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Kushi H, Miki T, Nakahara J, Okamoto K, Saito T, Tanjoh K. Hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B column reduces the blood level of neutrophil elastase. Blood Purif 2006; 24:212-7. [PMID: 16391471 DOI: 10.1159/000090593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether direct hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B column (DHP with PMX) could reduce the blood level of neutrophil elastase. METHODS 20 sepsis patients were enrolled in the study. DHP with PMX was performed twice within a 24-hour period. Neutrophil elastase was measured 7 times. RESULTS Neutrophil elastase was 468 +/- 75.1 microg/l, while it was 1,531 +/- 201.7 microg/l immediately after the first session, declined to 351 +/- 73.9 microg/l before the second session of DHP with PMX, and increased again to 599.3 +/- 112.7 microg/l immediately after the second session, 328 +/- 73.7 microg/l at 24 h, 264 +/- 39.3 microg/l at 48 h, and 230 +/- 36.1 microg/l at 72 h after DHP with PMX. The levels from 48 h onwards were significantly lower compared with that before treatment. CONCLUSION DHP with PMX has an overall effect that reduces circulating neutrophil elastase levels.
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Endo S, Sato N, Yaegashi Y, Suzuki Y, Kojika M, Yamada Y, Yoshida Y, Nakadate T, Aoki H, Inoue Y. Sivelestat sodium hydrate improves septic acute lung injury by reducing alveolar dysfunction. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 119:53-65. [PMID: 17974096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sivelestat sodium hydrate (sivelestat) is a selective inhibitor of polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase (PMN-E). We administered sivelestat to patients with septic acute lung injury (ALI) to examine its usefulness. The primary endpoints in the study were the duration of artificial ventilation and pulmonary oxygenation ability, and the secondary endpoints were mortality and the concentrations of PMN-E, SP-D, TNF-alpha and IL-8 in blood. In the sivelestat group, the duration of artificial ventilation, pulmonary oxygenation ability, and the blood PMN-E, SP-D, TNF-alpha and IL-8 concentrations decreased significantly. Administration of sivelestat was found to reduce alveolar dysfunction and improve respiratory function, and it was suggested that early administration might be useful.
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Wang N, Ma QJ, Lu JG, Chu YK, Lai DN. [Protective effect of ischemic postconditioning on ischemic reperfusion injury of rat liver graft]. ZHONGHUA WAI KE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF SURGERY] 2005; 43:1533-6. [PMID: 16412292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the protective effect of ischemic postconditioning on ischemic reperfusion injury of rat liver graft and to investigate the possible mechanism. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were used as donors and recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation, and the period of cold preservation and anhepatic phase were 100 min and 18 min, respectively. Sixty rats were randomly divided into three groups, twelve rats in control group, twenty-four rats in ischemic reperfusion injury group and ischemic postconditioning group respectively. Control group is sham operation group, only the ligaments around liver were cut off; donor livers in ischemic reperfusion injury group were infused through portal vein with heparinized saline before harvested; ischemic postconditioning group: at very onset of reperfusion after donor liver was implanted, several brief reperfusion-ischemia were given before persistent reperfusion of portal vein. Half recipients of ischemic reperfusion injury group and ischemic postconditioning group were taken blood samples and hepatic tissue samples after 2 hours of reperfusion of liver graft. Rest recipients were taken samples of hepatic tissue after 6 hours of reperfusion. Recipients of control group were taken blood and hepatic tissue samples at corresponding time after abdomen was sutured. RESULTS Compared with ischemic reperfusion injury group, liver functional parameters, cytokines and peroxidized products contents were lower in ischemic postconditioning group (P < 0.05); meanwhile, the antioxidases contents of hepatic tissue were higher in ischemic postconditioning group than those in ischemic reperfusion injury group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ischemic postconditioning could relieve the ischemic reperfusion injury of rat liver graft. Through improving antioxidation capability and cutting down cytokines contents, ischemic postconditioning could apply its protective effect.
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Gupta AK, Gebhardt S, Hillermann R, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Analysis of plasma elastase levels in early and late onset preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005; 273:239-42. [PMID: 16292578 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-005-0093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulatory neutrophils have been reported to be activated in preeclampsia. It has been suggested that maternal plasma levels of elastase may serve as a possible cell-free marker to quantify such activation. Although plasma elastase levels have been found to be elevated in cases with manifest preeclampsia and eclampsia, this has not yet been examined in cases with early and late onset preeclampsia. We have now examined this aspect. METHODS In this retrospective study, maternal plasma samples were examined from eight cases with early onset preeclampsia (<34 weeks of gestation), eight cases with late onset preeclampsia (>34 weeks of gestation) and an equal number of gestational age matched normotensive term controls. Plasma concentrations of elastase were measured by ELISA using a commercially available assay. RESULTS Plasma elastase concentrations were significantly elevated the preeclampsia study group when compared to the normotensive control group (median=139.2 ng/ml versus median=72.1 ng/ml; P=0.0025). These elevations remained significant when the preeclampsia study group was stratified into case with early onset preeclampsia (median=118.8 ng/ml versus median=62.2 ng/ml; P=0.03), but jailed failed to attain significance for those cases with late onset preeclampsia (median=181.3 ng/ml versus median=86.3 ng/ml; P=0.061). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that elastase levels are elevated in both early and late onset forms of preeclampsia, and imply that the activation of neutrophils may be more acute in the former than in the latter (238 words).
