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Wang Y, Wei K, Ruan L, Bai P, Wu L, Wang L, Cheng H. Systematic Investigation and Expression Profiles of the Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Transporter Family (NPF) in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6663. [PMID: 35743106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NRT1/PTR FAMILY (NPF) genes are characterized as nitrate and peptide transporters that played important roles in various substrates transport in plants. However, little is known about the NPF gene in tea plants. Here, a total of 109 CsNPF members were identified from the tea plant genome, and divided into 8 groups according to their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis supported the evolutionary conservation of CsNPFs. Many hormone and stress response cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding sites were found in CsNPF promoters. Syntenic analysis suggested that multiple duplication types contributed to the expansion of NPF gene family in tea plants. Selection pressure analysis showed that CsNPF genes experienced strong purifying selective during the evolution process. The distribution of NPF family genes revealed that 8 NPF subfamilies were formed before the divergence of eudicots and monocots. Transcriptome analysis showed that CsNPFs were expressed differently in different tissues of the tea plant. The expression of 20 CsNPF genes at different nitrate concentrations was analyzed, and most of those genes responded to nitrate resupply. Subcellular localization showed that both CsNPF2.3 and CsNPF6.1 were localized in the plasma membrane, which was consistent with the characteristics of transmembrane proteins involved in NO3- transport. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigating the evolution and function of NPF genes.
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202
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Yang N, Han MH, Teng RM, Yang YZ, Wang YH, Xiong AS, Zhuang J. Exogenous Melatonin Enhances Photosynthetic Capacity and Related Gene Expression in A Dose-Dependent Manner in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126694. [PMID: 35743137 PMCID: PMC9223723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of photosynthesis of tea leaves can increase tea yield. In order to explore the regulation mechanism of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the photosynthetic characteristics of tea plants, tea variety 'Zhongcha 108' was used as the experimental material in this study. The effects of different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mM) of melatonin on the chlorophyll (Chl) content, stomatal opening, photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, and related gene expression of tea plants were detected and analyzed. The results showed that under 0.2-mM MT treatment, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) improved, accompanied by a decrease in stomata density and increase in stomata area. Zero point two millimolar MT increased Chl fluorescence level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, indicating that MT alleviated PSII inhibition and improved photochemical efficiency. At the same time, 0.2 mM MT induced the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism to varying degrees. The study demonstrated that MT can effectively enhance the photosynthetic capacity of tea plants in a dose-dependent manner. These results may promote a comprehensive understanding of the potential regulatory mechanism of exogenous MT on photosynthesis in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.Y.); (M.-H.H.); (R.-M.T.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
| | - Miao-Hua Han
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.Y.); (M.-H.H.); (R.-M.T.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
| | - Rui-Min Teng
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.Y.); (M.-H.H.); (R.-M.T.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
| | - Ya-Zhuo Yang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.Y.); (M.-H.H.); (R.-M.T.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-H.W.); (A.-S.X.)
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.-H.W.); (A.-S.X.)
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (N.Y.); (M.-H.H.); (R.-M.T.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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203
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Xiao Y, Tan H, Huang H, Yu J, Zeng L, Liao Y, Wu P, Yang Z. Light synergistically promotes the tea green leafhopper infestation-induced accumulation of linalool oxides and their glucosides in tea ( Camellia sinensis). Food Chem 2022; 394:133460. [PMID: 35716497 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linalool, which is one of the most representative aroma substances in tea, is transformed into other aroma-related compounds, including linalool 3,6-oxides and linalool 3,7-oxides. The objective of this study was to elucidate the linalool oxide synthesis pathway and its response to stress in tea. By feeding experiment, chemical synthesis, and compound analysis, it was found that linalool can be transformed to linalool oxides via 6,7-epoxylinalool. The conversion rate from 6,7-epoxylinalool to linalool oxides was relatively high under acidic conditions. Four linalool oxide glucosides obtained from tea were structurally characterized. Additionally, tea green leafhopper infestation was observed to activate the whole metabolic flow from linalool into linalool oxides and their glucosides (p < 0.01). Moreover, light treatments further increased the accumulation of linalool oxides and their glucosides (p < 0.05). These results will be useful for elucidating the mechanism mediating linalool oxides content changes in response to stress in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 261 Zhusi Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jizhong Yu
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 261 Zhusi Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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204
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Zhang ZB, Wang XK, Wang S, Guan Q, Zhang W, Feng ZG. Expansion and Diversification of the 14-3-3 Gene Family in Camellia sinensis. J Mol Evol 2022; 90:296-306. [PMID: 35665822 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-022-10060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are signal moderators in sensing various stresses and play essential functions in plant growth and development. Although, 14-3-3 gene families have been identified and characterized in many plant species, its evolution has not been studied systematically. In this study, the plant 14-3-3 family was comprehensively analyzed from green algae to angiosperm. Our result indicated that plant 14-3-3 originated during the early evolutionary history of green algae and expanded in terricolous plants. Twenty-six 14-3-3 genes were identified in the tea genome. RNA-seq analysis showed that tea 14-3-3 genes display different expression patterns in different organs. Moreover, the expression of most tea 14-3-3 genes displayed variable expression patterns under different abiotic and biotic stresses. In conclusion, our results elucidate the evolutionary origin of plant 14-3-3 genes, and beneficial for understanding their biological functions and improving tea agricultural traits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology in Henan Province, Xinyang, Henan, China. .,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
| | - Xue-Ke Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Qian Guan
- Renal Department of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Feng
- School of Science, Qiongtai Normal University, Hainan, China.
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205
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Zhou H, Wang S, Xie HF, Liu G, Shamala LF, Pang J, Zhang Z, Ling TJ, Wei S. Cytosolic Nudix Hydrolase 1 Is Involved in Geranyl β-Primeveroside Production in Tea. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:833682. [PMID: 35646040 PMCID: PMC9131077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Geraniol is a potent tea odorant and exists mainly as geranyl glycoside in Camellia sinensis. Understanding the mechanisms of geraniol biosynthesis at molecular levels in tea plants is of great importance for practical improvement of tea aroma. In this study, geraniol and its glycosides from tea plants were examined using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Two candidate geraniol synthase (GES) genes (CsTPS) and two Nudix hydrolase genes (CsNUDX1-cyto and CsNUDX1-chlo) from the tea genome were functionally investigated through gene transcription manipulation and gene chemical product analyses. Our data showed that in tea leaves, levels of geranyl β-primeveroside were dramatically higher than those of geranyl β-glucoside, while free geraniol was undetectable in this study. A tempo-spatial variation of geranyl β-primeveroside abundance in tea plants existed, with high levels in young and green tissues and low levels in mature or non-green tissues. Cytosolic CsNUDX1-cyto showed higher hydrolysis activity of geranyl-pyrophosphate to geranyl-monophosphate (GP) in vitro than did chloroplastidial CsNUDX1-chlo. A transgenic study revealed that expression of CsNUDX1-cyto resulted in significantly more geranyl β-primeveroside in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana compared with non-transgenic wild-type, whereas expression of CsNUDX1-chlo had no effect. An antisense oligo-deoxynucleotide study confirmed that suppression of CsNUDX1-cyto transcription in tea shoots led to a significant decrease in geranyl β-primeveroside abundance. Additionally, CsNUDX1-cyto transcript levels and geranyl β-primeveroside abundances shared the same tempo-spatial patterns in different organs in the tea cultivar "Shucha Zao," indicating that CsNUDX1-cyto is important for geranyl β-primeveroside formation in tea plants. Results also suggested that neither of the two candidate GES genes in tea plants did not function as GES in transgenic N. benthamiana. All our data indicated that CsNUDX1-cyto is involved in geranyl β-primeveroside production in tea plants. Our speculation about possible conversion from the chemical product of CsNUDX1-cyto to geranyl β-primeveroside in plants was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Tea Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huangshan, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao-Fen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Lubobi Ferdinand Shamala
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingyi Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tie-Jun Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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206
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Xu X, Ye X, Xing A, Wu Z, Li X, Shu Z, Wang Y. Camellia sinensis small GTPase gene (CsRAC1) involves in response to salt stress, drought stress and ABA signaling pathway. Gene X 2022; 821:146318. [PMID: 35181507 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAC/ROP gene (RACs) is a plant-specific small GTPases. RACs play an irreplaceable role in the tissue dynamics of cytoskeleton, vesicle transport and hormone signal transmission in plants. In the present study, a novel gene from RACs family, CsRAC1, was identified from tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. CsRAC1 contained a 591-bp open reading frame and encoded a putative protein of 197 amino acids. Subcellular localization analysis in leaves of transgenic tobacco and root tips of Arabidopsis thaliana showed that CsRAC1 targeted the nucleus and cell membrane. The expression of CsRAC1 induced by abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, salt and abscisic acid has also been verified by RT-qPCR. Further verification of biological function of CsRAC1 showed that overexpression of CsRAC1 increased the sensitivity of A. thaliana to salt stress, improved the tolerance of mature A. thaliana to drought stress, and enhanced the inhibition of ABA on seed germination of A. thaliana. In addition, the antioxidant system regulated by CsRAC1 mainly worked in mature A. thaliana. The results indicate that CsRAC1 is involved in the response of C. sinensis to salt, drought stress and ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Anqi Xing
