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Gignoux E, Azman AS, de Smet M, Azuma P, Massaquoi M, Job D, Tiffany A, Petrucci R, Sterk E, Potet J, Suzuki M, Kurth A, Cannas A, Bocquin A, Strecker T, Logue C, Pottage T, Yue C, Cabrol JC, Serafini M, Ciglenecki I. Effect of Artesunate-Amodiaquine on Mortality Related to Ebola Virus Disease. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:23-32. [PMID: 26735991 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1504605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria treatment is recommended for patients with suspected Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa, whether systeomatically or based on confirmed malaria diagnosis. At the Ebola treatment center in Foya, Lofa County, Liberia, the supply of artemether-lumefantrine, a first-line antimalarial combination drug, ran out for a 12-day period in August 2014. During this time, patients received the combination drug artesunate-amodiaquine; amodiaquine is a compound with anti-Ebola virus activity in vitro. No other obvious change in the care of patients occurred during this period. METHODS We fit unadjusted and adjusted regression models to standardized patient-level data to estimate the risk ratio for death among patients with confirmed EVD who were prescribed artesunate-amodiaquine (artesunate-amodiaquine group), as compared with those who were prescribed artemether-lumefantrine (artemether-lumefantrine group) and those who were not prescribed any antimalarial drug (no-antimalarial group). RESULTS Between June 5 and October 24, 2014, a total of 382 patients with confirmed EVD were admitted to the Ebola treatment center in Foya. At admission, 194 patients were prescribed artemether-lumefantrine and 71 were prescribed artesunate-amodiaquine. The characteristics of the patients in the artesunate-amodiaquine group were similar to those in the artemether-lumefantrine group and those in the no-antimalarial group. A total of 125 of the 194 patients in the artemether-lumefantrine group (64.4%) died, as compared with 36 of the 71 patients in the artesunate-amodiaquine group (50.7%). In adjusted analyses, the artesunate-amodiaquine group had a 31% lower risk of death than the artemether-lumefantrine group (risk ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.89), with a stronger effect observed among patients without malaria. CONCLUSIONS Patients who were prescribed artesunate-amodiaquine had a lower risk of death from EVD than did patients who were prescribed artemether-lumefantrine. However, our analyses cannot exclude the possibility that artemether-lumefantrine is associated with an increased risk of death or that the use of artesunate-amodiaquine was associated with unmeasured patient characteristics that directly altered the risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gignoux
- From the Epicentre (E.G., A.T.) and Médecins sans Frontières Access Campaign (J.P.), Paris, and Laboratoire P4 Jean Merieux, INSERM, Lyon (A.B.) - all in France; Médecins sans Frontières, Geneva (E.G., A.S.A., D.J., A.T., R.P., E.S., M. Suzuki, J.-C.C., M. Serafini, I.C.); the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (A.S.A.); Médecins sans Frontières, Brussels (M. de Smet); Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia (P.A., M.M.); the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan (M. Suzuki); European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg (A.K., A.C., A.B., T.S., C.L., T.P., C.Y.), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin (A.K., C.Y.), and the Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg (T.S.) - all in Germany; Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive L. Spallanzani, Rome (A.C.); and Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom (C.L., T.P.)
