201
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Zhao R, He M, Jiang C, Liu F. Soil microbial stoichiometry and community structure responses to long-term natural forest conversion to plantations in a subtropical region. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:27560-27570. [PMID: 34981382 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial stoichiometry reflects carbon (C) and nutrient (e.g., nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) elemental balances under land-use change (LUC). However, how soil microbial community (SMC) structure and stoichiometry respond to long-term LUC in forests is still unclear. Here, we investigated three 36-year-old typical plantations, Cryptomeria fortunei, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Cunninghamia lanceolata, and the natural forest to assess their soil microbial stoichiometry and SMC structure. Three plots (30×30 m2) were randomly set in each forest site. In each plot of every forest site, soil samples of three depths (0-10, 10-30, and 30-60 cm) were collected. Dissolved organic C, N, and P (abbreviated as DOC, DON, and DOP, respectively) and environmental factors were measured. We also detected microbial biomass C, N, and P as well as SMC structure. The results showed that the soil microbial C:N:P stoichiometry had a strong or strict homeostasis regardless of soil depth and exhibited decoupling from the SMC structure at each depth. The SMC structure across forest types was mainly driven by mean annual soil temperature (MAST) and DOC at 0-10 cm depth, by soil water content and MAST at 10-30 cm depth, and by DOC to DOP ratio at 30-60 cm depth. Thus, SMC structure could be jointly regulated by available resources and environment. These results suggest that the C dynamics in forests tend to gain resilience or re-equilibrium over more than three decades after forest conversion. These findings highlight the importance of reforested plantations forest management for sustaining soil C over a long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 43007, China
| | - Mei He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 43007, China
| | - Canlan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 43007, China.
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202
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Ravichandran R, PriyaDharshini LC, Sakthivel KM, Rasmi RR. Role and regulation of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166400. [PMID: 35341960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative mechanism which responds to cellular conditions like stress or starvation and plays a key role in regulating cell metabolism, energy homeostasis, starvation adaptation, development and cell death. Numerous studies have stipulated the participation of autophagy in cancer, but the role of autophagy either as tumor suppressor or tumor promoter is not clearly understood. However, mechanisms by which autophagy promotes cancer involves a diverse range of modifications of autophagy associated proteins such as ATGs, Beclin-1, mTOR, p53, KRAS etc. and autophagy pathways like mTOR, PI3K, MAPK, EGFR, HIF and NFκB. Furthermore, several researches have highlighted a context-dependent, cell type and stage-dependent regulation of autophagy in cancer. Alongside this, the interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment including hypoxia has a great potential in modulating autophagy response in favour to substantiate cancer cell metabolism, self-proliferation and metastasis. In this review article, we highlight the mechanism of autophagy and their contribution to cancer cell proliferation and development. In addition, we discuss about tumor microenvironment interaction and their consequence on selective autophagy pathways and the involvement of autophagy in various tumor types and their therapeutic interventions concentrated on exploiting autophagy as a potential target to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ravichandran
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajan Radha Rasmi
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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203
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Varco-Merth BD, Brantley W, Marenco A, Duell DD, Fachko DN, Richardson B, Busman-Sahay K, Shao D, Flores W, Engelman K, Fukazawa Y, Wong SW, Skalsky RL, Smedley J, Axthelm MK, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Edlefsen PT, Picker L, Cameron CM, Henrich TJ, Okoye AA. Rapamycin limits CD4+ T cell proliferation in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156063. [PMID: 35316218 PMCID: PMC9106346 DOI: 10.1172/jci156063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of latently infected CD4+ T cells with replication-competent proviruses is an important mechanism contributing to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). One approach to targeting this latent cell expansion is to inhibit mTOR, a regulatory kinase involved with cell growth, metabolism, and proliferation. Here, we determined the effects of chronic mTOR inhibition with rapamycin with or without T cell activation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) on ART. Rapamycin perturbed the expression of multiple genes and signaling pathways important for cellular proliferation and substantially decreased the frequency of proliferating CD4+ memory T cells (TM cells) in blood and tissues. However, levels of cell-associated SIV DNA and SIV RNA were not markedly different between rapamycin-treated RMs and controls during ART. T cell activation with an anti-CD3LALA antibody induced increases in SIV RNA in plasma of RMs on rapamycin, consistent with SIV production. However, upon ART cessation, both rapamycin and CD3LALA–treated and control-treated RMs rebounded in less than 12 days, with no difference in the time to viral rebound or post-ART viral load set points. These results indicate that, while rapamycin can decrease the proliferation of CD4+ TM cells, chronic mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with T cell activation was not sufficient to disrupt the stability of the SIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Derick D Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Walter Flores
