51
|
Mitchell JR, Karlik SJ, Lee DH, Fenster A. Computer-assisted identification and quantification of multiple sclerosis lesions in MR imaging volumes in the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 4:197-208. [PMID: 8180461 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the principal imaging technique for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, quantifying the number and extent of lesions on MR images manually is arduous. The authors have developed a computerized three-dimensional (3D) quantitative system to assist in the identification and analysis of MS lesions in proton-density (PD)- and T2-weighted volumes of the head. The system provides intuitive, interactive operations that allow flexible extraction of information from the data. Use of the system to analyze MR examinations of a phantom containing regular "lesions" showed that accurate (average error, < 0.21 cm3) and precise (10% or better for lesions > 1 cm3) measurements of objects less than 7 cm3 is possible, and that an estimate of the quantization error predicted the uncertainty in the volume. Analysis of four MR examinations of a chronic-progressive MS patient conducted over an 18-month period was performed. A two-dimensional histogram showing the frequency of voxels with particular PD- and T2-weighted intensities revealed a distinct cluster only in histograms of sections that contained lesions. Measurements and 3D volume rendering of lesions clearly showed changes in lesion shape, position, and size.
Collapse
|
52
|
Louden KA, Broughton Pipkin F, Heptinstall S, Fox SC, Tuohy P, O'Callaghan C, Mitchell JR, Symonds EM. Neonatal platelet reactivity and serum thromboxane B2 production in whole blood: the effect of maternal low dose aspirin. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1994; 101:203-8. [PMID: 8193093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concern has been expressed about possible neonatal side effects after the use of maternal anti-platelet agents in pregnancy, particularly low dose aspirin treatment. We have studied neonatal platelet behaviour using whole blood techniques, and assessed the neonatal effect of the maternal ingestion of 60 mg aspirin daily. DESIGN Cross sectional and randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled. SETTING University hospital. SUBJECTS 1. Eight normal women, studied before conception, and their infants. 2. Twenty-four infants whose mothers had been randomised to receive either 60 mg aspirin daily, or placebo, in double-blind fashion. METHODS The Clay Adams Ultra Flo 100 whole blood single platelet counter was employed to measure platelet aggregation in response to various agonists. The platelet release reaction was also measured in whole blood, and serum thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production was measured by radio-immunoassay. Umbilical cord blood samples were obtained at delivery. RESULTS 1. Neonatal platelet aggregation induced by adrenaline, ADP and platelet activating factor was reduced in comparison with their mothers (P < 0.01), whereas the neonatal platelet release reaction was reduced when stimulated by collagen and U46619 (a thromboxane mimetic) (P < 0.01). Serum TxB2 production was similar in mothers and babies. 2. Neonatal platelet aggregation, release reaction and serum TxB2 production were not significantly reduced in infants exposed to maternal aspirin in comparison with those neonates exposed to maternal placebo. This is in contrast to the effect on maternal platelets. CONCLUSIONS Although only a small number of patients were studied, we interpret this as a relative sparing of neonatal platelet reactivity due to the presystemic action of low dose aspirin.
Collapse
|
53
|
Mitchell JR, Saggerson ED. A study of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase in rat liver mitochondria-submitochondrial localization and some properties of the solubilized enzyme. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:181-7. [PMID: 8174752 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Glycerolphosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) was solubilized from the rat liver mitochondrial membranes using sodium cholate. Dithiothreitol was necessary to stabilize the solubilized enzyme on storage. 2. Unlike the enzyme in situ in mitochondrial membranes, the solubilized mitochondrial GPAT was susceptible to inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide; a property more characteristic of the distinct microsomal form of GPAT. 3. Solubilized mitochondrial GPAT retained its very high preference for saturated acyl-CoA substrate (palmitoyl-CoA) and had no activity whatever with any tested concentration of the unsaturated substrate oleoyl-CoA. 4. Solubilization increased the affinity of mitochondrial GPAT for palmitoyl-CoA whilst decreasing the Km for glycerol phosphate. 5. After separation of liver mitochondrial outer and inner membranes and estimation of cross-contamination by appropriate markers it was concluded that the mitochondrial inner membrane contains significant GPAT activity. This was established with preparations from fed, 48 hr-starved and streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
Collapse
|
54
|
Mitchell JR, Saggerson ED. The response of brown adipose tissue mitochondrial glycerolphosphate acyltransferase to cold-exposure in hypothyroidism, after adrenalectomy and after treatment with cycloheximide. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:67-72. [PMID: 8138050 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Exposure to cold has previously been shown to considerably increase the activity of the mitochondrial form of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in brown adipose tissue (A. C. Darnley, C. A. Carpenter and E. D Saggerson, Biochem. J. 253, 351-355, 1988; J. R. D. Mitchell and E. D. Saggerson. Biochem. J. 277, 665-669, 1991). 2. Both adrenalectomy and chemically-induced hypothyroidism increased mitochondrial GPAT activity in rats maintained at 21 degrees C. This increase was similar to that caused by exposing rats to the cold (4 degrees C) for three days. Whereas exposure of hypothyroid rats to cold (4 degrees C) resulted in a further increase in GPAT activity, no further increase in activity was observed after exposure of adrenalectomized rats to the cold. 3. Administration of triiodothyronine (T3) to rats maintained at 21 degrees C had no effect on mitochondrial GPAT activity. 4. Prior treatment with cycloheximide abolished 60-70% of the increase in GPAT activity caused by cold-exposure.
