Outcome data from the LEAP (Live, Eat and Play) trial: a randomized controlled trial of a primary care intervention for childhood overweight/mild obesity

OBJECTIVES

To reduce gain in body mass index (BMI) in overweight/mildly obese children in the primary care setting.

DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) nested within a baseline cross-sectional BMI survey.

SETTING

Twenty nine general practices, Melbourne, Australia.

PARTICIPANTS

(1) BMI survey: 2112 children visiting their general practitioner (GP) April-December 2002; (2) RCT: individually randomized overweight/mildly obese (BMI z-score <3.0) children aged 5 years 0 months-9 years 11 months (82 intervention, 81 control).

INTERVENTION

Four standard GP consultations over 12 weeks, targeting change in nutrition, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, supported by purpose-designed family materials.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Primary: BMI at 9 and 15 months post-randomization. Secondary: Parent-reported child nutrition, physical activity and health status; child-reported health status, body satisfaction and appearance/self-worth.

RESULTS

Attrition was 10%. The adjusted mean difference (intervention-control) in BMI was -0.2 kg/m(2) (95% CI: -0.6 to 0.1; P=0.25) at 9 months and -0.0 kg/m(2) (95% CI: -0.5 to 0.5; P=1.00) at 15 months. There was a relative improvement in nutrition scores in the intervention arm at both 9 and 15 months. There was weak evidence of an increase in daily physical activity in the intervention arm. Health status and body image were similar in the trial arms.

CONCLUSIONS

This intervention did not result in a sustained BMI reduction, despite the improvement in parent-reported nutrition. Brief individualized solution-focused approaches may not be an effective approach to childhood overweight. Alternatively, this intervention may not have been intensive enough or the GP training may have been insufficient; however, increasing either would have significant cost and resource implications at a population level.

Treatment of high-energy tibial plateau fractures

Treatment of high-energy fractures of the tibial plateau requires an inordinate degree of surgical effort in order to avoid complications. Fracture reduction can be a challenge to experienced hands and the soft tissue conditions are intolerant of careless dissection. In general, it is an oversimplification to use one technique of stabilisation for such a heterogenous group (even within one classification tier). This article describes the specific attributes of Schatzker type 6 injuries (AO 41C) that enable decisionmaking algorithms to be generated and balances the merits for plate stabilisation and external fixation against injury characteristics. A detailed description is given for circular fixation in these injuries to assist those unfamiliar with the technique.

Spatial and temporal variation in malaria transmission in a low endemicity area in northern Tanzania

Background

Spatial and longitudinal monitoring of transmission intensity will allow better targeting of malaria interventions. In this study, data on meteorological, demographic, entomological and parasitological data over the course of a year was collected to describe malaria epidemiology in a single village of low transmission intensity.

Methods

Entomological monitoring of malaria vectors was performed by weekly light trap catches in 10 houses. Each house in the village of Msitu wa Tembo, Lower Moshi, was mapped and censused. Malaria cases identified through passive case detection at the local health centre were mapped by residence using GIS software and the incidence of cases by season and distance to the main breeding site was calculated.

Results

The principle vector was Anopheles arabiensis and peak mosquito numbers followed peaks in recent rainfall. The entomological inoculation rate estimated was 3.4 (95% CI 0.7–9.9) infectious bites per person per year. The majority of malaria cases (85/130) occurred during the rainy season (χ² = 62,3, p < 0.001). Living further away from the river (OR 0.96, CI 0.92–0.998, p = 0.04 every 50 m) and use of anti-insect window screens (OR 0.65, CI 0.44–0.94, p = 0.023) were independent protective factors for the risk of malaria infection. Children aged 1–5 years and 5–15 years were at greater risk of clinical episodes (OR 2.36, CI 1.41–3.97, p = 0.001 and OR 3.68, CI 2.42–5.61, p < 0.001 respectively).

Conclusion

These data show that local malaria transmission is restricted to the rainy season and strongly associated with proximity to the river. Transmission reducing interventions should, therefore, be timed before the rain-associated increase in mosquito numbers and target households located near the river.