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zichen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zaifa Shu
- Lishui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lishui, Zhejiang Province 323000, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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207
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Yu Y, Chen Z, Xie H, Feng X, Wang Y, Xu P. Overhauling the Effect of Surface Sterilization on Analysis of Endophytes in Tea Plants. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:849658. [PMID: 35592578 PMCID: PMC9111953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that plant Endophytes play a crucial role in the fitness and productivity of hosts. Surface sterilization is an indispensable process before high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and tissue separation of plant endophytes, but its potential impact on the composition and diversity of endophytes has rarely been investigated. In the present work, the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on the diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi in leaves and stems of tea plants was investigated. We found that the diversity of bacterial endophytes was significantly affected by the concentration of NaClO as well as the pretreatment time. Pretreatment with 0.5% NaClO for 8 min and 2.0% NaClO for 3 min were suitable for the tea plant leaves and stems, respectively, but the effects of NaClO on the diversity of fungal endophytes were limited according to the results from HTS. Regardless of NaClO sterilization, most of the endophytes in tissues, such as the dominant taxa, could not be Isolated by using the regular culture-dependent approaches. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the pretreatment with NaClO should be modified to precisely understand the diversity of endophytes from different tissues of tea plants and also indicate that more attention should be paid to establish specific culture-dependent protocols for the isolation of plant endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueer Yu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zimeng Chen
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengtong Xie
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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208
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Pallarés N, Tolosa J, Ferrer E, Berrada H. Mycotoxins in raw materials, beverages and supplements of botanicals: A review of occurrence, risk assessment and analytical methodologies. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113013. [PMID: 35523385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, consumer interest in natural products, such as botanicals has increased considerably. One of the factors affecting their quality is the presence of mycotoxins. This review focuses on exploring the mycotoxin occurrence in botanicals (raw material and ready-to-eat forms such as infusions or tablets) and the risk assessment due to their ingestion. Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisins are the most commonly studied mycotoxins and data in the literature report levels ranging from traces to 1000 μg/kg in raw materials. In general, the highest contents observed in raw materials decreased to unconcerning levels after the preparation of the infusions, reaching values that generally do not exceed 100 μg/L. Regarding botanical dietary supplements, the levels observed were lower than those reported for other matrices, although higher levels (of up to 1000 μg/kg) have been reported in some cases. Risk assessment studies in botanicals revealed a higher risk when they are consumed as tablets compared to infusions. Analytical methodologies implied in mycotoxin determination have also been contemplated. In this sense, liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection has been the most frequently employed analytical technique, although in recent years tandem mass spectrometry has been widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pallarés
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Ferrer
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - H Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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209
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Yang Y, Yin Q, Qiu C, Xia Z, Huang H, Huang C, Jiang X, Yang Y, Wang D, Chen Z. Analysis of Competing Endogenous RNAs and MicroRNAs in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Leaves During Infection by the Leaf Spot Pathogen Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:432-438. [PMID: 35179950 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-21-0262-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qiaoxiu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Changlong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zhongqiu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hongke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yuanyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Delu Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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210
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Abstract
ABSTRACTSTea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a high valued beverage worldwide since ancient times; more than three billion cups of tea are consumed each day. Leaf extracts of the plant are used for food preservation, cosmetics, and medicinal purposes. Nevertheless, tea contaminated with mycotoxins poses a serious health threat to humans. Mycotoxin production by tea fungi is induced by a variety of factors, including poor processing methods and environmental factors such as high temperature and humidity. This review summarizes the studies published to date on mycotoxin prevalence, toxicity, the effects of climate change on mycotoxin production, and the methods used to detect and decontaminate tea mycotoxins. While many investigations in this domain have been carried out on the prevalence of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in black, green, pu-erh, and herbal teas, much less information is available on zearalenone, fumonisins, and Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxins in teas were detected using several methods; the most commonly used being the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, followed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, mycotoxins decontamination methods for teas included physical, chemical, and biological methods, with physical methods being most prevalent. Finally, research gaps and future directions have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Mycology & Microbiology, Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahesh K Samota
- Horticulture Crop Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Food Science, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
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Shao C, Jiao H, Chen J, Zhang C, Liu J, Chen J, Li Y, Huang J, Yang B, Liu Z, Shen C. Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism Are Jointly Regulated During Shading in Roots and Leaves of Camellia Sinensis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:894840. [PMID: 35498711 PMCID: PMC9051521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.894840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that plant shading can promote the quality of green tea. However, the association of shading with metabolic regulation in tea leaves and roots remains unelucidated. Here, the metabolic profiling of two tea cultivars ("Xiangfeicui" and "Jinxuan") in response to shading and relighting periods during the summer season was performed using non-targeted metabolomics methods. The metabolic pathway analyses revealed that long-term shading remarkably inhibit the sugar metabolism such as glycolysis, galactose metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway in the leaves and roots of "Xiangfeicui," and "Jinxuan" were more sensitive to light recovery changes. The lipid metabolism in the leaves and roots of "Xiangfeicui" was promoted by short-term shading, while it was inhibited by long-term shading. In addition, the intensity of the flavonoid metabolites in the leaves and roots of "Jinxuan" were upregulated with a trend of rising first and then decreasing under shading, and five flavonoid synthesis genes showed the same trend (F3H, F3'5'H, DFR, ANS, and ANR). Simultaneously, the amino acids of the nitrogen metabolism in the leaves and roots of the two cultivars were significantly promoted by long-term shading, while the purine and caffeine metabolism was inhibited in the leaves of "Xiangfeicui." Interestingly, CsGS1.1 and CsTSI, amino acid synthase genes was upregulated in the leaves and roots of two cultivars. These results indicated that shading could participate in carbon and nitrogen metabolic regulation of both leaf and root, and root metabolism could have a positive association with leaf metabolism to promote the shaded tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Tea Research Institution, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Co-innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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212
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Liu Y, Pang D, Jiang H, Chen C, Sun Y, Tian Y, Xu Y, Song W, Chen L. Identifying key genes involved in yellow leaf variation in 'Menghai Huangye' based on biochemical and transcriptomic analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:251-60. [PMID: 35211836 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Albino tea plants generally have higher theanine, which causes their tea leaves to taste fresher, and they are an important mutant for the breeding of tea plant varieties. Earlier, we reported an albino germplasm, 'Menghai Huangye' (MHHY), from Yunnan Province and found that it has a lower chlorophyll content during the yellowing stage, but the mechanism underlying low chlorophyll and the yellowing phenotype is still unclear. In this study, the pigment contents of MHHY_May (yellowing, low chlorophyll), MHHY_July (regreening, normal chlorophyll), and YK10_May (green leaves, normal chlorophyll) were determined, and the results showed that the lower chlorophyll content might be an important reason for the formation of the yellowing phenotype of MHHY. Through transcriptome sequencing, we obtained 654 candidates for differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 4 genes were related to chlorophyll synthesis, 10 were photosynthesis-related, 34 were HSP family genes, and 19 were transcription factor genes. In addition, we analysed the transcription levels of the key candidate genes in MHHY_May and MHHY_July and found that they are consistent with the expression trends in MHHY_May and YK10_May, which further indicates that the candidate differential genes we identified are likely to be key candidate factors involved in the low chlorophyll content and yellowing of MHHY. In summary, our findings will assist in revealing the low chlorophyll content of MHHY and the formation mechanism of yellowing tea plants and will be applied to the selection and breeding of albino tea cultivars in the future.