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Morici G, Zangla D, Santoro A, Pelosi E, Petrucci E, Gioia M, Bonanno A, Profita M, Bellia V, Testa U, Bonsignore MR. Supramaximal exercise mobilizes hematopoietic progenitors and reticulocytes in athletes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1496-503. [PMID: 16020520 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00338.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marathon runners show increased circulating CD34+ cell counts and postexercise release of interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and flt3-ligand (Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Santoro A, Pegano M, Cascio L, Bonnano A, Abate P, Mirabella F, Profita M, Insalaco G, Gioia M, Vignola AM, Majolino I, Testa U, and Hogg JC. J Appl Physiol 93: 1691–1697, 2002). In the present study we hypothesized that supramaximal (“all-out”) exercise may acutely affect circulating progenitors and reticulocytes and investigated possible mechanisms involved. Progenitor release was measured by flow cytometry ( n = 20) and clonogenic assays ( n = 6) in 20 young competitive rowers (13 M, 7 F, age ± SD: 17.1 ± 2.1 yr, peak O2consumption: 56.5 ± 11.4 ml·min−1·kg−1) at rest and shortly after 1,000 m “all-out.” Release of reticulocytes, cortisol, muscle enzymes, neutrophil elastase, and several cytokines/growth factors was measured. Supramaximal exercise doubled circulating CD34+ cells (rest: 7.6 ± 3.0, all-out: 16.3 ± 9.1 cells/μl, P < 0.001), and increased immature reticulocyte fractions; AC133+ cells doubled, suggesting release of angiogenetic precursors. Erythrocyte burst forming units and colony forming units for granulocytes-monocytes and all blood series increased postexercise by 3.4-, 5.5-, and 4.8-fold, respectively ( P < 0.01 for all). All-out rowing acutely increased plasma cortisol, neutrophil elastase, flt3-ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, VEGF, and transforming growth factor-β1, and decreased erythropoietin; K-ligand, stromal-derived factor-1, IL-6, and G-CSF were unchanged. Therefore, all-out exercise is a physiological stimulus for progenitor release in athletes. Release of reticulocytes and proangiogenetic cells and mediators suggests tissue hypoxia as possibly involved in progenitor mobilization.
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Richter R, Bistrian R, Escher S, Forssmann WG, Vakili J, Henschler R, Spodsberg N, Frimpong-Boateng A, Forssmann U. Quantum proteolytic activation of chemokine CCL15 by neutrophil granulocytes modulates mononuclear cell adhesiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1599-608. [PMID: 16034099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte infiltration into inflammatory sites is generally preceded by neutrophils. We show here that neutrophils may support this process by activation of CCL15, a human chemokine circulating in blood plasma. Neutrophils were found to release CCL15 proteolytic activity in the course of hemofiltration of blood from renal insufficiency patients. Processing of CCL15 immunoreactivity (IR) in the pericellular space is suggested by a lack of proteolytic activity in blood and blood filtrate, but a shift of the retention time (t(R)) of CCL15-IR, detected by chromatographic separation of CCL15-IR in blood and hemofiltrate. CCL15 molecules with N-terminal deletions of 23 (delta23) and 26 (delta26) aa were identified as main proteolytic products in hemofiltrate. Neutrophil cathepsin G was identified as the principal protease to produce delta23 and delta26 CCL15. Also, elastase displays CCL15 proteolytic activity and produces a delta21 isoform. Compared with full-length CCL15, delta23 and delta26 isoforms displayed a significantly increased potency to induce calcium fluxes and chemotactic activity on monocytes and to induce adhesiveness of mononuclear cells to fibronectin. Thus, our findings indicate that activation of monocytes by neutrophils is at least in part induced by quantum proteolytic processing of circulating or endothelium-bound CCL15 by neutrophil cathepsin G.
