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Jallouk AP, Palekar RU, Marsh JN, Pan H, Pham CTN, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Delivery of a Protease-Activated Cytolytic Peptide Prodrug by Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1640-50. [PMID: 26083278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melittin is a cytolytic peptide derived from bee venom that inserts into lipid membranes and oligomerizes to form membrane pores. Although this peptide is an attractive candidate for treatment of cancers and infectious processes, its nonspecific cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity have limited its therapeutic applications. Several groups have reported the development of cytolytic peptide prodrugs that only exhibit cytotoxicity following activation by site-specific proteases. However, systemic administration of these constructs has proven difficult because of their poor pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we present a platform for the design of protease-activated melittin derivatives that may be used in conjunction with a perfluorocarbon nanoparticle delivery system. Although native melittin was substantially hemolytic (HD50: 1.9 μM) and cytotoxic (IC50: 2.4 μM), the prodrug exhibited 2 orders of magnitude less hemolytic activity (HD50: > 100 μM) and cytotoxicity (IC50: > 100 μM). Incubation with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) led to cleavage of the prodrug at the expected site and restoration of hemolytic activity (HD50: 3.4 μM) and cytotoxicity (IC50: 8.1 μM). Incubation of the prodrug with perfluorocarbon nanoparticles led to stable loading of 10,250 peptides per nanoparticle. Nanoparticle-bound prodrug was also cleaved and activated by MMP-9, albeit at a fourfold slower rate. Intravenous administration of prodrug-loaded nanoparticles in a mouse model of melanoma significantly decreased tumor growth rate (p = 0.01). Because MMPs and other proteases play a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis, this platform holds promise for the development of personalized cancer therapies directed toward a patient's individual protease expression profile.
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Pham CT, Pan H, Wickline SA. Peptide-siRNA nanotherapeutics in arthritis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:14731-2. [PMID: 26142704 PMCID: PMC4558109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Palekar RU, Jallouk AP, Pan H, Wickline SA. Abstract 606: Antithrombin Nanoparticle Therapy Safely Restores Endothelial Barrier Integrity and Reduces Vessel Hypercoagulability in Atherosclerotic Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Thrombin plays a major role in regulating signaling pathways responsible for atherogenesis, hypercoagulability and plaque permeability. Herein, we report the therapeutic effects of perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC-NP) conjugated to the thrombin inhibitor D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-chloromethylketone (PPACK-NP) on vascular barrier integrity and hypercoagulability.
Methods and Results:
ApoE-/- mice were fed a Western diet for 4 months, and received 3 doses/week of saline or 1 ml/kg PPACK-NP for the final month of feeding. Endothelial barrier integrity was assessed by quantifying the ability of atherosclerotic aortas to take up circulating semipermeable PFC-NP (~250 nm diameter). Whole aortas (arch to iliacs) were excised after 2 hour in vivo exposure to PFC-NP and underwent fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy (
19
F-MRS) to quantify plaque-permeating PFC-NP.
19
F-MRS data revealed a significant decrease in plaque permeability to PFC-NP after PPACK-NP treatment compared to saline control (0.081 ± 0.011 μl PFC-NP/g aorta, N = 5 vs. 0.122 ± 0.014 μl PFC-NP/g aorta, N = 8 for PPACK-NP treated vs. saline control, p = 0.027). To assess hypercoagulability, carotid artery injury was induced photochemically to measure the time to complete occlusion as an index of thrombotic risk. Occlusion times were significantly prolonged with PPACK-NP treatment compared to untreated mice (49.8 ± 6.7 min, N = 5 vs. 26.1 ± 4.6 min, N = 9 for PPACK-NP treated vs. saline control, p = 0.019), indicating a
decrease
in vessel hypercoagulability after therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, PPACK-NP treatment of human aortic endothelial cells
in vitro
abrogated thrombin-mediated activation of surface PAR-1 receptors as measured by flow cytometry, suggesting a potential dual role for PPACK-NP in the localized modulation of both thrombosis and PAR-1 signaling. Moreover, this sustained therapeutic benefit is obtained without systemic anticoagulation as all clotting parameters and bleeding times are completely normalized within 60 minutes after i.v. injection.
Conclusion:
Thrombin inhibition with PPACK-NP is effective in restoring vascular barrier integrity and reducing focal thrombotic risk within a single month without incurring bleeding risk.