Individual and area factors associated with general practitioner integration in Australia: A multilevel analysis

The further integration of primary care within the wider health system is an imperative for reform in all countries. The aim of this paper is to determine the factors associated with general practitioner (GP) integration using the GP Integration Index which has been recently developed and is demonstrating good reliability. The analysis is based on a database derived from an Australia-wide mail questionnaire survey of 1874 GPs drawn from a 20% stratified random sample of 123 Divisions of General Practice (47.8% adjusted response rate). The GP Integration Index measures the level of GPs' integration with the health care system based upon a description of their own behaviour. It consists of nine GP integration factors, and their two associated higher-order factors-Primary Care Management (PCM) and Community Health Role (CHR)-as well as five GP integration enabling factors. A multivariate multilevel analysis was undertaken. An explanatory model for both PCM and CHR was tested based on the GP integration factors as well as general practice, GP and regional characteristics. CHR and PCM were most strongly associated with GP integration enabling factors (mainly at the individual-level) and, for CHR only, with urban-rural location (mainly at the area-level). The most important single explanatory variable for both PCM and CHR was the GP integration enabling factor, "Knowledge of local resources." The important explanatory variables were those reflecting the way GPs work, rather than their broad 'classification' within individual or GP-setting groupings. Based on these results, some revision to the proposed model was necessary. We conclude that processes of care factors (as compared to structure of care factors) are more important in relation to GP integration than previously recognised. Future policy initiatives to promote GP integration should focus on programs to improve GP's knowledge of local resources.

HER2 comparison with novel 3-gene marker sets for risk prediction of distant recurrence of breast carcinoma

20009

Background: The risk of distant recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma (BrCa) is predicted imperfectly by currently used factors (e.g. nuclear grade, hormone receptor status), complicating adjuvant therapy decisions. In an effort to discover biomarkers for recurrence, we retrospectively analyzed BrCa recurrence and tumor gene amplification. Multi-gene marker sets were evaluated for predictive significance and accuracy. Because studies of HER2 as a suitable biomarker report positive and negative results, we compared our marker sets with HER2. Methods: 229 of 723 BrCa patients met inclusion criteria: invasive ductal carcinoma, no isolated local recurrence, minimum 4 years follow-up, and archived specimens adequate for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. Study endpoint was recurrence, or non-recurrence throughout follow-up. FISH was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin sections with probes for previously identified genomic regions. Signals were counted with a Metasystems workstation, and used in a “Prognostic Index” (PI) to categorize recurrence risk. One-sided Fisher’s exact test was used to assess increased incidence of distant recurrence in relation to PI and HER2, and increased incidence of HER2 amplification in relation to PI. Results: Two separate 3-gene marker sets were obtained that predict clinical outcome for hormone receptor + (HR+) and hormone receptor − (HR−) tumors. In HR+ samples a PI based upon regions surrounding CYP24, PDCP6IP, and BIRC5 was the best predictor of recurrence, while for HR- specimens the PI was based on the NR1D1, SMARCE1, and BIRC5 regions. The PIs are significantly associated with recurrence of HR+ and HR− tumors (OR = 9.52, 95% CI > 2.12, p = 0.0024; and OR = 12.3, 95% CI > 1.45, p = 0.0188, respectively). However, tumor HER2 amplification was not prognostic for recurrence (OR = 1.76, 95% CI > 0.77, p = 0.1395). Furthermore, there was no significant association of PI with HER2 status (OR = 1.56, CI > 0.57, p = 0.862). Conclusions: Prognostic Indices based on copy numbers of two 3-gene marker sets significantly predict clinical outcome of stage I-III invasive ductal carcinoma. HER2 amplification, included in our previous whole genome survey but not present in our final marker sets, had no prognostic value.

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The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function

The mucosal immune system fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal immune system is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and 'harmless' antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both cases the antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a novel diet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man, and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than previously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluated by neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control points in the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensal antigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped mucosal immune systems. At birth this factor may prevent both expression of active immune responses and development of tolerance. However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the mucosal immune system in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicating active immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the ability of the mucosal immune system to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simultaneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one or other arm of the immune system develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effector responses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (disease susceptibility).

Unusual ECG findings mimicking complete heart block in an unrecognised calcium antagonist overdose

We present a case of severe cardiovascular instability which required intensive care management after a myocardial infarction had been diagnosed incorrectly. Unusual ECG findings were diagnostic of calcium antagonist toxicity as the cause of the cardiovascular collapse. A discussion of the potential pitfalls in the management of patients intoxicated with these agents is undertaken. Of particular interest is the prolonged period of supportive therapy required prior to the return of an unsupported circulation. The physiological variables encountered with this type of poisoning were confirmed by the use of a PiCCO device.

