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Liu S, Kelvin DJ, Leon AJ, Jin L, Farooqui A. Induction of Fas mediated caspase-8 independent apoptosis in immune cells by Armigeres subalbatus saliva. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41145. [PMID: 22815944 PMCID: PMC3398892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely recognized that the introduction of saliva of bloodsucking arthropods at the site of pathogen transmission might play a central role in vector-borne infections. However, how the interaction between salivary components and the host immune system takes place and which physiological processes this leads to has yet to be investigated. Armigeres subalbatus is one of the prominent types of mosquitoes involved in the transmission of parasitic and viral diseases in humans and animals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using murine peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes, and human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs), this study shows that saliva of the female Ar. subalbatus induces apoptosis via interaction with the Fas receptor within a few hours but without activating caspase-8. The process further activates downstream p38 MAPK signaling, a cascade that leads to the induction of apoptosis in capase-3 dependent manner. We further illustrate that Ar. subalbatus saliva suppresses proinflammatory cytokines without changing IL-10 levels, which might happen as a result of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that saliva-induced apoptosis is the leading phenomenon exerted by Ar.subalbatus that impede immune cells leading to the suppression of their effecter mechanism.
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Huang SSH, Banner D, Fang Y, Ng DCK, Kanagasabai T, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Comparative analyses of pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B infections depict distinct clinical pictures in ferrets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27512. [PMID: 22110664 PMCID: PMC3217968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B infections are a worldwide health concern to both humans and animals. High genetic evolution rates of the influenza virus allow the constant emergence of new strains and cause illness variation. Since human influenza infections are often complicated by secondary factors such as age and underlying medical conditions, strain or subtype specific clinical features are difficult to assess. Here we infected ferrets with 13 currently circulating influenza strains (including strains of pandemic 2009 H1N1 [H1N1pdm] and seasonal A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses). The clinical parameters were measured daily for 14 days in stable environmental conditions to compare clinical characteristics. We found that H1N1pdm strains had a more severe physiological impact than all season strains where pandemic A/California/07/2009 was the most clinically pathogenic pandemic strain. The most serious illness among seasonal A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 groups was caused by A/Solomon Islands/03/2006 and A/Perth/16/2009, respectively. Among the 13 studied strains, B/Hubei-Wujiagang/158/2009 presented the mildest clinical symptoms. We have also discovered that disease severity (by clinical illness and histopathology) correlated with influenza specific antibody response but not viral replication in the upper respiratory tract. H1N1pdm induced the highest and most rapid antibody response followed by seasonal A/H3N2, seasonal A/H1N1 and seasonal influenza B (with B/Hubei-Wujiagang/158/2009 inducing the weakest response). Our study is the first to compare the clinical features of multiple circulating influenza strains in ferrets. These findings will help to characterize the clinical pictures of specific influenza strains as well as give insights into the development and administration of appropriate influenza therapeutics.
