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Aldeen A, Branzetti J, Foster A, Courtney D. EMF-7: The Northwestern University Rotating Resident Curriculum: A Novel Web-Based Didactic Program for Rotating Residents in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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77
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McPherson M, Foster A, Goodman E. Defining physician advocacy for adolescent reproductive health: results from a mixed methods study with adolescent medicine physicians. Contraception 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Sietstra C, Foster A. Providing information about misoprostol to health workers in a low-resource conflict setting: evaluation of an initiative along the Thai/Burma Border. Contraception 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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79
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Négrel AD, Chami-Khazraji Y, Arrach ML, Foster A, Mahjour J. Cataract in the Kingdom of Morocco: Indications for Surgery and Functional Results. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009; 12:25-9. [PMID: 15856588 DOI: 10.1080/09286580490907797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the results of cataract surgery in different settings in the Kingdom of Morocco. METHOD At four separate health facilities, 100 consecutive patients undergoing ECCE cataract extraction for age-related cataract were examined pre-operatively and 6-8 weeks post-operative for changes in visual acuity. RESULTS Thirty-four percent of patients (better eye acuity) and 95.5% of operated eyes had a visual acuity of less than 3/60 pre-operatively. Six to eight weeks post-operatively 84.0% of patients (better eye acuity) and 74.7% of operated eyes achieved a visual acuity of 6/18 or better. Of 198 eyes having an intraocular lens (IOL) implanted, 87.9% achieved 6/18 and 3.0% were less than 6/60 post-operatively. Of 202 eyes having cataract surgery without an IOL, 61.7% achieved 6/18 and 4.5% were less than 3/60. The proportion of eyes receiving an IOL in the 4 centres ranged from 29% to 74%. CONCLUSION Monitoring the pre and post-operative acuity of cataract patients can give useful information on the indications for surgery in different settings, the use of IOLs and the visual outcome. Implantation of an IOL should be encouraged in all people having cataract surgery unless contra-indicated.
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Lindfield R, Kuper H, Polack S, Eusebio C, Mathenge W, Wadud Z, Rashid AM, Foster A. Outcome of cataract surgery at one year in Kenya, the Philippines and Bangladesh. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93:875-80. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.152744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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81
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Kennedy-Nasser A, Ku S, Chaiyarat W, Foster A, Savoldo B, Yvon E, Leung K, Carrum G, Kamble R, Heslop H, Brenner M, Krance R, Bollard C. Expansion Of Regulatory T Cells With Ultra Low-Dose Il-2 After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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Briggs C, Longair I, Slavik M, Thwaite K, Mills R, Thavaraja V, Foster A, Romanin D, Machin SJ. Can automated blood film analysis replace the manual differential? An evaluation of the CellaVision DM96 automated image analysis system. Int J Lab Hematol 2009; 31:48-60. [PMID: 18177438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2007.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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83
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Foster A, Given M, Thornton E, Geoghegan T, Keeling F, McGrath F, Lee MJ. Removal of T-Fasteners 2 Days After Gastrostomy is Feasible. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 32:317-9. [PMID: 19082660 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-008-9473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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84
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Flaig R, Ashton A, Brandao-Neto J, Duke E, Evans G, Foster A, Gibbons P, Grant A, Hall D, Latchem M, Levik K, McAuley K, O'Hea J, Preece G, Sandy J, Sorensen T. Experience from operation and commissioning of the phase 1 MX beamlines at Diamond Light Source. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308094476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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85
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Hall D, Ashton A, Brandao-Neto J, Butler D, Duke E, Evans G, Flaig R, Foster A, Gibbons P, Harding M, Latchem M, Levik K, McAuley K, O'Hea J, Preece G, Sandy J. Macromolecular crystallography at Diamond Light Source: automation and pathogenic sample environment. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308094440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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86
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Foster A, Daoud F, Maqboul E. Assessing the sexual and reproductive health content of nursing education in Palestine: a national study. Contraception 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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87
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Polack S, Kuper H, Wadud Z, Fletcher A, Foster A. Quality of life and visual impairment from cataract in Satkhira district, Bangladesh. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92:1026-30. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.134791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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88
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Limburg H, von-Bischhoffshausen FB, Gomez P, Silva JC, Foster A. Review of recent surveys on blindness and visual impairment in Latin America. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92:315-9. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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89
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Payne B, McGill F, Schmid M, Price D, Snow M, Foster A, Burns D, Tromans A, Ong E. How good is Efavirenz in the ‘real world’? J Infect 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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90
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Trimble N, Johnson AC, Foster A, Greenwood-van Meerveld B. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice show decreased anxiety and colonic sensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19:754-60. [PMID: 17539891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is an important mediator in the stress response. Previous studies in rodent models demonstrated that stress-induced colonic hypersensitivity was inhibited by CRF1 receptor antagonism. As CRF(1)R-deficient mice have (+/+), CRF(1)R (+/-) and CRF(1)R (-/-) mice colonic sensitivity was assessed via a visceromotor behavioural response (VMR) induced by colorectal distension (CRD, 0-60 mmHg). In the CRF(1)R (+/+) mice there was a pressure-dependent increase in the VMR to CRD that was moderately attenuated in the CRF1R (+/-) mice. However in the CRF(1)R (-/-) mice a VMR to CRD was only observed at the highest distension pressure (60 mmHg). A CRF(1)R antagonist, NBI 30775 (30 mg kg(-1) i.p.) significantly decreased the VMR to CRD in CRF(1)R +/+ mice. An identical inhibitory effect of NBI 30775 was observed in 43% of the CRF(1)R +/- mice. This study provides pharmacological and genetic evidence for the importance of CRF(1)R in colonic sensitivity and suggests a link between stress and visceral perception.