A comparison of periodised and fixed repetition training protocol on strength in older adults

It has been forwarded that strength training is the primary intervention for improving and maintaining functional independence of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine if a periodised strength-training program was superior to a fixed repetition protocol for enhancing strength in older adults. Previously untrained male and female participants (71.6+/-5.3 y) were separated into three groups: fixed repetition (FR: n= 18), periodised (PER: n= 21) and control (C: n= 21). FR and PER protocols trained 2 days/week performing knee extensions, leg press, leg curl, biceps curl, triceps extension, lat pull downs, shoulder press and seated bench press. FR performed three sets of 9RM/exercise throughout the 18-week study. PER performed two sets of 15RM/exercise (weeks 1-6), three sets of 9RM/exercise (weeks 7-12) and four sets of 6RM/exercise (weeks 13-18). Pre-post 1RM were collected for each exercise. The sum of 1RM for the eight exercises was considered indicative of total body strength and served as the dependent variable. An ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc was utilised to analyse the data. FR (p< 0.01) and PER (p< 0.01) groups experienced significant strength gains compared to C but were not different from each other. The results suggest that previously untrained older adults could expect similar strength gains from FR or PER strength-training protocols of 18 weeks or less.

The influence of environment on development of the mucosal immune system

The mucosal immune system expresses active responses against pathogens and also tolerance against harmless food and commensal bacterial antigens. The mechanisms that determine which of these outcomes occur after recognition of antigens by T-cells are not clear. One possibility is that it is determined by the initial interaction between a dendritic and a naïve T-cell in organised lymphoid tissue. However, such organised structures are, evolutionarily, quite recent and the original immune system must have made appropriate responses in more diffuse immunological architecture; a second possibility is that the critical interaction is between primed T-cells and their environment, in the lamina propria of the intestine. The mucosal immune system of neonates is poorly developed and inefficient at expressing appropriate immune responses. Development is influenced by a range of environmental factors including maternally derived antigen or antibody and commensal flora and pathogens. The intestine is a complex immunological structure in which the immune system and the macro- and microenvironment interact.

Detection of allelic variants of the canine IGHA gene by fluorescence resonance energy transfer melting temperature examination

The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) dual hybridisation probe system has been used for the detection of the accumulation of target DNA during real-time PCR and for the identification of nucleotide polymorphisms through examination of melt curves. This system involves the use of two oligonucleotide probes which are located close to each other and are complementary to an internal segment of a target DNA of interest. Four allelic variants of the gene encoding the hinge region of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) heavy chain (IGHA) have been so far identified in the dog and this variability is due to a combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletion of nucleic acid motifs. An individual dog may be homozygous or heterozygous for these allelic variants. The purpose of this study was to develop a FRET-based dual probe melting temperature assay to identify the alleles present within an individual dog and to use this assay to determine the frequency of the four allelic variants in different breeds within the canine population. A single pair of oligonucleotide probes were designed that were able to discriminate between the four allelic variants in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals. The genotype of 96 DNA samples obtained from various purebreeds of dogs was determined using this FRET assay. The frequency of each allele differed between the breed groups. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to distinguish relatively complex gene polymorphisms using a single set of oligonucleotide probes. Furthermore, any future comparison of IGHA genotypes between normal and diseased dog populations must take into account the breed variation in allelic frequency.

Glutathione depletion modulates methanol, formaldehyde and formate toxicity in cultured rat conceptuses