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Almansa R, Socias L, Ramirez P, Martin-Loeches I, Vallés J, Loza A, Rello J, Kelvin DJ, León C, Blanco J, Andaluz D, Micheloud D, Maraví E, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Bermejo-Martin JF. Imbalanced pro- and anti-Th17 responses (IL-17/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) predict fatal outcome in 2009 pandemic influenza. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:448. [PMID: 22040730 PMCID: PMC3334743 DOI: 10.1186/cc10426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Degousee N, Kelvin DJ, Geisslinger G, Hwang DM, Stefanski E, Wang XH, Danesh A, Angioni C, Schmidt H, Lindsay TF, Gelb MH, Bollinger J, Payré C, Lambeau G, Arm JP, Keating A, Rubin BB. Group V phospholipase A2 in bone marrow-derived myeloid cells and bronchial epithelial cells promotes bacterial clearance after Escherichia coli pneumonia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35650-35662. [PMID: 21849511 PMCID: PMC3195628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Group V-secreted phospholipase A(2) (GV sPLA(2)) hydrolyzes bacterial phospholipids and initiates eicosanoid biosynthesis. Here, we elucidate the role of GV sPLA(2) in the pathophysiology of Escherichia coli pneumonia. Inflammatory cells and bronchial epithelial cells both express GV sPLA(2) after pulmonary E. coli infection. GV(-/-) mice accumulate fewer polymorphonuclear leukocytes in alveoli, have higher levels of E. coli in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, and develop respiratory acidosis, more severe hypothermia, and higher IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels than GV(+/+) mice after pulmonary E. coli infection. Eicosanoid levels in bronchoalveolar lavage are similar in GV(+/+) and GV(-/-) mice after lung E. coli infection. In contrast, GV(+/+) mice have higher levels of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), PGF(2α), and 15-keto-PGE(2) in lung and express higher levels of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 on pulmonary endothelial cells than GV(-/-) mice after lung infection with E. coli. Selective deletion of GV sPLA(2) in non-myeloid cells impairs leukocyte accumulation after pulmonary E. coli infection, and lack of GV sPLA(2) in either bone marrow-derived myeloid cells or non-myeloid cells attenuates E. coli clearance from the alveolar space and the lung parenchyma. These observations show that GV sPLA(2) in bone marrow-derived myeloid cells as well as non-myeloid cells, which are likely bronchial epithelial cells, participate in the regulation of the innate immune response to pulmonary infection with E. coli.
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Farooqui A, Lei Y, Wang P, Huang J, Lin J, Li G, Leon AJ, Zhao Z, Kelvin DJ. Genetic and clinical assessment of 2009 pandemic influenza in southern China. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5:700-10. [PMID: 21997938 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION South China has a proven role in the global epidemiology of previous influenza outbreaks due to its dual seasonal pattern. We present the virologic, genetic and clinical characterization of pandemic H1N1 influenza infection (pH1N1) in Shantou and Nanchang, cities in southern China, during the second wave of the 2009-2010 pandemic. METHODOLOGY Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 165 individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI) who presented to the hospitals in Shantou and Nanchang. Laboratory diagnosis and characterization was performed by real-time PCR, virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, and sequencing. RESULTS pH1N1 activity was sustained in three different temporal patterns throughout the study period. The overall positivity rate of pH1N1 was 50% with major distribution among young adults between the ages of 13 and 30 years. High fever, cough, expectoration, chest pain, myalgia, nasal discharge and efficient viral replication were observed as major clinical markers whereas a substantial number of afebrile cases (17%) was also observed. Rate of hospitalization and disease severity (39%) and recovery (100%) were also high within the region. Furthermore, severe complications were likely to develop in young adults upon pH1N1 infection. Genetic characterization of the HA and NA genes of pH1N1 strains exhibited homogenous spread of pH1N1 strains with 99% identity with prototypic strains; however, minor unique mutations were also observed in the HA gene. CONCLUSION The study illustrates the detailed characteristics of 2009 influenza pandemic in southern parts of China that might help to strategize preparedness for future pandemics and subsequent influenza seasons.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chick Embryo
- China/epidemiology
- Cluster Analysis
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nasopharynx/virology
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Severity of Illness Index
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virus Cultivation
- Young Adult
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Almansa R, Anton A, Ramirez P, Martin-Loeches I, Banner D, Pumarola T, Xu L, Blanco J, Ran L, Lopez-Campos G, Martin-Sanchez F, Socias L, Loza A, Andaluz D, Maravi E, Gordón M, Gallegos MC, Fernandez V, León C, Merino P, Marcos MA, Gandía F, Bobillo F, Resino S, Eiros JM, Castro C, Mateo P, Gonzalez-Rivera M, Rello J, de Lejarazu RO, Kelvin DJ, Bermejo-Martin JF. Direct association between pharyngeal viral secretion and host cytokine response in severe pandemic influenza. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:232. [PMID: 21880131 PMCID: PMC3175217 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe disease caused by 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1virus is characterized by the presence of hypercytokinemia. The origin of the exacerbated cytokine response is unclear. As observed previously, uncontrolled influenza virus replication could strongly influence cytokine production. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between host cytokine responses and viral levels in pandemic influenza critically ill patients. METHODS Twenty three patients admitted to the ICU with primary viral pneumonia were included in this study. A quantitative PCR based method targeting the M1 influenza gene was developed to quantify pharyngeal viral load. In addition, by using a multiplex based assay, we systematically evaluated host cytokine responses to the viral infection at admission to the ICU. Correlation studies between cytokine levels and viral load were done by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS Fifteen patients needed of intubation and ventilation, while eight did not need of mechanical ventilation during ICU hospitalization. Viral load in pharyngeal swabs was 300 fold higher in the group of patients with the worst respiratory condition at admission to the ICU. Pharyngeal viral load directly correlated with plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, the chemotactic factors MIP-1β, GM-CSF, the angiogenic mediator VEGF and also of the immuno-modulatory cytokine IL-1ra (p < 0.05). Correlation studies demonstrated also the existence of a significant positive association between the levels of these mediators, evidencing that they are simultaneously regulated in response to the virus. CONCLUSIONS Severe respiratory disease caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza virus is characterized by the existence of a direct association between viral replication and host cytokine response, revealing a potential pathogenic link with the severe disease caused by other influenza subtypes such as H5N1.
