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Devi Chandrakesan S, Parija SC. Latex agglutination test (LAT) for antigen detection in the cystic fluid for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 45:123-6. [PMID: 12614983 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Latex agglutination test (LAT) was standardized and evaluated to detect hydatid antigen in fluid samples aspirated from 6 surgically proved human cases of cystic echinococcosis (CE), 4 suspected human cases of CE (2 cases of cysts in the liver which were not confirmed surgically and 2 cases of pelvic cysts later confirmed as abscesses) and 7 cases of hydatid cysts of liver in cattle. Echinococcus granulosus scolices and hook lets were seen in aspirated fluid by microscopy and the characteristic germinal layer of the cyst wall was demonstrated by histopathology in 6 human hydatid cysts operated and removed by surgery. In case of cattle hydatid liver cysts no scolices or hook lets were seen in aspirated fluid as they were sterile cysts but characteristic laminated layer of the cyst wall was demonstrated by histopathology of these cysts. The LAT could detect antigen in fluid samples collected from all 6 human cases of surgically proved CE and 7 cases of hydatid cyst liver in cattle, thus showing sensitivity of 100%. The LAT could detect antigen in fluid samples collected from 2 suspected cases of CE liver in humans, which were not operated. The LAT was found to be specific. No cross reactivity was observed. The results of the study showed that LAT could be employed as a simple and rapid diagnostic procedure, as an alternate to microscopy, to confirm the hydatid etiology of a suspected cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Devi Chandrakesan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
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202
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Hamide A, Sarkar E, Kumar N, Das AK, Narayan SK, Parija SC. Acanthameba meningoencephalitis: a case report. Neurol India 2002; 50:484-6. [PMID: 12577102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
A 45 year old lady presented with history of recent surgery for uterovaginal prolapse and retained vaginal tampons following which she developed chronic meningitis due to acanthameba infection. Patient responded to a regimen containing albendazole. She was left with hydrocephalus as a sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamide
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry - 605001, India
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203
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Bhattacharya S, Parija SC. Reporting trend of infectious diseases through case reports and brief reports published in Indian Pediatrics. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39:1071-3. [PMID: 12466589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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204
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Bhattacharya S, Vijayalakshmi N, Parija SC. Uncultivable bacteria: implications and recent trends towards identification. Indian J Med Microbiol 2002; 20:174-7. [PMID: 17657065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Diseases due to uncultivable bacteria could represent emerging infectious diseases. However, the growing importance of these pathogens remains ill understood and undefined. Non-culture based approaches, especially molecular genetic methods are evolving as the most important tool in our understanding of these enigmatic pathogens. This article attempts to discuss the scientific implications of the evolution of uncultivable bacteria, review the recent trends in identification, and highlight their relevance in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry - 605 006, India
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205
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206
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sujatha
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.
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207
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Hamide A, Bhushan G, Subrahmanyam DK, Parija SC, Das A. Amoebic liver abscess in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50:832-3. [PMID: 12240855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
A thirty two years man, heterosexually promiscuous presented with amoebic liver abscess, proven by ultrasonography, aspiration and culture of organism. He was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and had low CD4+ lymphocyte count. He responded to anti-amoebic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamide
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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208
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Abstract
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is widely used in the wet mount preparation of various clinical specimens for demonstration of fungi and fungal elements. In the present study we have evaluated the use of KOH in the wet mount preparation of fresh stool specimens for the demonstration of intestinal parasites. The KOH wet mount of stool was compared with saline, iodine and lacto-phenol cotton blue (LPCB) wet mount preparations of stool. A total of 855 fresh stool specimens were examined in the study of which 419 specimens were found to be positive for either trophozoites, cysts, ova or larvae of different parasites by all these methods. A total of 309 stool specimens were positive by KOH preparation of stool, while 289, 245 and 208 stool specimens were positive by LPCB, iodine and saline preparations respectively. The KOH was found to be effective in lysing the faecal debris, faecal mass and other artifacts without affecting many of the parasitic ova, cysts and larvae in the stool smears. The parasitic ova, cysts and larvae were impacted by the use of 10% KOH and could be easily visualized, detected and identified against a clear background in the stool smear I hr after preparation of KOH wet mount. From these findings we recommend the routine use of KOH wet mount of stool for demonstration of intestinal parasites in a parasitology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, 605 006, Pondicherry, India.