The proposed use of methanol (H3COH) as an alternative to fossil fuels has prompted concern about potential health risks resulting from widespread environmental exposure. Methanol is teratogenic in rodents and, although the exact toxic species is not known, teratogenesis may result from the enzymatic biotransformation of H3COH to formaldehyde (CH2O) and formic acid causing increased biological reactivity and toxicity. A protective role for the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) has been described for H3COH, CH2O and formic acid toxicity in various biological systems but has yet to be evaluated in the developing conceptus. Whole embryo culture studies were conducted using GD 10-11 rat conceptuses to elucidate the relationship between H3COH and its metabolites and GSH status. Methanol exposure produced a decrease in normal growth parameters and a dose-dependent loss of viability. CH2O had deleterious effects on embryo growth and viability. Sodium formate (HCOONa) exposure resulted in a high mortality rate but viable embryos did not manifest any abnormalities. Methanol, CH2O, and HCOONa all produced a significant depletion of GSH in both embryo and VYS. Inhibition of GSH synthesis by L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) treatment exacerbated H3COH, CH2O and HCOONa embryotoxicity. Interestingly, only H3COH/BSO and CH2O/BSO co-treatments caused increased malformation, while embryos treated with HCOONa/BSO did not produce any developmental deformities. These results implicate CH2O as the most embryotoxic H3COH metabolite, on a molar basis, in terms of causing dysmorphogenesis, alterations of normal growth parameters and embryolethality. HCOONa was selectively embryolethal and did not produce dysmorphogenesis. CH2O toxicity is potentiated by GSH depletion, indicating that GSH may be more directly involved in its detoxication in the embryo.

The role of primary care non-physician clinic staff in e-mail communication with patients

BACKGROUND

Few studies have explicitly addressed how e-mail technology may affect non-physician clinic staff, even though these staff typically manage tasks well suited to e-mail communication such as requests for prescription renewals, laboratory and test results, and referral authorizations.

GOAL

We conducted a survey of staff members at 10 primary care clinics in Boston to further evaluate non-physician staff attitudes towards e-mail use with patients. We subsequently re-surveyed staff at three of these clinics after the implementation of Patient Gateway, an application designed to facilitate secure electronic communication between patients and the clinics.

RESULTS

Before Patient Gateway implementation, 88% of surveyed staff were already using e-mail at least once a day for work-related communication. Many of these staff members (24%) were already using e-mail with patients. Forty-eight percent of staff members thought that increasing e-mail use with patients could improve the quality of care their practices delivered. However, staff reported having some hesitations about increasing e-mail use with patients, mostly relating to security, confidentiality, and workload. After Patient Gateway implementation, users reported high satisfaction with the application and staff in general (users and non-users of Patient Gateway) felt more enthusiastic about increasing e-mail use with patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In order to maximize the potential of staff-patient e-mail, it is important that concerns relating to security, confidentiality, and workflow are addressed, and patients must be given guidelines for the appropriate use of e-mail. Secure applications designed with these issues in mind are likely to be well received by staff members, and in turn physicians.

Dissolved nutrients in the Tweed Estuary, UK: inputs, distributions and effects of residence time

Results are presented from a campaign in which dissolved inorganic nutrients were measured in the Tweed Estuary, UK. The data utilised here were derived from surveys undertaken on a monthly basis from January to August 1997. There was consistency between the nutrient concentrations observed in the freshwater reaches of the tidal estuary and earlier measurements made several km upstream, in the freshwater river. Typically, nitrate was of the order of 100 microM and silicate approximately half this, whereas phosphate and nitrite were typically approximately 1 microM. Seasonal fluctuations in freshwater nitrate and silicate were very large, with concentrations exceeding (respectively) 300 and 100 microM in winter and less than 30 and 10 microM in summer. The estuarine nutrients surveyed followed this general seasonal pattern. A simple box model was used to investigate the temporal behaviour of a hypothetical estuarine nutrient. The model demonstrated that large deviations from the 'broad-brush' seasonal pattern for nitrate and silicate could be expected to occur within the estuary as a result of runoff and residence-time variations. The model also demonstrated that mid-estuarine peaks observed in the longitudinal distributions of phosphate could only have arisen as a result of non-freshwater, wastewater phosphate inputs to the estuary. Without this mid-estuarine input, rapid flushing rates would have ensured that transients due to changing freshwater phosphate concentrations, runoff and tides (via the residence time) would have had relatively little impact on the classic, linear 'conservative' mixing diagram for the estuary. Conservative mixing was largely applicable to the other nutrients.