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Kelvin AA, Banner D, Silvi G, Moro ML, Spataro N, Gaibani P, Cavrini F, Pierro A, Rossini G, Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Paquette SG, Xu L, Danesh A, Farooqui A, Borghetto I, Kelvin DJ, Sambri V, Rubino S. Inflammatory cytokine expression is associated with chikungunya virus resolution and symptom severity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1279. [PMID: 21858242 PMCID: PMC3156690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus infection zones have now quickly spread from Africa to parts of Asia, North America and Europe. Originally thought to trigger a disease of only mild symptoms, recently Chikungunya virus caused large-scale fatalities and widespread economic loss that was linked to recent virus genetic mutation and evolution. Due to the paucity of information on Chikungunya immunological progression, we investigated the serum levels of 13 cytokines/chemokines during the acute phase of Chikungunya disease and 6- and 12-month post-infection follow-up from patients of the Italian outbreak. We found that CXCL9/MIG, CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6 and CXCL10/IP-10 were significantly raised in the acute phase compared to follow-up samples. Furthermore, IL-1β, TNF-α, Il-12, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-5 had low initial acute phase levels that significantly increased at later time points. Analysis of symptom severity showed association with CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10 and IgG levels. These data give insight into Chikungunya disease establishment and subsequent convalescence, which is imperative to the treatment and containment of this quickly evolving and frequently re-emerging disease. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes a human disease clinically characterized by sudden appearance of high fever, rash, headache, nausea, and severe joint pain (the defining symptom). Chikungunya was identified in Africa and the word Chikungunya means that which bends up, describing the bent posture of CHIKV patients while in severe pain. CHIKV, a current problem in Africa, Indian Ocean region, and Southeast Asia, is now spreading to temperate regions of North America, France and Italy. Presently, the immune response for CHIKV infection remains largely uninvestigated and no treatment is available. We investigated cytokine profiles at diagnosis and follow-up of CHIKV infected patients during the Italian 2007 outbreak and associated cytokine levels with antibody level and symptom severity. Cytokines, important immune mediators, are often drug targets. Since CHIKV symptoms can persist for months or years following infection it is important to investigate possible drug targets to alleviate discomfort. We found cytokine profiles that describe the initial infection and recovery phase. We determined the cytokines CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 as well as antibody levels were associated with symptom severity. These results reflect previously unreported cytokine profiles which may be important for the development of future therapeutics for CHIKV outbreaks.