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213
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Yang Z, Li L, Chen CH, Zhang YY, Yang Y, Zhang P, Bao GH. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of 12 medicinal plant ethyl acetate extracts using LC-MS feature-based molecular networking. Phytochem Anal 2022; 33:473-489. [PMID: 35042282 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in bacterial multiple drug resistance, thereby searching for natural antimicrobial agents from plants becomes an effective and alternative approach. In the present study, we selected six foodborne bacteria to evaluate the antibacterial activities of 12 medicinal plants ethyl acetate (EA) extracts. OBJECTIVE This study aims to search for natural antibiotic substitutes from plant extracts. The antibacterial components were further discussed through chemometric and mass spectroscopic analyses. METHODOLOGY Agar well diffusion and the microdilution methods were used to test the antibacterial activity. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were used to judge the active phytochemicals. To further characterise the potential antibacterial components, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) coupled with Pearson correlation and feature-based molecular network (FBMN) were proposed. RESULTS Most of the plant extracts possessed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi. Toona sinensis shoots and Firmiana simplex barks showed high inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, and Escherichia coli strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39 mg/mL, respectively. Salmonella typhi was highly sensitive to Firmiana simplex barks with an inhibitory diameter up to 21.67 ± 0.95 mm, and MIC at 0.78 mg/mL. Moreover, Toona sinensis shoots and Firmiana simplex barks had the highest TPCs. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that Toona sinensis shoots, Koelreuteria paniculate seeds, and Firmiana simplex barks could be supplied as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, 36 potential bioactive compounds were identified mainly as polyphenols, glycosides, and terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Hui Chen
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
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214
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Liang S, Wang F, Chen J, Granato D, Li L, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Optimization of a tannase-assisted process for obtaining teas rich in theaflavins from Camelia sinensis leaves. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100203. [PMID: 35499033 PMCID: PMC9039937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed at optimizing the extraction of theaflavins for the development of a potentially functional tea beverage using different technological parameters as factors. Green tea leaves treated with tannase provided a beverage with significant higher amount (4.7-fold) of theaflavin (TF) compared to the pure withered leaf fermentation. For black tea, the optimized process conditions to produce a beverage with high TF (0.269 μg/mL) concentration were: 6 g of leaves/400 mL, a low fermentation temperature of 25 °C with the absence of buffer and pH control, an intermediate fermentation time (60 min) and a relatively low aeration rate (0.8-1.0 L/min). The tea liquid produced under optimized fermentation conditions appears to be ideal for making a black tea beverage with surplus summer tea leaves and brings economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
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215
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Abstract
Matcha tea contains only the softer parts of the tea leaves and is finely ground. Therefore, extraction of the flavanols for analysis by HPLC is possible by a simpler protocol compared to the ISO 14502-2 method. 21 different simplified extraction methods were screened and five of them gave equal results as the ISO 14502-2 method. The simplest and fastest method consists of extraction by ethanol + water (7 + 3, v + v) at room temperature with ultrasonication. This method was validated by determining accuracy, intraday and interday repeatability. The simplified method was successfully applied to four traditional matcha teas and two powdered green teas from Japan. This method paves the way for time-saving, energy-saving and accurate analyses of flavanols in matcha tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora M Rezaeian
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Food Science, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Benno F Zimmermann
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences - Food Science, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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216
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Sharma R, Kumar S, Kapoor S, Padwad Y, Kumar D. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics and cytotoxicity (HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines) studies insight the potential of less utilized parts of Camellia sinensis (Kangra tea). Food Chem 2022; 373:131561. [PMID: 34844810 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (tea) is an evergreen plant having bioactive compounds associated with various pharmacological effects, including anti-cancerous activity. These phytochemicals are variedly distributed in plant tissues. A detailed study to understand chemical composition within the economically underutilized tea tissues is required to generate value. Therefore, a comprehensive chemical profiling of underutilized C. sinensis parts [coarse leaves, flowers, fruits (immature);n = 9] was performed by NMR techniques. NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopy ambiguously identified and quantified fifty-seven metabolites (Coarse leaves: 35, flowers; 42, immature fruits; 45). The statistical analysis showed apparent tissue-specific similarities (26 metabolites) and variations. Further, HPLC-DAD revealed absolute quantification of catechins, caffeine and theanine among the different parts of C. sinensis. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies of tea tissues against colorectal cancer cell lines showed anticancer potentials. This chemical information and anticancer activity of underutilized C. sinensis parts will help to develop value added nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smita Kapoor
- Dietetics& Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogendra Padwad
- Dietetics& Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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217
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Wang P, Gu M, Shao S, Chen X, Hou B, Ye N, Zhang X. Changes in Non-Volatile and Volatile Metabolites Associated with Heterosis in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:3067-3078. [PMID: 35199525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis or hybrid vigor is extensively used in plant breeding. However, the contribution of metabolites to heterosis is still elusive. Here, we systematically identified the non-volatile and volatile metabolites of two hybrids and their parents in Camellia sinensis. The metabolomics analysis showed prevalent non-additive accumulation in hybrids, among which the non-additive nucleotides, alkaloids, organic acids, and tannins contribute to the positive heterosis of hybrids, including typical inosine, guanosine, adenosine, caffeine, succinic acid, adipic acid, xylonic acid, and gallic acid. The catechins and free amino acids in hybrids showed negative heterosis compared to its maternal cultivar TGY. Furthermore, the significant accumulation of non-additive terpenes combined with the mild heterosis of other types of volatiles contributes to the aroma of tea plant hybrids. The genetics of volatiles from different parents affect the aroma of hybrids processed into oolong tea. The comprehensive heterosis of these non-additive metabolites may play an important role in the formation of desirable breeding traits for hybrids. Our results provide insights into the utilization of heterosis breeding and the regulation of heterosis metabolites in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengya Gu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuxian Shao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Binghao Hou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Naixing Ye
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
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218
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Zhao M, Jin J, Wang J, Gao T, Luo Y, Jing T, Hu Y, Pan Y, Lu M, Schwab W, Song C. Eugenol functions as a signal mediating cold and drought tolerance via UGT71A59-mediated glucosylation in tea plants. Plant J 2022; 109:1489-1506. [PMID: 34931743 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cold and drought stress are the most critical stresses encountered by crops and occur simultaneously under field conditions. However, it is unclear whether volatiles contribute to both cold and drought tolerance, and if so, by what mechanisms they act. Here, we show that airborne eugenol can be taken up by the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant and metabolized into glycosides, thus enhancing cold and drought tolerance of tea plants. A uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucosyltransferase, UGT71A59, was discovered, whose expression is strongly induced by multiple abiotic stresses. UGT71A59 specifically catalyzes glucosylation of eugenol glucoside in vitro and in vivo. Suppression of UGT71A59 expression in tea reduced the accumulation of eugenol glucoside, lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, and ultimately impaired cold and drought stress tolerance. Exposure to airborne eugenol triggered a marked increase in UGT71A59 expression, eugenol glucoside accumulation, and cold tolerance by modulating ROS accumulation and CBF1 expression. It also promoted drought tolerance by altering abscisic acid homeostasis and stomatal closure. CBF1 and CBF3 play positive roles in eugenol-induced cold tolerance and CBF2 may be a negative regulator of eugenol-induced cold tolerance in tea plants. These results provide evidence that eugenol functions as a signal in cold and drought tolerance regulation and shed new light on the biological functions of volatiles in the response to multiple abiotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yutong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Mengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P.R. China
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219
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Ren H, Li X, Guo L, Wang L, Hao X, Zeng J. Integrative Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Reveals the Absorption and Metabolism of Selenium in Tea Plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:848349. [PMID: 35283867 PMCID: PMC8908381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.848349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Certain tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have the ability to accumulate selenium. In plants, the predominant forms of bioavailable Se are selenite (SeO3 2-) and selenate (SeO4 2-). We applied transcriptomics and proteomics to hydroponically grown plants treated with selenite or selenate for 48 h in the attempt to elucidate the selenium absorption and assimilation mechanisms in tea. A total of 1,844 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 691 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained by comparing the Na2SeO3 and Na2SeO4 treatments against the control. A GO analysis showed that the genes related to amino acid and protein metabolism and redox reaction were strongly upregulated in the plants under the Na2SeO3 treatment. A KEGG pathway analysis revealed that numerous genes involved in amino acid and glutathione metabolism were upregulated, genes and proteins associated with glutathione metabolism and ubiquinone and terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis were highly expressed. Genes participating in DNA and RNA metabolism were identified and proteins related to glutathione metabolism were detected in tea plants supplemented with Na2SeO4. ABC, nitrate and sugar transporter genes were differentially expressed in response to selenite and selenate. Phosphate transporter (PHT3;1a, PHT1;3b, and PHT1;8) and aquaporin (NIP2;1) genes were upregulated in the presence of selenite. Sulfate transporter (SULTR1;1 and SULTR2;1) expression increased in response to selenate exposure. The results of the present study have clarified Se absorption and metabolism in tea plants, and play an important theoretical reference significance for the breeding and cultivation of selenium-enriched tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengze Ren
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lina Guo
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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220
