76
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Motomura M. [The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: a study of 110 Japanese cases]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1999; 39:1237-9. [PMID: 10791087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to analyse the clinical and immunological features in a large group of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) patients (n = 110). In the Japanese LEMS patients studied, there was a male predominance with a male to female ratio of 3:1. The age at onset of neurological symptoms ranged between 17 and 80 years with a mean of 62 years. Malignancy was detected in 69% of the patients, of whom 61% had small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Neurological symptoms preceded a diagnosis of malignancy in 84% of cases. The neurological findings were similar in all patients and consisted of lower limb weakness in 97%, upper limb weakness in 80%, hyporeflexia in 85%, autonomic dysfunction in 37% (dry mouth in 31%, constipation in 11%, impaired sweating, urinary disturbance, impotence, and blurred vision in less than 10%), blepharoptosis in 28% and ophthalmoplegia in 5%. Signs of cerebellar involvement are noted in 9% and all of these patients had SCLC. Of 110 patients with LEMS, 85% had detectable antibodies against P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel (P/Q-type VGCC). Seronegative patients (15%) had similar neurological findings, but a lower incidence of SCLC than seropositive patients. The clinical features of our patients were very similar to those observed in British LEMS patients (n = 50), but autonomic features in our study were less prevalent than reported in British patients.
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77
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Black JL, Nelson TR, Snow K, Lennon VA. Immunogenicity of P/Q-type calcium channel in small cell lung cancer: investigation of alpha1 subunit polyglutamine expansion. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:592-6. [PMID: 10674974 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ectopic expression of neuronal P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is thought to induce antisynaptic autoimmunity in the paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. The gene CACNL1A4, encoding the principal (alpha1A) subunit of this calcium channel, is mutated in several inherited neurological disorders. One of these disorders (spinocerebellar ataxia, type 6, or SCA-6) involves the expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat unit. We hypothesized that a somatic CAG repeat instability of this gene in neoplastic cells might generate a non-self epitope capable of initiating autoimmunity to P/Q-type calcium channels. We therefore analyzed the CACNL1A4 gene in SCLC lines established from metastases derived from seven individual patients (four associated with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, one associated with myasthenia gravis, and two not associated with neurological autoimmunity). We compared their CAG repeat numbers (determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by separation of products on a 6% polyacrylamide/8M urea gel) to published norms and to DNA from a patient with SCA-6. The number of CAG repeats in SCLC DNA fell within a normal range whether or not the neoplasm was complicated by neurological autoimmunity. Therefore, it is unlikely that somatically unstable CAG repeat units in the gene encoding the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel account for this tumor protein's immunogenicity in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.
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78
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Vincent A, Lily O, Palace J. Pathogenic autoantibodies to neuronal proteins in neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 100:169-80. [PMID: 10695727 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors and to voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels are thought to be pathogenic in three peripheral neurological disorders: myasthenia gravis, the Lambert Eaton syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. However, evidence for the role of antibodies in conditions involving the central nervous system, is scanty or unclear. This review describes the ways in which the roles of autoantibodies have been defined in the peripheral diseases, and discusses the more controversial evidence for involvement of autoantibodies in some central disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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79
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Ashkenazi A, Ovadia H, Abramsky O. [Paraneoplastic autoimmune syndromes of the nervous system]. HAREFUAH 1999; 137:394-9. [PMID: 11419044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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80
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Takamori M. [Relationship between neuromuscular diseases and cancers]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1999; 88:1841-51. [PMID: 10581772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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81
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Kaiser R. [Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Diagnostic and pathogenetic significance of autoantibodies]. DER NERVENARZT 1999; 70:688-701. [PMID: 10483569 DOI: 10.1007/s001150050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) are rare disorders of the nervous system that cannot be ascribed to metastases or to destruction of vital systemic organs by the tumor or its treatment. Most frequently, PNS occur in association with small-cell lung, breast or ovarian carcinomas. The most frequent PNS is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, which at the same time has the highest predictive value concerning an underlying carcinoma. PNS have been classified mostly under anatomical aspects but now are increasingly categorized according to specific antibodies. In certain neurologic syndromes (sensible and autonomic neuropathy, cerebellitis, limbic encephalitis, Opsoclonus-Myoclonus syndrome, Stiff-man syndrome, neuromyotonia, subacute amaurosis) specific autoantibodies are highly predictive for a neoplasm. Pathogenic relevance of these autoantibodies has been demonstrated only for antibodies against (1) voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, (2) voltage gated potassium channels (VGKC) in neuromyotonia, and (3) recoverin in cancer associated retinopathy. The present article deals with the neurological symptoms of PNS, associated tumors, and the relevance of specific antibodies for the diagnosis and pathogenesis of PNS.