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Rubino S, Cappuccinelli P, Kelvin DJ. Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O104 outbreak causing haemolytic syndrome (HUS) in Germany and France. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011; 5:437-40. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of May an outbreak of bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) began in Germany. During the succeeding months following the initial outbreak in Germany, thousands of infections occurred resulting in 877 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) with 32 deaths and 3,043 cases of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) with 16 deaths
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84
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Thampi N, Bitnun A, Banner D, Rowe T, Kelvin DJ, Richardson SE, Parkin P, Tran D. Influenza-associated encephalopathy with elevated antibody titers to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. J Child Neurol 2011; 26:501-6. [PMID: 21270466 DOI: 10.1177/0883073810381128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) has been associated with encephalopathy, but the role of adaptive immunity in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. A child presented with seizures 5 days after onset of respiratory symptoms with pH1N1, with no detectable virus in cerebrospinal fluid. The authors compared her serum cytokines and pH1N1 antibody titers to those of 22 children with pH1N1, seasonal influenza, or other respiratory viral infections. They also compared her cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to those of 20 children with confirmed or probable central nervous system infection or viral infection without central nervous system involvement. Her serum antibody titers were several-fold higher, and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum were lower than those of controls. Antibody titers in cerebrospinal fluid were undetectable. The delayed onset of neurologic manifestations, normal cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, markedly elevated hemagglutinating and neutralizing antibody titers, and absence of virus and antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid raise the possibility of a post-infectious autoimmune-mediated process.
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85
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McLaren PJ, Ball TB, Wachihi C, Jaoko W, Kelvin DJ, Danesh A, Kimani J, Plummer FA, Fowke KR. HIV‐exposed seronegative commercial sex workers show a quiescent phenotype in the CD4+ T cell compartment and reduced expression of HIV‐dependent host factors. J Infect Dis 2010; 202 Suppl 3:S339-44. [PMID: 20887221 DOI: 10.1086/655968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed seronegative individuals are crucial to inform vaccine design. In the present study we demonstrated that HIV-exposed seronegative commercial sex workers produce lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines at baseline than HIV-negative control subjects. We also showed that CD4+ T cells of HIV-exposed seronegative commercial sex workers have a characteristically lower level of gene expression that can be seen in differentially expressed genes and systems crucial for HIV replication, such as the T cell receptor pathway and previously identified HIV dependency factors. This apparent lowered activation results in a phenomenon we term "immune quiescence," which may contribute to host resistance to HIV.
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86
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Danesh A, Cameron CM, León AJ, Ran L, Xu L, Fang Y, Kelvin AA, Rowe T, Chen H, Guan Y, Jonsson CB, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. Early gene expression events in ferrets in response to SARS coronavirus infection versus direct interferon-alpha2b stimulation. Virology 2010; 409:102-12. [PMID: 21035159 PMCID: PMC7111932 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential to the clearance of viral diseases, however, a clear distinction between genes upregulated by direct virus-cell interactions and genes upregulated by secondary IFN production has not been made. Here, we investigated differential gene regulation in ferrets upon subcutaneous administration of IFN-α2b and during SARS-CoV infection. In vivo experiments revealed that IFN-α2b causes STAT1 phosphorylation and upregulation of abundant IFN response genes (IRGs), chemokine receptors, and other genes that participate in phagocytosis and leukocyte transendothelial migration. During infection with SARS-CoV not only a variety of IRGs were upregulated, but also a significantly broader range of genes involved in cell migration and inflammation. This work allowed dissection of several molecular signatures present during SARS-CoV which are part of a robust IFN antiviral response. These signatures can be useful markers to evaluate the status of IFN responses during a viral infection and specific features of different viruses.