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Kushi H, Miki T, Okamaoto K, Nakahara J, Saito T, Tanjoh K. Early hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B fiber column eliminates humoral mediators and improves pulmonary oxygenation. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2005; 9:R653-61. [PMID: 16280061 PMCID: PMC1414001 DOI: 10.1186/cc3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to clarify the efficacy and mechanism of action of direct hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B fiber column (DHP-PMX) in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by sepsis. Method Thirty-six patients with sepsis were included. In each patient a thermodilution catheter was inserted, and the oxygen delivery index and oxygen consumption index were measured. DHP-PMX was performed in patients with a normal oxygen delivery index and oxygen consumption index (> 500 ml/minute per m2 and >120 ml/minute per m2, respectively). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was used as an index of the severity of sepsis, and survival was assessed after 1 month. The humoral mediators measured were the chemokine IL-8, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and neutrophil elastase (NE). These mediators were measured before DHP-PMX treatment, and at 24, 48, and 78 hours after the start of treatment. The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)/fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio was measured before DHP-PMX treatment and at 24, 48, 72, 92, and 120 hours after the start of treatment. Results All patients remained alive after 1 month. Before DHP-PMX treatment, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 24 ± 2.0, the IL-8 level was 54 ± 15.8 pg/ml, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was 133 ± 28.1 ng/ml, and NE was 418 ± 72.1 μg/l. These three humoral mediators began to decrease from 24 hours after DHP-PMX treatment, and the decline became significant from 48 hours onward. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was 244 ± 26.3 before DHP-PMX treatment but improved significantly from 96 hours onward. There were significant negative correlations between the PaO2/FiO2 ratio and blood levels of NE and IL-8. Conclusion The mechanism of action of DHP-PMX is still not fully understood, but we report the following findings. The mean blood levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, NE, and IL-8 were significantly decreased from 48 hours after DHP-PMX treatment. The mean PaO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly improved from 96 hours after DHP-PMX treatment. Improvement in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio appeared to be related to the decreases in blood NE and IL-8 levels.
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Fujii H, Suehiro S, Kumano H, Shibata T, Hattori K, Hirai H, Aoyama T. Relationship between granulocyte elastase and C3a under protamine dosing in on-pump cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 28:431-4. [PMID: 16054381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 04/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complement cascade and granulocytes are activated in on-pump cardiac surgery. If activation of complement directly regulates granulocytes, granulocyte elastase (GEL) should increase significantly after protamine administration. We examined the effect of protamine on granulocytes by protamine administration and observation of the effect on GEL and C3a. METHODS Thirty patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to two groups. In 15 patients, protamine was administered 5 min after the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, and was administered 35 min after cardiopulmonary bypass in the other 15 patients. All patients were perfused with heparin-coated circuits and received 300 IU/kg heparin and 3 mg/kg protamine. GEL and C3a concentrations were measured at 7 time points. RESULTS GEL concentrations increased significantly just before aortic declamping and did not increase significantly after protamine administration. C3a concentrations, however, did not increase during cardiopulmonary bypass and did increase significantly after protamine administration. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that GEL does not increase after protamine administration and that complement concentration does not directly affect GEL release.
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Hagio T, Matsumoto S, Nakao S, Matsuoka S, Kawabata K. Sivelestat, a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor, prevented phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in conscious rabbits. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18:285-90. [PMID: 15777611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo contribution of neutrophil elastase (NE) in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced acute lung injury has so far been unclear. This study examined the role of NE in PMA-induced acute lung injury in conscious rabbits, using a specific NE inhibitor, sivelestat sodium hydrate (Sivelestat). A single bolus injection of PMA (40 microg/kg) caused acute lung injury as indicated by an increase in protein concentration and hemorrhage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 4h after PMA injection. These changes were associated with mild decrease in arterial oxygen pressure and peripheral white blood cell and platelet. When continuously infused starting 1h before and ending 4h post-PMA injection, Sivelestat at 3-30 mg/kg/h that are able to inhibit rabbit NE activity by 60-90%, dose-dependently attenuated both PMA-induced hemorrhagic pneumonitis and the increase in protein concentration in BALF without affecting myeloperoxidase activity in the lung. Histopathological study indicated that sivelestat (30 mg/kg/h) markedly attenuated lung histopathological changes, alveolar hemorrhage and white blood cells migration with evidence of inhibition of NE activity in BALF. These results suggest that NE plays a significant role in PMA-induced acute lung injury and further supports the importance of this enzyme in acute lung injury.
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Yamaki E, Ogata K, Hinohara H, Kadoi Y, Kunimoto F, Kuwano H. [Effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitor on postoperative cytokine levels in patients after esophagectomy]. MASUI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 54:884-8. [PMID: 16104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitor on postoperative cytokine levels in patients after esophagectomy. METHODS Fifteen patients were divided into two groups; group 1: 9 patients receiving neutrophil elastase inhibitor (0.2 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) from the admission to ICU to extubation), group 2: 6 patients as a control. We measured neutrophil elastase activity, interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 preoperatively, just after the admission to ICU, and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the surgery. RESULTS There were significant differences in neutrophil elastase activity and interleukin 8 in group 1 24 hours after the surgery, compared with those in group 2. The time necessary for mechanical ventilation in group 1 was shorter than that in group 2 (group 1: 44.7 +/- 24.7 hrs, group 2: 112.8 +/- 90.3 hrs, P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS The administration of neutrophil elastase inhibitor may be useful for patients after esophagectomy to reduce overexpression of plasma cytokine levels after surgery.