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Dai X, Shi X, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Two UDP-Glycosyltransferases Catalyze the Biosynthesis of Bitter Flavonoid 7- O-Neohesperidoside through Sequential Glycosylation in Tea Plants. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:2354-2365. [PMID: 35133826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are typical bitter and astringent tasting compounds that contribute to the taste of tea beverages. However, the genes that contribute to the biosynthesis of bitter compounds (e.g., flavanone 7-O-neohesperidoside) in tea plants have yet to be identified. In this study, we identified 194 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the tea transcriptome database. Among them, two genes, CsUGT75L12 and CsUGT79B28, encoding flavonoid 7-O-glycosyltransferase and 7-O-glucoside(1→2)rhamnosyltransferase, respectively, were identified from Camellia sinensis. In vitro, the purified recombinant enzyme rCsUGT75L12 specifically transports the glucose unit from UDP-glucose to the 7-OH position of the flavonoid to produce the respective 7-O-glucoside. rCsUGT79B28 regiospecifically transfers a rhamnose unit from UDP-rhamnose to the 2″-OH position of flavonoid 7-O-glucosides to produce flavonoid 7-O-di-glycosides. Additionally, the expression profiles of the two CsUGTs were correlated with the accumulation patterns of 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-neohesperidoside, respectively, in tea plants. These results indicated that the two CsUGTs are involved in the biosynthesis of bitter flavonoid 7-O-neohesperidoside through the sequential glucosylation and rhamnosylation of flavonoids in C. sinensis. Taken together, our findings provided not only molecular insights into flavonoid di-glycoside metabolism in tea plants but also crucial molecular markers for controlling the bitterness and astringent taste of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changli Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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Samarina LS, Matskiv AO, Shkhalakhova RM, Koninskaya NG, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, Shumeev AN, Manakhova KA, Malyukova LS, Liu S, Zhu J, Gvasaliya MV, Malyarovskaya VI, Ryndin AV, Pchikhachev EK, Reim S. Genetic Diversity and Genome Size Variability in the Russian Genebank Collection of Tea Plant [Camellia sinensis (L). O. Kuntze]. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:800141. [PMID: 35185954 PMCID: PMC8847156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The tea collection of the FRC SSC RAS (Sochi, Maykop in Russia) represents one of the northernmost germplasm comprising a number of locally derived cultivars and ɣ-irradiation mutants. The latter are often characterized by larger genome size, which may lead to better adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress. Such genotypes may be a valuable genetic resource for better adaptability to extreme environmental conditions, which could enable tea cultivation outside global growing regions. Microsatellite markers are often the best choice for genetic diversity analysis in genebank collections. However, their use in polyploid species is questionable because simple sequence repeat (SSR) allele dosage cannot be readily determined. Therefore, the efficiency of SSR and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers was investigated using 43 selected cultivars from the Russian genebank collection derived from mutant breeding and clonal selection. Previously, the increase in genome size was confirmed in 18 mutants within this collection. Despite the presence of polyploid tea genotypes, our study revealed higher efficiency of SSR markers than SCoT markers. Subsequent SSR analysis of the 106 genotypes in the Russian genebank collection revealed three distinct genetic clusters after STRUCTURE analysis. Greater genetic variation was observed within genetic clusters than between clusters, indicating low genetic variation between collections. Nevertheless, the northernmost tea collection exhibited a greater genetic distance from the other two clusters than they did from each other. Close genetic relationships were found between many cultivars with particularly large leaves and mutant forms. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant, moderate correlation between genome size and leaf area size. Our study shows that microsatellite fingerprinting is useful to estimate the genetic diversity and genetic background of tea germplasm in Russia despite polyploid tea accessions. Thus, the results of our study contribute to the development of future tea germplasm conservation strategies and modern tea breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia S. Samarina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexandra O. Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Ruset M. Shkhalakhova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Natalia G. Koninskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander N. Shumeev
- Center of Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Karina A. Manakhova
- Center of Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Lyudmila S. Malyukova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, China
| | - Juanyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, China
| | - Maya V. Gvasaliya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Valentina I. Malyarovskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Eduard K. Pchikhachev
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia
| | - Stefanie Reim
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Dresden, Germany
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Liu SY, Wang W, Ke JP, Zhang P, Chu GX, Bao GH. Discovery of Camellia sinensis catechins as SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors through molecular docking, intra and extra cellular assays. Phytomedicine 2022; 96:153853. [PMID: 34799184 PMCID: PMC8575542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that major Camellia sinensis (tea) catechins can inhibit 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro), inspiring us to study 3CLpro inhibition of the recently discovered catechins from tea by our group. METHODS Autodock was used to dock 3CLpro and 16 tea catechins. Further, a 3CLpro activity detection system was used to test their intra and extra cellular 3CLpro inhibitory activity. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to analyze the dissociation constant (KD) between the catechins and 3CLpro. RESULTS Docking data suggested that 3CLpro interacted with the selected 16 catechins with low binding energy through the key amino acid residues Thr24, Thr26, Asn142, Gly143, His163, and Gln189. The selected catechins other than zijuanin D (3) and (-)-8-(5''R)-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-3-O-cinnamoylepicatechin (11) can inhibit 3CLpro intracellularly. The extracellular 3CLpro IC50 values of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-caffeoate (EC-C, 1), zijuanin C (2), etc-pyrrolidinone C and D (6), etc-pyrrolidinone A (9), (+)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) are 1.58 ± 0.21, 41.2 ± 3.56, 0.90 ± 0.03, 46.71 ± 10.50, 3.38 ± 0.48, and 71.78 ± 8.36 µM, respectively. The KD values of 1, 6, and GCG are 4.29, 3.46, and 3.36 µM, respectively. CONCLUSION Together, EC-C (1), etc-pyrrolidinone C and D (6), and GCG are strong 3CLpro inhibitors. Our results suggest that structural modification of catechins could be conducted by esterificating the 3-OH as well as changing the configuration of C-3, C-3''' or C-5''' to discover strong SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Liu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237000, China
| | - Jia-Ping Ke
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang-Xiu Chu
- School of information and computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Zhang J, Lin S, Xing Y, Zhang X, Ye M, Chang Y, Guo H, Sun X. (+)-Catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate are important inducible defensive compounds against Ectropis grisescens in tea plants. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:496-511. [PMID: 34719788 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an economically important, perennial woody plant rich in catechins. Although catechins have been reported to play an important role in plant defences against microbes, their roles in the defence of tea plants against herbivores remain unknown. In this study, we allowed the larvae of Ectropis grisescens, a leaf-feeding pest, to feed on the plants, and alternatively, we wounded the plants and then treated them with E. grisescens oral secretions (WOS). Both approaches triggered jasmonic acid-, ethylene- and auxin-mediated signalling pathways; as a result, plants accumulated three catechin compounds: (+)-catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin. Not only was the mass of E. grisescens larvae fed on plants previously infested with E. grisescens or treated with WOS significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls, but also artificial diet supplemented with epicatechin, (+)-catechin or epigallocatechin gallate reduced larval growth rates. In addition, the exogenous application of jasmonic acid, ethylene or auxin induced the biosynthesis of the three catechins, which, in turn, enhanced the resistance of tea plants to E. grisescens, leading to the coordination of the three signalling pathways. Our results suggest that the three catechins play an important role in the defences of tea plants against E. grisescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Li
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Lin
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Xing
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Ye
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Chang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Guo
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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Shuting Z, Hongwei D, Qing M, Rui H, Huarong T, Lianyu Y. Identification and expression analysis of the ZRT, IRT-like protein (ZIP) gene family in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 172:87-100. [PMID: 35038675 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ZRT, IRT-like protein (ZIP) family plays an essential role in the homeostasis of zinc and iron in plants. However, studies on this family are mainly limited to model species. Here, 12 CsZIPs were identified and investigated the function in Camellia sinensis, being named CsZIP1-12 and divided into four different groups based on phylogenetic relationships. These CsZIPs contained 2-9 TMDs and other conserved motifs for ZIP proteins. And CsZIPs were located in cell membrane, excepting for CsZIP4 and CsZIP6. The expression of CsZIPs were different in varieties and organs of tea plants. They were involved in the response process of abiotic stresses, such as NaCl, drought, cold and exogenous Me-JA. In addition, 31 types of promoter elements were identified in the CsZIPs, including core promoters, light responsiveness, stress responsive and other elements. The CsZIP1, CsZIP2, CsZIP4, CsZIP5, CsZIP6, CsZIP11 and CsZIP12 could be induced by zinc deficiency and 50 μM Zn treatment, but CsZIP7 and CsZIP8 were up regulated by 300 μM Zn. Heterogeneous complementation analysis showed that CsZIP1, CsZIP2, CsZIP7 and CsZIP8 could complement the Zn sensitivity of △zrc1cot1 yeast double mutant. There was a positive correlation between the expression of CsZIPs and secondary metabolites in tea plant. Together, our analysis of CsZIPs could provide comprehensive insights on the structure and function of this protein family in the regulation of zinc and ion homeostasis in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shuting
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dai Hongwei
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Meng Qing
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huang Rui
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tong Huarong
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuan Lianyu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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225
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Luo X, Zhang M, Xu P, Liu G, Wei S. The Intron Retention Variant CsClpP3m Is Involved in Leaf Chlorosis in Some Tea Cultivars. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:804428. [PMID: 35154195 PMCID: PMC8831552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.804428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tea products made from chlorotic or albino leaves are very popular for their unique flavor. Probing into the molecular mechanisms underlying the chlorotic leaf phenotype is required to better understand the formation of these tea cultivars and aid in future practical breeding. In this study, transcriptional alterations of multiple subunit genes of the caseinolytic protease complex (Clp) in the chlorotic tea cultivar 'Yu-Jin-Xiang' (YJX) were found. Cultivar YJX possessed the intron retention variant of ClpP3, named as CsClpP3m, in addition to the non-mutated ClpP3. The mutated variant results in a truncated protein containing only 166 amino acid residues and lacks the catalytic triad S182-H206-D255. Quantitative analysis of two CsClpP3 variants in different leaves with varying degrees of chlorosis in YJX and analyses of different chlorotic tea cultivars revealed that the transcript ratios of CsClpP3m over CsClpP3 were negatively correlated with leaf chlorophyll contents. The chlorotic young leaf phenotype was also generated in the transgenic tobacco by suppressing ClpP3 using the RNAi method; complementation with non-mutated CsClpP3 rescued the wild-type phenotype, whereas CsClpP3m failed to complement. Taken together, CsClpP3m is involved in leaf chlorosis in YJX and some other tea cultivars in a dose-dependent manner, likely resulting from the failure of Clp complex assembly due to the truncated sequence of CsClpP3m. Our data shed light on the mechanisms controlling leaf chlorosis in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Pei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Shu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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226
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Li B, Wang H, He S, Ding Z, Wang Y, Li N, Hao X, Wang L, Yang Y, Qian W. Genome-Wide Identification of the PMEI Gene Family in Tea Plant and Functional Analysis of CsPMEI2 and CsPMEI4 Through Ectopic Overexpression. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:807514. [PMID: 35154201 PMCID: PMC8829431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.807514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) inhibits pectin methylesterase (PME) activity at post-translation level, which plays core roles in vegetative and reproductive processes and various stress responses of plants. However, the roles of PMEIs in tea plant are still undiscovered. Herein, a total of 51 CsPMEIs genes were identified from tea plant genome. CsPMEI1-4 transcripts were varied in different tea plant tissues and regulated by various treatments, including biotic and abiotic stresses, sugar treatments, cold acclimation and bud dormancy. Overexpression of CsPMEI4 slightly decreased cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis associated with lower electrolyte leakage, soluble sugars contents and transcripts of many cold-induced genes as compared to wild type plants. Under long-day and short-day conditions, CsPMEI2/4 promoted early flowering phenotypes in transgenic Arabidopsis along with higher expression levels of many flowering-related genes. Moreover, overexpression of CsPMEI2/4 decreased PME activity, but increased sugars contents (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in transgenic Arabidopsis as compared with wild type plants under short-day condition. These results indicate that CsPMEIs are widely involved in tea plant vegetative and reproductive processes, and also in various stress responses. Moreover, CsPMEI4 negatively regulated cold response, meanwhile, CsPMEI2/4 promoted early flowering of transgenic Arabidopsis via the autonomous pathway. Collectively, these results open new perspectives on the roles of PMEIs in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan He