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Rhein BA, Powers LS, Rogers K, Anantpadma M, Singh BK, Sakurai Y, Bair T, Miller-Hunt C, Sinn P, Davey RA, Monick MM, Maury W. Interferon-γ Inhibits Ebola Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005263. [PMID: 26562011 PMCID: PMC4643030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus outbreaks, such as the 2014 Makona epidemic in West Africa, are episodic and deadly. Filovirus antivirals are currently not clinically available. Our findings suggest interferon gamma, an FDA-approved drug, may serve as a novel and effective prophylactic or treatment option. Using mouse-adapted Ebola virus, we found that murine interferon gamma administered 24 hours before or after infection robustly protects lethally-challenged mice and reduces morbidity and serum viral titers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that interferon gamma profoundly inhibits Ebola virus infection of macrophages, an early cellular target of infection. As early as six hours following in vitro infection, Ebola virus RNA levels in interferon gamma-treated macrophages were lower than in infected, untreated cells. Addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, to interferon gamma-treated macrophages did not further reduce viral RNA levels, suggesting that interferon gamma blocks life cycle events that require protein synthesis such as virus replication. Microarray studies with interferon gamma-treated human macrophages identified more than 160 interferon-stimulated genes. Ectopic expression of a select group of these genes inhibited Ebola virus infection. These studies provide new potential avenues for antiviral targeting as these genes that have not previously appreciated to inhibit negative strand RNA viruses and specifically Ebola virus infection. As treatment of interferon gamma robustly protects mice from lethal Ebola virus infection, we propose that interferon gamma should be further evaluated for its efficacy as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategy against filoviruses. Use of this FDA-approved drug could rapidly be deployed during future outbreaks. Filovirus outbreaks occur sporadically, but with increasing frequency. With no current approved filovirus therapeutics, the 2014 Makona Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia emphasizes the need for effective treatments against this highly pathogenic family of viruses. The use of this FDA-approved drug to inhibit Ebola virus infection would allow rapid implementation of a novel antiviral therapy for future crises. Interferon gamma elicits an antiviral state in antigen-presenting cells and stimulates cellular immune responses. We demonstrate that interferon gamma profoundly inhibits Ebola virus infection of macrophages, which are early cellular targets of Ebola virus. We also identify novel interferon gamma-stimulated genes in human macrophage populations that have not been previously appreciated to inhibit filoviruses or other negative strand RNA viruses. Finally and most importantly, we show that interferon gamma given 24 hours prior to or after virus infection protects mice from lethal Ebola virus challenge, suggesting that this drug may serve as an effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategy against this deadly virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Rhein
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Powers
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kai Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bair
- Iowa Institute for Human Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Catherine Miller-Hunt
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Patrick Sinn
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Martha M. Monick
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salce L, Barbato S, Renna D, Bianchini F, Vaccaro P, Mazzeo F, Gasparini A, Rizza C, Lanfranchi E, Petrosillo N, Nicastri E, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Puro V, Ippolito G. First Italian Ebola virus disease case: management of hospital internal and external communication. New Microbiol 2015; 38:565-570. [PMID: 26485015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
On November 25, 2014, an Italian physician infected by Ebola virus in Sierra Leone was admitted to the "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Rome, Italy. He was the first Italian case and was successfully cured in 38 days. The staff responsible for communication had a critical role ensuring that this challenging mission went smoothly. The Institutional Press Office working together with the press offices of the Ministry of Health was able to provide the high level of expertise necessary within both medical and communication contexts. Communication strategy, tools and procedures adopted before and after the arrival of the patient are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Salce
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- INMI-IFO Institutional Press Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Barbato
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- INMI-IFO Institutional Press Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Renna
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- INMI-IFO Institutional Press Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bianchini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- INMI-IFO Institutional Press Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Vaccaro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- INMI-IFO Institutional Press Office, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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Arntzen C. Plant-made pharmaceuticals: from 'Edible Vaccines' to Ebola therapeutics. Plant Biotechnol J 2015; 13:1013-6. [PMID: 26345276 PMCID: PMC5049623 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arntzen
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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106
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Kugelman JR, Wiley MR, Mate S, Ladner JT, Beitzel B, Fakoli L, Taweh F, Prieto K, Diclaro JW, Minogue T, Schoepp RJ, Schaecher KE, Pettitt J, Bateman S, Fair J, Kuhn JH, Hensley L, Park DJ, Sabeti PC, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Bolay FK, Palacios G. Monitoring of Ebola Virus Makona Evolution through Establishment of Advanced Genomic Capability in Liberia. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1135-43. [PMID: 26079255 PMCID: PMC4816332 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To support Liberia's response to the ongoing Ebola virus (EBOV) disease epidemic in Western Africa, we established in-country advanced genomic capabilities to monitor EBOV evolution. Twenty-five EBOV genomes were sequenced at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, which provided an in-depth view of EBOV diversity in Liberia during September 2014-February 2015. These sequences were consistent with a single virus introduction to Liberia; however, shared ancestry with isolates from Mali indicated at least 1 additional instance of movement into or out of Liberia. The pace of change is generally consistent with previous estimates of mutation rate. We observed 23 nonsynonymous mutations and 1 nonsense mutation. Six of these changes are within known binding sites for sequence-based EBOV medical countermeasures; however, the diagnostic and therapeutic impact of EBOV evolution within Liberia appears to be low.