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Palekar RU, Jallouk AP, Goette MJ, Chen J, Myerson JW, Allen JS, Akk A, Yang L, Tu Y, Miller MJ, Pham CTN, Wickline SA, Pan H. Quantifying progression and regression of thrombotic risk in experimental atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2015; 29:3100-9. [PMID: 25857553 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-269084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no generally applicable noninvasive methods for defining the relationship between atherosclerotic vascular damage and risk of focal thrombosis. Herein, we demonstrate methods to delineate the progression and regression of vascular damage in response to an atherogenic diet by quantifying the in vivo accumulation of semipermeable 200-300 nm perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC-NP) in ApoE null mouse plaques with [(19)F] magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Permeability to PFC-NP remained minimal until 12 weeks on diet, then increased rapidly following 12 weeks, but regressed to baseline within 8 weeks after diet normalization. Markedly accelerated clotting (53.3% decrease in clotting time) was observed in carotid artery preparations of fat-fed mice subjected to photochemical injury as defined by the time to flow cessation. For all mice on and off diet, an inverse linear relationship was observed between the permeability to PFC-NP and accelerated thrombosis (P = 0.02). Translational feasibility for quantifying plaque permeability and vascular damage in vivo was demonstrated with clinical 3 T MRI of PFC-NP accumulating in plaques of atherosclerotic rabbits. These observations suggest that excessive permeability to PFC-NP may indicate prothrombotic risk in damaged atherosclerotic vasculature, which resolves within weeks after dietary therapy.
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Jallouk AP, Palekar RU, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Modifications of natural peptides for nanoparticle and drug design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 98:57-91. [PMID: 25819276 PMCID: PMC4750874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products serve as an important source of novel compounds for drug development. Recently, peptides have emerged as a new class of therapeutic agents due to their versatility and specificity for biological targets. Yet, their effective application often requires use of a nanoparticle delivery system. In this chapter, we review the role of natural peptides in the design and creation of nanomedicines, with a particular focus on cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and peptide toxins. The use of natural peptides in conjunction with nanoparticle delivery systems holds great promise for the development of new therapeutic formulations as well as novel platforms for the delivery of various cargoes.
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Wang K, Pan D, Schmieder AH, Senpan A, Hourcade DE, Pham CTN, Mitchell LM, Caruthers SD, Cui G, Wickline SA, Shen B, Lanza GM. Synergy between surface and core entrapped metals in a mixed manganese-gadolinium nanocolloid affords safer MR imaging of sparse biomarkers. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:601-9. [PMID: 25652900 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-relaxivity T1-weighted (T1w) MR molecular imaging nanoparticles typically present high surface gadolinium payloads that can elicit significant acute complement activation (CA). The objective of this research was to develop a high T1w contrast nanoparticle with improved safety. We report the development, optimization, and characterization of a gadolinium-manganese hybrid nanocolloid (MnOL-Gd NC; 138±10 (Dav)/nm; PDI: 0.06; zeta: -27±2 mV). High r1 particulate relaxivity with minute additions of Gd-DOTA-lipid conjugate to the MnOL nanocolloid surface achieved an unexpected paramagnetic synergism. This hybrid MnOL-Gd NC provided optimal MR TSE signal intensity at 5 nM/voxel and lower levels consistent with the level expression anticipated for sparse biomarkers, such as neovascular integrins. MnOL NC produced optimal MR TSE signal intensity at 10 nM/voxel concentrations and above. Importantly, MnOL-Gd NC avoided acute CA in vitro and in vivo while retaining minimal transmetallation risk. From the clinical editor: The authors developed a gadolinium-manganese hybrid nanocolloid (MnOL-Gd NC) in this study. These were used as a high-relaxivity paramagnetic MR molecular imaging agent in experimental models. It was shown that MnOL-Gd NC could provide high T1w MR contrast for targeted imaging. As the level of gadolinium used was reduced, there was also reduced risk of systemic side effects from complement activation.