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209
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Parija SC, Sheeladevi C, Shivaprakash MR, Biswal N. Evaluation of lactophenol cotton blue stain for detection of eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in perianal surface samples. Trop Doct 2001; 31:214-5. [PMID: 11676056 DOI: 10.1177/004947550103100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A lacto-phenol cotton blue (LPCB) stain for detecting eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in perianal surface samples was evaluated prospectively. Two hundred children treated in the paediatrics ward and outpatients department of Jipmer Hospital in Pondicherry were studied. From each child two anal surface samples were collected by Scotch cellophane tape method. One cellophane tape containing anal surface samples was pressed against surface of the glass slide containing a drop of LPCB while another cellophane tape was placed on a clean glass slide without adding any LPCB. Both the specimens from each child were examined by microscopy for presence of the eggs of the parasite. The anal samples collected from 50 children were positive for the eggs of E. vermicularis--48 were detected by cellophane tape using LPCB and 36 by cellophane tape method without using any LPCB. Using LPCB stain, naturally transparent and colourless eggs of the parasites were stained deep blue which facilitated their easy detection and accurate identification in routine microscopy. We therefore recommend Scotch cellophane tape using LPCB as a simple, rapid, inexpensive and overall more sensitive method for detecting E. vermicularis eggs in anal surface samples for diagnosis of enterobiasis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India.
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210
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Shivaprakash MR, Parija SC, Sujatha S. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV infected patients in Pondicherry. J Commun Dis 2001; 33:221-3. [PMID: 12206044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Shivaprakash
- Deptt. of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Inst. of Post-Graduate Medical Educ. and Research, Pondicherry
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211
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Parija SC, Bhattacharya S. Guest editorial the tragedy of tigers: lessons to learn from Nandankanan episode. Indian J Med Microbiol 2001; 19:116-8. [PMID: 17664812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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212
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Parija SC, Raviprakash V, Telang AG, Varshney VP, Mishra SK. Influence of hypothyroid state on 45Ca(2+) influx and sensitivity of rat uterus to nifedipine and diltiazem. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 421:207-13. [PMID: 11516438 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of methimazole-induced hypothyroidism on spontaneous rhythmic contractions and Ca2+ channel function of rat uterus was examined. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous rhythmic contractions. Nifedipine (10(-12)-10(-6) M) and diltiazem (10(-9)-10(-4) M) caused concentration-related inhibition of the myogenic responses of the oestrogenised rat uterus obtained from both eu- and hypothyroid rats. However, nifedipine was less potent (IC(50); 5.4 x 10(-9) M; n=6) in hypothyroid rat uterus as compared to euthyroid controls (IC(50): 8.13 x 10(-12) M; n=9) to inhibit the rhythmic contractions. Similarly, diltiazem was less potent (IC(50): 4.57 x 10(-6) M; n=9) to inhibit the uterine spontaneous contractions in hypothyroid than in euthyroid rat uterus (IC(50): 6.4 x 10(-8) M; n=6). A similar decrease in the sensitivity to nifedipine and diltiazem for reversal of K+ (100 mM)-induced tonic contraction was observed in uterus obtained from hypothyroid rats compared to the controls. Both nifedipine and diltiazem were less potent for causing concentration-related inhibition of K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ influx in uterine strips taken from the hypothyroid rats. Thus, the IC(50) values of nifedipine (1.83 x 10(-8) M; n=12) and diltiazem (1.8 x 10(-6) M; n=9) were significantly greater in tissues obtained from hypothyroid rats compared to the controls (IC(50) of nifedipine, 1.15 x 10(-11) M; n=12, diltiazem, 8.1 x 10(-8) M; n=8). Nifedipine-sensitive influx of 45Ca2+ - stimulated either by K+ (100 mM) or Bay k8644 (1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2'-(trifluromethyl)phenyl]-3-pyridine carboxylic acid methyl ester) (10(-8) M) was significantly less in uterine strips from hypothyroid rats compared to the controls. The results of the present study suggest that the inhibition of uterine rhythmic contractions may be attributable to a reduction in rat myometrial Ca2+ channel function in the hypothyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122 (UP), India