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87
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Huszarik K, Wright B, Keller C, Nikoopour E, Krougly O, Lee-Chan E, Qin HY, Cameron MJ, Gurr WK, Hill DJ, Sherwin RS, Kelvin DJ, Singh B. Adjuvant immunotherapy increases beta cell regenerative factor Reg2 in the pancreas of diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5120-9. [PMID: 20876350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-producing β cells can partially regenerate in adult pancreatic tissues, both in human and animal models of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Previous studies have shown that treatment with mycobacterial adjuvants such as CFA and bacillus Calmette-Guérin prevents induction and recurrence of T1D in NOD mice with partial recovery of β cell mass. In this study, we investigated factors involved in the regeneration of β cells in the pancreas of NOD mice during diabetes development and after treatment with adjuvants. The Regeneration (Reg) gene family is known to be involved in regeneration of various tissues including β cells. Reg2 expression was found to be upregulated in pancreatic islets both during diabetes development and as a result of adjuvant treatment in diabetic NOD mice and in C57BL/6 mice made diabetic by streptozotocin treatment. The upregulation of Reg2 by adjuvant treatment was independent of signaling through MyD88 and IL-6 because it was not altered in MyD88 or IL-6 knockout mice. We also observed upregulation of Reg2 in the pancreas of diabetic mice undergoing β cell regenerative therapy with exendin-4 or with islet neogenesis-associated protein. Reg2 expression following adjuvant treatment correlated with a reduction in insulitis, an increase in insulin secretion, and an increase in the number of small islets in the pancreas of diabetic NOD mice and with improved glucose tolerance tests in streptozotocin-treated diabetic C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, adjuvant immunotherapy regulates T1D in diabetic mice and induces Reg2-mediated regeneration of β cells.
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88
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Fang Y, Rowe T, Leon AJ, Banner D, Danesh A, Xu L, Ran L, Bosinger SE, Guan Y, Chen H, Cameron CC, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. Molecular characterization of in vivo adjuvant activity in ferrets vaccinated against influenza virus. J Virol 2010; 84:8369-88. [PMID: 20534862 PMCID: PMC2919000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02305-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic has prompted a significant need for the development of efficient, single-dose, adjuvanted vaccines. Here we investigated the adjuvant potential of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) when used with a human seasonal influenza virus vaccine in ferrets. We found that the CpG ODN-adjuvanted vaccine effectively increased antibody production and activated type I interferon (IFN) responses compared to vaccine alone. Based on these findings, pegylated IFN-alpha2b (PEG-IFN) was also evaluated as an adjuvant in comparison to CpG ODN and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Our results showed that all three vaccines with adjuvant added prevented seasonal human A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) virus replication more effectively than did vaccine alone. Gene expression profiles indicated that, as well as upregulating IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), CpG ODN enhanced B-cell activation and increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression, whereas PEG-IFN augmented adaptive immunity by inducing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transcription and Ras signaling. In contrast, the use of CFA as an adjuvant induced limited ISG expression but increased the transcription of MHC, cell adhesion molecules, and B-cell activation markers. Taken together, our results better characterize the specific molecular pathways leading to adjuvant activity in different adjuvant-mediated influenza virus vaccinations.
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89
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Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Ma BY, Mikolajczak S, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. A novel mitogen fusion protein against CD40+ cells with potent vaccine adjuvant properties. Vaccine 2010; 28:3688-95. [PMID: 20359561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large number of infectious diseases caused by viral or bacterial infections are treatable and/or preventable by vaccination. In addition, ongoing research is aimed at the development of vaccines against other types of diseases, including almost all forms of cancer. The efficacy of a vaccine relies on the antigen-specific response by the entire repertoire of immune competent cells. Here, we have generated a powerful mitogen fusion protein, CD40L-FasL-IgFc, which stimulates CD40(+) cells robustly. We found that this specific cell activation is accompanied by increased expression of PRDI-BF1 (Blim-1) RNA, an indicator of terminal B-cell differentiation, in cultures stimulated with CD40L-FasL-IgFc. The addition of specific inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MEK1/2 partially suppressed the observed proliferative effects of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. When tested in vivo, the immune response to influenza HA vaccine was significantly increased by co-administration of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. Moreover, the co-administration of the cDNA expression plasmid encoding CD40L-FasL-IgFc significantly boosted the vaccine response. We now have a unique opportunity to evaluate our novel fusion protein adjuvant, and other similarly constructed fusion proteins, in both protein-based and genetic vaccines.