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Chen J, Vemuri C, Palekar RU, Gaut JP, Goette M, Hu L, Cui G, Zhang H, Wickline SA. Antithrombin nanoparticles improve kidney reperfusion and protect kidney function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F765-73. [PMID: 25651565 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00457.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the extension phase of acute kidney injury, microvascular thrombosis, inflammation, vasoconstriction, and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction promote progressive damage to renal parenchyma after reperfusion. In this study, we hypothesized that direct targeting and pharmaceutical knockdown of activated thrombin at the sites of injury with a selective nanoparticle (NP)-based thrombin inhibitor, PPACK (phenylalanine-proline-arginine-chloromethylketone), would improve kidney reperfusion and protect renal function after transient warm ischemia in rodent models. Saline- or plain NP-treated animals were employed as controls. In vivo 19F magnetic resonance imaging revealed that kidney nonreperfusion was evident within 3 h after global kidney reperfusion at 34 ± 13% area in the saline group and 43 ± 12% area in the plain NP group and substantially reduced to 17 ± 4% (∼50% decrease, P < 0.05) in the PPACK NP pretreatment group. PPACK NP pretreatment prevented an increase in serum creatinine concentration within 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion, reflecting preserved renal function. Histologic analysis illustrated substantially reduced intrarenal thrombin accumulation within 24 h after reperfusion for PPACK NP-treated kidneys (0.11% ± 0.06%) compared with saline-treated kidneys (0.58 ± 0.37%). These results suggest a direct role for thrombin in the pathophysiology of AKI and a nanomedicine-based preventative strategy for improving kidney reperfusion after transient warm ischemia.
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Hughes MS, Marsh JN, Wickline SA, McCarthy JE. Additional results for "joint entropy of continuously differentiable ultrasonic waveforms" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133(1), 283-300 (2013)]. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:501. [PMID: 25618079 PMCID: PMC4304961 DOI: 10.1121/1.4904531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous results on the use of joint entropy for detection of targeted nanoparticles accumulating in the neovasculature of MDA435 tumors [Fig. 7 of M. S. Hughes et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 283-300 (2013)] are extended, with sensitivity improving by nearly another factor of 2. This result is obtained using a "quasi-optimal" reference waveform in the computation of the joint entropy imaging technique used to image the accumulating nanoparticles.
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Pan D, Kim B, Hu G, Gupta DS, Senpan A, Yang X, Schmieder A, Swain C, Wickline SA, Tomasson MH, Lanza GM. A strategy for combating melanoma with oncogenic c-Myc inhibitors and targeted nanotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:241-51. [PMID: 25600969 PMCID: PMC4665613 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The activity of the transcription factor c-Myc is dependent upon heterodimerization with Max to control target gene transcription. Small-molecule inhibitors of c-Myc-Max have exhibited low potency and poor water solubility and are therefore unsuitable for in vivo application. We hypothesized that a nanomedicine approach incorporating a cryptic c-Myc inhibitor prodrug could be delivered and enzymatically released in order to effectively inhibit melanoma. MATERIALS & METHODS An Sn-2 lipase-labile Myc inhibitor prodrug was synthesized and included in two αvβ3-targeted nanoparticle platforms (20 and 200 nm). The inherent antiproliferate potency was compared with the lipid-free compound using human and mouse melanoma cell lines. RESULTS & CONCLUSION These data demonstrate for the first time a successful nanodelivery of c-Myc inhibitors and their potential use to prevent melanoma.
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Goette MJ, Lanza GM, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA. Improved quantitative (19) F MR molecular imaging with flip angle calibration and B1 -mapping compensation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 42:488-94. [PMID: 25425244 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve (19) F flip angle calibration and compensate for B1 inhomogeneities in quantitative (19) F MRI of sparse molecular epitopes with perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticle (NP) emulsion contrast agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Flip angle sweep experiments on PFC-NP point source phantoms with three custom-designed (19) F/(1) H dual-tuned coils revealed a difference in required power settings for (19) F and (1) H nuclei, which was used to calculate a calibration ratio specific for each coil. An image-based correction technique was developed using B1 -field mapping on (1) H to correct for (19) F and (1) H images in two phantom experiments. RESULTS Optimized (19) F peak power differed significantly from that of (1) H power for each coil (P < 0.05). A ratio of (19) F/(1) H power settings yielded a coil-specific and spatially independent calibration value (surface: 1.48 ± 0.06; semicylindrical: 1.71 ± 0.02, single-turn-solenoid: 1.92 ± 0.03). (1) H-image-based B1 correction equalized the signal intensity of (19) F images for two identical (19) F PFC-NP samples placed in different parts of the field, which were offset significantly by ~66% (P < 0.001), before correction. CONCLUSION (19) F flip angle calibration and B1 -mapping compensations to the (19) F images employing the more abundant (1) H signal as a basis for correction resulted in a significant change in the quantification of sparse (19) F MR signals from targeted PFC NP emulsions.