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107
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Bordes J, Gagnon N, Karkowsky L, Cournac JM, Rousseau C, Billhot M, de Greslan T, Moroge S, Cellarier G. Comments on Rees et al.: Safety and feasibility of a strategy of early central venous catheter insertion in a deployed UK military Ebola virus disease treatment unit. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41:1168. [PMID: 25971381 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-3803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bordes
- French Military Ebola Virus Disease Treatment Centre, Conakry, Guinea,
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108
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Zhu X, Yao C, Wei Y, Kou Z, Hu K. [Recent Advances in Vaccines and Drugs Against the Ebola Virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2015; 31:287-292. [PMID: 26470536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Ebola virus belongs to the Filovirus family, which causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever (mortality, 25%-90%). An outbreak of infection by the Ebola virus is sweeping across West Africa, leading to high mortality and worldwide panic. The Ebola virus has caused a serious threat to public health, so intensive scientific studies have been carried out. Several vaccines (e.g., rVSV-ZEBOV, ChAd3-ZEBOV) have been put into clinical trials and antiviral drugs (e.g., TKM-Ebola, ZMAPP) have been administered in the emergency setting to patients infected by the Ebola virus. Here, recent advances in vaccines and drugs against the Ebola virus are reviewed.
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109
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Otter J. Journal roundup: Ebola, antibiotic use and abuse, and the usual suspects. J Hosp Infect 2015; 90:85-6. [PMID: 26042253 PMCID: PMC7134497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Otter
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College, 5th Floor, North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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110
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Bekerman E, Einav S. Infectious disease. Combating emerging viral threats. Science 2015. [PMID: 25883340 DOI: 10.1126/science:aaa3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Most approved antiviral therapeutics selectively inhibit proteins encoded by a single virus, thereby providing a “one drug-one bug” solution. As a result of this narrow spectrum of coverage and the high cost of drug development, therapies are currently approved for fewer than ten viruses out of the hundreds known to cause human disease. This perspective summarizes progress and challenges in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. These strategies include targeting enzymatic functions shared by multiple viruses and host cell machinery by newly discovered compounds or by repurposing approved drugs. These approaches offer new practical means for developing therapeutics against existing and emerging viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bekerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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111
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Cooper BS, Boni MF, Pan-ngum W, Day NPJ, Horby PW, Olliaro P, Lang T, White NJ, White LJ, Whitehead J. Evaluating clinical trial designs for investigational treatments of Ebola virus disease. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001815. [PMID: 25874579 PMCID: PMC4397078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental treatments for Ebola virus disease (EVD) might reduce EVD mortality. There is uncertainty about the ability of different clinical trial designs to identify effective treatments, and about the feasibility of implementing individually randomised controlled trials during an Ebola epidemic. METHODS AND FINDINGS A treatment evaluation programme for use in EVD was devised using a multi-stage approach (MSA) with two or three stages, including both non-randomised and randomised elements. The probabilities of rightly or wrongly recommending the experimental treatment, the required sample size, and the consequences for epidemic outcomes over 100 d under two epidemic scenarios were compared for the MSA, a sequential randomised controlled trial (SRCT) with up to 20 interim analyses, and, as a reference case, a conventional randomised controlled trial (RCT) without interim analyses. Assuming 50% 14-d survival in the population treated with the current standard of supportive care, all designs had similar probabilities of identifying effective treatments correctly, while the MSA was less likely to recommend treatments that were ineffective. The MSA led to a smaller number of cases receiving ineffective treatments and faster roll-out of highly effective treatments. For less effective treatments, the MSA had a high probability of including an RCT component, leading to a somewhat longer time to roll-out or rejection. Assuming 100 new EVD cases per day, the MSA led to between 6% and 15% greater reductions in epidemic mortality over the first 100 d for highly effective treatments compared to the SRCT. Both the MSA and SRCT led to substantially fewer deaths than a conventional RCT if the tested interventions were either highly effective or harmful. In the proposed MSA, the major threat to the validity of the results of the non-randomised components is that referral patterns, standard of care, or the virus itself may change during the study period in ways that affect mortality. Adverse events are also harder to quantify without a concurrent control group. CONCLUSIONS The MSA discards ineffective treatments quickly, while reliably providing evidence concerning effective treatments. The MSA is appropriate for the clinical evaluation of EVD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S. Cooper
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Maciej F. Boni