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90
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Rowe T, León AJ, Crevar CJ, Carter DM, Xu L, Ran L, Fang Y, Cameron CM, Cameron MJ, Banner D, Ng DCK, Ran R, Weirback HK, Wiley CA, Kelvin DJ, Ross TM. Modeling host responses in ferrets during A/California/07/2009 influenza infection. Virology 2010; 401:257-65. [PMID: 20334888 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses during infection with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (2009-H1N1) are still poorly understood. Using an experimental infection model in ferrets, we examined the pathological features and characterized the host immune responses by using microarray analysis, during infection with 2009-H1N1 A/California/07/2009 and seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007. Chemokines CCL2, CCL8, CXCL7 and CXCL10 along with the majority of interferon-stimulated genes were expressed early, correlated to lung pathology, and abruptly decreased expression on day 7 following infection of A/California/07/2009. Interestingly, the drop in innate immune gene expression was replaced by a significant increase of the adaptive immune genes for granzymes and immunoglobulins. Serum anti-influenza antibodies were first observed on day 7, commensurate with the viral clearance. We propose that lung pathology in humans occurs during the innate phase of host immunity and a delay or failure to switch to the adaptive phase may contribute to morbidity and mortality during severe 2009-H1N1 infections.
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Bosinger SE, Li Q, Gordon SN, Klatt NR, Duan L, Xu L, Francella N, Sidahmed A, Smith AJ, Cramer EM, Zeng M, Masopust D, Carlis JV, Ran L, Vanderford TH, Paiardini M, Isett RB, Baldwin DA, Else JG, Staprans SI, Silvestri G, Haase AT, Kelvin DJ. Global genomic analysis reveals rapid control of a robust innate response in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. J Clin Invest 2010; 119:3556-72. [PMID: 19959874 DOI: 10.1172/jci40115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) is nonprogressive despite chronic virus replication. Strikingly, it is characterized by low levels of immune activation, while pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) is associated with chronic immune activation. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this intriguing phenotype, we used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to longitudinally assess host gene expression in SIV-infected SMs and RMs. We found that acute SIV infection of SMs was consistently associated with a robust innate immune response, including widespread upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in blood and lymph nodes. While SMs exhibited a rapid resolution of ISG expression and immune activation, both responses were observed chronically in RMs. Systems biology analysis indicated that expression of the lymphocyte inhibitory receptor LAG3, a marker of T cell exhaustion, correlated with immune activation in SIV-infected RMs but not SMs. Our findings suggest that active immune regulatory mechanisms, rather than intrinsically attenuated innate immune responses, underlie the low levels of immune activation characteristic of SMs chronically infected with SIV.
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Bermejo-Martin JF, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Pumarola T, Rello J, Almansa R, Ramírez P, Martin-Loeches I, Varillas D, Gallegos MC, Serón C, Micheloud D, Gomez JM, Tenorio-Abreu A, Ramos MJ, Molina ML, Huidobro S, Sanchez E, Gordón M, Fernández V, Del Castillo A, Marcos MA, Villanueva B, López CJ, Rodríguez-Domínguez M, Galan JC, Cantón R, Lietor A, Rojo S, Eiros JM, Hinojosa C, Gonzalez I, Torner N, Banner D, Leon A, Cuesta P, Rowe T, Kelvin DJ. Th1 and Th17 hypercytokinemia as early host response signature in severe pandemic influenza. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R201. [PMID: 20003352 PMCID: PMC2811892 DOI: 10.1186/cc8208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human host immune response following infection with the new variant of A/H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (nvH1N1) is poorly understood. We utilize here systemic cytokine and antibody levels in evaluating differences in early immune response in both mild and severe patients infected with nvH1N1. Methods We profiled 29 cytokines and chemokines and evaluated the haemagglutination inhibition activity as quantitative and qualitative measurements of host immune responses in serum obtained during the first five days after symptoms onset, in two cohorts of nvH1N1 infected patients. Severe patients required hospitalization (n = 20), due to respiratory insufficiency (10 of them were admitted to the intensive care unit), while mild patients had exclusively flu-like symptoms (n = 15). A group of healthy donors was included as control (n = 15). Differences in levels of mediators between groups were assessed by using the non parametric U-Mann Whitney test. Association between variables was determined by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. Viral load was performed in serum by using real-time PCR targeting the neuraminidase gene. Results Increased levels of innate-immunity mediators (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β), and the absence of anti-nvH1N1 antibodies, characterized the early response to nvH1N1 infection in both hospitalized and mild patients. High systemic levels of type-II interferon (IFN-γ) and also of a group of mediators involved in the development of T-helper 17 (IL-8, IL-9, IL-17, IL-6) and T-helper 1 (TNF-α, IL-15, IL-12p70) responses were exclusively found in hospitalized patients. IL-15, IL-12p70, IL-6 constituted a hallmark of critical illness in our study. A significant inverse association was found between IL-6, IL-8 and PaO2 in critical patients. Conclusions While infection with the nvH1N1 induces a typical innate response in both mild and severe patients, severe disease with respiratory involvement is characterized by early secretion of Th17 and Th1 cytokines usually associated with cell mediated immunity but also commonly linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. The exact role of Th1 and Th17 mediators in the evolution of nvH1N1 mild and severe disease merits further investigation as to the detrimental or beneficial role these cytokines play in severe illness.