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Soodgupta D, Pan D, Cui G, Senpan A, Yang X, Wickline SA, Prochownik EV, Weilbaecher KN, Tomasson MH, Lanza GM. Abstract 5381: VLA-4 targeted nanoparticles deliver a cMYC-MAX prodrug antagonist extends survival a metastatic myeloma mouse model. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: While it is well known that MYC oncoprotein drives multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, the development of several small-molecule inhibitors of the c-MYC/MAX interaction has been limited by rapid systemic metabolism, poor bioavailability and the inability of the drug to reach inhibitory concentrations in the tumor.
Objective: The goal of this study was to develop and deliver an effective VLA-4-targeted Sn 2 lipase-labile Myc-inhibitor nanotherapy.
Experimental Methods: A novel Sn 2 phosphatidylcholine-cMyc-Max antagonist prodrug (M1-PD) was designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, titrated free M1-PD was compared to free Myc-antagonist in human MM cell lines (H929 and U266) and mouse MM (5TGM1). M1-PD was incorporated into two lipid-based nanoparticle genera (<20nm and ∼200nm) that were functionalized for MM targeting using a peptidomimetic VLA-4-lipid ligand. The nanoparticles were physico-chemically characterized and evaluated for their relative pharmacokinetics in vivo. Effectiveness of the two VLA-4-targeted M1-PD nanotherapies were evaluated in MM cell cultures, correlated with VLA-4 expression levels, and then studied in C57BL/KaLwRij mice with metastatic 5TGM1.
Results: Bioactivity of free M1-PD was several orders magnitude more potent that the free cMyc antagonist in cell culture. Binding and efficacy of M1-PD nanoparticles correlated with integrin expression in target cells. VLA-4-M1-PD nanoparticles (<20nm and ∼200nm) equivalently inhibited MM cell growth in vitro compared to controls. In C57BL/KaLwRij mice with metastatic 5TGM1, VLA-4-MI1-PD 20nm micelles conferred significant survival benefit (T/D) over the 20nm targeted no drug (T/ND) or untreated controls (NT/ND) (52 days vs. 29 days, p=0.001) and versus the 200nm VLA-4-MI1-PD nanocolloid and its controls.
Conclusion: These finding support the feasibility of a new VLA-4-directed nanotherapy to deliver lipase-labile cMyc prodrug to disrupt MYC-MAX dimerization and improve MM survival.
Citation Format: Deepti Soodgupta, Dipanjan Pan, Grace Cui, Angana Senpan, Xiaoxia Yang, Samuel A. Wickline, Edward V. Prochownik, Katherine N. Weilbaecher, Michael H. Tomasson, Gregory M. Lanza. VLA-4 targeted nanoparticles deliver a cMYC-MAX prodrug antagonist extends survival a metastatic myeloma mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5381. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5381
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Goette MJ, Keupp J, Rahmer J, Lanza GM, Wickline SA, Caruthers SD. Balanced UTE-SSFP for 19F MR imaging of complex spectra. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:537-43. [PMID: 25163853 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel technique for highly sensitive detection of multiresonant fluorine imaging agents was designed and tested with the use of dual-frequency 19F/1H ultrashort echo times (UTE) sampled with a balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence and three-dimensional (3D) radial readout. METHODS Feasibility of 3D radial balanced UTE-SSFP imaging was demonstrated for a phantom comprising liquid perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB). Sensitivity of the pulse sequence was measured and compared with other sequences imaging the PFOB (CF2 )6 line group including UTE radial gradient-echo (GRE) at α = 30°, as well as Cartesian GRE, balanced SSFP, and fast spin-echo (FSE). The PFOB CF3 peak was also sampled with FSE. RESULTS The proposed balanced UTE-SSFP technique exhibited a relative detection sensitivity of 51 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) (α = 30°), at least twice that of other sequence types with either 3D radial (UTE GRE: 20 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ) or Cartesian k-space filling (GRE: 12 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ; FSE: 16 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ; balanced SSFP: 23 μmolPFOB(-1) min(-1/2) ). In vivo imaging of angiogenesis-targeted PFOB nanoparticles was demonstrated in a rabbit model of cancer on a clinical 3 Tesla scanner. CONCLUSION A new dual 19F/1H balanced UTE-SSFP sequence manifests high SNR, with detection sensitivity more than two-fold better than traditional techniques, and alleviates imaging problems caused by dephasing in complex spectra.