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213
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Parija SC, Prakash MR, Rao VA, Vellaniparambil RJ. Acanthamoeba keratitis in Pondicherry. J Commun Dis 2001; 33:126-9. [PMID: 12170932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a potentially devastating infection of the cornea caused by the free-living amoebae, Acanthamoeba species. During the period from 1997 to 2000, a total of 136 corneal scrapings from clinically suspected cases were screened and examined for the presence of the Acanthamoeba. On examination of the direct smear by microscopy, 11 out of 136 cases were positive for Acanthamoeba. Eight patients were males and 3 were females. The age of these patients ranged from 15 to 57 years. All of these cases were agricultural workers who did not use contact lens. Four cases gave a history of injury to the eye and 1 patient gave a history of applying cow dung on the eye after the injury. Rest of the patients did not give any history of trauma or wearing contact lenses. The patients were treated with topical application of neosporin ointment. Many of our cases had complications such as poor vision (all 11 cases had 6/60 or less), scar formation (3 cases), opacity (5 cases) and corneal perforation (2 cases). This report documents for the first time the cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Pondicherry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry
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214
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Abstract
A clinico-mycological study of 100 cases of dermatophytosis was done in the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences in the eastern region of Nepal. The incidence of dermatophytoses in this study was 4.54% with a M: F ratio of 2.5: 1. The commonest age group was 11-20 years old. A single clinical type was found in 68%; 32% had two or more clinical types. The study revealed tinea corporis (43%) as the most common clinical type followed by tinea cruris (33%) and tinea pedis (20%). Positive culture was obtained in 94% of cases. A total of eight different species of dermatophytes were isolated with T. rubrum (45.74%) as the most common species followed by T. mentagrophytes (26.6%), T. tonsurans (11.7%), M. audouinii (8.36%), E. floccosum (4.26%), T. schoenlenii (2.13%), T. violaceum (2.13%) and T. verrucosum (1.06%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agarwalla
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Napal
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215
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Parija SC, Bhattacharya S. Pictorial CME. Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis in a case of chronic diarrhoea in an immunocompromised host. J Assoc Physicians India 2000; 48:1192. [PMID: 11280226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry-605 006, India
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216
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Ravinder PT, Parija SC, Rao KS. Urinary hydatid antigen detection by coagglutination, a cost-effective and rapid test for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in a rural or field setting. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2972-4. [PMID: 10921961 PMCID: PMC87162 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.8.2972-2974.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2000] [Accepted: 05/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here coagglutination (Co-A), a rapid slide agglutination test for the detection of hydatid antigen in the urine for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE). Paired urine and serum samples were collected from 16 patients with surgically confirmed CE, 10 patients with ultrasound-proven CE, 14 patients with clinically diagnosed CE, 24 patients with various parasitic diseases other than CE, and 25 healthy control subjects. Co-A detected excreted hydatid antigen in the concentrated urine of 7 of 16 (43.75%) surgically confirmed cases, 6 of 10 (60%) ultrasound-proven cases, and 8 of 14 (57.14%) clinically diagnosed cases of CE. A false-positive reaction was observed with 12.50% of control urine specimens from patients with parasitic diseases other than CE and 12% of urine samples from healthy controls. The circulating antigen was detected in the serum in 13 of 16 (81.25%) surgically confirmed cases, 6 of 10 (60%) ultrasound-proven cases, and 13 of 14 (92.86%) clinically diagnosed cases of CE. False-positive reactions were observed with three sera (12.5%) from controls with other parasitic diseases. The low sensitivity of Co-A for detection of antigen in the urine of a patient whose serum was positive for the antigen is possibly due to low levels of antigen in the urine. Unlike the collection of blood for serum, which is an invasive procedure and also requires technical expertise and disposable syringes, urine can be collected easily and frequently without causing any inconvenience to the patient. Urine as a clinical specimen alternative to serum would be immensely useful in the diagnosis of CE, particularly in a rural or field setting. In such situations as well as in poorly equipped laboratories, Co-A has the potential to be used as a simple, rapid, and economical slide agglutination test for detection of urinary hydatid antigen in the diagnosis of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Ravinder