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Biezeveld MH, van Mierlo G, Lutter R, Kuipers IM, Dekker T, Hack CE, Newburger JW, Kuijpers TW. Sustained activation of neutrophils in the course of Kawasaki disease: an association with matrix metalloproteinases. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:183-8. [PMID: 15958085 PMCID: PMC1809423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile syndrome of childhood, characterized by vasculitis of the medium-sized arteries. White blood cell counts and the inflammatory parameter C-reactive protein (CRP) are known to be elevated in the acute phase of the disease. In this study we investigated the course of inflammatory cell type-specific parameters in KD over a longer period of time. Plasma levels of human neutrophil elastase (HNE), matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP2, MMP9), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), macrophage neopterin and CRP were measured. Plasma samples were collected in the acute, subacute and early convalescent stage, and three months after the onset of disease. Median CRP and neopterin normalized within two weeks. In contrast, six weeks and three months after onset of disease, levels of HNE were still elevated, with median values of 163 ng/ml and 156 ng/ml, respectively (control children median < 50 ng/ml; for all time-points P < 0.0001). Values of NGAL correlated with the levels of HNE (r = 0.39, P = 0.013). These results demonstrate a longer state of neutrophil activation in KD than was previously assumed. The potential relationship between this prolonged neutrophil activation, coronary artery lesion formation and their persistence, as well as the risk of premature atherosclerosis warrants further evaluation.
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Lucattelli M, Bartalesi B, Cavarra E, Fineschi S, Lunghi B, Martorana PA, Lungarella G. Is neutrophil elastase the missing link between emphysema and fibrosis? Evidence from two mouse models. Respir Res 2005; 6:83. [PMID: 16045796 PMCID: PMC1184102 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The separation of emphysema from fibrosis is not as clear-cut as it was thought in early studies. These two pathologies may be present at the same time in human lungs and in mice either instilled with elastolytic enzymes or bleomycin or exposed to cigarette-smoke. According to a current view, emphysema originates from a protease/antiprotease imbalance, and a role for antiproteases has also been suggested in the modulation of the fibrotic process. In this study we investigate in experimental animal models of emphysema and fibrosis whether neutrophil elastase may constitute a pathogenic link between these two pathologies. METHODS This study was done in two animal models in which emphysema and fibrosis were induced either by bleomycin (BLM) or by chronic exposure to cigarette-smoke. In order to assess the protease-dependence of the BLM-induced lesion, a group mice was treated with 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, a serine proteinase inhibitor active toward neutrophil elastase. Lungs from each experimental group were used for the immunohistochemical assessment of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and for determination of the mean linear intercept as well as the percent volume densities of fibrosis and of emphysematous changes. Additionally, the lungs were also assessed for desmosine content and for the determination of elastase levels in the pulmonary interstitium by means of immunoelectron microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that in BLM-treated mice (i) the development of elastolytic emphysema precedes that of fibrosis; (ii) significant amount of elastase in alveolar interstitium is associated with an increased expression of TGF-beta and TGF-alpha; and finally, (iii) emphysematous and fibrotic lesions can be significantly attenuated by using a protease inhibitor active against neutrophil elastase. Also, in a strain of mice that develop both emphysema and fibrosis after chronic cigarette-smoke exposure, the presence of elastase in alveolar structures is associated with a positive immunohistochemical reaction for reaction for both TGF-beta and TGF-alpha. CONCLUSION The results of the present study strongly suggest that neutrophil elastase may represent a common pathogenic link between emphysema and fibrosis. Proteases and in particular neutrophil elastase could act as regulatory factors in the generation of soluble cytokines with mitogenic activity for mesenchymal cells resulting either in emphysema or in fibrosis or both.