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Malireddy SR, Chiorean E, Foster A, Jones D, Waddell M, Margol M, Hall S, Schneider B, Sweeney CJ. A phase I dose escalation trial of the VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PTK787/ ZK222584 (PTK/ZK), used in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors with pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
14012 Background: The aim of this study was to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for weekly paclitaxel administered in combination with daily PTK/ZK and assess for a potential PK drug interaction. Methods: 17 patients (pts) with refractory metastatic solid tumors, were enrolled. During cycle 1 (C1) paclitaxel was given on days 1 and 15 in combination with PTK/ZK on days 3 to 28. PTK/ZK was administered once daily each night. During cycle 2 (C2) and beyond, paclitaxel was given on days 1, 8 and 15 every 28 days. PTK/ZK was taken orally each night. A “3+3” design was used. In addition to the standard definitions of dose limiting toxicity (DLT) occurring in C1 and C2, the inability to give day 8 or 15 of paclitaxel or > 7 days of missed PTK/ZK due to toxicity was also deemed dose limiting. Therapy was given until disease progression. Results: 60 cycles (range: 1 to 8) have been administered to 16 evaluable pts. No DLTs were observed when 75 mg/m2 of paclitaxel was combined with PTK/ZK doses of 250 mg, 500 mg and 750 mg. Two of 5 pts treated with paclitaxel 85 mg/m2 and PTK/ZK 1,000 mg had Grade 3 transaminase elevation (defined DLT) in C1 after day 15. The MTD was therefore 75 mg/m2 paclitaxel and 750 mg PTK/ZK. Paclitaxel PK was obtained in 14 patients: 13 of 14 patients had a faster clearance (L/hr) of paclitaxel on C1 day 15 versus day 1 (average % increase: 79%, range 14–256%, SD: 69). Only one patient had a slower clearance: 26% decrease. Activity included 2 partial responses (prostate and esophageal cancer), and 8 pts had stable disease lasting 2–9+ months, including ovarian cancer pts previously treated with paclitaxel. Conclusion: The MTD for weekly paclitaxel plus daily PTK/ZK is 75 mg/m2 and 750 mg. DLTs were liver transaminase elevation. This combination was well tolerated, and responses and prolonged disease stabilization were seen. PK analysis revealed an increase in rate of paclitaxel clearance in most patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Jadoon Z, Shah SP, Bourne R, Dineen B, Khan MA, Gilbert CE, Foster A, Khan MD. Cataract prevalence, cataract surgical coverage and barriers to uptake of cataract surgical services in Pakistan: the Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1269-73. [PMID: 17556430 PMCID: PMC2001008 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To estimate the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness caused by cataract, the prevalence of aphakia/pseudophakia, cataract surgical coverage (CSC) and to identify barriers to the uptake of cataract services among adults aged >or=30 years in Pakistan. METHODS Probability proportional-to-size procedures were used to select a nationally representative sample of adults. Each subject underwent interview, visual acuity measurement, autorefraction, biometry and ophthalmic examination. Those that saw <6/12 in either eye underwent a more intensive examination procedure including corrected visual acuity, slit lamp and dilated fundus examination. CSC was calculated for different levels of visual loss by person and by eye. Individuals with <6/60 in the better eye as a result of cataract were interviewed regarding barriers. RESULTS 16 507 Adults were examined (95.5% response rate). The crude prevalence of blindness (presenting <3/60 in the better eye) caused by bilateral cataract was 1.75% (95% CI 1.55%, 1.96%). 1317 Participants (633 men; 684 women) had undergone cataract surgery in one or both eyes, giving a crude prevalence of 8.0% (95% CI 7.6%, 8.4%). The CSC (persons) at <3/60, <6/60 and <6/18 were 77.1%, 69.3% and 43.7%, respectively. The CSC (eyes) at <3/60, <6/60 and <6/18 were 61.4%, 52.2% and 40.7%, respectively. Cost of surgery (76.1%) was the main barrier to surgery. CONCLUSION Approximately 570 000 adults are estimated to be blind (<3/60) as a result of cataract in Pakistan, and 3,560000 eyes have a visual acuity of <6/60 because of cataract. Overall, the national surgical coverage is good but underserved populations have been identified.
