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Phillips L, Arnold J. Improving practice with limited resources. NURSING TIMES 2001; 97:43. [PMID: 11957720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Moya J, Phillips L. Analysis of consumption of home-produced foods. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2001; 11:398-406. [PMID: 11687913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the potential exposure pathways of concern when assessing human exposures to environmental contaminants is the ingestion of contaminated foods. Individuals who live near contaminated sites and who grow their own food may be at a higher risk than the general population. Estimating exposures to this subpopulation requires an analysis of homegrown food intake rates. The Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) 1987-1988 data were used to generate intake rates for home-produced foods. Results of the analysis show that, among the general population, homegrown vegetables (18%) were the most commonly consumed of the major food groups, followed by fruit (8%), meat (5%), fish (2%), and dairy products (0.8%). The intake rates for the major food groups vary according to region, age, urbanization, and race. In general, intake rates of home-produced foods are higher among populations in non-metropolitan and suburban areas and lowest in central city areas.
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Abstract
The intense clinical and research interest in early psychosis in recent years has highlighted a range of ethical issues which need to be considered carefully. Our perspective is based on 16 years of clinical and research experience with young people at this phase of illness as well as the research contributions of many others. We discuss the ethical dilemmas in relation to the three key foci, which make up the early psychosis paradigm. These are the pre-psychotic or prodromal phase, the period of untreated psychosis and the first psychotic episode and the critical period of recovery, which follows this. Most attention is devoted to the pre-psychotic period, however ethical considerations related to research in the other two clinical foci are briefly covered as well. Our contention is that the ethical issues are essentially identical to those arising in early intervention research in mainstream medicine. This has been concealed by inconsistency and emotion, which has great potential to confuse, politicize and derail rational debate. The legacy of the isolation of psychiatry from medicine and consequent prejudice and stigma in the professional as well as the public mind seems to be fueling a tendency in some societies to view psychiatric research as qualitatively different from other medical research. Sound clinical research data should be allowed to illuminate the options for potential consumers across all phases of illness. The alternative is research paralysis, which would force clinical practice to expand blindly without an evidence base.
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Karagianis J, Phillips L, Hogan K, LeDrew K. Re: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with quetiapine. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2001; 46:370-1. [PMID: 11387795 DOI: 10.1177/070674370104600417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jenkins PN, Phillips L. Extended field-frequency lock, INDOR, and fully phase corrected wide sweep operation of the HA 100 nmr spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/4/7/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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81
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Stickles B, Phillips L, Brox WT, Owens B, Lanzer WL. Defining the relationship between obesity and total joint arthroplasty. OBESITY RESEARCH 2001; 9:219-23. [PMID: 11323448 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2001.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and patient-administered outcome measures after total joint arthroplasty. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A voluntary questionnaire-based registry contained 592 primary total hip arthroplasty patients and 1011 primary total knee arthroplasty patients with preoperative and 1-year data. Using logistic regression, the relationships between body mass index and the several outcome measures, including Short Form-36 and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, were examined. RESULTS There was no difference between obese and non-obese patients regarding satisfaction, decision to repeat surgery, and Delta physical component summary, Delta mental component summary, and Delta Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores (p > 0.05 for all). Body mass index was associated with an increased risk of having difficulty descending or ascending stairs at 1 year (odds ratio, 1.2 to 1.3). DISCUSSION Obese patients enjoy as much improvement and satisfaction as other patients from total joint arthroplasty.
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Aronoff GM, Tota-Faucette M, Phillips L, Lawrence CN. Are pain disorder and somatization disorder valid diagnostic entities? CURRENT REVIEW OF PAIN 2001; 4:309-12. [PMID: 10953279 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-000-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Physicians and other clinicians who treat patients with chronic pain have doubtless recognized the interplay of various psychological and somatic variables in their patients' pain. Notwithstanding, there continues to be primary emphasis on the somatic factors, and continued neglect of the psychological. This article asserts that pain disorder and somatization disorder are indeed valid diagnostic entities, and that their respective incidence and prevalence are quite high both in patients with chronic pain and in the primary care setting. These diagnoses are compared and contrasted, along with the related diagnosis of the psychological factors affecting physical condition. Guidelines for assessment of these conditions are provided, as are recommendations as to when to refer patients for further psychological and psychiatric assessment and treatment.