- Departments of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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217
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218
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219
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Karki P, Parija SC, Koirala S. LD body-negative bone marrow cases of kala-azar in Dharan, Nepal. J Commun Dis 1999; 31:261-2. [PMID: 10937305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Karki
- Department of Medicine & Microbiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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220
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Shrestha SP, Henning A, Pradhan D, Parija SC. Subconjunctival and intraocular cysticercosis in Nepal. Trop Doct 1999; 29:251-3. [PMID: 10578649 DOI: 10.1177/004947559902900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S P Shrestha
- Department of Ophthalmology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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221
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Karki BM, Parija SC. Analysis of blood culture isolates from hospitalized neonates in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1999; 30:546-8. [PMID: 10774667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Clinically suspected 77 cases of neonatal septicemia admitted to the pediatric ward of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, were evaluated by blood culture. The blood culture was positive for bacterial growth in 46 (59.7%) cases. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated in 33 (71.7%) cases, the most common being Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common gram-positive bacteria. The bacterial isolates were most sensitive to gentamicin (74.5%) and ciprofloxacin (74.5%) followed by chloramphenicol (59.9%). They were most resistant (78.8%) to ampicillin. This study for the first time underlines the pattern of bacterial isolates and their sensitivity pattern to antibiotics in this part of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Karki
- Department of Microbiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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222
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Singh K, Singh R, Parija SC. Unusual presentation of tuberculosis in an infant. Indian J Pediatr 1999; 66:813-4. [PMID: 10798144 DOI: 10.1007/bf02726276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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223
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Parija SC, Jayakeerthee SR. Naegleria fowleri: a free living amoeba of emerging medical importance. J Commun Dis 1999; 31:153-9. [PMID: 10916609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba is ubiquitous and word-wide in distribution. Infection is due to inhalation or aspiration of aerosols containing cysts found in the environment. Of late, the amoeba is emerging as a pathogen of medical importance causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. The diagnosis of the condition is mainly parasitic which depends on the detection and identification of Naegleria trophozoites in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) or biopsied brain tissue. Serological tests are not useful in the diagnosis of PAM. Most cases are fatal and various amoebicidal agents have been tried unsuccessfully. The present paper provides a review of the recent information on the biology and epidemiology of the disease caused by the amoeba Approaches in the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of the condition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry
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224
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Rao VA, Pravin T, Parija SC. Intracameral gnathostomiasins: a first case report from Pondicherry. J Commun Dis 1999; 31:197-8. [PMID: 10916618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this communication, a first case of intracameral gnathostomiasis in a 34 years old woman in Pondicherry and its successful surgical removal is reported. The clinical presentation and epidemiology of the disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Jawahar Lal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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225
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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226