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Kamikura Y, Wada H, Sase T, Yamaguchi M, Kaneko T, Sakaguchi A, Abe Y, Nishioka J, Nobori T, Shiku H. Hemostatic abnormalities and leukocyte activation caused by infection in patients with malignant lymphoma during chemotherapy. Thromb Res 2005; 117:671-9. [PMID: 16026816 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemostatic parameters were examined before and during 102 courses of chemotherapy in 42 patients with malignant lymphoma with high risk for infection. The white blood cell count was significantly reduced in all patients at days 1 and 3, but significantly increased at days 7 and 9, compared to before chemotherapy. At day 7 of chemotherapy, tissue factor (TF) mRNA levels in leukocytes were significantly increased in all patients, especially those with infection. Plasma concentrations of granulocyte elastase derived-XDP (GE-XDP) levels correlated with D-dimer levels during chemotherapy in patients with malignant lymphoma, suggesting that the elevated D-dimer is fibrin products degraded by granulocyte elastase. GE-XDP, C-reactive protein (CRP), GE-XDP and D-dimer were significantly higher in patients with infection, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) than those without. In patients with DIC or ARDS, TF mRNA correlated with D-dimer, and GE-XDP correlated with leukocyte count, CRP and D-dimer, suggesting that inflammatory changes due to thrombosis may cause the activation of leukocytes in patients with malignant lymphoma during chemotherapy. Activated leukocytes and granulocyte elastase may elicit a hypercoagulable state and ARDS in patients with malignant lymphoma during chemotherapy.
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van Woensel JBM, Biezeveld MH, Hack CE, Bos AP, Kuijpers TW. Elastase and granzymes during meningococcal disease in children: correlation to disease severity. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:1239-47. [PMID: 16010574 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the levels of human neutrophil elastase and lymphocyte-derived granzymes A and B in relation to disease severity in children with meningococcal disease. DESIGN Clinical observational cohort study. SETTING Paediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS All patients with meningococcal disease during the study period were included. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Blood sampling was done on the day of admission and on days 3 and 7. Assays for elastase and granzymes were done with ELISA. Sixty-one patients were included: 19 having distinct meningitis; 17 meningitis and shock; and 25 fulminant septicaemia. On admission levels of elastase were increased in all patients, being highest in those with fulminant septicaemia and lowest in those with distinct meningitis. Granzyme A (although marginally) and granzyme B levels were only increased in patients with shock. In 20 of the 28 patients admitted for > or = 3 days elastase decreased from admission ("rapid-decrease" group). In the remaining 8 patients, elastase started to decrease after 2 days ("slow-decrease" group). Patients of the "slow-decrease" group had a higher temperature up to day 4, needed more respiratory support (mean airway pressure in cm H2O on days 3 and 4: p=0.02 and p<0.01, respectively), and more circulatory support (>2 inotropic agents on day 3; p=0.04) compared with the "rapid-decrease" group. CONCLUSIONS Human neutrophil elastase and granzyme B are related with disease severity during the initial phase of meningococcal disease and prolonged neutrophil activation is associated with the extent of organ dysfunction during the period thereafter.
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Abdel-Rahman U, Ozaslan F, Risteski PS, Martens S, Moritz A, Al Daraghmeh A, Keller H, Wimmer-Greinecker G. Initial Experience With a Minimized Extracorporeal Bypass System: Is There a Clinical Benefit? Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80:238-43. [PMID: 15975373 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drawbacks of conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are increased inflammatory response, deteriorated coagulation and systemic organ dysfunction. A closed extracorporeal circuit (CorX) features reduced foreign surface area and priming volume. Potential benefits were studied in comparing the CorX system with conventional CPB in arrested heart coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS Two hundred and four patients were randomly assigned either to CorX system (n = 101, group A) or a standard CPB with cardiotomy reservoir (n = 103, group B). Besides evaluation of perioperative data and routine blood samples, we focused on lung function and perioperative bleeding. Polymorphonuclear elastase (PMNE) and terminal complement complex (TCC) served to assess inflammatory response. RESULTS Patient demographics and operative data did not differ between groups. Postoperative lung function was not significantly impaired comparing groups A and B. Intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher in group A compared with group B (1245 +/- 947 mL vs 313 +/- 282 mL, p < 0.0001) as well as the need of fresh frozen plasma. Postoperative chest drainage did not differ significantly between groups. Two patients in each group required re-exploration due to bleeding. One hour after CPB, PMNE as well as TCC were significantly lower in group A compared with group B (PMNE: 76 +/- 44 ng/mL vs 438 +/- 230 ng/mL, p < 0.0001; TCC: 16 +/- 8 IU/mL vs 29 +/- 19 IU/mL, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The CorX system is safe and feasible in patients undergoing CABG. Despite of markedly reduced inflammatory reaction, no clinical benefit was observed.