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Christiansen JS, Hottinger HA, Allen L, Phillips L, Aronson LR. Hepatic microvascular dysplasia in dogs: a retrospective study of 24 cases (1987-1995). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2000; 36:385-9. [PMID: 10997512 DOI: 10.5326/15473317-36-5-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD) is a disease involving a microscopic shunting of blood through the liver without the presence of a macroscopic portosystemic shunt (PSS). Data was collected from medical records and telephone conversations with referring veterinarians and owners of 24 dogs diagnosed with HMD. Criteria for diagnosis included histopathological evidence of microvascular dysplasia on hepatic biopsy as well as surgical exploration and a normal mesenteric portogram to rule out a macroscopic PSS. Dogs with HMD frequently have less severe clinical signs and a better long-term prognosis than do those with a PSS that are managed medically.
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Schermerhorn ML, Nelson DP, Blume ED, Phillips L, Mayer JE. Sialyl LewisX oligosaccharide preserves myocardial and endothelial function during cardioplegic ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:890-4. [PMID: 11016329 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil adhesion to endothelium contributes to myocardial reperfusion injury after cardiac operation. Initial neutrophil-endothelial interactions involve selectins, which bind Sialyl-LewisX on neutrophils. Blockade of selectin-mediated neutrophil-endothelial interactions with CY-1503, a synthetic analogue of Sialyl-LewisX, might reduce reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia. METHODS The efficacy of CY-1503 to attenuate global myocardial reperfusion injury was assessed in isolated blood-perfused neonatal lamb hearts that had 2 hours of cold cardioplegic ischemia. CY-1503 (40 mg/L) or saline vehicle was added to blood perfusate before ischemia. Contractile function (developed pressure, dP/dt) and coronary vascular endothelial function (acetylcholine response) were assessed at base line and during reperfusion. Myocardial neutrophil accumulation was assessed by myeloperoxidase quantification. RESULTS Compared to controls, treatment with CY-1503 improved recovery of all indices of contractile function, preserved coronary vascular endothelial function, and reduced myocardial neutrophil accumulation. CONCLUSIONS In isolated neonatal lamb hearts that underwent hypothermic cardioplegic ischemia, CY-1503 administration reduced myocardial neutrophil accumulation and preserved endothelial and contractile function. Selectin blockade of leukocyte-endothelial interactions might attenuate reperfusion injury and enhance myocardial protection during cardiac surgical procedures.
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Schermerhorn ML, Tofukuji M, Khoury PR, Phillips L, Hickey PR, Sellke FW, Mayer JE, Nelson DP. Sialyl lewis oligosaccharide preserves cardiopulmonary and endothelial function after hypothermic circulatory arrest in lambs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 120:230-7. [PMID: 10917936 DOI: 10.1067/mtc.2000.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil adhesion to endothelium contributes to cardiopulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgical procedures. Initial neutrophil-endothelial interactions involve selectins, which bind carbohydrate ligands, such as sialyl-Lewis(X). Blockade of selectin-mediated neutrophil interactions with CY1503, a synthetic oligosaccharide analog of sialyl-Lewis(X), could limit neutrophil-mediated injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS The efficacy of CY1503 treatment was tested in a lamb model of cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermic circulatory arrest. Neonatal lambs received CY1503 (n = 6, CPB-CY1503) or saline solution vehicle (n = 7, CPB-saline) into the pump prime before bypass and as a continuous infusion throughout reperfusion. Five lambs served as control animals for in vitro microvessel studies. Indexes of myocardial function (preload recruitable stroke work index, and rate of pressure rise) and pulmonary function (compliance, airway resistance, and arterial PO (2)) were measured before bypass and during reperfusion. The effect of CY1503 on endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity was assessed by means of in vitro pulmonary and coronary microvessel studies. RESULTS Myocardial function was depressed after circulatory arrest, but CY1503 preserved function near baseline (36% +/- 25% vs 99% +/- 19% of baseline at 3 hours of reperfusion). CY1503-treated animals also demonstrated improved pulmonary function during reperfusion. In vitro microvessel analysis of vascular reactivity revealed endothelial dysfunction after circulatory arrest compared with control lambs. CY1503-treated lambs (CPB-CY1503) had intact endothelial function, as demonstrated by normal vasodilatory responses to endothelium-dependent vasodilators. CONCLUSIONS CY1503 preserves cardiopulmonary and endothelial function after cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest in neonatal lambs. This suggests a role for selectin-mediated, neutrophil-endothelial interactions in the inflammatory response after cardiac operations.