A new device for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence

Treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) comprises a broad range of possible interventions. Non-surgical options include absorbent pads, vaginal weights and cones, biofeedback and minimally invasive techniques such as urethral bulking agents (UBAs). Surgical interventions range in complexity from sling surgery and suspension techniques to more major surgeries such as burch colposuspension. Each option has its challenges and limitations. This paper will focus on UBAs, which are implantable materials whose purpose is to augment urethral tissue function and restore continence. The characteristics required of such materials, and the challenges to be overcome when incorporating them in a successful product design, will be described and discussed. Particular attention will be given to the latest developments in the administration of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer UBA.

Oral and dental health in the alcohol misuser

This review explores the relationship between oral and dental health and disease in substance misusers. Although it focuses on oral cancer, we also examine the relationship of misuse with dental caries and periodontal diseases. It is difficult to separate out the inter-related aetiological factors such as the use of alcohol and tobacco (smoked and chewed). They probably act in a synergistic manner.

A UML approach to process modelling of clinical practice guidelines for enactment

Although clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been suggested as a means of encapsulating best practice in evidence-based medical treatment, their usage in clinical environments has been disappointing. Criticisms of guideline representations have been that they are predominantly narrative and are difficult to incorporate into clinical information systems. This paper analyses the use of UML process modelling techniques for guideline representation and proposes the automated generation of executable guidelines using XMI. This hybrid UML-XMI approach provides flexible authoring of guideline decision and control structures whilst integrating appropriate data flow. It also uses an open XMI standard interface to allow the use of authoring tools and process control systems from multiple vendors. The paper first surveys CPG modelling formalisms followed by a brief introduction to process modelling in UMI. Furthermore, the modelling of CPGs in UML is presented leading to a case study of encoding a diabetes mellitus CPG using UML.

Suicide by self-immolation in Durban, South Africa: a five-year retrospective review

Self-immolation is an uncommon method of suicide, and its occurrence in South Africa is thus far unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-immolation deaths and to establish a profile of these cases and the circumstances under which this condition occurs. A 5-year (1996-2000) retrospective review at a mortuary in Durban, South Africa, was conducted. Data were obtained from the Department of Forensic Medicine, the Medical Research Council's National Injury Mortality Surveillance System, and police and hospital records. During the study period, there were 12339 nonnatural deaths, of which 696 (5.6%) were suicides. Self-immolation accounted for 69 (0.6%) of all nonnatural deaths and 69 (9.9%) of all suicides. The subjects had a mean age of 31.2 years and were predominantly female (76.8%) and black (81.2%). The mean burn surface area was 63.3%, and the mean injury severity score was 36.9. Accelerant use was documented in 53 (76.8%) of cases, and paraffin was preferred. All cases occurred indoors. The proportion of suicides due to self-immolation in our study is excessive when compared with international studies that report figures between 0.9% and 2.2% of suicides. Additional studies are necessary to further elucidate the reasons for this discrepancy.

Screening for trisomy 21 by maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency and maternal serum biochemistry at 11-14 weeks: a German multicenter study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effectiveness of screening for trisomy 21 by a combination of maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and maternal serum biochemistry using free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) at 11-14 weeks of gestation.

METHODS

This was a multicenter study of screening for trisomy 21 by a combination of maternal age, fetal NT and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A at 11-14 weeks of gestation, using the methodology developed by the Fetal Medicine Foundation. The distribution of estimated risks for trisomy 21 was determined and the sensitivity and false-positive rate for a risk cut-off of 1 in 300 were calculated.

RESULTS

In total, 3864 singleton pregnancies with live fetuses at 11-14 weeks were examined and the fetal NT and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A were successfully measured in all cases. The median maternal age was 33 (range 15-46) years and, in 1271 (35.8%), the age was 35 years or more, the median gestation at screening was 12 (11-14) weeks and the median fetal crown-rump length was 64 (range 45-84) mm. The fetal NT was above the 95th centile in 73.7% (14 of 19) of trisomy 21 and in 4.8% (169 of 3505) of normal pregnancies. The estimated risk for trisomy 21 based on maternal age, fetal NT and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A was 1 in 300 or greater in 6.6% (233 of 3505) of normal pregnancies, in 84.2% (16 of 19) of those with trisomy 21 and 88.9% (24 of 27) of those with other chromosomal defects.

CONCLUSIONS

In Germany, the results of screening for chromosomal defects by measurement of fetal NT and maternal serum biochemistry, in centers with appropriately qualified sonographers, are similar to those reported in the UK using the same methodology.