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Bhattacharya SK, Parija SC. HIV infection in Dharam, Nepal. Trop Doct 1999; 29:117-8. [PMID: 10418313 DOI: 10.1177/004947559902900227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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227
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Abstract
Reports are scanty regarding kala-azar in children in Nepal. In this communication we document 20 children diagnosed to have kala-azar who were admitted and treated at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. The children were between 2 and 14 years old. The duration of illness varied between 12 days and 24 months with a majority (65 per cent) of children being ill for less than 6 months. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were seen in 95 and 90 per cent of cases respectively. Splenomegaly was not found in two (10 per cent) children. Anaemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia were seen in 95, 60, and 75 per cent of children respectively. Amastigotes of Leishmania donovani (LD bodies) were demonstrated in Giemsa-stained smears of bone marrow aspirates in 16 (80 per cent) children. All the children responded to treatment with sodium stibogluconate. No mortality was observed. This study emphasizes the importance of kala-azar in children in endemic areas of eastern Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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228
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Abstract
We report here a simple and economical slide agglutination test, the co-agglutination (Co-A) test, for the detection of circulating amebic antigen in sera for the diagnosis of amebic liver abscess. Fifty serum specimens from cases of amebic liver abscess, 25 from other individuals with parasitic and miscellaneous infections, and 25 from healthy controls were tested for the presence of serum antigen by the Co-A test. Forty-five (90%) amebic liver abscess sera were found to be amebic-antigen positive by the Co-A test. None of 25 sera from healthy controls were positive for the antigen. However, false-positive results were seen with two sera from those with other parasitic and miscellaneous infection controls. These results show that the Co-A test can be used as a sensitive and specific rapid slide agglutination test for the detection of amebic antigen in the sera for diagnosis of cases of amebic liver abscess in a routine parasitology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Karki
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate, Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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229
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Srinivasa H, Parija SC, Bhattacharya S, Sehgal R. A high incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in urinary isolates in eastern Nepal. J Commun Dis 1999; 31:45-7. [PMID: 10810586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to examine the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in the strains of bacteria isolated from patients with suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) and to analyse the level of resistance. A total of 63 bacterial isolates were grown from quantitative urine culture and were in significant count. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by using disc diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer and the level of resistance was analyzed by break point minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Majority of bacteria isolated and tested were Gram negative with Escherichia coli as the commonest isolate. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high prevalence of resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin and norfloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Srinivasa
- Department of Microbiology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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230
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Srinivasa H, Parija SC, Upadhyaya MP. Diphtheria in eastern Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:304-5. [PMID: 10221891 PMCID: PMC2640691 DOI: 10.3201/eid0502.990225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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231
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Abstract
Fifty serum samples from patients with amoebic liver abscess and 50 from subjects who had not suffered from the disease (25 from patients with other, chiefly parasitic, infections and 25 from healthy blood donors, staff or students) were tested for circulating amoebic antigen by counter-current immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP). Amoebic antigen was detected in 38 sera (76%) from cases of amoebic liver abscess, but in none of the other sera. Although CIEP is only moderately sensitive, the high specificity suggests that this simple test may be useful in the diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess.