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Khodavirdi A, Epstein J, Khan S, Rosenthal R, Foster A. 418 SUCCESSFUL CONTROL OF BACK AND LEG PAIN WITH A NEXT GENERATION SPINAL CORD STIMULATION (SCS) DEVICE FOLLOWING INITIAL TREATMENT FAILURE. Eur J Pain 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.03.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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94
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Foster A, Arcos G, Kramarich S. 414 THE UTILITY OF ZERO-VOLT BATTERY TECHNOLOGY WHEN BATTERY CHARGE IS DEPLETED. Eur J Pain 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.03.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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95
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Muhit MA, Shah SP, Gilbert CE, Foster A. Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in Bangladesh: a study of 1935 children. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1000-4. [PMID: 17360736 PMCID: PMC1954802 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the anatomical site and underlying aetiology of severe visual impairment and blindness (SVI/BL) in children in Bangladesh. DESIGN A national case series. METHODS Children were recruited from all 64 districts in Bangladesh through multiple sources. Causes were determined and categorised using standard World Health Organization methods. RESULTS 1935 SVI/BL children were recruited. The median age was 132 months, and boys accounted for 63.1% of the sample. The main site of abnormality was lens (32.5%), mainly unoperated cataract, followed by corneal pathology (26.6%) and disorders of the whole eye (13.1%). Lens-related blindness was the leading cause in boys (37.0%) compared with corneal blindness in girls (29.8%). In 593 children, visual loss was due to childhood factors, over 75% being attributed to vitamin A deficiency. Overall 1338 children (69.2%) had avoidable causes. Only 2% of the country's estimated SVI/BL children have access to education and rehabilitation services. CONCLUSIONS This is the first large-scale study of SVI/BL children in Bangladesh over two-thirds of whom had avoidable causes. Strategies for control are discussed.
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Dineen B, Bourne RRA, Jadoon Z, Shah SP, Khan MA, Foster A, Gilbert CE, Khan MD. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in Pakistan. The Pakistan national blindness and visual impairment survey. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1005-10. [PMID: 17229806 PMCID: PMC1954803 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the causes of blindness and visual impairment in adults (> or =30 years old) in Pakistan, and to explore socio-demographic variations in cause. METHODS A multi-stage, stratified, cluster random sampling survey was used to select a nationally representative sample of adults. Each subject was interviewed, had their visual acuity measured and underwent autorefraction and fundus/optic disc examination. Those with a visual acuity of <6/12 in either eye underwent a more detailed ophthalmic examination. Causes of visual impairment were classified according to the accepted World Health Organization (WHO) methodology. An exploration of demographic variables was conducted using regression modeling. RESULTS A sample of 16 507 adults (95.5% of those enumerated) was examined. Cataract was the most common cause of blindness (51.5%; defined as <3/60 in the better eye on presentation) followed by corneal opacity (11.8%), uncorrected aphakia (8.6%) and glaucoma (7.1%). Posterior capsular opacification accounted for 3.6% of blindness. Among the moderately visually impaired (<6/18 to > or =6/60), refractive error was the most common cause (43%), followed by cataract (42%). Refractive error as a cause of severe visual impairment/blindness was significantly higher in rural dwellers than in urban dwellers (odds ratio (OR) 3.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 11.7). Significant provincial differences were also identified. Overall we estimate that 85.5% of causes were avoidable and that 904 000 adults in Pakistan have cataract (<6/60) requiring surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive survey provides reliable estimates of the causes of blindness and visual impairment in Pakistan. Despite expanded surgical services, cataract still accounts for over half of the cases of blindness in Pakistan. One in eight blind adults has visual loss from sequelae of cataract surgery. Services for refractive errors need to be further expanded and integrated into eye care services, particularly those serving rural populations.
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Nekhai S, Bhat UG, Ammosova T, Radhakrishnan SK, Jerebtsova M, Niu X, Foster A, Layden TJ, Gartel AL. A novel anticancer agent ARC antagonizes HIV-1 and HCV. Oncogene 2006; 26:3899-903. [PMID: 17173067 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) pose major public health concerns worldwide. HCV is clearly associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, and recently HIV infection has also been linked to the development of a multitude of cancers. Previously, we identified a novel nucleoside analog transcriptional inhibitor ARC (4-amino-6-hydrazino-7-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide) that exhibited proapoptotic and antiangiogenic properties in vitro. Here, we evaluated the effect of ARC on HIV-1 transcription and HCV replication. Using reporter assays, we found that ARC inhibited HIV-1 Tat-based transactivation in different cell systems. Also, using hepatoma cells that harbor subgenomic and full-length replicons of HCV, we found that ARC inhibited HCV replication. Together, our data indicate that ARC could be a promising candidate for the development of antiviral therapeutics against HIV and HCV.