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Nemmar A, Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Van Rooijen N, Hoylaerts MF. Silica Particles Enhance Peripheral Thrombosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:872-9. [PMID: 15657461 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200409-1202oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation and thrombosis are related via interactions between leukocytes, platelets, the vasculature, and the coagulation system. However, the mechanisms behind these interactions remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We have investigated the effects of the well known pulmonary inflammation induced by silica for the development of peripheral thrombogenicity in a hamster model of thrombosis. In addition, the consequences of pulmonary macrophage and circulating monocyte and neutrophil depletion on the thrombogenicity were investigated. METHODS Silica particles (2-200 mug/hamster) were intratracheally instilled, and experimental thrombosis in photochemically induced femoral vein lesions was assessed 24 hours later, in association with cellular infiltration in the lung. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intratracheally instilled silica particles (20 and 200 mug/hamster) triggered pulmonary inflammation, together with stimulation of peripheral platelet-rich thrombus formation. Both the selective depletion of lung macrophages by intratracheal administration of clodronate liposomes and the combined depletion of circulating monocytes and neutrophils by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide significantly reduced silica-induced influx of macrophages and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage, and reduced peripheral thrombogenicity. Silica-induced lung inflammation was accompanied by increased neutrophil elastase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and in plasma. Specific neutrophil elastase inhibition in the lung did not affect lung inflammation but reduced peripheral thrombogenicity. CONCLUSION These findings uncover pulmonary macrophage-neutrophil cross-talk releasing neutrophil elastase into the blood circulation. Elastase, triggering activation of circulating platelets, may then predispose platelets to initiate thrombotic events on mildly damaged vasculature.
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Yasui K, Baba A, Iwasaki Y, Kubo T, Aoyama K, Mori T, Yamazaki T, Kobayashi N, Ishiguro A. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation in respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis. Pediatr Int 2005; 47:190-5. [PMID: 15771699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2005.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of neutrophil-mediated inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. However, no measurable marker is sensitive enough to assess neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the airways. Released neutrophil elastase (NE) in intraluminal airways has been reported to induce pulmonary inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) in serum, a degenerate induced by NE, reflects the degree of airway inflammation in children with respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) bronchiolitis and whether the severity of inflammation is evaluated. The pre-alpha-/inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is assumed to be precursors of the UTI. When NE degrades these inhibitors, UTI is liberated. METHODS Serum UTI concentrations in infants admitted with RSV bronchiolitis, other viral infections, bacterial pneumonia and control subjects were measured by means of one-step sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Serum UTI concentrations in 25 patients on admission were significantly higher than the 15 infantile control values (mean +/- SEM, 22.126 +/- 2.317 and 6.701 +/- 0.719 U/mL, respectively; P < 0.0001). The elevated levels returned to baseline values with improvement in the respiratory symptoms. Higher levels of serum UTI with RSV infection were consistently associated with clinical symptoms and artificial ventilation. Serum NE concentrations of patients were elevated in some patients but not significantly different from controls in the patients who showed only upper respiratory symptoms with RSV infections. CONCLUSION The findings strongly suggested that neutrophil-mediated events are involved in the pathogenesis of RSV bronchiolitis, and the monitoring of UTI concentrations might be useful for evaluating the neutrophil-mediated airway inflammation.
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93
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Katsumata S, Nagashima M, Kato K, Tachihara A, Wauke K, Saito S, Jin E, Kawanami O, Ogawa R, Yoshino S. Changes in coagulation-fibrinolysis marker and neutrophil elastase following the use of tourniquet during total knee arthroplasty and the influence of neutrophil elastase on thromboembolism. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:510-6. [PMID: 15777299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify in detail the mechanism underlying the development and exacerbation of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), we focused on the following factors: the thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), D-dimer and neutrophil elastase (NE). We basically investigated whether NE played an important role in the development of PTE I a mice model. METHODS Nineteen rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and six osteoarthritis (OA) patients underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with tourniquet, and 13 RA and 12 OA patients underwent TKA without tourniquet in each group. The blood levels of TAT, D-dimer and NE were measured before surgery, immediately after and during the days following surgery. For the induction of experimental PTE due to coagulation of platelets, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was administrated, and human NE with ADP was also administrated for the development of DVT and/or PTE. RESULTS The rates of increase in the mean TAT, D-dimer and NE levels in the group with tourniquet were statistically higher than those in the group without tourniquet after surgery. The mortality of the mouse due to PTE increased from 43 to 67% following ADP and human NE administration compared to a single ADP administration. Histological changes of the lungs in the mice receiving NE and ADP injections were characterized by a diffuse and extensive accumulation of platelets and fibrin in alveolar capillaries and other microvessels. CONCLUSION We suggest that during TKA, the use of tourniquet induces local release of a large amount of NE from neutrophils, inducing the development of DVT and/or PTE and their exacerbation.