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93
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Pino M, Kelvin DJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Alonso A, Matías V, Tenorio A, Rico L, Eiros JM, Castrodeza J, Blanco-Quiros A, Ardura J, de Lejarazu RO. Nasopharyngeal aspirate cytokine levels 1 yr after severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009; 20:791-5. [PMID: 19302175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of recurrent wheezing in infants. Nevertheless, the link between RSV infection and wheezing has yet to be elucidated at the molecular level. Here, we present a preliminary study on the evolution of the immune response in the respiratory tract at long-term after RSV infection. Twenty-seven immune mediators were profiled in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) obtained from 20 children hospitalized due to a severe infection by RSV at discharge from hospital and again 1 yr later. The same mediators were profiled in parallel in NPAs from 12 healthy controls. In the year following discharge, 85% (17/20) of children of the RSV group suffered at least one episode of wheezing documented by the pediatrician. On the contrary, wheezing episodes were observed only in 25% (3/12) of children in the control group. While most of the mediators profiled returned to normal levels by 1 yr after discharge from hospital, RSV children showed a persistent nasal hyper-secretion of VEGF, G-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-7 and IL-13. In previous works VEGF, IL-10 and IFN-gamma have been put in relation with the pathogenesis of post-virus induced asthma. G-CSF, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-13 are increased in respiratory and plasma samples of asthmatic patients. Here, we evidence for the first time a persistent elevation of these mediators as late as 1 yr after severe RSV disease resolution, reinforcing their possible implication in the pathogenesis of wheezing.
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Lanteri MC, O'Brien KM, Purtha WE, Cameron MJ, Lund JM, Owen RE, Heitman JW, Custer B, Hirschkorn DF, Tobler LH, Kiely N, Prince HE, Ndhlovu LC, Nixon DF, Kamel HT, Kelvin DJ, Busch MP, Rudensky AY, Diamond MS, Norris PJ. Tregs control the development of symptomatic West Nile virus infection in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3266-77. [PMID: 19855131 DOI: 10.1172/jci39387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes asymptomatic infection in most humans, but for undefined reasons, approximately 20% of immunocompetent individuals develop West Nile fever, a potentially debilitating febrile illness, and approximately 1% develop neuroinvasive disease syndromes. Notably, since its emergence in 1999, WNV has become the leading cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in North America. We hypothesized that CD4+ Tregs might be differentially regulated in subjects with symptomatic compared with those with asymptomatic WNV infection. Here, we show that in 32 blood donors with acute WNV infection, Tregs expanded significantly in the 3 months after index (RNA+) donations in all subjects. Symptomatic donors exhibited lower Treg frequencies from 2 weeks through 1 year after index donation yet did not show differences in systemic T cell or generalized inflammatory responses. In parallel prospective experimental studies, symptomatic WNV-infected mice also developed lower Treg frequencies compared with asymptomatic mice at 2 weeks after infection. Moreover, Treg-deficient mice developed lethal WNV infection at a higher rate than controls. Together, these results suggest that higher levels of peripheral Tregs after infection protect against severe WNV disease in immunocompetent animals and humans.