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232
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Karki BM, Parija SC. Intestinal parasitic infections in Dharan (Nepal): a hospital based study. J Commun Dis 1998; 30:295-6. [PMID: 10810574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Karki
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science, Dharan, Nepal
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233
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Singh NP, Parija SC. The value of fluorescence microscopy of auramine stained sputum smears for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29:860-3. [PMID: 10772577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis rests on the bacteriological examination of sputum smears stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method for acid fast bacilli (AFB). In the present study, we have compared light microscopy of ZN stained smears with that of fluorescence microscopy of sputum smears stained by auramine-phenol flurochrome dye for detection of AFB in sputum specimens. Sputum specimens from a total of 2,600 clinically suspected and diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were examined by both the methods. Sputum specimens from a total of 1,104 patients were found to be positive for AFB. These included sputa from 975 (37.5%) patients positive for AFB by both ZN and auramine staining methods and sputa from an additional 129 (4.96%) patients positive for AFB by auramine staining only. Thus auramine staining of sputum smears in comparison to that of ZN staining is a better method of sputum microscopy for demonstration of AFB in sputum specimens. Fluorescence microscopy is relatively more sensitive and has the added advantage of allowing a large number of sputum specimens to be examined in a given time, in laboratories equipped with a fluorescent microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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234
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Singh K, Singh R, Parija SC. Lymphadenopathy in a child with Indian kala-azar in Dharan, Nepal. Indian Pediatr 1998; 35:1125-6. [PMID: 10216552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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235
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Parija SC. Lacto-phenol cotton blue wet mount of faeces. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 1998; 41:513-4. [PMID: 9866919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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236
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Abstract
This study describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of rhinosporidiosis of the eye and its adnexa in a series of 76 cases in Nepal and six originating in India. The disease caused by the fungus Rhinosporidium seeberi was seen most frequently in young children between eight and 10 years of age. Males were infected more than females (2.5:1). The conjunctiva was the most common site of infection in 76 (92.68%) of the cases. The lacrimal sac was affected only in six (7.32%) cases. Simple total excision of the conjunctival polyps gave highly satisfactory results in cases of conjunctival sac infections. Except for one patient, there were no recurrences in the 76 cases. Meticulous excision of polyps provided a satisfactory result in the treatment of six cases with lacrimal sac infection. Recurrence was noted in one of these six cases followed up to two and a half years after surgery. The conditions diagnosed clinically were confirmed by histopathology. This review of 82 cases is the first such report of rhinosporidiosis from Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Shrestha
- Department of Ophthalmology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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237
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Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease (CHD) in the field or rural health centres catering to the needs of rural populations, especially in the developing countries, is faced with many difficulties. This paper reviews the need for simple and rapid immunoassays for the diagnosis of hydatid disease in such conditions. Simple and rapid immunoassays such as Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hydatid antigen dot immunobinding assay (HA-DIA) and Co-agglutination (Co-A) which have the potential for wider use in the field or poorly equipped laboratories for serodiagnosis of hydatid disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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238
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Khari A, Parija SC, Karki P, Kumar N. Sonographic diagnosis of intestinal ascariasis. Trop Doct 1998; 28:117-8. [PMID: 9594692 DOI: 10.1177/004947559802800228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Khari
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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239
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Parija SC, Jacob M, Karki BM, Sethi M, Karki P, Koirala S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29:131-2. [PMID: 9740286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report an imported case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a 30 year old adult male from Nepal caused by Leishmania tropica. This case from Dharan is the first such report of imported cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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240
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Karki P, Koirala S, Parija SC, Hansdak SG, Das ML. A thirty day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of Kala-azar in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29:154-8. [PMID: 9740292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-seven cases of Kala-azar were treated with sodium stibogluconate at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 20 days (group A) and an equal number of cases were treated with the same dose but for a longer duration of 30 days (group B). Clinical and laboratory evaluation of these cases were carried out before and after therapy, during a follow up of cases every month, upto 6 months. Renal and liver function tests and electrocardiography were carried out of monitor any toxic effect of the drug during therapy. The cure rates of patients were 77.78% and 92.59% in group A and B cases respectively. Six and two patients in group A and B respectively were unresponsive to the treatment and showed relapse. Results of the study show that treatment of cases of Kala-azar with sodium stibogluconate in a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for a longer period of 30 days is effective with a higher cure rate and minimum side effects, for treatment of cases of Kala-azar in this eastern part of Nepal, endemic for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karki
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, BP Koirala, Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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241