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Zhou HF, Yan H, Pan H, Hou KK, Akk A, Springer LE, Hu Y, Allen JS, Wickline SA, Pham CTN. Peptide-siRNA nanocomplexes targeting NF-κB subunit p65 suppress nascent experimental arthritis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4363-74. [PMID: 25157820 DOI: 10.1172/jci75673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB signaling pathway is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA); therefore, inhibition of this pathway has the potential to ameliorate an array of inflammatory diseases. Given that NF-κB signaling is critical for many immune cell functions, systemic blockade of this pathway may lead to detrimental side effects. siRNAs coupled with a safe and effective delivery nanoplatform may afford the specificity lacking in systemic administration of small-molecule inhibitors. Here we demonstrated that a melittin-derived cationic amphipathic peptide combined with siRNA targeting the p65 subunit of NF-κB (p5RHH-p65) noncovalently self-assemble into stable nanocomplexes that home to the inflamed joints in a murine model of RA. Specifically, administration of p5RHH-p65 siRNA nanocomplexes abrogated inflammatory cytokine expression and cellular influx into the joints, protected against bone erosions, and preserved cartilage integrity. The p5RHH-p65 siRNA nanocomplexes potently suppressed early inflammatory arthritis without affecting p65 expression in off-target organs or eliciting a humoral response after serial injections. These data suggest that this self-assembling, largely nontoxic platform may have broad utility for the specific delivery of siRNA to target and limit inflammatory processes for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
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Wagner EM, Jenkins J, Schmieder A, Eldridge L, Zhang Q, Moldobaeva A, Zhang H, Allen JS, Yang X, Mitzner W, Keupp J, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Angiogenesis and airway reactivity in asthmatic Brown Norway rats. Angiogenesis 2014; 18:1-11. [PMID: 25149641 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Expanded and aberrant bronchial vascularity, a prominent feature of the chronic asthmatic airway, might explain persistent airway wall edema and sustained leukocyte recruitment. Since it is well established that there are causal relationships between exposure to house dust mite (HDM) and the development of asthma, determining the effects of HDM in rats, mammals with a bronchial vasculature similar to humans, provides an opportunity to study the effects of bronchial angiogenesis on airway function directly. We studied rats exposed bi-weekly to HDM (Der p 1; 50 μg/challenge by intranasal aspiration, 1, 2, 3 weeks) and measured the time course of appearance of increased blood vessels within the airway wall. Results demonstrated that within 3 weeks of HDM exposure, the number of vessels counted within airway walls of bronchial airways (0.5-3 mm perimeter) increased significantly. These vascular changes were accompanied by increased airway responsiveness to methacholine. A shorter exposure regimen (2 weeks of bi-weekly exposure) was insufficient to cause a significant increase in functional vessels or reactivity. Yet, 19F/1H MR imaging at 3T following αvβ3-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticle infusion revealed a significant increase in 19F signal in rat airways after 2 weeks of bi-weekly HDM, suggesting earlier activation of the process of neovascularization. Although many antigen-induced mouse models exist, mice lack a bronchial vasculature and consequently lack the requisite human parallels to study bronchial edema. Overall, our results provide an important new model to study the impact of bronchial angiogenesis on chronic inflammation and airways hyperreactivity.