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Engelman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Louis Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Ma Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
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204
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Liu S, Chen M, Liu X, Zheng K, Liu B, Wu W, Pang Q. DjApi5 is required for homeostasis in planarian Dugesia japonica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 597:140-146. [PMID: 35144177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Orchestrated apoptosis in planarian Dugesia japonica is very important for its degrowth and regeneration. Apoptosis Inhibitor-5 (API5) is an anti-apoptotic factor that negatively regulates cell apoptosis. We characterized the conserved structure of DjApi5, however, the biological function of DjApi5 in planarians needs further investigation. In this study, we found that DjApi5 and its interacting molecular DjAcinus are required for planarian homeostasis, which may be correlated with their specific localization in neoblasts in addition to their anti-apoptosis functions. We further demonstrated the increased expression of DjApi5 during planarian regeneration, and DjApi5 deficiency affects normal regeneration processes. These results indicated new functions of DjApi5 in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China.
| | - Meishan Chen
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China.
| | - Kang Zheng
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China.
| | - Baohua Liu
- Shenzhen University of Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China.
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China.
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205
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Abstract
The second abundant micronutrient, zinc, is attracting more and more attention for it performs essential functions in living organisms and bears close relationships with the occurrence of diseases. However, excess zinc is toxic to cells. Ensuring a balanced zinc state for organisms is essential. Zinc transporters, including ZIPs and ZnTs, are pivotal in regulating zinc homeostasis. Benefiting from zinc transporter structures determination and their transporting dynamic revelation, the clarification of detailed mechanisms of zinc trafficking and the maintenance of zinc homeostasis by transporters in the human body are getting more and more evident. The present review gives a detailed description of the structural basis of zinc transport through ZIP and ZnT, through which the molecular mechanism of zinc binding and transport was illustrated. Then the motive force that drives zinc transmembrane transport and finally a generalization for the regulation models of zinc transporters were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Maoping Duan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Leng
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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206
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Shen W, Zhai S, Surmeier DJ. Striatal synaptic adaptations in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022;:105686. [PMID: 35272023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum is densely innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate acquisition and vigor of goal-directed actions and habits. This innervation is progressively lost in Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing to the defining movement deficits of the disease. Although boosting dopaminergic signaling with levodopa early in the course of the disease alleviates these deficits, later this strategy leads to the emergence of debilitating dyskinesia. Here, recent advances in our understanding of how striatal cells and circuits adapt to this progressive de-innervation and to levodopa therapy are discussed. First, we discuss how dopamine (DA) depletion triggers cell type-specific, homeostatic changes in spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that tend to normalize striatal activity but also lead to disruption of the synaptic architecture sculpted by experience. Second, we discuss the roles played by cholinergic and nitric oxide-releasing interneurons in these adaptations. Third, we examine recent work in freely moving mice suggesting that alterations in the spatiotemporal dynamics of striatal ensembles contributes to PD movement deficits. Lastly, we discuss recently published evidence from a progressive model of PD suggesting that contrary to the classical model, striatal pathway imbalance is necessary but not sufficient to produce frank parkinsonism.
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207
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He J, Zhu K. A New Cell Signal Regulation Theory: Blocking the Signal from being Reactivated Before a New Activation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:273-275. [PMID: 35247149 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the concept of cell signal regulation has two basic steps: activation and deactivation. There are many activators of the signals in vivo (e.g., hormones, growth factors, signal cross-talk, etc.). According to the two step theory, cell signals are expected to keep activating, deactivating, activating, deactivating,……However, cell signals in vivo are usually quiescent for the most of the time. This indicates that, there is a mechanism that blocks the signal from being reactivated for a certain period of time after an activation is terminated. Here, we propose that cell's signal regulation consists of three basic steps: activation, deactivation, and blocking the signal from being reactivated for a certain period of time until cells are ready for a new activation. We explain the third step of regulation using GH/STAT5 and insulin/AKT signal pathways as examples, and discuss why the third step in regulation is important for cell homeostasis and the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiman He
- Liver Research Center, Brown University, Providence, USA.