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82
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Komai K, Iwasa K, Takamori M. Calcium channel peptide can cause an autoimmune-mediated model of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in rats. J Neurol Sci 1999; 166:126-30. [PMID: 10475106 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by the reduced quantal release of acetylcholine from the motor nerve terminal, wherein the P/Q-type of voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) and is attacked by a majority of LEMS antibodies. Using the molecular structure of the alpha1 subunit (consisting of 4 domains) of the P/Q-type VGCC as a reference, we synthesized the extracellular region (S5-S6 linker) of the domain III, known as the segment which plays an important role in channel functions. Six of the ten Lewis rats immunized with this synthetic peptide conjugated with carrier protein showed moderate weakness (grade 1 in a 3-graded scale, for myasthenic weakness in experimental animals) and a reduction in acetylcholine quantum content of end-plate potentials. Antipeptide antibodies raised in test rats reacted with omega-conotoxin MVIIC-sensitive cerebellar extract (P/Q-type VGCC) and the domain III peptide inhibited the binding of rat antibodies to VGCCs. Our findings suggest the identification of one of the potential epitopes of LEMS antibodies.
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83
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Engisch KL, Rich MM, Cook N, Nowycky MC. Lambert-Eaton antibodies inhibit Ca2+ currents but paradoxically increase exocytosis during stimulus trains in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurosci 1999; 19:3384-95. [PMID: 10212298 PMCID: PMC6782246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease that affects neurotransmitter release at peripheral synapses. LEMS antibodies inhibit Ca2+ currents in excitable cells, but it is not known whether there are additional effects on stimulus-secretion coupling. The effect of LEMS antibodies on Ca2+ currents and exocytosis was studied in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells using whole-cell voltage clamp in perforated-patch recordings. Purified LEMS IgGs from five patients inhibited N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ current components to different extents. The reduction in Ca2+ current resulted in smaller exocytotic responses to single depolarizing pulses, but the normal relationship between integrated Ca2+ entry and exocytosis (Enisch and Nowycky, 1996) was preserved. The hallmark of LEMS is a large potentiation of neuromuscular transmission after high-frequency stimulation. In chromaffin cells, stimulus trains can induce activity-dependent enhancement of the Ca2+-exocytosis relationship. Enhancement during trains occurs most frequently when pulses are brief and evoke very small amounts of Ca2+ entry (Engisch et al., 1997). LEMS antibody treatment increased the percentage of trains eliciting enhancement through two mechanisms: (1) by reducing Ca2+ entry and (2) through a Ca2+-independent effect on the process of enhancement. This leads to a paradoxical increase in the amount of exocytosis during stimulus trains, despite inhibition of Ca2+ currents.
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84
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Engisch KL, Rich MM, Cook N, Nowycky MC. Lambert-Eaton antibodies promote activity-dependent enhancement of exocytosis in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 868:213-6. [PMID: 10414296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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85
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Abstract
The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease that is often associated with lung cancer which shares a common antigenic protein with the motor nerve terminal. The myasthenic weakness is caused by an antibody-induced reduction in the release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal. This study was undertaken to determine the target of LEMS antibodies and specify the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) through which calcium influxes following the presynaptic membrane depolarization. Among the 5 types of VGCC, we found that the P/Q-type was highly recognized by LEMS antibodies. Using synthetic peptides or recombinant proteins as antigens for testing LEMS patients' sera or inducing an animal model of LEMS, we specified the S5-S6 linker regions in 3 of 4 domains constituting the alpha1 subunit of P/Q-type VGCC as immunodominant sites. Synaptotagmin, one of the functionally VGCC-associated proteins and a protein functioning as a calcium sensor for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, was also found to be a pathogenic immunogen of LEMS when the recombinant protein for antibody assay and the synthetic peptide for the induction of animal model were used as antigens. The present study forms a united front against cancer and cancer-related myasthenic syndrome.
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86
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Maddison P, Newsom-Davis J, Mills KR, Souhami RL. Favourable prognosis in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and small-cell lung carcinoma. Lancet 1999; 353:117-8. [PMID: 10023900 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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87
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Newsom-Davis J. Autoimmune syndromes at the neuromuscular junction. J Child Neurol 1999; 14:41-3. [PMID: 10223852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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88
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Voltz R, Carpentier AF, Rosenfeld MR, Posner JB, Dalmau J. P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies in paraneoplastic disorders of the central nervous system. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22:119-22. [PMID: 9883867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199901)22:1<119::aid-mus19>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Whether P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) antibodies are present in the serum of patients with paraneoplastic syndromes other than the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and tumors other than small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is controversial. Using a commercially available radioimmunoprecipitation assay kit, we examined the sera of 93 patients with paraneoplastic syndromes of the central nervous system (CNS), including 27 patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) associated with tumors other than SCLC and 66 SCLC patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and sensory neuronopathy (PEM/SN). All PCD sera from patients with tumors other than SCLC were negative for P/Q-type VGCC antibodies. Eight of 66 (12%) SCLC patients with PEM/SN had P/Q-type VGCC antibodies; 4 had LEMS and the other 4 had no symptoms of LEMS or they were overlooked and, therefore, not examined electrophysiologically. In patients with paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS, the detection of P/Q-type VGCC antibodies supports the diagnosis of LEMS; in our series, only 6% of patients with SCLC and PEM/SN may have had a false positive antibody result, or undiagnosed LEMS.