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Hu L, Wickline SA, Hood JL. Magnetic resonance imaging of melanoma exosomes in lymph nodes. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:266-271. [PMID: 25052384 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exosomes are cell derived extracellular nanovesicles that relay molecular signals pertinent to both normal physiologic and disease processes. The ability to modify and track exosomes in vivo is essential to understanding exosome pathogenesis, and for utilizing exosomes as effective diagnostic and therapeutic nanocarriers to treat diseases. METHODS We recently reported a new electroporation method that allow exosomes to be loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance tracking. RESULTS Building on this approach, we now demonstrate for the first time using a C57BL/6 mouse model that melanoma exosomes can be imaged in vitro, and within lymph nodes in vivo with the use of standard MRI approaches. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate proof of principle that exosome biology can be followed in vivo and pave the way for the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Magn Reson Med 74:266-271, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Zhou HF, Yan H, Hu Y, Springer LE, Yang X, Wickline SA, Pan D, Lanza GM, Pham CTN. Fumagillin prodrug nanotherapy suppresses macrophage inflammatory response via endothelial nitric oxide. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7305-17. [PMID: 24941020 PMCID: PMC4108210 DOI: 10.1021/nn502372n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenesis has been extensively explored for the treatment of a variety of cancers and certain inflammatory processes. Fumagillin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus that binds methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP-2), is a potent antiangiogenic agent. Native fumagillin, however, is poorly soluble and extremely unstable. We have developed a lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug (Fum-PD) that eliminated the photoinstability of the compound. Using αvβ3-integrin-targeted perfluorocarbon nanocarriers to deliver Fum-PD specifically to angiogenic vessels, we effectively suppressed clinical disease in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The exact mechanism by which Fum-PD-loaded targeted nanoparticles suppressed inflammation in experimental RA, however, remained unexplained. We herein present evidence that Fum-PD nanotherapy indirectly suppresses inflammation in experimental RA through the local production of endothelial nitric oxide (NO). Fum-PD-induced NO activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which subsequently modulates macrophage inflammatory response. In vivo, NO-induced AMPK activation inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity and enhances autophagic flux, as evidenced by p62 depletion and increased autolysosome formation. Autophagy in turn mediates the degradation of IkappaB kinase (IKK), suppressing the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway and inflammatory cytokine release. Inhibition of NO production by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reverses the suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response induced by Fum-PD nanotherapy. These unexpected results uncover an activity of Fum-PD nanotherapy that may be further explored in the treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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Vemuri C, Chen J, Palekar RU, Allen JS, Yang X, Zhang H, Wickline SA. Abstract 193: Antithrombin Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles Ameliorate Renal Injury Following Transient Warm Ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Thrombin mediated microvascular thrombosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute renal reperfusion injury following transient ischemia. We hypothesize that anti-thrombin nanoparticles will ameliorate acute renal injury by inhibiting microvascular thrombosis.
Methods:
Adult, male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into two groups of 5 to receive tail vein injections of saline or nanoparticles loaded with Phe[D]-Pro-Arg-Chloromethylketone (NP-PPACK). Immediately following injection, all animals underwent operative bilateral renal artery occlusion to create 45 minutes of warm ischemia, followed by restoration of renal blood flow. Blood samples were drawn daily and animals were euthanized on day 1 or 7 for histologic analysis of kidney injury (H&E, TUNEL and thrombin staining).
Results:
Histologic analysis of renal tissue revealed significant apoptosis, necrosis and thrombin accumulation 1 day after ischemia-reperfusion, confirming acute kidney injury. The peak creatinine (mg/dl) on day 1 was significantly lower in NP-PPACK treated animals (0.57 +/- 0.07 (SEM)) than in saline treated controls (1.40 +/- 0.20 (SEM); p-value <0.01). Furthermore, animals treated with NP-PPACK continued to exhibit less renal dysfunction for 7 days after injury (Figure 1).
Conclusion:
Histologically confirmed intrarenal thrombosis was detected one day after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeted inhibition of thrombin with NP-PPACK prevented a decline in renal function following transient occlusion. Future work will focus on defining the underlying mechanisms of this effect.