Collapse
|
55
|
Jenkinson CM, Madeley RJ, Mitchell JR, Turner ID. The influence of psychosocial factors on survival after myocardial infarction. Public Health 1993; 107:305-17. [PMID: 8248465 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic importance psychosocial factors after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still debated. A fourfold increase in risk of mortality after AMI was reported for participants in the beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial who were described as being socially isolated and having high levels of life stress. This study was designed to determine the influence of social isolation and/or life stress on mortality after AMI in an English population. It was a follow-up study of a subset of patients recruited for the Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET), between November 1986 and February 1988. The study group comprised 1,376 patients with suspected AMI (1,073 men and 303 women), from coronary care units in six English hospitals. Patients who were alive at 7 days and had completed a psychosocial questionnaire within seven days post-infarction were followed up for a median time of three years, the sole outcome measure being death from all causes. All deaths were notified by the National Health Service Central Registry (NHSCR). Cox's regression was used to allow for independent clinical prognostic factors such as age-group, previous documented infarct, complications in hospital, history of diabetes and history of hypertension. Socially isolated patients (in terms of lack of membership of any club or religious group or lack of contact with family and friends) were 49% more likely to die after an infarction than patients classified as not being socially isolated. While this statistic is of borderline significance it does suggest that such patients are at an increased risk of death after AMI. No associations with mortality risk were found with life-stress level, type A behaviour pattern or depression.
Collapse
|
56
|
Mitchell JR, Jacobsson A, Kirchgessner TG, Schotz MC, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Regulation of expression of the lipoprotein lipase gene in brown adipose tissue. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:E500-6. [PMID: 1415530 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.3.e500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of lipoprotein lipase gene expression in brown adipose tissue was studied. Rats were preacclimated to 21 degrees C. Exposure to cold (4 degrees C) resulted in a rapid increase in the level of lipoprotein lipase mRNA in the tissue. The level peaked (expressed per microgram total RNA) after approximately 8 h and then slowly declined. The increased lipoprotein lipase mRNA level was not due to an increased stability of the mRNA, but, in a transition event from a high to a low expression of the lipoprotein lipase gene, a transcription-dependent process was recruited that accelerated the breakdown of lipoprotein lipase mRNA. Norepinephrine injections increased lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels in the tissue; this effect was mediated via a beta-adrenergic receptor. The effect of cold could be mimicked by norepinephrine injections, and these two effects were not additive, indicating that the cold effect was mediated by norepinephrine. The lipoprotein lipase mRNA level was also increased by insulin injections (into fasted animals); thus an increase in lipoprotein lipase gene expression in brown adipose tissue may be induced via two different stimuli, which, intracellularly, would be mediated via different signaling systems. In all investigated conditions, the changes in lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels observed here were parallelled by alterations in lipoprotein lipase activity reported earlier from this laboratory. It was therefore concluded that, under the conditions studied, lipoprotein lipase activity in brown adipose tissue was primarily regulated at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
|
57
|
Berkowitz AE, Mitchell JR, Carey MJ, Young AP, Zhang S, Spada FE, Parker FT, Hutten A, Thomas G. Giant magnetoresistance in heterogeneous Cu-Co alloys. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:3745-3748. [PMID: 10045786 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
|
58
|