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Koirala S, Parija SC, Karki P, Das ML. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about kala-azar and its sandfly vector in rural communities of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 1998; 76:485-90. [PMID: 9868839 PMCID: PMC2305780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported are the results of a study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about kala-azar of the inhabitants of two villages (Titaria and Haraincha) situated in terai (plain) areas of Nepal. The villagers had poor knowledge about the transmission of kala-azar, with most villagers perceiving that mosquitos, instead of sandflies, were responsible for transmission of the infection. Most also failed to recognize the common symptoms of kala-azar. The majority of the respondents, 78.9% in Titaria and 48.4% in Haraincha, were aware that the condition can be treated, while fewer than 2% believed that it cannot be treated at all. More than 58% of villagers in Titaria and 36.8% in Haraincha used bednets. The residents of both villages were highly responsive to a programme to spray houses with insecticides. Fewer than 5% of respondents slept outdoors in farm outhouses and these individuals did not take any personal vector control measures. The results of this study show the importance of understanding the beliefs and practices of communities in the successful planning and implementation of kala-azar control activities in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koirala
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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242
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Karki P, Parija SC, George S, Das ML, Koirala S. Visceral leishmaniasis with cutaneous ulcer or cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28:836-7. [PMID: 9656411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Karki
- Department of Medicine, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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243
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Ravinder PT, Parija SC, Rao KS. Evaluation of human hydatid disease before and after surgery and chemotherapy by demonstration of hydatid antigens and antibodies in serum. J Med Microbiol 1997; 46:859-64. [PMID: 9364142 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-46-10-859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to differentiate serologically between patients with hydatid disease which is active, and which has been successfully cured. A total of 18 cases was included. Pre-treatment serum samples were collected before surgery or chemotherapy. Post-treatment serum samples were collected at various intervals (3 days, 7 days, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years) after surgery or chemotherapy. These sera were tested for the presence of circulating hydatid antigen (CAg) by bacterial co-agglutination (Co-A) and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) tests, and for circulating hydatid antibodies (CAb) by indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA). Ten and eight sera, respectively, were positive out of 11 pre-operative and pre-chemotherapeutic sera tested for CAg by the Co-A and CIEP tests. Post-operative sera collected from these cases did not show any CAg by the CIEP test. However, CAg was detected by Co-A in three and four serum samples collected on the third and seventh day, respectively, after surgical removal of the cyst. However, the CAg levels in these post-operative sera showed a gradual decline by the seventh day and were completely absent in the serum specimens collected 1 month after surgery and 6 months after chemotherapy. All the post-operative serum samples except two, collected 2 years after surgical removal of the cyst, in seven cases of old hydatid disease, were negative for CAg by both the CIEP and Co-A tests. Unlike the CAg profile, no marked differences were noted between the CAb profile of the pre- and post-treatment sera, as shown by the IHA test. Even 1 year after surgery or chemotherapy, two sera showed a marginal decrease in their CAb titre. CAb at varying titres was still detectable in all seven serum samples from old cases of hydatid disease, even 2 years after surgical removal of the cyst. This study shows the value of serial pre- and post-operative or chemotherapy estimation of CAg by Co-A and CIEP as an index of cure or of continuing hydatid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Ravinder
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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244
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Abstract
The exact aetiology of a suspected hydatid cyst may sometimes be a diagnostic dilemma. One of the recent methods to confirm that the cysts are echinococcal in origin is the demonstration of hydatid antigens in the aspirated cystic fluid. In the present study, we evaluated the use of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) to detect hydatid antigen in cyst fluids. Antibody used for detecting the antigen consisted of hyper immune sera raised in rabbits after inoculation of crude human hydatid cystic fluid antigen. Fluids were collected post-operatively from a total of 14 hydatid cysts confirmed by surgery and by histopathology. The results of the study show that the test is moderately sensitive detecting antigen in 11 (78.5%) of 14 cyst fluids. The test did not detect antigen in three other cyst fluids. The main advantage is its specificity as it was 100% specific with no reactions in control samples. Even though, sensitivity is not very high, the test is sample, inexpensive, and can rapidly diagnose hydatid aetiology of cysts and may be of help in the diagnosis of hydatid cysts in peripheral parasitology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Ravinder
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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245
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Abstract
Hydatid antigen was demonstrated for the first time in the urine of patients with hydatid disease by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). The antigen was detected in the concentrated urine of 7 of 16 (43.75% positive) patients with surgically confirmed hydatid disease, 4 of 10 (40% positive) patients with ultrasound-proven hydatid disease (daughter cysts or prominent septation and hydatid sands demonstrated by ultrasound), and 8 of 14 (57.14% positive) patients with clinically diagnosed (presumptive) hydatid disease. No antigen was detected in the concentrated urine from 24 patients with parasitic diseases other than hydatid disease. However, antigen was detected in 2 (8% false positive) of 25 concentrated urine samples collected from healthy control subjects (blood donors and students). These result suggest that the detection of hydatid antigen in the urine by CIEP is a simple, rapid, and noninvasive method of diagnosis of hydatid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.