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Hirche TO, Gaut JP, Heinecke JW, Belaaouaj A. Myeloperoxidase plays critical roles in killing Klebsiella pneumoniae and inactivating neutrophil elastase: effects on host defense. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1557-65. [PMID: 15661916 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils use myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate an array of potent toxic oxidants. In the current studies we used genetically altered mice deficient in MPO to investigate the role of the enzyme in host defense against the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, an important human pathogen. For comparison, we used mice deficient in the antimicrobial molecule, neutrophil elastase (NE). When challenged i.p., mice deficient in either MPO or NE were markedly more susceptible to bacterial infection and death. In vitro studies suggested that MPO impairs the morphology of bacteria in a distinctive way. Of importance, our in vitro studies found that MPO mediated oxidative inactivation of NE, an enzyme that has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of various tissue-destructive diseases. This pathway of oxidative inactivation may be physiologically relevant, because activated neutrophils isolated from MPO-deficient mice exhibited increased elastase activity. Our observations provide strong evidence that MPO, like NE, is a key player in the killing of K. pneumoniae bacteria. They also suggest that MPO may modulate NE to protect the host from the tissue-degrading activity of this proteinase.
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95
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Pham CTN, Ivanovich JL, Raptis SZ, Zehnbauer B, Ley TJ. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: correlating the molecular, cellular, and clinical consequences of cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I deficiency in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:7277-81. [PMID: 15585850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A variety of neutral serine proteases are important for the effector functions of immune cells. The neutrophil-derived serine proteases cathepsin G and neutrophil elastase are implicated in the host defense against invading bacterial and fungal pathogens. Likewise, the cytotoxic lymphocyte and NK cell granule-associated granzymes A and B are important for the elimination of virus-infected cells. The activation of many of these serine proteases depends on the N-terminal processing activity of the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI). Although mice deficient in DPPI have defects in serine protease activation in multiple cellular compartments, the role of DPPI for human serine protease activation is largely undefined. Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease associated with loss-of-function mutations in the DPPI gene locus. In this study, we established that the loss of DPPI activity is associated with severe reduction in the activity and stability of neutrophil-derived serine proteases. Surprisingly, patients with PLS retain significant granzyme activities in a cytotoxic lymphocyte compartment (lymphokine-activated killer) and have normal lymphokine-activated killer-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 cells. Neutrophils from patients with PLS do not uniformly have a defect in their ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, suggesting that serine proteases do not represent the major mechanism used by human neutrophils for killing common bacteria. Therefore, this study defines the consequences of DPPI deficiency for the activation of several immune cell serine proteases in humans, and provides a molecular explanation for the lack of a generalized T cell immunodeficiency phenotype in patients with PLS.
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Shcherbakova IV, Kaleda VG, Barkhatova AN, Kliushnik TP. [Markers of endothelial dysfunction in attack-like schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2005; 105:43-6. [PMID: 15822742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The activity of leukocyte elastase (LE) and two markers for vascular endothelial cells (EC) dysfunction/lesion--von Willebrand factor (WF) and C-reactive protein (C-RP)--was determined in the blood plasma of 22 male patients, aged 23.7 +/- 5.5 years with attack-like schizophrenia (ALS) and 24 matched controls. A significant increase of WF, C-RP and LE was found in the patients compared to controls indicating EC dysfunction and/or lesion in ALS schizophrenia. Positive correlations between LE activity and WF concentrations as well as between WF and severity of clinical symptoms in ALS patients imply a vascular layer lesion of the blood-brain barrier.
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Sherbakova IV, Siriachenko TM, Sarmanova ZV, Kaleda VG, Barkhatova AN, Lideman RR, Kliushnik TP. [Some indices of congenital and acquired immunity in patients with endogenous diseases of schizophrenic spectrum disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2005; 105:47-51. [PMID: 15954212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Indices of congenital leukocyte elastase (LE) activity and adaptive immunity (a level of autoantiboies to nerve growth factor--AabNGF) in blood serum of patients with schizophrenia (attack-like, continuous and slow progressive types) and schizoaffective psychosis have been compared with clinical presentations of the disorders. A patient's state was assessed by clinico-psychopathological methods and with the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS). All schizophrenia types and schizoaffective psychosis were accompanied by LE activity elevation. An increase of AabNGF level was observed only in attack like and continuous schizophrenia. Correlations between AabNGF level and negative symptoms evaluated, using the PANSS, suggest a relation of autoimmune reactions against NGF to the progression of schizophrenic process. Differences in AabNGF level between schizoaffective psychosis and attack-like schizophrenia confirm nosologic independence of schizoaffective psychosis and demand for additional differential laboratory diagnosis of these disorders.