Louden KA, Broughton Pipkin F, Symonds EM, Tuohy P, O'Callaghan C, Heptinstall S, Fox S, Mitchell JR. A randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of low dose aspirin on platelet reactivity and serum thromboxane B2 production in non-pregnant women, in normal pregnancy, and in gestational hypertension. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1992; 99:371-6. [PMID: 1622907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of 60 mg aspirin daily on platelet reactivity and prostaglandin production in various groups of patients. Similar regimens, which are thought to act through inhibition of platelet thromboxane production, are currently undergoing clinical assessment for the prevention of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. DESIGN A prospective randomized placebo controlled study. SETTING University Hospital, Nottingham. SUBJECTS 12 non-pregnant female volunteers, 18 normal primigravidae before 16 weeks gestation and 16 pregnant women admitted with gestational hypertension (GH) at a mean gestation of 38 weeks. INTERVENTIONS In the non-pregnant women blood samples were taken before and after a 10-day course of 60 mg aspirin daily. The primigravidae had blood samples taken at 16 weeks and then they were randomized to receive either 60 mg aspirin daily or a matched placebo. Further blood samples were obtained at 28, 32 and 36 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in platelet reactivity and release reaction, and serum thromboxane production, were estimated in whole blood. RESULTS 60 mg aspirin daily significantly inhibited cyclo-oxygenase dependent platelet aggregation, release reaction and serum thromboxane production in non-pregnant and pregnant women, and in women with GH (P less than 0.01). When adrenaline was used as the aggregating agent, the cyclo-oxygenase pathway was recruited in the increased reactivity seen in the third trimester of normal pregnancy, and was sensitive to inhibition by low dose aspirin. CONCLUSION Low dose aspirin would appear to be an appropriate agent for the inhibition of platelet reactivity associated with hypertensive pregnancy.
Collapse
|
59
|
Louden KA, Broughton Pipkin F, Heptinstall S, Fox SC, Mitchell JR, Symonds EM. Platelet reactivity and serum thromboxane B2 production in whole blood in gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1991; 98:1239-44. [PMID: 1777456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb15396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the nature and extent of changes in platelet reactivity in gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia (using whole blood techniques which may be more physiological than those previously employed). DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SUBJECTS 8 normal primigravidae, 16 women with gestational hypertension and 12 women with pre-eclampsia, studied at around 36 weeks gestation. RESULTS Platelet reactivity (aggregation and release reaction) induced by stimulation with adrenaline was decreased in the pre-eclamptic group. Serum thromboxane B2 production was unchanged in both hypertensive groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS In the context of evidence of platelet activation in pre-eclampsia, our findings are interpreted as reflecting platelet exhaustion.
Collapse
|
60
|
Mitchell JR, Saggerson ED. Activities of enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in brown adipose tissue after treatment of rats with the adrenergic agonists BRL 26830A and phenylephrine, after exposure to cold and in streptozotocin-diabetes. Biochem J 1991; 277 ( Pt 3):665-9. [PMID: 1678597 PMCID: PMC1151294 DOI: 10.1042/bj2770665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Measurements were made, relative to tissue DNA, of the activities of enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in homogenates of interscapular brown adipose tissue. These were: mitochondrial and microsomal forms of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), Mg(2+)-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PPH) and fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FAS). 2. In normal animals, 3 days of cold-exposure (4 degrees C) increased all activities. The increase in mitochondrial GPAT activity was particularly pronounced (5-fold). Administration of the beta-adrenergic agonist BRL 26830A mimicked the effect of cold on microsomal GPAT activity. Mitochondrial GPAT, PPH and FAS activities were unresponsive to BRL 26830A. The alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine significantly decreased activities of GPAT and PPH. 3. Streptozotocin-diabetes decreased mitochondrial GPAT activity, but did not abolish the effect of cold to increase this activity or the activity of microsomal GPAT. Diabetes abolished the effect of cold on PPH and FAS activities. 4. The findings are relevant to signals that drive early events in mitochondriogenesis and cell proliferation in brown adipose tissue on exposure to cold.