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Phillips L. Cost-effective strategy for managing pressure ulcers in critical care: a prospective, non-randomised, cohort study. J Tissue Viability 2000; 10:2-6. [PMID: 11299575 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-206x(00)80031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A prospective, clinical outcome study was undertaken in a critical care environment to provide evidence of the effectiveness of a unique pressure-relieving (PR) alternating mattress system in both the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in an extremely vulnerable population. In total, 160 critical care patients were recruited across five facilities within the United Kingdom. Despite the severity of the patients' condition (mean stay 8 days, mortality rate 24.7%) the incidence of new tissue damage was low (n = 6, 3.75%), predominantly superficial and occurring near to death, while 80% (n = 16/20) of pre-existing superficial ulcers healed. The study highlights the complexity of assessing differing levels of risk in this vulnerable population, where 87.5% of patients were ventilated and 93.1% were totally immobile. No correlation was found between the occurrence of pressure damage and Waterlow score, serum albumin, hypotension and the use of inotropic agents. Cost-effective patient management includes the allocation of effective resources to those patients who will benefit most. However, if complex risk assessment precludes the accurate assignment of resources, an alternative approach may be to provide a minimum, yet effective, standard of care to all patients. This strategy also avoids recourse to more costly interventions especially where there is little evidence of improved patient outcome.
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Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Wians FH, Phillips L. Comparison of instrument-read dipsticks for albumin and creatinine in urine with visual results and quantitative methods. J Clin Lab Anal 2000. [PMID: 9773958 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(1998)12:5<280::aid-jcla5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Three hospital sites evaluated the Bayer two-pad urine dipstick as a screening test for microalbuminuria. One pad estimates albumin concentrations between 10 and 150 mg/L, and the second estimates creatinine values between 300 and 3,000 mg/L. The Boehringer Mannheim (BMD) Micral dipstick was also compared and evaluated. The accuracy of the dipsticks was judged by comparison with cuvet-based immunonephelometry for albumin and to standard rate-Jaffe methods for creatinine; these assays were well standardized and controlled and were assumed to give accurate values. Precision of these methods and that of the dipsticks was determined by multiple assays of control materials. Visual or instrument (Clinitek 50 or 100) evaluation of the Bayer or visual checks of the BMD albumin dipstick pad with patients' urines gave clinically acceptable accuracy. The albumin/creatinine ratio from the Bayer dipsticks gave better accuracy for albumin excretion than the albumin pads alone from either manufacturer. This ratio should permit making a good estimate of the 24-hr albumin excretion in a randomly collected urine.
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Phillips L. Recontextualizing Kenneth B. Clark: an Afrocentric perspective on the paradoxical legacy of a model psychologist-activist. HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 2000; 3:142-167. [PMID: 11624470 DOI: 10.1037/1093-4510.3.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Kenneth B. Clark, whose scientific and political legacy has been the subject of controversy over the years, presented as an important model of Afrocentric scientific praxis. Key characteristics of the Afrocentric scholar are outlined. Using Clark's academic and nonacademic writings as evidence, it is argued that Clark, though complex, exemplifies these characteristics. Clark's profound yet at times obscure vision of integration and his views on the role of empathy and respect in education are presented in detail. Clark's life and work are than reexamined and recast through the lens of W.E. Cross's (1971,1991) nigrescence model and the political-historical lens of the 2-phase Black social movement. It is concluded that academicians interested in promoting diversity, particularly within the social sciences, as well as psychologists looking for models of activist praxis, examine and learn from the life and work of Clark.