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89
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Nakao YK, Motomura M, Suenaga A, Nakamura T, Yoshimura T, Tsujihata M, Mori M, Itoh M, Nagataki S. Specificity of omega-conotoxin MVIIC-binding and -blocking calcium channel antibodies in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neurol 1999; 246:38-44. [PMID: 9987712 DOI: 10.1007/s004150050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An immunoprecipitation assay was used to measure omega-conotoxin MVIIC (P/Q-type) binding and blocking calcium channel antibodies in 67 patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and in a large control population. We first showed the presence of omega-conotoxin MVIIC-blocking antibody in LEMS patients. Binding antibodies were detected in 55 of 67 (82.1%) LEMS patients and in 2 of 296 (0.7%) controls. In contrast, blocking antibodies were positive in 14 of 67 (20.9%) LEMS patients and 8 of 171 (4.7%) controls. No LEMS patient had negative binding antibodies and positive blocking antibodies. The immunoprecipitation assay detected no antibodies against the whole P/Q-type calcium channel in either the paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration or the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis sera. Neither the omega-conotoxin MVIIC-binding nor the -blocking calcium channel antibodies were correlated with clinical severity across the individuals, but longitudinal studies of some LEMS patients showed an inverse relation between binding antibody titre and disease severity. We concluded that the 125I-omega-conotoxin MVIIC assay for anti-P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies is highly specific for LEMS and that this sensitive binding antibody assay could be more valuable than the blocking antibody assay in the diagnosis of LEMS.
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90
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Pozdniakov OM, Babakova LL. [Plastic remodeling of the synaptic apparatus of skeletal muscles under physiological and pathological conditions]. VESTNIK ROSSIISKOI AKADEMII MEDITSINSKIKH NAUK 1998:24-7. [PMID: 9771126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic apparatus of skeletal muscles undergoes continuous remodelling, by adapting to the functioning level of the peripheral neuromuscular apparatus under normal conditions, compensating and restoring its impaired function in pathology. This reorganization has specific features depending on the factors that influence it, such as increased function, decreased or no function, neuronal and nerve damage, synaptic toxin intoxication, autoantibody action, disturbances of trophic influences, etc. Damage to any link of the neuromuscular apparatus due to the above factors is likely to be an essential condition for remodelling.
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91
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Scola RH, Iwamoto FM, Ramos CS, Sanderson AM, Lopardo D, Cantarelli A, Watanabe M, Horta W, Werneck LC. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Report of two cases. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1998; 56:457-64. [PMID: 9754429 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1998000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, in female patients whose neoplasm investigation was negative, are reported. Repetitive stimulation of ulnar nerve showed an incremental response (+187% and +198%). Needle EMG was normal in one of them, however, the other patient showed fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, potentials of low amplitude and short duration. The authors discuss the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological features of the disease, as well as some aspects of the treatment and follow-up of these patients.