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Nana Li
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Qian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
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227
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Zhu C, Zhang S, Zhou C, Shi B, Huang L, Lin Y, Lai Z, Guo Y. [Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of withering treatment in flavor formation of oolong tea ( Camellia sinensis)]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:303-327. [PMID: 35142139 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oolong tea is a semi-fermented tea with strong flavor, which is widely favored by consumers because of its floral and fruity aroma as well as fresh and mellow taste. During the processing of oolong tea, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor formation. However, the molecular mechanism that affects the flavor formation of oolong tea during withering remains unclear. Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the difference among the fresh leaves, indoor-withered leaves and solar-withered leaves of oolong tea. A total of 10 793 differentially expressed genes were identified from the three samples. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in flavonoid synthesis, terpenoid synthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and spliceosome pathways. Subsequently, twelve differentially expressed genes and four differential splicing genes were identified from the four enrichment pathways for fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. The results showed that the expression patterns of the selected genes during withering were consistent with the results in the transcriptome datasets. Further analysis revealed that the transcriptional inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes, the transcriptional enhancement of terpenoid biosynthesis-related genes, as well as the jasmonic acid signal transduction and the alternative splicing mechanism jointly contributed to the flavor formation of high floral and fruity aroma and low bitterness in solar-withered leaves. The results may facilitate better understanding the molecular mechanisms of solar-withering treatment in flavor formation of oolong tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Biying Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Linjie Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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Zhang Q, Guo N, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Liu S. Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related 1 (PR-1) Gene Family in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Response to Blister-Blight Disease Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031292. [PMID: 35163217 PMCID: PMC8836084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) proteins, which are defense proteins in plant–pathogen interactions, play an important role in the resistance and defense of plants against diseases. Blister blight disease is caused by Exobasidium vexans Massee and a major leaf disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). However, the systematic characterization and analysis of the PR-1 gene family in tea plants is still lacking, and the defense mechanism of this family remains unknown. In this study, 17 CsPR-1 genes were identified from the tea plant genome and classified into five groups based on their signal peptide, isoelectric point, and C-terminus extension. Most of the CsPR-1 proteins contained an N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved PR-1 like domain. CsPR-1 genes comprised multiple cis-acting elements and were closely related to the signal-transduction pathways involving TCA, NPR1, EDS16, BGL2, PR4, and HCHIB. These characteristics imply an important role of the genes in the defense of the tea plant. In addition, the RNA-seq data and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the CsPR-1-2, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -14, -15, and -17 genes were significantly upregulated under tea blister-blight stress. This study could help to increase understanding of CsPR-1 genes and their defense mechanism in response to tea blister blight.
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Lin S, Ye M, Li X, Xing Y, Liu M, Zhang J, Sun X. A novel inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway represses herbivore resistance in tea plants. Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhab038. [PMID: 35043181 PMCID: PMC8945283 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays a vital role in mediating plant resistance to herbivores. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important woody cash crops in the world. Due to the lack of genetic transformation systems for tea plants, how the JA signaling pathway works in tea plants has not yet been determined. Now, with the development of cross-disciplines, chemical biology provides new means for analysing the JA signaling pathway. In the present study, the small molecule isoquinoline compound ZINC71820901 (lyn3) was obtained from the ZINC molecular library through virtual screening based on the structure of the crystal COI1-JAZ1 co-receptor and was found to act as an inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway both in Arabidopsis and tea plants. Our results revealed that lyn3 repressed tea plant resistance to Ectropis grisescens mainly by decreasing the accumulation of (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) via repression of the JA signaling pathway, which functioned in the different modulation manner to the already known inhibitor SHAM. As a novel inhibitor of JA signaling pathway, lyn3 provides a specific option for further research on the JA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiwang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxian Xing
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
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de Miranda JF, Ruiz LF, Silva CB, Uekane TM, Silva KA, Gonzalez AGM, Fernandes FF, Lima AR. Kombucha: A review of substrates, regulations, composition, and biological properties. J Food Sci 2022; 87:503-527. [PMID: 35029317 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kombucha has been gaining prominence around the world and becoming popular due to its good health benefits. This beverage is historically obtained by the tea fermentation of Camellia sinensis and by a biofilm of cellulose containing the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). The other substrates added to the C. sinensis tea have also been reported to help kombucha production. The type as well as the amount of sugar substrate, which is the origin of SCOBY, in addition to time and temperature of fermentation influence the content of organic acids, vitamins, total phenolics, and alcoholic content of kombucha. The route involved in the metabolite biotransformation identified in kombucha so far and the microorganisms involved in the process need to be further studied. Some nutritional properties and benefits related to the beverage have already been reported. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic effects are some of the beneficial effects attributed to kombucha. Nevertheless, scientific literature needs clinical studies to evaluate these benefits in human beings. The toxic effects associated with the consumption of kombucha are still unclear, but due to the possibility of adverse reactions occurring, its consumption is contraindicated in infants and pregnant women, children under 4-years-old, patients with kidney failure, and patients with HIV. The regulations in place for kombucha address a number of criteria, mainly for the pH and alcohol content, in order to guarantee the quality and safety of the beverage as well as to ensure transparency of information for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Fernandes Ruiz
- Department of Bromatology, Pharmacy School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Borges Silva
- Department of Bromatology, Pharmacy School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais Matsue Uekane
- Department of Bromatology, Pharmacy School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kelly Alencar Silva
- Department of Bromatology, Pharmacy School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriene Ribeiro Lima
- Department of Bromatology, Pharmacy School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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231
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Yang P, Yu M, Song H, Xu Y, Lin Y, Granvogl M. Characterization of Key Aroma-Active Compounds in Rough and Moderate Fire Rougui Wuyi Rock Tea ( Camellia sinensis) by Sensory-Directed Flavor Analysis and Elucidation of the Influences of Roasting on Aroma. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:267-278. [PMID: 34962402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rougui Wuyi rock tea (WRT) with the premium aroma is a subcategory of oolong tea. Roasting is a unique process that provides a comprehensive aroma to WRT. The key aroma-active compounds of rough Rougui WRT (RR) and Rougui WRT with moderate fire (RM) were characterized by sensory-directed flavor analysis. A total of 80 aroma-active compounds were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-O-TOF-MS) and two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-O-MS), and 42 of them revealing high flavor dilution (FD) factors (16-4096) during aroma extract dilution analysis were quantitated. Finally, the aroma recombination and omission experiments confirmed 26 odorants as key aroma-active compounds in Rougui WRT. Roasting enhanced the aroma of roasted, woody, burnt/smoky, and cinnamon-like odor impressions in RM evoked by 2- and 3-methylbutanal, furaneol, 3-methylbutanoic acid, propanoic acid, methional, β-myrcene, 2-pentylfuran, 5- and 6-methyl-2-ethylpyrazine, and furfural. In contrast, hexanal, linalool, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-4-heptenal, (E)-2-heptenal, geraniol, pentanal, and β-nerolidol were responsible for the more intense floral, fruity, and grassy/fresh leaf-like aroma attributes in RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Research Center for Food Additive Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mingguang Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Research Center for Food Additive Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huanlu Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Research Center for Food Additive Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tea Industry, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Tea Research Institute, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yanping Lin
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 310008D-70599, Germany
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232
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Macêdo APA, Gonçalves MDS, Barreto Medeiros JM, David JM, Villarreal CF, Macambira SG, Soares MBP, Couto RD. Potential therapeutic effects of green tea on obese lipid profile - a systematic review. Nutr Health 2022; 28:401-415. [PMID: 35014893 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211073236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Green tea, obtained from the plant Camellis sinensis, is one of the oldest drinks in the world and contains numerous bioactive compounds. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of green tea in preventing obesity and cardiovascular diseases that may be related to the reduction of lipid levels. Aim: This study aimed to evidence, through a systematic review, the therapeutic potential of green tea on the lipid profile in preclinical studies in obese animals and clinical studies in obese individuals. Methods: This systematic review follows the recommendations of the preferred report items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The electronic databases, PubMed (Medline), Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science were consulted. Articles from January 2009 to December 2019 were selected. Results: This search resulted in twenty-nine articles were included cirtically reviewed. In experimental studies, green tea administration has been shown to reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals exposed to obesity-inducing diet. In humans' studies green tea was not shown to be effective for obese lipid control. Because supplementation with green tea extract reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein for three months at a specific dose. Conclusion: Therefore, green tea appears to act as a protective agent for dyslipidemia in obesity-induced animals. In human studies, green tea has not been shown to be effective in controlling obese lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Azevêdo Macêdo
- Postgraduate Program in Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 28111Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariane Dos Santos Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 28111Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Mauricio David
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Garcia Macambira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immuno Pharmacology, 42509Research Center Gonçalo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo David Couto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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233