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Jallouk AP, Moley KH, Omurtag K, Hu G, Lanza GM, Wickline SA, Hood JL. Nanoparticle incorporation of melittin reduces sperm and vaginal epithelium cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95411. [PMID: 24748389 PMCID: PMC3991669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin is a cytolytic peptide component of bee venom which rapidly integrates into lipid bilayers and forms pores resulting in osmotic lysis. While the therapeutic utility of free melittin is limited by its cytotoxicity, incorporation of melittin into the lipid shell of a perfluorocarbon nanoparticle has been shown to reduce its toxicity in vivo. Our group has previously demonstrated that perfluorocarbon nanoparticles containing melittin at concentrations <10 µM inhibit HIV infectivity in vitro. In the current study, we assessed the impact of blank and melittin-containing perfluorocarbon nanoparticles on sperm motility and the viability of both sperm and vaginal epithelial cells. We found that free melittin was toxic to sperm and vaginal epithelium at concentrations greater than 2 µM (p<0.001). However, melittin nanoparticles were not cytotoxic to sperm (p = 0.42) or vaginal epithelium (p = 0.48) at an equivalent melittin concentration of 10 µM. Thus, nanoparticle formulation of melittin reduced melittin cytotoxicity fivefold and prevented melittin toxicity at concentrations previously shown to inhibit HIV infectivity. Melittin nanoparticles were toxic to vaginal epithelium at equivalent melittin concentrations ≥20 µM (p<0.001) and were toxic to sperm at equivalent melittin concentrations ≥40 µM (p<0.001). Sperm cytotoxicity was enhanced by targeting of the nanoparticles to the sperm surface antigen sperm adhesion molecule 1. While further testing is needed to determine the extent of cytotoxicity in a more physiologically relevant model system, these results suggest that melittin-containing nanoparticles could form the basis of a virucide that is not toxic to sperm and vaginal epithelium. This virucide would be beneficial for HIV serodiscordant couples seeking to achieve natural pregnancy.
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69
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Pan D, Schmieder AH, Wang K, Yang X, Senpan A, Cui G, Killgore K, Kim B, Allen JS, Zhang H, Caruthers SD, Shen B, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Anti-angiogenesis therapy in the Vx2 rabbit cancer model with a lipase-cleavable Sn 2 taxane phospholipid prodrug using α(v)β₃-targeted theranostic nanoparticles. Theranostics 2014; 4:565-78. [PMID: 24723979 PMCID: PMC3982128 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In nanomedicine, the hydrophobic nature of paclitaxel has favored its incorporation into many nanoparticle formulations for anti-cancer chemotherapy. At lower doses taxanes are reported to elicit anti-angiogenic responses. In the present study, the facile synthesis, development and characterization of a new lipase-labile docetaxel prodrug is reported and shown to be an effective anti-angiogenic agent in vitro and in vivo. The Sn 2 phosphatidylcholine prodrug was stably incorporated into the lipid membrane of αvβ3-integrin targeted perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles (αvβ3-Dxtl-PD NP) and did not appreciably release during dissolution against PBS buffer or plasma over three days. Overnight exposure of αvβ3-Dxtl-PD NP to plasma spiked with phospholipase enzyme failed to liberate the taxane from the membrane until the nanoparticle integrity was compromised with alcohol. The bioactivity and efficacy of αvβ3-Dxtl-PD NP in endothelial cell culture was as effective as Taxol® or free docetaxel in methanol at equimolar doses over 96 hours. The anti-angiogenesis effectiveness of αvβ3-Dxtl-PD NP was demonstrated in the Vx2 rabbit model using MR imaging of angiogenesis with the same αvβ3-PFC nanoparticle platform. Nontargeted Dxtl-PD NP had a similar MR anti-angiogenesis response as the integrin-targeted agent, but microscopically measured decreases in tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis were detected only for the targeted drug. Equivalent dosages of Abraxane® given over the same treatment schedule had no effect on angiogenesis when compared to control rabbits receiving saline only. These data demonstrate that αvβ3-Dxtl-PD NP can reduce MR detectable angiogenesis and slow tumor progression in the Vx2 model, whereas equivalent systemic treatment with free taxane had no benefit.
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70
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Bibee KP, Cheng YJ, Ching JK, Marsh JN, Li AJ, Keeling RM, Connolly AM, Golumbek PT, Myerson JW, Hu G, Chen J, Shannon WD, Lanza GM, Weihl CC, Wickline SA. Rapamycin nanoparticles target defective autophagy in muscular dystrophy to enhance both strength and cardiac function. FASEB J 2014; 28:2047-61. [PMID: 24500923 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-237388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy in boys progresses rapidly to severe impairment of muscle function and death in the second or third decade of life. Current supportive therapy with corticosteroids results in a modest increase in strength as a consequence of a general reduction in inflammation, albeit with potential untoward long-term side effects and ultimate failure of the agent to maintain strength. Here, we demonstrate that alternative approaches that rescue defective autophagy in mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with the use of rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles induce a reproducible increase in both skeletal muscle strength and cardiac contractile performance that is not achievable with conventional oral rapamycin, even in pharmacological doses. This increase in physical performance occurs in both young and adult mice, and, surprisingly, even in aged wild-type mice, which sets the stage for consideration of systemic therapies to facilitate improved cell function by autophagic disposal of toxic byproducts of cell death and regeneration.