| | - Kongqin Zhu
- Linyi First People Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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208
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Møller SH, Wang L, Ho PC. Metabolic programming in dendritic cells tailors immune responses and homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:370-383. [PMID: 34413487 PMCID: PMC8891341 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is being increasingly acknowledged that immune cells depend on certain metabolic traits to perform their functions and that the extracellular environment can influence cell metabolism and vice versa. Dendritic cell (DC) subsets traffic through highly diverse environments from the bone marrow, where they develop, to the various peripheral tissues, where they differentiate and capture antigens, before they migrate to the lymph node to present antigens and prime T cells. It is plausible that DC subsets modulate their stimulatory abilities in response to unique metabolic programming. The metabolic requirements of DCs are just recently being discovered, and subset- and context-specific metabolic phenotypes in DCs are highly intertwined with DC functions. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of DC metabolism, how they regulate DC function with examples from tumor biology and in interaction with the microbiota, and discuss how this can be applied therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hedlund Møller
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Limei Wang
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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209
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Taheri F, Taghizadeh E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. The role of efferocytosis in neuro-degenerative diseases. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:1593-1603. [PMID: 35059903 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis has a critical role in maintaining tissues and organs' homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells. It is essential for human health, and disturbances in efferocytosis may result indifferent illnesses. In case of inadequate clearance of the dead cells, the content in the cells would be released. In fact, it induces some damages to the tissue and leads to the prolonged inflammation, so unsuitable phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells is involved in occurrence as well as expansion of numerous human chronic inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown age dependence of the neuro-degenerative diseases, which are largely due to the neuro-inflammation and the loss of neurons and thus cause the brain's functional disorders. Efferocytosis is coupled to anti-inflammatory responses that contribute to the elimination of the dying neurons in neuro-degenerative diseases, so its disruption may make a risk factor in numerous human chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, glioblastoma, and Rett syndrome. This study is a review of the efferocytosis molecular pathways and their role in neuro-degenerative diseases in order to discover a new treatment option to cure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Taheri
- Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 8915173143, Yazd, Iran.
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210
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Abstract
Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis by impacting pancreatic β-cell development and glucose metabolism through several organs such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the central nervous system. The present review discusses the effect of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis. We also review the relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as guidelines for screening thyroid function with each disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid hormone and thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sil Eom
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jessica R. Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Victor J. Bernet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Corresponding author: Victor J. Bernet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2477-5631 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA E-mail:
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211
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Huang Z, Golubitsky M. Classification of infinitesimal homeostasis in four-node input-output networks. J Math Biol 2022; 84:25. [PMID: 35218429 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An input-output network has an input node [Formula: see text], an output node o, and regulatory nodes [Formula: see text]. Such a network is a core network if each [Formula: see text] is downstream from [Formula: see text] and upstream from o. Wang et al. (J Math Biol 82:62, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-021-01614-1 ) show that infinitesimal homeostasis can be classified in biochemical networks through infinitesimal homeostasis in core subnetworks. Golubitsky and Wang (J Math Biol 10:1-23, 2020) show that there are three types of 3-node core networks and three types of infinitesimal homeostasis in 3-node core networks. This paper uses the theory developed in Wang et al. (2021) to show that there are twenty types of 4-node core networks (Theorem 1.3) and seventeen types of infinitesimal homeostasis in 4-node core networks (Theorem 1.7). Biological contexts illustrate the classification theorems and show that the theory can be an aid when calculating homeostasis in specific biochemical networks.
