher incidence of translocation to the systemic organs (p less than 0.01), and higher numbers of bacteria per organ (p less than 0.01), than was seen in normally nourished mice receiving endotoxin. Additionally, mice that were protein malnourished were more susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxin than were control animals, and the mortality rate was directly related to the degree of malnutrition (R2 = 0.93) (p less than 0.05). Histologically, endotoxin in combination with protein malnutrition resulted in mechanical damage to the gut mucosal barrier to bacteria. Thus, in the mice that were protein malnourished the spread of bacteria from the gut could not be controlled nor could translocated bacteria be cleared as well as normally nourished mice receiving endotoxin. These results support the concept that under certain circumstances the gut may serve as a clinically important portal of entry for bacteria.

Phase 2 study of high dose etoposide (VP16-213) in hepatocellular carcinoma

A phase II study of etoposide (VP16-213) in hepatocellular carcinoma was conducted among 18 Chinese patients. There was no observable tumour response but the treatment was relatively well tolerated with an overall median survival interval of 74 days.

The production of reactive oxygen species in mice infected or immunized with Plasmodium berghei

The capacity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) obtained from mice infected or immunized with Plasmodium berghei to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the biological basis of this response was investigated, using luminol-dependent zymosan-triggered chemiluminescence (CL). CL response of PEC from infected mice increased at the early stage but was significantly depressed at the later course of the infection. A similar biphasic activity of peroxidase was also observed in PEC from infected mice. On the other hand, PEC from immunized mice exhibited concomitant increases of the ability to produce CL, the activity of peroxidase and the expression of Fc and C3 receptors on cell surface. Compared with the controls, PEC from immunized mice showed an elevated background CL, responded more rapidly to the stimulation and generated considerably higher CL when triggered with opsonized zymosan. The data suggest that phagocytes in immunized mice are active in the production of ROS while those in infected mice are less active, and the inhibition of the ability of phagocytes to produce ROS may be one of the mechanisms for the parasites to escape from host immune system.

Vomiting in children following head injury

The criteria for hospital admission of children who have suffered a minor head injury are highly subjective. Often the presence of post-traumatic emesis becomes an influential factor, but the mechanisms that trigger emesis following minor head injuries are not known. From a prospective study of 96 consecutive children with their first mild head injury (GCS 13-15) and a retrospective study of 29 consecutive more seriously injured children (GCS 8-12), we conclude that post-traumatic emesis is more common: (1) following minor head injuries than following more severe head injuries (P less than 0.05); (2) in children over 2 years old; (P less than 0.001); (3) in children injured within an hour of a meal or snack (p less than 0.001). The presence of a skull fracture or the site of the impact does not influence the incidence or duration of post-traumatic emesis. Retching and vomiting generally subside within 3 h in children injured within an hour of a meal or snack. When vomiting appears in children injured more than an hour after a meal or a snack, it may be quite protracted (mean = 7.5 h). Children over 2 years of age with post-traumatic emesis who are neurologically stable following a mild head injury that occurred within an hour of a meal or snack can be expected to improve quickly. Their counterparts injured more than an hour after a meal or snack are likely to remain distressed much longer and are best admitted to hospital.

Structural studies on rhodilunancins A and B

Antitumor antibiotics rhodilunancins A and B were isolated from a culture of Streptomyces violaceus var. lunanensis var. n. No. 1289 by acidic acetone extraction of mycelia and purified by silica gel chromatography. Rhodilunancin A is identical to cosmomycin A. Rhodilunancin B is identical to cosmomycin B (= rhodomycin Y). Both antibiotics exhibited activities against Gram-positive bacteria and inhibition on DNA synthesis of P388 leukemia cell in vitro.