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Davies SJ, Phillips L, Griffiths AM, Naish PF, Russell GI. Analysis of the effects of increasing delivered dialysis treatment to malnourished peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2000; 57:1743-54. [PMID: 10760111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor nutrition is associated with a loss of residual renal function and inferior clinical outcome in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The value of increasing the PD dose in these individuals is unclear. METHODS An open, prospective, longitudinal, "intention to treat" study was performed on a whole PD population. All patients treated during an 18-month recruitment period underwent nutritional assessment and were defined as malnourished if they had a subjective global assessment (SGA) of B or C and were 5% or more below their desirable body weight. These patients received an intended dialysis dose increase of 25% and were reassessed after six months. Dialysis was not increased in the remaining patients, unless dictated by uremic symptoms. RESULTS Forty-eight of 153 patients were malnourished by the previously mentioned criteria. When compared with well-nourished PD patients, they had evidence of declining nutrition over the previous 12 months, as judged by a loss in body weight and mid-arm circumference (MAC), a reduced creatinine appearance, a reduced appetite for protein and calories, and low plasma albumin. They had been on treatment longer and had less residual renal function, resulting in significantly poorer solute clearances. Their peritoneal membrane function, plasma bicarbonate, comorbid, Karnofsky, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scores were not different. Following intervention, their peritoneal Kt/Vurea was increased by 22.5%, and their total Kt/Vurea by 18%, because of a continued loss of residual function. There was also an increase in dialysis-derived calories. Weight and MAC stabilized after an initial deterioration, and creatinine appearance increased. There was no increase in protein intake, as judged by dietetic interview or protein nitrogen appearance. Oral calorie intake improved, as did plasma albumin after an initial decline. Both of these improvements were correlated with the achieved increase in Kt/Vurea. Objective measures of improvement (plasma albumin and protein nitrogen appearance) were significant in those patients without comorbid disease. CONCLUSIONS These results support the existing evidence that malnutrition is acquired on PD in those patients who lose residual renal function. It is feasible to increase the dialysis dose in these individuals without a detrimental effect, and there is evidence of a modest benefit in patients without comorbidity.
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Anwar A, Zahid AA, Phillips L, Delafontaine P. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 expression is decreased by angiotensin II and thrombin in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:370-6. [PMID: 10669632 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.2.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a ubiquitous peptide that regulates cellular growth and differentiation and is involved in vascular proliferative responses. The effects of IGF-I are modulated by several IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs), including IGFBP-4, the main IGFBP produced by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We have previously shown that angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced and thrombin-induced mitogenesis in VSMCs is dependent on autocrine IGF-I. In addition, we have demonstrated that IGF-I and IGFBP-4 mRNA levels are upregulated in the hypertensive aorta of abdominally coarcted rats, a high-renin hypertension model. To obtain further insight into the IGF-I system and to specifically study changes in IGFBP-4, a known inhibitor of IGF-I action, VSMCs were incubated with Ang II or thrombin. Compared with control, Ang II induced an 87+/-2% downregulation of IGFBP-4 mRNA levels at 24 hours, with a 61+/-6% decrease of IGFBP-4 levels, as determined by Western ligand blot analysis. Thrombin had the same depressor effects (87+/-2% for the mRNA levels and 61+/-3% for the protein levels). Ang II and thrombin coincubation with (125)I-IGFBP-4 in the conditioned media failed to reveal any increase in fragmentation, indicating that proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP-4 was not involved in the observed effects. Exogenous recombinant human IGFBP-4 decreased thrombin-induced DNA synthesis of human aortic VSMCs by 64%, whereas anti-IGFBP-4 antibody potentiated thrombin-induced DNA synthesis. These data suggest that downregulation of IGFBP-4 expression in VSMCs may play a critical role in vascular growth response to Ang II and thrombin in normal and diseased states, by increasing the bioavailability of IGF-I for its cell-surface receptor.