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212
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Yu Z, Thomas PJ. A homeostasis criterion for limit cycle systems based on infinitesimal shape response curves. J Math Biol 2022; 84:24. [PMID: 35217884 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis occurs in a control system when a quantity remains approximately constant as a parameter, representing an external perturbation, varies over some range. Golubitsky and Stewart (J Math Biol 74(1-2):387-407, 2017) developed a notion of infinitesimal homeostasis for equilibrium systems using singularity theory. Rhythmic physiological systems (breathing, locomotion, feeding) maintain homeostasis through control of large-amplitude limit cycles rather than equilibrium points. Here we take an initial step to study (infinitesimal) homeostasis for limit-cycle systems in terms of the average of a quantity taken around the limit cycle. We apply the "infinitesimal shape response curve" (iSRC) introduced by Wang et al. (SIAM J Appl Dyn Syst 82(7):1-43, 2021) to study infinitesimal homeostasis for limit-cycle systems in terms of the mean value of a quantity of interest, averaged around the limit cycle. Using the iSRC, which captures the linearized shape displacement of an oscillator upon a static perturbation, we provide a formula for the derivative of the averaged quantity with respect to the control parameter. Our expression allows one to identify homeostasis points for limit cycle systems in the averaging sense. We demonstrate in the Hodgkin-Huxley model and in a metabolic regulatory network model that the iSRC-based method provides an accurate representation of the sensitivity of averaged quantities.
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213
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Abstract
In this letter, I discuss the notion of dormancy that De Luca Jr. relies on to criticize the theory of homeostasis. In particular, I try to qualify the issues related to the fact that dormancy is not always a free behavior but is in most situations under the influence of environmental factors. To this end, I discuss diapause in arthropods, which can be obligatory (under the influence of endogenous commands) but which is in most cases facultative (under external command). I emphasize that the notion of stability of a dormant organism must be taken with caution. I briefly mention what the study of sleep in animals can contribute to the notion of homeostasis. Finally, I focus on the role of microbial symbionts and the notion of holobiont. Through this, I question the future of the notions of internal environment and homeostasis and I propose to revisit them in the context of the effects of species interactions on the physiology of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Tougeron
- UMR CNRS 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St. Leu, Amiens, 80000, France.
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214
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Ahmadzai MM, McClain JL, Dharshika C, Seguella L, Giancola F, De Giorgio R, Gulbransen BD. LPAR1 regulates enteric nervous system function through glial signaling and contributes to chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:149464. [PMID: 35166239 PMCID: PMC8843750 DOI: 10.1172/jci149464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility disorders involve alterations to the structure and/or function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) but the causal mechanisms remain unresolved in most cases. Homeostasis and disease in the ENS are processes that are regulated by enteric glia. Signaling mediated through type I lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPAR1) has recently emerged as an important mechanism that contributes to disease, in part, through effects on peripheral glial survival and function. Enteric glia express LPAR1 but its role in ENS function and motility disorders is unknown. We used a combination of genetic, immunohistochemical, calcium imaging, and in vivo pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of LPAR1 in enteric glia. LPAR1 was enriched in enteric glia in mice and humans and LPA stimulated intracellular calcium responses in enteric glia, subsequently recruiting activity in a subpopulation of myenteric neurons. Blocking LPAR1 in vivo with AM966 attenuated gastrointestinal motility in mice and produced marked enteric neuro- and gliopathy. Samples from humans with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO), a severe motility disorder, showed reduced glial LPAR1 expression in the colon and ileum. These data suggest that enteric glial LPAR1 signaling regulates gastrointestinal motility through enteric glia and could contribute to severe motility disorders in humans such as CIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Ahmadzai
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program.,College of Osteopathic Medicine, and
| | | | - Christine Dharshika
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program.,College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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215
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DeBofsky A, Xie Y, Challis JK, Ankley PJ, Brinkmann M, Jones PD, Giesy JP. 16S rRNA metabarcoding unearths responses of rare gut microbiome of fathead minnows exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:151060. [PMID: 34710422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Activities of gut microbiomes are often overlooked in assessments of ecotoxicological effects of environmental contaminants. Effects of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on active gut microbiomes of juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were investigated. Fish were exposed for two weeks, to concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μg BaP g-1 in the diet. The active gut microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA metabarcoding to determine its response to dietary exposure of BaP. BaP reduced alpha-diversity at the greatest exposure concentrations. Additionally, exposure to BaP altered community composition of active microbiome and resulted in differential proportion of taxa associated with hydrocarbon degradation and fish health. Neighborhood selection networks of active microbiomes were not reduced with greater concentrations of BaP, which suggests ecological resistance and/or resilience of gut microbiota. The active gut microbiome had a similar overall biodiversity as that of the genomic gut microbiota, but had a distinct composition from that of the 16S rDNA profile. Responses of alpha- and beta-diversities of the active microbiome to BaP exposure were consistent with that of genomic microbiomes. Normalized activity of microbiome via the ratio of rRNA to rDNA abundance revealed rare taxa that became active or dormant due to exposure to BaP. These differences highlight the need to assess both 16S rDNA and rRNA metabarcoding to fully derive bacterial compositional changes resulting from exposure to contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail DeBofsky