Collapse
|
61
|
Mitchell JR, Osterman AL. Physiology of nerve repair: a research update. Hand Clin 1991; 7:481-90. [PMID: 1939355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the anatomy and response to injury of the peripheral nerve is important for the surgeon treating peripheral nerve injuries. Appropriate treatment also requires proper classification of the injury. Although great advances have been made in the area of microsurgical repair, results remain unpredictable. Future work in the areas of immunology, nerve conduits, and growth factors will, it is hoped, provide further information to allow for better functional recovery.
Collapse
|
62
|
Horton JC, Harding SE, Mitchell JR. Gel permeation chromatography--multi-angle laser light scattering characterization of the molecular mass distribution of 'Pronova' sodium alginate. Biochem Soc Trans 1991; 19:510-1. [PMID: 1889670 DOI: 10.1042/bst0190510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
63
|
Jaeschke H, Benzick AE, Smith CV, Mitchell JR. The pathophysiological significance of reactive oxygen formation in rat liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 283:295-8. [PMID: 2069000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5877-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
64
|
Carr EK, Mitchell JR. A comparison of the mealtime care given to patients by nurses using two different meal delivery systems. Int J Nurs Stud 1991; 28:19-25. [PMID: 1856029 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7489(91)90046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the mealtime care given to stroke patients and general patients on the medical wards of two hospitals which operated different meal delivery systems. Overall, nurses in Hospital 1 (in which the patients' food was plated by catering staff in the main hospital kitchen) tended to be less involved in mealtimes than those in Hospital 2 (in which the nurses plated the food on the wards). This was particularly so for the qualified staff and applied to many aspects of mealtime care including meal trolley supervision, the serving and delivery of food, checking patients' well-being, observing their feeding difficulties, providing assistance during mealtimes, and observing the contents of discarded dishes. These differences were not related to staffing levels or the prevalence of feeding problems. It is possible, therefore, that a meal delivery system designed to free nurses from the 'non-nursing' duty of serving food may have an adverse effect on their involvement in other aspects of mealtimes.
Collapse
|
65
|
Louden KA, Broughton Pipkin F, Heptinstall S, Fox SC, Mitchell JR, Symonds EM. A longitudinal study of platelet behaviour and thromboxane production in whole blood in normal pregnancy and the puerperium. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1990; 97:1108-14. [PMID: 2126199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study of platelet behaviour (platelet aggregation and release reaction) in whole blood and of serum thromboxane B2 production was performed before, during and after normal pregnancy. The response of platelets to arachidonic acid and to adrenaline was significantly increased in the third trimester. Six weeks after delivery, values were still modestly increased but return to non-pregnant values was complete by 12 weeks. Serum thromboxane B2 production was unchanged throughout pregnancy and the puerperium.
Collapse
|
66
|
Armsden GC, McCauley E, Greenberg MT, Burke PM, Mitchell JR. Parent and peer attachment in early adolescent depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 1990; 18:683-97. [PMID: 2074346 DOI: 10.1007/bf01342754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insecure attachment relations have been theorized to play a significant role in the development of depressogenic modes of adaptation and to thus form a vulnerability factor for the emergence of depressive disorder in children. This study examined security of parent and peer attachment among four groups of early adolescents: clinically depressed, nondepressed psychiatric controls, nonpsychiatric controls, and adolescents with resolved depression. Depressed adolescents reported significantly less secure parent attachment than either of the control groups, and less secure peer attachment than the nonpsychiatric control group. Attachment security of adolescents with resolved depression was on a par with the nonpsychiatric control group. Among all psychiatric patients, security of attachment to parents was negatively correlated with severity of depression according to interview and self-report ratings. Less secure attachment to parents, but generally not to peers, was also related to more maladaptive attributional styles, presence of separation anxiety disorder, and history of suicidal ideation.