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92
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Xu YF, Hewett SJ, Atchison WD. Passive transfer of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome induces dihydropyridine sensitivity of ICa in mouse motor nerve terminals. J Neurophysiol 1998; 80:1056-69. [PMID: 9744921 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1998.80.3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice were injected for 30 days with plasma from three patients with Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS). Recordings were made from the perineurial sheath of motor axon terminals of triangularis sterni muscle preparations. The objective was to characterize pharmacologically the identity of kinetically distinct, defined potential changes associated with motor nerve terminal Ca2+ currents (ICa) that were affected by LEMS autoantibodies. ICa elicited at 0.01 Hz were significantly reduced in amplitude by approximately 35% of control in LEMS-treated nerve terminals. During 10-Hz stimulation, ICa amplitude was unchanged in LEMS-treated motor nerve terminals, but was depressed in control. During 20- or 100-Hz trains, facilitation of ICa occurred in LEMS-treated nerve terminals whereas in control, no facilitation occurred during the trains at 20 Hz and marked depression occurred at 100 Hz. Saturation for amplitude and duration of ICa in control terminals occurred at 2 and 4-6 mM extracellular Ca2+, respectively; in LEMS-treated terminals, the extracellular Ca2+ concentration had to increase by two to three times of control to cause saturation. Amplitude of the two components of ICa observed when the preparation was exposed to 50 microM 3,4-diaminopyridine and 1 mM tetraethylammonium were both reduced by LEMS plasma treatment. The fast component (ICa,s) was reduced by 35%, whereas the slow component (ICa, s) was reduced by 37%. omega-Agatoxin IVA (omega-Aga-IVA; 0.15 microM) and omega-conotoxin-MVIIC (omega-CTx-MVIIC; 5 microM) completely blocked ICa in control motor nerve terminals. The same concentrations of toxins were 20-30% less effective in blocking ICa in LEMS-treated terminals. The residual ICa remaining after treatment with omega-Aga-IVA or omega-CTx-MVIIC was blocked by 10 microM nifedipine and 10 microM Cd2+. Thus LEMS plasma appears to downregulate omega-Aga-IVA-sensitive (P-type) and/or omega-CTx-MVIIC-sensitive (Q-type) Ca2+ channels in murine motor nerve terminals, whereas dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive (L-type) Ca2+ channels are unmasked in these terminals. Acute exposure (90 min) of rat forebrain synaptosomes to LEMS immunoglobulins (Igs; 4 mg/ml) did not alter the binding of [3H]-nitrendipine or [125I]-omega-conotoxin-GVIA (-omega-CgTx GVIA) when compared with synaptosomes incubated with an equivalent concentration of control Igs. Conversely, LEMS Igs significantly decreased the Bmax for [3H]-verapamil to approximately 45% of control. The apparent affinity of verapamil (KD) for the remaining receptors was not significantly altered. Thus acute exposure of isolated central nerve terminals to LEMS Igs does not increase DHP sensitivity, whereas it reduces the number of binding sites for verapamil but not for nitrendipine or omega-CgTx-GVIA. These results suggest that chronic but not acute exposure to LEMS Igs either upregulates or unmasks DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channels in motor nerve endings.
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93
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Takamori M. [Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]. TANPAKUSHITSU KAKUSAN KOSO. PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID, ENZYME 1998; 43:1903-11. [PMID: 9788200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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94
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Pinto A, Gillard S, Moss F, Whyte K, Brust P, Williams M, Stauderman K, Harpold M, Lang B, Newsom-Davis J, Bleakman D, Lodge D, Boot J. Human autoantibodies specific for the alpha1A calcium channel subunit reduce both P-type and Q-type calcium currents in cerebellar neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8328-33. [PMID: 9653186 PMCID: PMC20975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) subtypes appear mainly to be determined by the alpha1 pore-forming subunit but, whether P-and Q-type VDCCs are encoded by the same alpha1 gene presently is unresolved. To investigate this, we used IgG antibodies to presynaptic VDCCs at motor nerve terminals that underlie muscle weakness in the autoimmune Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). We first studied their action on changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell lines expressing different combinations of human recombinant VDCC subunits. Incubation for 18 h with LEMS IgG (2 mg/ml) caused a significant dose-dependent reduction in the K+-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase in the alpha1A cell line but not in the alpha1B, alpha1C, alpha1D, and alpha1E cell lines, establishing the alpha1A subunit as the target for these autoantibodies. Exploiting this specificity, we incubated cultured rat cerebellar neurones with LEMS IgG and observed a reduction in P-type current in Purkinje cells and both P- and Q-type currents in granule cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the alpha1A gene encodes for the pore-forming subunit of both P-type and Q-type VDCCs.
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95
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Polizzi A, Lang B, Amyes E, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A. Neuronal staining patterns in sera from patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:684-6. [PMID: 9668314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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96
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Takamori M, Iwasa K, Komai K. Antigenic sites of the voltage-gated calcium channel in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:625-35. [PMID: 9668306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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97
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Kim YI, Middlekauff EH, Viglione MP, Okutsu J, Satoh Y, Hirashima N, Kirino Y. An autoimmune animal model of the Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:670-6. [PMID: 9668312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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98
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Pinto A, Moss F, Lang B, Boot J, Brust P, Williams M, Stauderman K, Harpold M, Newsom-Davis J. Differential effect of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome immunoglobulin on cloned neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:687-90. [PMID: 9668315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99
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Lang B, Waterman S, Pinto A, Jones D, Moss F, Boot J, Brust P, Williams M, Stauderman K, Harpold M, Motomura M, Moll JW, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. The role of autoantibodies in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:596-605. [PMID: 9668304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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100
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Black JL, Griesmann GE, Erickson J, Kryzer TJ, Lamke GT, Lennon VA. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Antigenicity of recombinant human P/Q-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit putative ion pore region (domain IV, S5-S6). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:691-5. [PMID: 9668316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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