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95
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Cameron MJ, Rowe T, Kelvin DJ. Possible link between the severe respiratory illness outbreak in Mexico and swine influenza in southwestern United States? J Infect Dev Ctries 2009; 3:157-158. [PMID: 19759468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reminiscent of the Severe Acquired Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak during the spring and fall of 2003, an outbreak of Severe Respiratory Illness (SRI) in Mexico has world health officials in a state of concern. The concern centers on the fact that as of April 24, 2009 over 134 cases have been reported in Mexico with an accompanying high mortality rate in healthy young adults. With new information surfacing from public health investigations of recent cases of swine influenza in the United States, here we discuss putative links between the outbreak of SRI in Mexico and the emergence of a novel swine influenza A (H1N1) strain in several southwestern U.S. states.
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96
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Bermejo-Martin JF, Kelvin DJ, Eiros JM, Castrodeza J, Ortiz de Lejarazu R. Macrolides for the treatment of severe respiratory illness caused by novel H1N1 swine influenza viral strains. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009; 3:159-61. [PMID: 19759469 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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97
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Kelvin DJ, Cameron MJ, Rowe T. Possible Link between the Severe Respiratory Illness Outbreak in Mexico and Swine Flu in Southwestern United States? J Infect Dev Ctries 2009. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.3.157-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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98
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Kelvin DJ, Cameron MJ, Rowe T. Possible Link between the Severe Respiratory Illness Outbreak in Mexico and Swine Flu in Southwestern United States? J Infect Dev Ctries 2009. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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99
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Pak JE, Sharon C, Satkunarajah M, Auperin TC, Cameron CM, Kelvin DJ, Seetharaman J, Cochrane A, Plummer FA, Berry JD, Rini JM. Structural insights into immune recognition of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein receptor binding domain. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:815-23. [PMID: 19324051 PMCID: PMC7094495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is responsible for host cell attachment and fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Within S the receptor binding domain (RBD) mediates the interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV host cell receptor. Both S and the RBD are highly immunogenic and both have been found to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Reported here is the X-ray crystal structure of the RBD in complex with the Fab of a neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody, F26G19, elicited by immunization with chemically inactivated SARS-CoV. The RBD-F26G19 Fab complex represents the first example of the structural characterization of an antibody elicited by an immune response to SARS-CoV or any fragment of it. The structure reveals that the RBD surface recognized by F26G19 overlaps significantly with the surface recognized by ACE2 and, as such, suggests that F26G19 likely neutralizes SARS-CoV by blocking the virus-host cell interaction.
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Cameron CM, Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Ran L, Xu L, Turner PV, Ran R, Danesh A, Fang Y, Chan PKM, Mytle N, Sullivan TJ, Collins TL, Johnson MG, Medina JC, Rowe T, Kelvin DJ. Gene expression analysis of host innate immune responses during Lethal H5N1 infection in ferrets. J Virol 2008; 82:11308-17. [PMID: 18684821 PMCID: PMC2573250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00691-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How viral and host factors contribute to the severe pathogenicity of the H5N1 subtype of avian influenza virus infection in humans is poorly understood. We identified three clusters of differentially expressed innate immune response genes in lungs from H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/04) influenza virus-infected ferrets by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Interferon response genes were more strongly expressed in H5N1-infected ferret lungs than in lungs from ferrets infected with the less pathogenic H3N2 subtype. In particular, robust CXCL10 gene expression in H5N1-infected ferrets led us to test the pathogenic role of signaling via CXCL10's cognate receptor, CXCR3, during H5N1 influenza virus infection. Treatment of H5N1-infected ferrets with the drug AMG487, a CXCR3 antagonist, resulted in a reduction of symptom severity and delayed mortality compared to vehicle treatment. We contend that unregulated host interferon responses are at least partially responsible for the severity of H5N1 infection and provide evidence that attenuating the CXCR3 signaling pathway improves the clinical course of H5N1 infection in ferrets.
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