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Riaz Y, Mehta JS, Wormald R, Evans JR, Foster A, Ravilla T, Snellingen T. Surgical interventions for age-related cataract. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2006:CD001323. [PMID: 17054134 PMCID: PMC7096771 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001323.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cataract accounts for 50% of blindness globally and remains the leading cause of visual impairment in all regions of the world, despite improvements in surgical outcomes (WHO 2005). This number is expected to rise due to an aging population and increase in life expectancy. Although cataracts are not preventable, their surgical treatment is one of the most cost-effective interventions in healthcare. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of different surgical interventions for age-related cataract. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE up to July 2006, NRR Issue 3 2005, the reference lists of identified trials and we contacted investigators and experts in the field for details of published and unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Where appropriate, risk ratios, odds ratios and weighted mean differences were summarised after assessing heterogeneity between the studies. MAIN RESULTS We identified 17 trials that randomised a total of 9627 people. Phacoemulsification gave a better visual outcome than extracapsular surgery but similar average cost per procedure in Europe but not in poorer countries. Extracapsular surgery with posterior chamber lens implant and ICCE with or without an anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implant gave acceptable visual outcomes but extracapsular surgery had less complications. Manual small incision surgery provides better visual outcome than ECCE but slightly inferior unaided visual acuity compared to phacoemulsification. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review provides evidence from seven RCTs that phacoemulsification gives a better outcome than ECCE with sutures. We also found evidence that ECCE with a posterior chamber lens implant provides better visual outcome than ICCE with aphakic glasses. The long term effect of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) needs to be assessed in larger populations. The data also suggests that ICCE with an anterior chamber lens implant is an effective alternative to ICCE with aphakic glasses, with similar safety. Phacoemulsification provides the best visual outcomes but will only be accessible to the poorer countries if the cost of phacoemulsification and foldable IOLs decrease. Manual small incision cataract surgery provides early visual rehabilitation and comparable visual outcome to PHACO. It has better visual outcomes than ECCE and can be used in any clinic that is currently carrying out ECCE with IOL. Further research from developing regions are needed to compare the cost and longer term outcomes of these procedures e.g. PCO and corneal endothelial cell damage.
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Kondjoyan A, Rouaud O, McCann M, Havet M, Foster A, Swain M, Daudin J. Modelling coupled heat–water transfers during a decontamination treatment of the surface of solid food products by a jet of hot air. I. Sensitivity analysis of the model and first validations of product surface temperature under constant air temperature conditions. J FOOD ENG 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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100
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Liebana E, Batchelor M, Hopkins KL, Clifton-Hadley FA, Teale CJ, Foster A, Barker L, Threlfall EJ, Davies RH. Longitudinal farm study of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-mediated resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1630-4. [PMID: 16672386 PMCID: PMC1479190 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.5.1630-1634.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-mediated resistance is of considerable importance in human medicine. Recently, such enzymes have been reported in bacteria from animals. We describe a longitudinal study of a dairy farm suffering calf scour with high mortality rates. In November 2004, two Escherichia coli isolates with resistance to a wide range of beta-lactams (including amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime) were isolated from scouring calves. Testing by PCR and sequence analysis confirmed the isolates as being both bla(CTX-M14/17) and bla(TEM-35) ((IRT-4)) positive. They had indistinguishable plasmid and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Transferability studies demonstrated that bla(CTX-M) was located on a conjugative 65-MDa IncK plasmid. Following a farm visit in December 2004, 31/48 calves and 2/60 cows were positive for E. coli with bla(CTX-M). Also, 5/48 calf and 28/60 cow samples yielded bla(CTX)- and bla(TEM)-negative E. coli isolates that were resistant to cefotaxime, and sequence analysis confirmed that these presented mutations in the promoter region of the chromosomal ampC gene. Fingerprinting showed 11 different PFGE types (seven in bla(CTX-M)-positive isolates). Six different PFGE clones conjugated the same bla(CTX-M)-positive IncK plasmid. One clone carried a different-sized, bla(CTX-M)-positive, transformable plasmid. This is the first report of bla(CTX-M) from livestock in the United Kingdom, and this report demonstrates the complexity of ESBL epidemiology. Results indicate that horizontal plasmid transfer between strains as well as horizontal gene transfer between plasmids have contributed to the spread of resistance. We have also shown that some clones can persist for months, suggesting that clonal spread also contributes to the perpetuation of resistance.
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