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Wirichada Pan-ngum
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- UNICEF-UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Trudie Lang
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Whitehead
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Mosquera M, Melendez V, Latasa P. Handling Europe's first Ebola case: internal hospital communication experience. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:368-9. [PMID: 25721062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Europe's first Ebola virus disease (EVD) case was diagnosed in our hospital. There was an unjustified panic in the population because of an imbalance of credibility assigned to the media as opposed to scientific information. A reinforcement of hospital internal communication was needed to keep health care workers informed with up-to-date scientific EVD information. The proactive management of information flow to both internal and external actors is required to reduce unjustified fear within the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Mosquera
- Preventive Medicine Department, Alcorcón University Hospital Foundation, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Melendez
- Internal Communication Department, Alcorcón University Hospital Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pello Latasa
- Preventive Medicine Department, Alcorcón University Hospital Foundation, Madrid, Spain
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115
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Nau JY. [Ebola and favipiravir: when political preempts scientific communication]. Rev Med Suisse 2015; 11:574-575. [PMID: 25924254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Bouazza N, Treluyer JM, Foissac F, Mentré F, Taburet AM, Guedj J, Anglaret X, de Lamballerie X, Keïta S, Malvy D, Frange P. Favipiravir for children with Ebola. Lancet 2015; 385:603-604. [PMID: 25706078 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naïm Bouazza
- Hôpital Tarnier, APHP and EA08, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Hôpital Tarnier, APHP and EA08, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin, APHP and CIC-0901 INSERM, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France
| | - Frantz Foissac
- Hôpital Tarnier, APHP and EA08, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - France Mentré
- INSERM, IAME, UMR1137 and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Taburet
- Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, INSERM U1012 and DHU Hepatinov, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- INSERM, IAME, UMR1137 and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Frange
- Hôpital Necker - Enfants malades, APHP and EA7327, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Satalkar P, Elger BE, Shaw DM. Prioritising Healthcare Workers for Ebola Treatment: Treating Those at Greatest Risk to Confer Greatest Benefit. Dev World Bioeth 2015; 15:59-67. [PMID: 25655050 DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola epidemic in Western Africa has highlighted issues related to weak health systems, the politics of drug and vaccine development and the need for transparent and ethical criteria for use of scarce local and global resources during public health emergency. In this paper we explore two key themes. First, we argue that independent of any use of experimental drugs or vaccine interventions, simultaneous implementation of proven public health principles, community engagement and culturally sensitive communication are critical as these measures represent the most cost-effective and fair utilization of available resources. Second, we attempt to clarify the ethical issues related to use of scarce experimental drugs or vaccines and explore in detail the most critical ethical question related to Ebola drug or vaccine distribution in the current outbreak: who among those infected or at risk should be prioritized to receive any new experimental drugs or vaccines? We conclude that healthcare workers should be prioritised for these experimental interventions, for a variety of reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta-Wright
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Sharon Irvine
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Bausch
- *Address correspondence to Daniel G. Bausch, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, SL-17, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Boyles
- King's Centre for Global Health, King's Health Partners, and King's College London, London, UK; University of Cape Town, Mowbray, Cape Town 7705, South Africa.
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124
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison While
- Emeritus Professor of Community Nursing, King's College London, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery and Fellow of the QNI
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125
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Sordillo PP, Helson L. Curcumin suppression of cytokine release and cytokine storm. A potential therapy for patients with Ebola and other severe viral infections. In Vivo 2015; 29:1-4. [PMID: 25600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The terminal stage of Ebola and other viral diseases is often the onset of a cytokine storm, the massive overproduction of cytokines by the body's immune system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The actions of curcumin in suppressing cytokine release and cytokine storm are discussed. RESULTS Curcumin blocks cytokine release, most importantly the key pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The suppression of cytokine release by curcumin correlates with clinical improvement in experimental models of disease conditions where a cytokine storm plays a significant role in mortality. CONCLUSION The use of curcumin should be investigated in patients with Ebola and cytokine storm. Intravenous formulations may allow achievement of therapeutic blood levels of curcumin.