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Singh G, Singh V, Singh V. Systems scale characterization of circadian rhythm pathway in Camellia sinensis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:598-607. [PMID: 35116135 PMCID: PMC8790616 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is among the most valuable commercial crops being a non-alcoholic beverage having antioxidant properties. Like in other plants, circadian oscillator in tea modulates several biological processes according to earth's revolution dependent variations in environmental cues like light and temperature. In the present study, we report genome wide identification and characterization of circadian oscillator (CO) proteins in tea. We first mined the genes (24, in total) involved in circadian rhythm pathway in the 56 plant species having available genomic information and then built their hidden Markov models (HMMs). Using these HMMs, 24 proteins were identified in tea and were further assessed for their functional annotation. Expression analysis of all these 24 CO proteins was then performed in 3 abiotic (A) and 3 biotic conditions (B) stress conditions and co-expressed as well as differentially expressed genes in the selected 6 stress conditions were elaborated. A methodology to identify the differentially expressed genes in specific types of stresses (A or B) is proposed and novel markers among CO proteins are presented. By mapping the identified CO proteins against the recently reported genome wide interologous protein-protein interaction network of tea (TeaGPIN), an interaction sub-network of tea CO proteins (TeaCO-PIN) is developed and analysed. Out of 24 CO proteins, structures of 4 proteins could be successfully predicted and validated using consensus of three structure prediction algorithms and their stability was further assessed using molecular dynamic simulations at 100 ns. Phylogenetic analysis of these proteins is performed to examine their molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vikram Singh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala 176206, India
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234
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Zhang H, Hao X, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang Y, Li N, Guo L, Ren H, Zeng J. Genome-wide identification of SULTR genes in tea plant and analysis of their expression in response to sulfur and selenium. Protoplasma 2022; 259:127-140. [PMID: 33884505 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient required by plants. Plants absorb and transport S through sulfate transporters (SULTRs). In this study, we cloned 8 SULTR genes (CsSULTR1;1/1;2/2;1/3;1/3;2/3;3/3;5/4;1) from tea plant (Camellia sinensis), all of which contain a typical sulfate transporter and antisigma factor antagonist (STAS) conserved domain. Phylogenetic tree analysis further divided the CsSULTRs into four main groups. Many cis-acting elements related to hormones and environmental stresses were found within the promoter sequence of CsSULTRs. Subcellular localization results showed that CsSULTR4;1 localized in the vacuolar membrane and that other CsSULTRs localized to the cellular membrane. The tissue-specific expression of the 8 CsSULTR genes showed different expression patterns during the active growing period and dormancy period. In particular, the expression of CsSULTR1;1 was highest in the roots, but that of CsSULTR1;2 was lowest in the dormancy period. The expression of CsSULTR1;1/1;2/2;1/3;2 was stimulated under different concentrations of selenium (Se) and S; moreover, CsSULTR1;2/2;1/3;3/3;5 was upregulated in response to different valences of Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District in Jiangsu, Huai'an, 223001, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Nana Li
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lina Guo
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hengze Ren
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Chen K, Zhurbenko P, Danilov L, Matveeva T, Otten L. Conservation of an Agrobacterium cT-DNA insert in Camellia section Thea reveals the ancient origin of tea plants from a genetically modified ancestor. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:997762. [PMID: 36561442 PMCID: PMC9763466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many higher plants contain cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA) sequences from Agrobacterium and have been called "natural genetically modified organisms" (nGMOs). Among these natural transformants, the tea plant Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Shuchazao contains a single 5.5 kb T-DNA fragment (CaTA) with three inactive T-DNA genes, with a 1 kb inverted repeat at the ends. Camellia plants are allogamous, so that each individual may contain two different CaTA alleles. METHODS 142 Camellia accessions, belonging to 10 of 11 species of the section Thea, were investigated for the presence of CaTA alleles. RESULTS DISCUSSION All accessions were found to contain the CaTA insert, showing that section Thea derives from a single transformed ancestor. Allele phasing showed that 82 accessions each contained two different CaTA alleles, 60 others had a unique allele. A phylogenetic tree of these 225 alleles showed two separate groups, A and B, further divided into subgroups. Indel distribution corresponded in most cases with these groups. The alleles of the different Camellia species were distributed over groups A and B, and different species showed very similar CaTA alleles. This indicates that the species boundaries for section Thea may not be precise and require revision. The nucleotide divergence of the indirect CaTA repeats indicates that the cT-DNA insertion took place about 15 Mio years ago, before the emergence of section Thea. The CaTA structure of a C. fangchengensis accession has an exceptional structure. We present a working model for the origin and evolution of nGMO plants derived from allogamous transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Zhurbenko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lavrentii Danilov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Matveeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Léon Otten
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.), Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Léon Otten,
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Sun Y, Zhou J, Guo J. Advances in the knowledge of adaptive mechanisms mediating abiotic stress responses in Camellia sinensis. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2021; 26:1714-1722. [PMID: 34994184 DOI: 10.52586/5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are wide-ranging environmental factors that adversely affect the yield and quality of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). As perennial woody economic plants, various environmental factors affect its growth and development. To survive under stress conditions, plants adapt to or withstand these adverse external environments by regulating their growth and morphological structure. Recently, there have been knowledges regarding the significant progress in the mechanisms of abiotic stresses (including cold and heat, drought, salt and heavy metal stresses) tolerance in tea plants. Many evidences suggest that several phytohormones are in response to various environmental stresses, and regulate plant stress adaptation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of plant abiotic stress responses and resistance remain unclear. In this review, we mainly summarize the studies on the adaptive physiological and molecular mechanisms of tea plants under abiotic stress, and discuss the direction for tea plant resistance and breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Sun
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, 233100 Bengbu, Anhui, China.,College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, 233100 Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gonçalves Bortolini D, Windson Isidoro Haminiuk C, Cristina Pedro A, de Andrade Arruda Fernandes I, Maria Maciel G. Processing, chemical signature and food industry applications of Camellia sinensis teas: An overview. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100160. [PMID: 34825170 PMCID: PMC8605308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant Camellia sinensis is the source of different teas (white, green, yellow, oolong, black, and pu-ehr) consumed worldwide, which are classified by the oxidation degree of their bioactive compounds. The sensory (taste, aroma, and body of the drink) and functional properties of teas are affected by the amount of methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine), amino acids (l-theanine) and reducing sugars in their composition. Additionally, flavan-3-ols, mainly characterized by epicatechins, catechins, and their derivatives, represent on average, 60% of the bioactive compounds in teas. These secondary metabolites from teas are widely recognized for their antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, Camellia sinensis extracts and their isolated compounds have been increasingly used by the food industry. However, bioactive compounds are very susceptible to the oxidation caused by processing and degradation under physiological conditions of gastrointestinal digestion. In this context, new approaches/technologies have been developed for the preservation of these compounds. This review presents the main stages involved in production of Camellia sinensis teas following a description of their main bioactive compounds, biological properties, stability and bioaccessibility. Besides, and updated view of Camellia sinensis teas in the field of food science and technology was provided by focusing on novel findings and innovations published in scientific literature over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Gonçalves Bortolini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP (81531-980) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Cristina Pedro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP (81531-980) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Andrade Arruda Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP (81531-980) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Maciel
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340) Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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238
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Fu X, Liao Y, Cheng S, Deng R, Yang Z. Stable Isotope-Labeled Precursor Tracing Reveals that l-Alanine is Converted to l-Theanine via l-Glutamate not Ethylamine in Tea Plants In Vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:15354-15361. [PMID: 34904439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) specifically produce l-theanine, which contributes to tea function and taste. Ethylamine is a limiting factor differentiating l-theanine accumulation between tea and other plants. Ethylamine has long been assumed to be derived from l-alanine in tea. In this study, the l-alanine content in tea root cells was mainly located in vacuoles and mitochondria using a nonaqueous fractionation technique, while alanine decarboxylase in tea (CsADC) was located in the cytoplasm. Although CsADC was able to catalyze l-alanine decarboxylation to produce ethylamine in vitro, it may not provide the same enzyme activity in tea plants. Stable isotope-labeled precursor tracing in tea plants discovered that l-alanine is not a direct precursor of ethylamine but a precursor of l-glutamate, which is involved in l-theanine biosynthesis in tea. Cortex with epidermis from root tissue was the main location of ethylamine. In summary, l-alanine is converted to l-theanine via l-glutamate not ethylamine in tea plants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Rufang Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Paul A, Chatterjee A, Subrahmanya S, Shen G, Mishra N. NHX Gene Family in Camellia sinensis: In-silico Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Profiles, and Regulatory Network Analysis. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:777884. [PMID: 34987532 PMCID: PMC8720784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress affects the plant growth and productivity worldwide and NHX is one of those genes that are well known to improve salt tolerance in transgenic plants. It is well characterized in several plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and cotton; however, not much is known about NHXs in tea plant. In the present study, NHX genes of tea were obtained through a genome-wide search using A. thaliana as reference genome. Out of the 9 NHX genes in tea, 7 genes were localized in vacuole while the remaining 2 genes were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; CsNHX8) and plasma membrane (PM; CsNHX9), respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships along with structural analysis which includes gene structure, location, and protein-conserved motifs and domains were systematically examined and further, predictions were validated by the expression analysis. The dN/dS values show that the majority of tea NHX genes is subjected to strong purifying selection under the course of evolution. Also, functional interaction was carried out in Camellia sinensis based on the orthologous genes in A. thaliana. The expression profiles linked to various stress treatments revealed wide involvement of NHX genes from tea in response to various abiotic factors. This study provides the targets for further comprehensive identification, functional study, and also contributed for a better understanding of the NHX regulatory network in C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guoxin Shen
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Neelam Mishra
- Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s College Autonomous, Bangalore, India
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240