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Phillips L. Devising a nurse-led home blood transfusion service. NURSING TIMES 2000; 96:40-1. [PMID: 11188650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Abstract
Nurses deal with pressure ulcers on a regular basis, yet much of the research has yet to be put into practice. Lyn Phillips examines the implications of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel's new guidelines, dealing with prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers.
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Phillips L, Yung AR, Hearn N, McFarlane C, Hallgren M, McGorry PD. Preventative mental health care: accessing the target population. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1999; 33:912-7. [PMID: 10619220 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preventative approaches to mental illness are becoming a focus of clinical and research settings. To date, however, few clinical programs have been established with this primary aim. This descriptive paper summarises patterns of referral to one service providing clinical care for young people known to be at high risk of developing a psychotic illness. METHODS AND RESULTS A 20-month survey of referrals to the service revealed that most patients had a prolonged and circuitous route to assessment. Additionally, a lengthy time period elapsed between the onset of symptoms and initiation of help seeking. CONCLUSIONS Information arising from this survey may influence the development of strategies to improve access to this service and others aimed at the prevention of psychosis. Further, this information may affect the development of generalised preventative mental health services for young people.
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McGorry P, Yung A, Phillips L. People at risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: comments on the Edinburgh High-Risk Study. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:586-7. [PMID: 10789363 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.175.6.586b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Phillips L. Providing correct pressure-relieving devices for optimum outcome. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 1999; 8:1447-52. [PMID: 11011620 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.1999.8.21.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pressure redistributing (PR) support surfaces are positioned by manufacturers against different levels of patient vulnerability to developing pressure ulcers. However, there is no agreed method through which such linkage between a patient and an appropriate support surface can be made. This lack of clarity leads to new devices being positioned in a manner not representative of their eventual use in clinical practice. Using a data hierarchy approach, three strands of evidence (interface pressure, a pilot national survey and a randomized controlled trial) are presented to illustrate, and support, the repositioning of the Viaclin dynamic mattress overlay (formerly the Pegasus Overture) from use with medium-risk patients to use with higher-risk patients. The need for amendment is seen most strikingly in the two clinical studies featured in this article, during which 87% of all patients nursed on the Viaclin dynamic mattress overlay were at high- to very high-risk of developing ulcers.
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Farah RA, Buchanan GR, Timmons CF, Phillips L, Fairbanks VF, Snow K, Hoyer JD. Double heterozygosity for Hb G-San Jose [beta7(A4)Glu-->Gly] and Hb Fukuoka [beta2(NA2)His-->Tyr] in a 2 1/2-year-old girl. Hemoglobin 1999; 23:383-7. [PMID: 10569729 DOI: 10.3109/03630269909090756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Khuri SF, Daley J, Henderson W, Hur K, Hossain M, Soybel D, Kizer KW, Aust JB, Bell RH, Chong V, Demakis J, Fabri PJ, Gibbs JO, Grover F, Hammermeister K, McDonald G, Passaro E, Phillips L, Scamman F, Spencer J, Stremple JF. Relation of surgical volume to outcome in eight common operations: results from the VA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Ann Surg 1999; 230:414-29; discussion 429-32. [PMID: 10493488 PMCID: PMC1420886 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199909000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine, in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the relation between surgical volume and outcome in eight commonly performed operations of intermediate complexity. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA In multihospital health care systems such as VHA, consideration is often given to closing low-volume surgical services, with the assumption that better surgical outcomes are achieved in hospitals with larger surgical volumes. Literature data to support this assumption in intermediate-complexity operations are either limited or controversial. METHODS The VHA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data on nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, vascular infrainguinal reconstruction, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), lung lobectomy/pneumonectomy, open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, partial colectomy, and total hip arthroplasty were used. Pearson correlation, analysis of variance, mixed effects hierarchical logistic regression, and automatic interaction detection analysis were used to assess the association of annual procedure/specialty volume with risk-adjusted 30-day death (and stroke in CEA). RESULTS Eight major surgical procedures (68,631 operations) were analyzed. No statistically significant associations between procedure or specialty volume and 30-day mortality rate (or 30-day stroke rate in CEA) were found. CONCLUSIONS In VHA hospitals, the procedure and surgical specialty volume in eight prevalent operations of intermediate complexity are not associated with risk-adjusted 30-day mortality rate from these operations, or with the risk-adjusted 30-day stroke rate from CEA. Volume of surgery in these operations should not be used as a surrogate for quality of surgical care.