Collapse
|
67
|
Lenz ML, Hughes H, Mitchell JR, Via DP, Guyton JR, Taylor AA, Gotto AM, Smith CV. Lipid hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives in copper-catalyzed oxidation of low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 1990; 31:1043-50. [PMID: 2373954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) causes changes in the biological properties of LDL that may be important in atherogenesis. That LDL oxidation is accompanied by lipid peroxidation has been demonstrated, but previous analyses of the products of LDL oxidation have not included measurement of specific lipid hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives. In this study, LDL was isolated from plasma of normal volunteers and exposed to oxygenated buffer and 5 microM CuSO4 for 24 h. Oxidized LDL showed decreased linoleate (18:2) and arachidonate (20:4) content with increased concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroxy and hydroperoxy 18:2 and 20:4. The electrophoretic mobility of the LDL protein also was increased by oxidation. After reduction, the hydroxy fatty acids were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the trimethylsilyl ether methyl ester derivatives. The hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives accounted for approximately 70% of the linoleate consumed during LDL oxidation and represented 45-fold more product than was measured by TBARS analysis. Numerous biological properties, including cytotoxic and chemoattractant activities of hydroperoxy and hydroxy fatty acids, have been reported, but the manner in which they may contribute to atherogenesis requires further study.
Collapse
|
68
|
Mitchell JR. What do we gain by modifying risk factors for coronary disease? SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1990; 120:359-64. [PMID: 2181641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt about the association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and smoking, high serum cholesterol and high blood pressure, but association does not mean causation. To prove causation we must mount intervention trials and show that changing a risk marker changes total mortality: a) Trials of dietary reduction of serum lipids: The US Veterans dietary study and the North Karelia project showed no significant reduction in total mortality, nor did the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) or the WHO "paired-factories" Collaborative Group Study, where other risk factors were also being corrected. In the latter study there was a barely significant reduction in non-fatal CHD but fatal CHD, like total mortality was unchanged. b) Trials of lipid-lowering drugs: The first large-scale study, using clofibrate, showed an increase in total mortality; the screening of 500,000 men and the comparison of cholestyramine with placebo for the top 5% of lipid levels resulted in 68 deaths on the active resin and 71 on placebo. Less expensive measures (alcohol testing; safer roads) could surely do more good to half a million men? These 3 lives "saved" were "lost" in the Helsinki gemfibrozil study where there were 45 deaths in the active group and 42 in the placebo group. c) Effect of blood-pressure reduction. The assumption that reducing a risk marker will reduce CHD was challenged by the massive MRC Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension trial which showed no significant effect of treatment on CHD, CHD death or total mortality, even though stroke mortality was modestly reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
69
|
Abrahamsen EP, Mitchell JR. Communication and sensorimotor functioning in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1990; 20:75-85. [PMID: 2324057 DOI: 10.1007/bf02206858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between sensorimotor functioning and communicative intent in children with autism. Ten children with autism, four verbal and six nonverbal, served as subjects. Sensorimotor functioning was assessed on object permanence, means-end, causality, vocal and gestural imitation, the construction of objects in space and schemes for relating objects. A 2-hr communication sample was also obtained and analyzed for the number and diversity of pragmatic functions expressed. Object permanence was not significantly related to either the diversity or total number of pragmatic functions. Means-end was significantly related to both of these measures, while vocal imitation was significantly related to the total number of pragmatic functions expressed. In addition, means-end was significantly correlated with performance on the vocal and gestural imitation scales.
Collapse
|
70
|
Shappell SB, Taylor AA, Hughes H, Mitchell JR, Anderson DC, Smith CW. Comparison of antioxidant and nonantioxidant lipoxygenase inhibitors on neutrophil function. Implications for pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 252:531-8. [PMID: 2156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and accumulation of leukocytes during inflammatory processes such as that initiated by myocardial ischemia and reflow appear to be major determinants of irreversible tissue injury. Myocardial salvage by dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors has suggested a role for lipoxygenase (LOX) products, such as the potent chemotactic factor leukotriene B4, in ischemia-reflow injury. However, many LOX inhibitors are antioxidants and several have been shown to directly inhibit neutrophil function in vitro, thereby questioning the role of LOX products in reperfusion injury. To clarify further the protective mechanism of lipoxygenase inhibitors, we have examined the effects of two nonantioxidant inhibitors, SK&F 86002 and REV-5901, on human neutrophil activation and function in vitro. The antioxidant LOX inhibitor nordihydroguiaretic acid, which served as a positive control, exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and recombinant C5a-induced neutrophil bipolarization, fMLP-induced upregulation of the adherence glycoprotein Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), fMLP-induced aggregation and neutrophil adherence to and migration through interleukin-1-stimulated human endothelial monolayers. In contrast, neither SK&F 86002 nor REV-5901 (in concentrations up to 50 microM) had any effect on these functions, nor did they inhibit neutrophil oxidative metabolism (phorbol myristate acetate-induced chemiluminescence). Inasmuch as both of these agents have been observed to reduce myocardial ischemia-reflow injury in vivo, their failure to directly inhibit neutrophil function further supports an important role for chemotactic LOX products in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury.