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Budzianowski J. Tobacco against Ebola virus disease. Przegl Lek 2015; 72:567-71. [PMID: 26946569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as a hemorrhagic fever and discovered in 1976, is dangerous, highly infectious disease with very high mortality. There are no licensed therapeutics against EVD, although a range of medicines and therapies are currently being evaluated. During the 2014 Ebola outbreak, an experimental drug named ZMapp was administered on an emergency basis to seven patients of which five were recovered. Currently, since February 2015, ZMapp is tested in clinical trials. ZMapp is a mixture (named a cocktail) of three chimaeric monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of IgG class, which bind to three different epitopes on Ebola surface glycoprotein (GP). ZMapp was created by systematic selection of antibodies from two other three-component cocktails--MB-003 and ZMab the components of which were produced by rapid transient expression method in tobacco species of Australian origin--Nicotiana benthamiana. The ZMapp antibodies of pharmaceutical grade are manufactured in green-house grown N.benthamiana according to the cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practice), using RAMP platform (Rapid Antibody Manufacturing Platform) and MagnICON system, which utilizes transient expression by magnifection method using viral vectors delivered to plant tissue by a bacterium--Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The applied glycosylation mutant of N.benthamiana (delta XTFT) synthesizes human-like, biantennary N-glycans, with terminal N-acetylglucoseamine and without typical of plants, immunogenic sugar epitopes-beta1,2-linked xylose and alpha1,3-linked fucose. Due to an absence of fucose on N-glycans attached to the Fc domains, the plant-produced anti-Ebola mAbs elicited significantly stronger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) than the analogous anti-Ebola mAbs with fucosylated (alpha1,6-linked fucose) N-glycans produced in a mammalian CHO cell line--the basic expression system for the industrial production of recombinant therapeutical glycoproteins. As far as a vaccine against Ebola virus disease is considered, so-called Ebola Immunogenic Complex (EIC) consisting of assembled molecules of a humanized IgG mAb--6D8 specific for Ebola GPI with GP1 fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chains, was obtained by transient expression in N. benthamiana.
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Lyon GM, Mehta AK, Varkey JB, Brantly K, Plyler L, McElroy AK, Kraft CS, Towner JS, Spiropoulou C, Ströher U, Uyeki TM, Ribner BS. Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2402-9. [PMID: 25390460 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1409838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
West Africa is currently experiencing the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history. Two patients with EVD were transferred from Liberia to our hospital in the United States for ongoing care. Malaria had also been diagnosed in one patient, who was treated for it early in the course of EVD. The two patients had substantial intravascular volume depletion and marked electrolyte abnormalities. We undertook aggressive supportive measures of hydration (typically, 3 to 5 liters of intravenous fluids per day early in the course of care) and electrolyte correction. As the patients' condition improved clinically, there was a concomitant decline in the amount of virus detected in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marshall Lyon
- From the Departments of Medicine (G.M.L., A.K. Mehta, J.B.V., C.S.K., B.S.R.), Pathology (C.S.K.), and Pediatrics (A.K. McElroy), Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (A.K. McElroy, J.S.T., C.S., U.S., T.M.U.) - both in Atlanta; and Samaritan's Purse, Boone, NC (K.B., L.P.)
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Abstract
Within less than a year after its epidemic started (in December 2013) in Guinea, Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the filoviridae, has spread over a number of West-African countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia) and gained allures that have been unprecedented except by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although EBOV is highly contagious and transmitted by direct contact with body fluids, it could be counteracted by the adequate chemoprophylactic and -therapeutic interventions: vaccines, antibodies, siRNAs (small interfering RNAs), interferons and chemical substances, i.e. neplanocin A derivatives (i.e. 3-deazaneplanocin A), BCX4430, favipiravir (T-705), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α-glucosidase inhibitors and a variety of compounds that have been found to inhibit EBOV infection blocking viral entry or by a mode of action that still has to be resolved. Much has to be learned from the mechanism of action of the compounds active against VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus), a virus belonging to the rhabdoviridae, that in its mode of replication could be exemplary for the replication of filoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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129
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Rager-Zisman B. Antibody therapy to limit the spread of Ebola virus. Isr Med Assoc J 2014; 16:743. [PMID: 25630200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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130
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Abstract
This paper examines how people in West Africa are reacting to the Ebola virus disease, an epidemic presently prevalent in the region. Certain lifestyle changes are suggested. Additionally, the heart of the paper focuses on the request by governments to be allowed access to experimental drugs, such as Zmapp and TKM-Ebola, for their infected populations. The author argues that granting such a request would circumvent research ethics procedures, which could potentially constitute significant risk to users of the drugs. The Pfizer Kano meningitis trial of 1996 is cited as an example to buttress how unapproved drugs could prove fatal.