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71
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Cyrus T, Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Magnetic resonance nanoparticles for cardiovascular molecular imaging and therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 3:705-15. [PMID: 16076280 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.4.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular vascular imaging represents a novel tool that promises to change the current medical paradigm of 'see and treat' to a 'detect and prevent' strategy. Nanoparticle agents, such as superparamagnetic nanoparticles and perfluorocarbon nanoparticle emulsions, have been developed for noninvasive imaging, particularly for magnetic resonance imaging. Designed to target specific epitopes in tissues, these agents are beginning to enter clinical trials for cardiovascular applications. The delivery of local therapy with these nanoparticles, using mechanisms such as contact-facilitated drug delivery, is in the advanced stages of preclinical research. Ultimately, combined diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticle formulations may allow patients to be characterized noninvasively and segmented to receive custom-tailored therapy. This review focuses on recent developments of nanoparticle technologies with an emphasis on cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance imaging.
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Jamis-Dow CA, Barbier GH, Watkins MP, Lanza GM, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA. Bicuspid Pulmonic Valve and Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm. Cardiol Res 2014; 5:83-84. [PMID: 26191115 PMCID: PMC4505617 DOI: 10.14740/cr321w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid pulmonary valves and pulmonary artery aneurysms are two rare entities, reported in association, and usually attributed to hemodynamic alterations caused by the bicuspid pulmonary valve. We present magnetic resonance images of a patient with a bicuspid pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery aneurysm, and propose an alternative mechanism for this association, based on recent embryologic studies that link anomalies of the semilunar valves and great vessels with derangement of the cardiac neural crest cell development.
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73
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Pan D, Schirra CO, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Multicolor computed tomographic molecular imaging with noncrystalline high-metal-density nanobeacons. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:13-25. [PMID: 24470291 PMCID: PMC4076970 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most frequently pursued radiology technologies applied in the clinics today and in the preclinical field of biomedical imaging. Myriad advances have been made to make this technique more powerful with improved signal sensitivity, rapid image acquisition and faster reconstruction. Synergistic development of novel nanoparticles has been adopted to produce the next-generation CT contrasts agents for imaging specific biological markers. Nanometer-sized agents are anticipated to play a critical part in the prospect of medical diagnostics owing to their capabilities of targeting specific biological markers, extended blood circulation time and defined biological clearance. This review paper introduces the readers to the fundamental design principles of nanoparticulate CT contrast agents with a special emphasis on molecular imaging with noncrystalline high-metal-density nanobeacons.
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Pan H, Myerson J, Yang X, Lanza G, Wickline SA. Atherosclerosis endothelial activation quantification in vivo with fluorine magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2014. [PMCID: PMC4043983 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-16-s1-o91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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75
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Hood JL, Scott MJ, Wickline SA. Maximizing exosome colloidal stability following electroporation. Anal Biochem 2013; 448:41-9. [PMID: 24333249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of exosome-based semisynthetic nanovesicles for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes requires novel approaches to load exosomes with cargo. Electroporation has previously been used to load exosomes with RNA. However, investigations into exosome colloidal stability following electroporation have not been considered. Herein, we report the development of a unique trehalose pulse media (TPM) that minimizes exosome aggregation following electroporation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and RNA absorbance were employed to determine the extent of exosome aggregation and electroextraction post electroporation in TPM compared to common PBS pulse media or sucrose pulse media (SPM). Use of TPM to disaggregate melanoma exosomes post electroporation was dependent on both exosome concentration and electric field strength. TPM maximized exosome dispersal post electroporation for both homogenous B16 melanoma and heterogeneous human serum-derived populations of exosomes. Moreover, TPM enabled heavy cargo loading of melanoma exosomes with 5nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION5) while maintaining original exosome size and minimizing exosome aggregation as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Loading exosomes with SPION5 increased exosome density on sucrose gradients. This provides a simple, label-free means of enriching exogenously modified exosomes and introduces the potential for MRI-driven theranostic exosome investigations in vivo.
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