Collapse
|
71
|
Mitchell JR. Film review. Platelets 1990; 1:220. [PMID: 21043953 DOI: 10.3109/09537109009005494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
72
|
Jaeschke H, Mitchell JR. Use of isolated perfused organs in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion oxidant stress. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186:752-9. [PMID: 2233332 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)86175-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
73
|
|
74
|
Sandler DA, Heaton C, Garner ST, Mitchell JR. Patients' and general practitioners' satisfaction with information given on discharge from hospital: audit of a new information card. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1989; 299:1511-3. [PMID: 2514868 PMCID: PMC1838359 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6714.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the attitudes of patients discharged from hospital and their general practitioners to a new information card giving details about admission, diagnosis, and treatment and to assess the completeness of the information on the card. DESIGN Consecutive patients discharged from the care of three consultant physicians over 16 weeks. SETTING One general medical ward in a large teaching hospital. PATIENTS A total of 275 consecutive discharges of 258 patients were studied. The mean age of patients was 60 years and mean duration of admission five days. INTERVENTION At discharge from the ward all study patients received an information card and a copy of the card in the form of an interim discharge letter to be delivered to their general practitioner. Patients and general practitioners were asked to complete a questionnaire giving their views on the legibility, helpfulness, quality, and quantity of the information they received. Copies of all the information cards were scrutinised for completeness. MAIN RESULTS The results were based on 208 (76%) forms returned by patients and 214 (78%) forms returned by general practitioners. Information was considered very helpful or quite helpful according to 170 (83%) forms from patients and 197 (92%) forms from general practitioners; sufficient information was provided according to 160 and 182 forms. Most patients and nearly all general practitioners thought it was a good idea to provide this information for patients at discharge. According to 125 forms from patients and 188 from general practitioners the information card was very easy or quite easy to read; 155 patients had read it at least twice and 149 were likely to refer to it again. OTHER RESULTS: The written information about the patient, the diagnosis, and what the patient had been told was generally well completed, although the date of discharge was omitted from 42 (15%) cards. Details of drugs prescribed at discharge were generally thorough. CONCLUSIONS Giving an information card to all patients at discharge was feasible and favoured by most patients and their general practitioners. Having made minor changes in design, we think that we have produced an information card that is a convenient size and will improve communication between patients, their general practitioners, and hospital doctors. We now issue this card routinely to all patients discharged from our ward and hope that it might be widely adopted.
Collapse
|
75
|
Spalding DJ, Mitchell JR, Jaeschke H, Smith CV. Diquat hepatotoxicity in the Fischer-344 rat: the role of covalent binding to tissue proteins and lipids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 101:319-27. [PMID: 2815086 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diquat produces hepatic necrosis in the Fischer-344 rat, and although reactive oxygen species generated by redox cycling are thought to mediate the damage, the possibility that covalent binding of diquat or diquat metabolites to tissue macromolecules contributes to the observed hepatotoxicity of diquat needed to be examined experimentally. Intraperitoneal administration of [ethylene-14C]diquat (0.1 mmol/kg) results in distribution of radioactivity to all organs examined. Measurable radioactivity remains associated with hepatic and renal protein even after extensive solvent extraction, but the amount (12-16 pmol/mg protein) is 100-fold less than the extent of covalent binding observed with comparably hepatotoxic doses of other hepatotoxins such as acetaminophen and bromobenzene. Similarly, although small amounts of radioactivity remain in Folch lipid extracts of liver and kidney (56-179 pmol/mg lipid), this is virtually completely removed by transesterification of the lipid (less than 5 pmol/mg lipid), indicating that the radioactivity does not represent an alkylation of electroneutral alkyl residues of the lipid. The diquat-induced increase in biliary excretion of glutathione disulfide temporally parallels the biliary excretion of radioactivity. Although the present results do not prove the absence of a contribution by alkylation mechanisms to diquat hepatotoxicity, the extremely low upper limits placed on possible covalent interactions reinforce the confidence with which the diquat-treated Fischer-344 rat can be employed as an animal model for mechanisms of cell death mediated by reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
|