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Mussack T, Briegel J, Schelling G, Biberthaler P, Jochum M. Effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone on S-100B vs. interleukin-8 and polymorphonuclear elastase levels in human septic shock. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:259-68. [PMID: 15843228 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2005.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStress doses of hydrocortisone are known to have immunomodulatory effects in patients with hyperdynamic septic shock. The prognosis correlates with the presence and severity of septic encephalopathy. However, neurological evaluation is influenced by the use of analgesia sedation during artificial ventilation. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during the initial phase of human septic shock on the serum values of the neurospecific protein S-100B in comparison to the inflammation markers interleukin (IL)-8 in serum and polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase in plasma. A total of 24 consecutive patients, who met the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine criteria for septic shock, were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center trial. The severity of illness at recruitment was graded using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II scoring systems. Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome was described by the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. All patients were prospectively randomized to receive either stress doses of hydrocortisone or placebo. Hydrocortisone was started in 12 patients with a loading dose of 100mg and followed by a continuous infusion of 0.18mg/kg/h for 6days. Median S-100B serum levels of the hydrocortisone group decreased from 0.32ng/mL at study entry to 0.07ng/mL 6days later without significant differences compared to the placebo group. Initial IL-8 serum levels were significantly higher in the hydrocortisone group up to 12h after study entry, and significantly decreased from 715 to 17pg/mL at the end of the observation period. Median PMN elastase plasma levels were not affected by hydrocortisone infusion. Patients with initial S-100B serum levels >0.50ng/mL revealed significantly higher SOFA scores up to 30h, IL-8 serum levels up to 12h, and PMN elastase plasma levels up to 36h after study entry than those patients with ≤0.50ng/mL. These effects were independent of the amount of fluid correction for hemodilution. Starting S-100B, IL-8 and PMN elastase values of the hydrocortisone group were within the ranges already known in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or severe traumatic brain injury. Stress doses of hydrocortisone resulted in a significant reduction in IL-8 serum, but not in S-100B serum and PMN elastase plasma concentrations in patients with hyperdynamic septic shock. For the first time, a similar extent of S-100B increase in serum of septic patients at the time of diagnosis was shown as reported for cardiac arrest or severe traumatic brain injury.
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Garwicz D, Lennartsson A, Jacobsen SEW, Gullberg U, Lindmark A. Biosynthetic profiles of neutrophil serine proteases in a human bone marrow-derived cellular myeloid differentiation model. Haematologica 2005; 90:38-44. [PMID: 15642667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G are neutrophil granule proteins belonging to the hematopoietic serine protease superfamily. In addition to their established roles in inflammation, they have recently been implicated as regulators of granulopoiesis and mediators of apoptosis. We set out to characterize the individual biosynthetic profiles of these proteins in a neutrophil differentiation model. DESIGN AND METHODS CD34+CD38+ hematopoietic progenitor cells from 21 healthy human bone marrow donors were cultured in vitro in the presence of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Biosynthetic radiolabeling was performed in cells from 13 subjects after various periods of differentiation induction. Following protein extraction, the proteins were specifically immunoprecipitated from cell lysates and media and run in gel electrophoresis. Biosynthetic profiles of azurophil granule proteins, in particular members of the neutrophil serine protease family, were examined during myeloid differentiation. RESULTS The onset of synthesis of myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, leukocyte elastase, and proteinase 3 occurred early after differentiation induction with G-CSF, while synthesis of cathepsin G, azurocidin, and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein was detected somewhat later. Cathepsin G and proteinase 3 were retained intracellularly relatively efficiently, while leukocyte elastase and lysozyme were secreted to a greater extent. Cell morphology and positive immunocytochemistry for lactoferrin as well as flow cytometric analysis of selected surface antigens confirmed neutrophil-like maturation. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that azurophil granule proteins, including proforms of human leukocyte elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G, are constitutively secreted to various degrees during in vitro myeloid differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells, in addition to being stored intracellularly in active forms. These findings suggest protein-specific sorting mechanisms and may have implications for the regulation of granulopoiesis.
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Kamikura Y, Wada H, Nobori T, Matsumoto T, Shiku H, Ishikura K, Yamada N, Nakano T, Kazahaya Y, Sawai T, Matsuda M. Elevated plasma levels of fibrin degradation products by granulocyte-derived elastase in patients with deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Res 2005; 115:53-7. [PMID: 15567453 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of granulocyte-derived elastase (GE-XDP), D-dimer and soluble fibrin (SF) were examined in 53 patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and in 100 healthy volunteers. The mean plasma level of D-dimer was 0.92+/-0.81 microg/ml (+/-S.D.) in healthy volunteers and the mean+2 S.D. value (cutoff value for DVT) was 2.53 microg/ml, which was higher than that used in Europe and North America. Plasma levels of GE-XDP, D-dimer and SF were significantly higher in patients with DVT than in healthy volunteers, and diminished after 1 week of treatment with heparin, urokinase or tissue type plasminogen activator, though were still higher than those of the control subjects. The sensitivity of GE-XDP, D-dimer and SF for DVT was 81.1%, 75.5% and 79.2%, respectively. GE-XDP levels correlated with those of D-dimer and SF. Our results indicate that GE-XDP is a potentially useful marker for the diagnosis of DVT, suggesting that granulocytes are activated in patients with DVT. In our system, the cutoff value of D-dimer for the diagnosis of DVT is higher than in western countries, probably due to the use of different analytical assays.
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