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Huang R, Liu L, He X, Wang W, Hou Y, Chen J, Li Y, Zhou H, Tian T, Wang W, Xu Q, Yu Y, Zhou T. Isolation and Functional Characterization of Multiple NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Genes from Camellia sinensis in View of Catechin Biosynthesis. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:14926-14937. [PMID: 34859673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catechins are critical constituents for the sensory quality and health-promoting benefits of tea. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for catechin biosynthesis and are dependent on NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) to provide reducing equivalents for their activities. However, CPRs have not been identified in tea, and their relationship to catechin accumulation also remains unknown. Thus, three CsCPR genes were identified in this study, all of which had five CPR-related conserved domains and were targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. These three recombinant CsCPR proteins could reduce cytochrome c using NADPH as an electron donor. Heterologous co-expression in yeast demonstrated that all the three CsCPRs could support the enzyme activities of CsC4H and CsF3'H. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression level of CsCPR1 (or CsCPR2 or CsCPR3) was positively correlated with 3',4',5'-catechin (or total catechins) content. Our results indicate that the CsCPRs are involved in the biosynthesis of catechins in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuqiu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yihong Hou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - He Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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241
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Mei X, Lin C, Wan S, Chen B, Wu H, Zhang L. A Comparative Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Difference Manufacture Suitability in "Yinghong 9" and "Huangyu" Teas ( Camellia sinensis). Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:767724. [PMID: 34970283 PMCID: PMC8712721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
"Yinghong 9" is a widely cultivated large-leaf variety in South China, and the black tea made from it has a high aroma and strong sweet flavor. "Huangyu" is a light-sensitive tea variety with yellow leaves. It was cultivated from the bud-mutation of "Yinghong 9" and has a very low level of chlorophyll during young shoot development. Due to chlorophyll being involved in carbon fixation and assimilation, the changes in photosynthesis might potentially affect the accumulation of flavor metabolites, as well as the quality of "Huangyu" tea. Although "Huangyu" has a golden yellow color and high amino acid content, the mechanism underlying the formation of leaf color and drinking value remains unclear. The widely targeted metabolomics and GC-MS analysis were performed to reveal the differences of key metabolites in fresh and fermented leaves between "Yinghong 9" and "Huangyu." The results showed that tea polyphenols, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids were more abundant in "Yinghong 9." Targeted metabolomics analysis indicated that kaempferol-3-glycoside was more abundant in "Yinghong 9," while "Huangyu" had a higher ratio of kaempferol-3-glucoside to kaempferol-3-galactoside. Compared with "Yinghong 9" fresh leaves, the contents of zeaxanthin and zeaxanthin palmitate were significantly higher in "Huangyu." The contents of α-farnesene, β-cyclocitral, nerolidol, and trans-geranylacetone, which were from carotenoid degradation and involved in flowery-fruity-like flavor in "Huangyu" fermented leaves, were higher than those of "Yinghong 9." Our results indicated that "Huangyu" was suitable for manufacturing non-fermented tea because of its yellow leaf and flowery-fruity-like compounds from carotenoid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Chuyuan Lin
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoyi Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hualing Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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242
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Zhang Y, He J, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wan S, Liu L, Dong Y, Liu H, Yu Y. CsGSTU8, a Glutathione S-Transferase From Camellia sinensis, Is Regulated by CsWRKY48 and Plays a Positive Role in Drought Tolerance. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:795919. [PMID: 34956295 PMCID: PMC8696008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.795919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute a large family of enzymes with a wide range of cellular functions. Recently, plant GSTs have gained a great deal of attention due to their involvement in the detoxification of electrophilic xenobiotics and peroxides under adverse environmental conditions, such as salt, cold, UV-B and drought stress. A previous study reported that a GST gene (CsGSTU8) in tea plant was distinctly induced in response to drought, suggesting this gene plays a critical role in the drought stress response. In this study, by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines, we further demonstrated that CsGSTU8 was upregulated in response to drought stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Overexpression of CsGSTU8 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced drought tolerance as indicated by the improved scavenging of excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under drought conditions. Furthermore, we found that CsWRKY48 acts as a transcriptional activator and that its expression is induced in response to drought stress and ABA treatment. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), dual-luciferase (LUC) assays and transient expression assays in tea plant leaves revealed that CsWRKY48 directly binds to the W-box elements in the promoter of CsGSTU8 and activates its expression. Taken together, our results provide additional knowledge of drought stress responses in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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243
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da Silva TBV, Castilho PA, Sá-Nakanishi ABD, Seixas FAV, Dias MI, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, Bracht A, Peralta RM. The inhibitory action of purple tea on in vivo starch digestion compared to other Camellia sinensis teas. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110781. [PMID: 34865796 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to contribute to improve knowledge about the actions of Camellia sinensis extracts on starch digestion, several varieties were compared. The latter were green, oolong, white, black, and purple teas. The results are hoped to contribute to our understanding of the mode of action and potency of the various tea preparations as possible adjuvants in the control of post-prandial glycemia. The extracts were prepared in way similar to their form of consumption. All extracts decreased starch digestion, but the purple tea extract was the strongest inhibitor, their inhibitory tendency started at the dose of 50 mg/kg and was already maximal with 250 mg/kg. Maltose tolerance was not significantly affected by the extracts. Glucose tolerance was not affected by purple tea, but black tea clearly diminished it; green tea presented the same tendency. Purple tea was also the strongest inhibitor of pancreatic α-amylase, followed by black tea. The green tea, oolong tea, and white tea extracts tended to stimulate the pancreatic α-amylase at low concentrations, a phenomenon that could be counterbalancing its inhibitory effect on starch digestion. Based on chemical analyses and molecular docking simulations it was concluded that for both purple and black tea extracts the most abundant active component, epigallocatechin gallate, seems also to be the main responsible for the inhibition of the pancreatic α-amylase and starch digestion. In the case of purple tea, the inhibitory activity is likely to be complemented by its content in deoxyhexoside-hexoside-containing polyphenolics, especially the kaempferol and myricetin derivatives. Polysaccharides are also contributing to some extent. Cyanidins, the compounds giving to purple tea its characteristic color, seem not to be the main responsible for its effects on starch digestion. It can be concluded that in terms of postprandial anti-hyperglycemic action purple tea presents the best perspectives among all the tea varieties tested in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pâmela Alves Castilho
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87015-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anacharis Babeto de Sá-Nakanishi
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87015-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávio Augusto Vicente Seixas
- Department of Technology, and Post-graduate Program of Molecular and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87015-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosane Marina Peralta
- Post-Graduate Program in Food Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87015-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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244
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Liu SY, Zhang YY, Chu GX, Bao GH. N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone substitution enhances binding affinity between tea flavoalkaloids and human serum albumin: Greatly influenced by esterization. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 262:120097. [PMID: 34182296 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Formation of catechins-human serum albumin (HSA) complex contributes to stably transporting catechins and regulating their bioavailability. Recently, a new class of catechins namely flavoalkaloids have been reported from tea. The unique structural modification with an N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone ring at catechins from these flavoalkaloids has raised our interest in their HSA binding affinity. Thus, we investigated the interaction between HSA and flavoalkaloids by molecular docking, UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV), fluorescence quenching approaches, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Thermodynamic parameters suggest that electrostatic forces contribute greatly to the interaction. The binding ability is affected by different ester group (galloyl or cinnamoyl) at 3-OH, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone substituted position (C-6 or C-8), C-2, C-3 and C-5''' configurations, and hydroxyl group numbers at B ring, among which the 3-O-cinnamoyl substitution and 5'''-R configuration present the strongest contributions. UV showed slight changes in the conformation and microenvironment of HSA during the binding process. The quenching and binding constants suggest that the quenching is a static type. The small KD values (1-20 μM) detected by SPR confirmed the strong binding affinities between HSA and flavoalkaloids. Present study will help us to understand the interaction mechanism between flavoalkaloids and HSA, shedding light on structural modification of common catechins to enhance the stability, bioavailability and bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Liu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang-Xiu Chu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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245
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Chen J, Wu S, Dong F, Li J, Zeng L, Tang J, Gu D. Mechanism Underlying the Shading-Induced Chlorophyll Accumulation in Tea Leaves. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:779819. [PMID: 34925423 PMCID: PMC8675639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.779819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Besides aroma and taste, the color of dry tea leaves, tea infusion, and infused tea leaves is also an important index for tea quality. Shading can significantly increase the chlorophyll content of tea leaves, leading to enhanced tea leaf coloration. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that the expressions of chlorophyll synthesis genes were significantly induced by shading, specially, the gene encoding protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (CsPOR). Indoor control experiment showed that decreased light intensity could significantly induce the expression of CsPOR, and thus cause the increase of chlorophyll content. Subsequently, we explored the light signaling pathway transcription factors regulating chlorophyll synthesis, including CsPIFs and CsHY5. Through expression level and subcellular localization analysis, we found that CsPIF3-2, CsPIF7-1, and CsHY5 may be candidate transcriptional regulators. Transcriptional activation experiments proved that CsHY5 inhibits CsPORL-2 transcription. In summary, we concluded that shading might promote the expression of CsPORL-2 by inhibiting the expression of CsHY5, leading to high accumulation of chlorophyll in tea leaves. The results of this study provide insights into the mechanism regulating the improvements to tea plant quality caused by shading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinchi Tang
- Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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246
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Kim JW, Kim CY, Kim JH, Jeong JS, Lim JO, Ko JW, Kim TW. Prophylactic Catechin-Rich Green Tea Extract Treatment Ameliorates Pathogenic Enterotoxic Escherichia coli-Induced Colitis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1573. [PMID: 34959529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the potential beneficial effects of green tea extract (GTE) in a pathogenic Escherichia coli (F18:LT:STa:Stx2e)-induced colitis model. The GTE was standardized with catechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate content using chromatography analysis. Ten consecutive days of GTE (500 and 1000 mg/kg) oral administration was followed by 3 days of a pathogenic E. coli challenge (1 × 109 CFU/mL). In vitro antibacterial analysis showed that GTE successfully inhibited the growth of pathogenic E. coli, demonstrating over a 3-fold reduction under time- and concentration-dependent conditions. The in vivo antibacterial effect of GTE was confirmed, with an inhibition rate of approximately 90% when compared to that of the E. coli alone group. GTE treatment improved pathogenic E. coli-induced intestinal injury with well-preserved epithelial linings and villi. In addition, the increased expression of annexin A1 in GTE-treated jejunum tissue was detected, which was accompanied by suppressed inflammation-related signal expression, including TNFA, COX-2, and iNOS. Moreover, proliferation-related signals such as PCNA, CD44, and Ki-67 were enhanced in the GTE group compared to those in the E. coli alone group. Taken together, these results indicate that GTE has an antibacterial activity against pathogenic E. coli and ameliorates pathogenic E. coli-induced intestinal damage by modulating inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation.