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246
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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247
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Abstract
The co-agglutination (Co-A) procedure was standardized and evaluated to detect hydatid antigen in fluid samples aspirated from hydatid cysts. Samples were collected from 14 hydatid cysts in different organs (liver, 7; lung, 5; multiple abdominal cysts, 1; and kidney, 1) by surgery. Echinococcus granulosus scolices and hooklets were seen in only 6 (42.85%) samples by routine microscopy. In contrast, hydatid antigen was demonstrated in all the samples by Co-A (100% sensitivity). Co-A could be employed as a simple and rapid diagnostic procedure, as an alternative to microscopy, to confirm the hydatid aetiology of a suspected cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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248
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Parija SC, Rao RS. Stool culture as a diagnostic aid in the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in the faecal specimens. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 1995; 38:359-63. [PMID: 9726144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
"The use of stool culture in Boeck & Drbohlav's biphasic amoebic medium as a routine diagnostic aid in the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in the faeces, is evaluated in the present study. A total of 3803 faecal specimens were examined for the presence of E.histolytica by direct smear, formalin ether concentration and culture during a study period of 1982-1990. A total of 259 stool specimens were positive for the parasite by any or all of these methods 42 (16.21%) stool specimen not cultured in Boeck & drbohlav's medium were possible by direct smear and concentration methods. 99 (38.22%) stool specimens were positive by all of these methods (direct smear, concentration and culture). The culture detected E. histolytica in additional 62 (23.93%) stool specimens which were negative by both the direct smear and concentration methods. Results of this study recommends the use of stool culture as a routine diagnostic aid in the laboratory, for the detection E. histolytica in the faeces".
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
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249
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Abstract
The use of lacto-phenol cotton blue (LPCB) stain for wet mount preparation of stools to demonstrate intestinal parasites by routine microscopy was evaluated in this study. LPCB-stained trophozoites and cysts and helminthic ova could easily be detected and identified in LPCB wet mounts of stools. The stain is recommended for routine use in the wet mount preparation of stools in a parasitology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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250
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Parija SC, Raviprakash V, Mishra SK. Effects of adenosine on contractility and 45Ca-uptake in rat urinary bladder. Indian J Exp Biol 1994; 32:781-5. [PMID: 7896306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Effects of adenosine on K+ and ACh-stimulated contractility and 45Ca uptake were studied in the rat urinary bladder smooth muscle and were compared with those of nifedipine. Both adenosine (10(-5) M) and nifedipine (10(-7) M/10(-8) M) significantly inhibited the contractions elicited by K+ (10(-2)-32 x 10(-2) M), Ca2+ (10(-4)-3 x 10(-2 M) in K(+)-depolarized preparations and ACh (10(-9) M-3 x 10(-3) M). Further, adenosine (10(-5) M) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited K+ (10(-1) M)-stimulated 45Ca-uptake in the bladder strips. However, it had little effect on inward 45Ca movement resulting from ACh (10(-4) M)-induced stimulation. On the other hand, nifedipine (10(-7) M) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced both K+ and ACh-induced 45Ca-uptake in this tissue. It is concluded that the calcium channel blocking action of adenosine is limited to Ca2+ uptake through voltage operated calcium channels, while receptor operated calcium channels activated by muscarinic receptor stimulation appear to be insensitive to the purine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Parija
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
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