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131
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Abstract
The evolving Ebola epidemic in West Africa is unprecedented in its size and scope, requiring the rapid mobilization of resources. It is too early to determine all of the ethical challenges associated with the outbreak, but these should be monitored closely. Two issues that can be discussed are (1) the decision to implement and evaluate unregistered agents to determine therapeutic or prophylactic safety and efficacy and (2) the justification behind this decision. In this paper, I argue that it is not compassionate use that justifies this decision and suggest three lines of reasoning to support the decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E G Upshur
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Division of Clinical Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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Goozner M. On the VA, Ebola trials and the SHOP exchanges. Mod Healthc 2014; 44:39. [PMID: 25509539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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135
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shaw
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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136
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Malvy D. [Not Available]. Bull Acad Natl Med 2014; 198:1515-1527. [PMID: 27125037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accomplishment of therapeutic clinical trials in the midst of an uncontrolled and devasta- ting epidemic in resource-poor communities is complex and challenging. Key issues rely to close collaboration between research and clinical teams involved in care in the field. Indeed, it is of prime importance to consider cultural dimensions when aiming to build trust within communities and flexibility to adapt trial procedures to field constraints. The JIKI trial, a sequential single-arm proof-of-concept trial, has been implemented in Guinea in 2014-2015 with the aim to evaluate the efficacy of the antiviralfavipiravir in decreasing mortality and tolerance in patients with acute Ebola virus disease. Research was integrated into care to inform clinical management of patients. This pioneer trial illustrates challenging inputs for producing scientific and ethical gains for the benefit of vulnerable populations in the context of an international emerging or re-emerging infectious disease event.
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Abstract
The purpose of this report is to emphasize the potential utility for the use of melatonin in the treatment of individuals who are infected with the Ebola virus. The pathological changes associated with an Ebola infection include, most notably, endothelial disruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ hemorrhage. Melatonin has been shown to target these alterations. Numerous similarities between Ebola virus infection and septic shock have been recognized for more than a decade. Moreover, melatonin has been successfully employed for the treatment of sepsis in many experimental and clinical studies. Based on these factors, as the number of treatments currently available is limited and the useable products are not abundant, the use of melatonin for the treatment of Ebola virus infection is encouraged. Additionally, melatonin has a high safety profile, is readily available and can be orally self-administered; thus, the use of melatonin is compatible with the large scale of this serious outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Olsen B, Salaneck E. ["Zaire" behind the largest Ebola epidemic ever. Highest mortality of the four human pathogenic Ebola viruses]. Lakartidningen 2014; 111:1960-1962. [PMID: 25349996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Olsen
- Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, infektionssjukdomar - Uppsala universitet Uppsala, Sweden Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper - Uppsala universitet Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Salaneck
- Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, infektionssjukdomar - Uppsala universitet Uppsala, Sweden Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, infektionssjukdomar - Uppsala universitet Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The current Ebola epidemic has presented challenges both medical and ethical. Although we have known epidemics of untreatable diseases in the past, this particular one may be unique in the intensity and rapidity of its spread, as well as ethical challenges that it has created, exacerbated by its geographic location. We will look at the infectious agent and the epidemic it is causing, in order to understand the ethical problems that have arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kevin Donovan
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical School, Bldg, D, Rm 236, 4000 Reservoir Road, N,W,, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA.
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Adebamowo C, Bah-Sow O, Binka F, Bruzzone R, Caplan A, Delfraissy JF, Heymann D, Horby P, Kaleebu P, Tamfum JJM, Olliaro P, Piot P, Tejan-Cole A, Tomori O, Toure A, Torreele E, Whitehead J. Randomised controlled trials for Ebola: practical and ethical issues. Lancet 2014; 384:1423-4. [PMID: 25390318 PMCID: PMC4392883 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred Binka
- University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- Hong Kong University-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arthur Caplan
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David Heymann
- Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
| | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Piero Olliaro
- WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Peter Piot
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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141
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Griffiths PD. Ebola and ethics. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:363-4. [PMID: 25318448 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
A blend of three monoclonal antibodies has completely protected monkeys against a lethal dose of Ebola virus. Unlike other post-infection therapies, the treatment works even at advanced stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- THOMAS W. GEISBERT
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston National
Laboratory, Galveston, Texas 77550-0610, USA
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Fry E. How to stop Ebola. The latest epidemic sheds light on a little-known industry that could change the way we treat virus diseases. Fortune 2014; 170:10-2. [PMID: 25509578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Soo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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