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247
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Xie N, Zhang C, Zhou P, Gao X, Wang M, Tian S, Lu C, Wang K, Shen C. Transcriptomic analyses reveal variegation-induced metabolic changes leading to high L-theanine levels in albino sectors of variegated tea ( Camellia sinensis). Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 169:29-39. [PMID: 34749269 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis cv. 'Yanling Huayecha' (YHC) is an albino-green chimaeric tea mutant with stable genetic traits. Here, we analysed the cell ultrastructure, photosynthetic pigments, amino acids, and transcriptomes of the albino, mosaic, and green zones of YHC. Well-organized thylakoids were found in chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of the green zone but not the albino zone. The albino zone of the leaves contained almost no photosynthetic pigment. However, the levels of total amino acids and theanine were higher in the albino zone than in the mosaic and green zones. A transcriptomic analysis showed that carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis showed differences among the different zones. Metabolite and transcriptomic analyses revealed that (1) downregulation of CsPPOX1 and damage to thylakoids in the albino zone may block chlorophyll synthesis; (2) downregulation of CsLHCB6, CsFdC2 and CsSCY1 influences chloroplast biogenesis and thylakoid membrane formation, which may contribute to the appearance of variegated tea leaves; and (3) tea plant variegation disrupts the balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolism and promotes the accumulation of amino acids, and upregulation of CsTSⅠ and CsAlaDC may enhance L-theanine synthesis. In summary, our study provides a theoretical basis and valuable insights for elucidating the molecular mechanisms and promoting the economic utilization of variegation in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianci Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Pinqian Zhou
- Tea Research Institute of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Xizhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Minghan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Shuanghong Tian
- Xiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jishou, Hunan, 416000, China
| | - Cui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Chengwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Abstract
Brewed tea (Camellia sinensis) is a major dietary source of flavonoids, in particular flavan-3-ols. Tea consumption has been suggested to be inversely associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several biological mechanisms support the inverse relationship between tea flavonoid intake and CVD risk. Given the recent accumulating evidence from various systematic reviews regarding the role of tea as a beverage in reducing CVD risk and severity, we conducted an umbrella review to describe and critically evaluate the totality of evidence to date. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and BIOSIS databases for systematic reviews published between January 1, 2010 and February 22, 2020 reporting relationships between tea (C. sinensis) consumption and CVD mortality, CVD diagnosis or incidence, CVD events, stroke events, blood pressure, endothelial function, blood lipids and triglycerides, and inflammatory markers. Herein, we describe results from 23 included systematic reviews. Consistently consuming 2 cups of unsweet tea per day offers the right levels of flavonoids to potentially decrease CVD risk and its progression. This is supported by the consistency between a recent high-quality systematic review and dose-response meta-analyses of population-based studies demonstrating beneficial effects of consumption on CVD mortality, CVD events and stroke events and medium- to high-quality systematic reviews of intervention studies that further elucidate potential benefits on both validated (i.e., SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) and emerging risk biomarkers of CVD (TNF-ɑ and IL-6). On the basis of this umbrella review, the consumption of tea as a beverage did not seem to be harmful to health; therefore, the benefits of moderate consumption likely outweigh risk. Future large, clinical intervention studies will provide better mechanistic insight with the ability to confirm the outcome effects shown across observational studies. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/) as CRD42020218159.KEY MESSAGESIt is reasonable to judge that 2 cups of unsweet tea per day has the potential to decrease CVD risk and progression due to its flavonoid content.The primary side effects of tea documented in human studies are hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances (i.e., vomiting and diarrhea) after high-dose supplemental intake.Additional clinical research is needed to fully elucidate the effects of tea flavonoids on markers of CVD, as many studies were under-powered to detect changes.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Keller
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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249
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Doğan M, Akdoğan M, Alizada A, Eroğul Ö, Sabaner MC, Gobeka HH, Gülyeşil FF, Seylan MA. Impacts of Camellia sinensis fermentation end-product (black tea) on retinal microvasculature: an updated OCTA analysis. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:6265-6270. [PMID: 33934371 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea, second only to water, is one of the most regularly consumed drinks in the world. Its potentially beneficial effects on general health may be enormously important. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) now allows clinicians to examine the acute retinal morphological changes caused by black tea consumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute impacts of a Camellia sinensis fermentation end-product (black tea) on retinal microvasculature in healthy individuals using OCTA. RESULTS In this study, 60 healthy people were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 30) received black tea (2 mg/250 mL of water) and group 2 (n = 30) received only 250 mL of water. Following consumption, AngioVue Analytics software automatically analyzed the foveal, parafoveal, perifoveal macular superficial and deep vascular plexus densities, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ perimeter and foveal vessel density in a 300 μm wide region around the FAZ (FD-300). Male-to-female ratios were 19:11 and 15:15 in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.217). Mean age was 33.27 ± 7.92 years in group 1 and 31.00 ± 7.30 years in group 2 (P = 0.254). Changes in foveal, perifoveal and parafoveal macular vessel density between groups 1 and 2 were not statistically significant. In addition, no significant differences regarding FAZ, FAZ perimeter and FD-300 were observed. CONCLUSION There were no acute effects of black tea on macular microcirculation in healthy individuals. The authors, however, believe that this study could serve as a model for future research on the relationship between regular tea consumption and general ocular physiology. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Doğan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Müberra Akdoğan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Anar Alizada
- Ermeneke State Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eroğul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cem Sabaner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hamidu Hamisi Gobeka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University Faculty of Medicine, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Furkan Fatih Gülyeşil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Seylan
- Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Educational and Research Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
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250
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Li J, Li QH, Zhang XY, Zhang LY, Zhao PL, Wen T, Zhang JQ, Xu WL, Guo F, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wang P, Ni DJ, Wang ML. Exploring the Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on the Quality Constituents of Hydroponic-Cultivated Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:14278-14286. [PMID: 34797979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) plays important roles in photosynthesis, sucrose partitioning, and biomass allocation in plants. However, the specific mechanisms of tea plant response to Mg deficiency remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Mg deficiency on the quality constituents of tea leaves. Our results showed that the short-term (7 days) Mg deficiency partially elevated the concentrations of polyphenols, free amino acids, and caffeine but decreased the contents of chlorophyll and Mg. However, long-term (30 days) Mg-deficient tea displayed decreased contents of these constituents. Particularly, Mg deficiency increased the index of catechins' bitter taste and the ratio of total polyphenols to total free amino acids. Moreover, the transcription of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine was differentially affected by Mg deficiency. Additionally, short-term Mg deficiency induced global transcriptome change in tea leaves, in which a total of 2522 differentially expressed genes were identified involved in secondary metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and chlorophyll metabolism. These results may help to elucidate why short-term Mg deficiency partially improves the quality constituents of tea, while long-term Mg-deficient tea may taste more bitter, more astringent, and less umami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Luan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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