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Davies SJ, Phillips L, Griffiths AM, Russell LH, Naish PF, Russell GI. Impact of peritoneal membrane function on long-term clinical outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19 Suppl 2:S91-4. [PMID: 10406500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that peritoneal membrane transport status has clinical implications. The role of the peritoneum in dialysis delivery becomes paramount once residual renal function is lost, particularly as the membrane characteristics may change for the worse with time on treatment. These findings have several important implications: Clinicians need to take solute transport characteristics into account as they assess their patients. Adverse effects of high solute transport include reduced ultrafiltration, solute removal (in particular, sodium), and increased peritoneal protein losses. A need exists to replace lost residual renal function, not just with enhanced solute removal, but also with adequate salt and water removal. The interpretation of urea and creatinine clearances in anuric PD patients needs further consideration and validation. Hypoalbuminemia in PD patients will result from the combined effects of high protein losses, over-hydration, comorbidity, and malnutrition.
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Salmon DA, Haber M, Gangarosa EJ, Phillips L, Smith NJ, Chen RT. Health consequences of religious and philosophical exemptions from immunization laws: individual and societal risk of measles. JAMA 1999; 282:47-53. [PMID: 10404911 DOI: 10.1001/jama.282.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT All US states require proof of immunization for school entry. Exemptions are generally offered for medical, religious, or philosophical reasons, but the health consequences of claiming such exemptions are poorly documented. OBJECTIVES To quantify the risk of contracting measles among individuals claiming religious and/or philosophical exemptions from immunization (exemptors) compared with vaccinated persons, and to examine the risk that exemptors pose to the nonexempt population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based, retrospective cohort study of data from 1985 through 1992, collected by the Measles Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as from annual state immunization program reports on prevalence of exemptors and vaccination coverage. The study group was restricted to individuals aged 5 to 19 years. To empirically determine and quantify community risk, a mathematical model was developed that examines the spread of measles through communities with varying proportions of exemptors and vaccinated children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative risk of contracting measles for exemptors vs vaccinated individuals based on cohort study data. Community risk of contracting measles derived from a mathematical model. RESULTS On average, exemptors were 35 times more likely to contract measles than were vaccinated persons (95% confidence interval, 34-37). Relative risk varied by age and year. Comparing the incidence among exemptors with that among vaccinated children and adolescents during the years 1985-1992 indicated that the 1989-1991 measles resurgence may have occurred 1 year earlier among exemptors. Mapping of exemptors by county in California indicated that exempt populations tended to be clustered in certain geographic regions. Depending on assumptions of the model about the degree of mixing between exemptors and nonexemptors, an increase or decrease in the number of exemptors would affect the incidence of measles in nonexempt populations. If the number of exemptors doubled, the incidence of measles infection in nonexempt individuals would increase by 5.5%, 18.6%, and 30.8%, respectively, for intergroup mixing ratios of 20%, 40%, and 60%. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the need for systematic review of vaccine-preventable incidents to examine the effect of exemptors, increased surveillance of the number of exemptors and cases among them, and research to determine the reasons why individuals claim exemptions.
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Phillips L. Growing pains. AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1999; 28:427-8. [PMID: 10376365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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