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Phillip J Ankley
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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216
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Liu J, Zhuang Y, Wu J, Wu Q, Liu M, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Wang C, Lu L, Meng Y, Lei K, Li X, Wu Q, Leung EL, Guo Z, Liu L, Li T. IKK β mediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and I κB α. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:651-64. [PMID: 35256937 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) is one of important kinases in inflammation to phosphorylate inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκBα) and then activate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Inhibition of IKKβ has been a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here we report that IKKβ is constitutively activated in healthy donors and healthy IkkβC46A (cysteine 46 mutated to alanine) knock-in mice although they possess intensive IKKβ–IκBα–NF-κB signaling activation. These indicate that IKKβ activation probably plays homeostatic role instead of causing inflammation. Compared to IkkβWT littermates, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) could induce high mortality rate in IkkβC46A mice which is correlated to breaking the homeostasis by intensively activating p-IκBα–NF-κB signaling and inhibiting phosphorylation of 5ʹ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) expression. We then demonstrated that IKKβ kinase domain (KD) phosphorylates AMPKα1 via interacting with residues Thr183, Ser184, and Thr388, while IKKβ helix–loop–helix motifs is essential to phosphorylate IκBα according to the previous reports. Kinase assay further demonstrated that IKKβ simultaneously catalyzes phosphorylation of AMPK and IκBα to mediate homeostasis. Accordingly, activation of AMPK rather than inhibition of IKKβ could substantially rescue LPS-induced mortality in IkkβC46A mice by rebuilding the homeostasis. We conclude that IKKβ activates AMPK to restrict inflammation and IKKβ mediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and IκBα.
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217
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Crowley L, Shen MM. Heterogeneity and complexity of the prostate epithelium: New findings from single-cell RNA sequencing studies. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:108-114. [PMID: 34728312 PMCID: PMC8629925 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The recent advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing technology has provided new fundamental insights into the heterogeneity of the prostate epithelium. Several independent studies have described extensive heterogeneity of the luminal epithelial compartment, including a major division between a novel population of luminal cells located in the proximal region of the prostate ducts versus luminal cells located more distally. Proximal luminal cells as well as novel periurethral cells display increased progenitor potential in organoid culture and tissue reconstitution assays, but not in lineage-tracing analyses during prostate homeostasis, suggesting context-dependent plasticity of these populations. Here we describe and synthesize recent findings regarding the epithelial cell populations in the mouse prostate, draw comparisons to the human prostate, and address the relevance of these findings to prostate diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael M. Shen
- Author for correspondence at: phone: (212) 851-4723; fax: (212) 851-4572;
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218
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Abstract
Sleep homeostasis is a complex neurobiologic phenomenon involving a number of molecular pathways, neurotransmitter release, synaptic activity, and factors modulating neural networks. Sleep plasticity allows for homeostatic optimization of neural networks and the replay-based consolidation of specific circuits, especially important for cognition, behavior, and information processing. Furthermore, research is currently moving from an essentially brain-focused to a more comprehensive view involving other systems, such as the immune system, hormonal status, and metabolic pathways. When dysfunctional, these systems contribute to sleep loss and fragmentation as well as to sleep need. In this chapter, the implications of neural plasticity and sleep homeostasis for the diagnosis and treatment of some major sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep deprivation, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, and narcolepsy are discussed in detail with their therapeutical implications. This chapter highlights that sleep is necessary for the maintenance of an optimal brain function and is sensitive to both genetic background and environmental enrichment. Even in pathologic conditions, sleep acts as a resilient plastic state that consolidates prior information and prioritizes network activity for efficient brain functioning.
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219
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Lanza G, DelRosso LM, Ferri R. Sleep and homeostatic control of plasticity. Handb Clin Neurol 2022. [PMID: 35034758 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00004-7.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis is a complex neurobiologic phenomenon involving a number of molecular pathways, neurotransmitter release, synaptic activity, and factors modulating neural networks. Sleep plasticity allows for homeostatic optimization of neural networks and the replay-based consolidation of specific circuits, especially important for cognition, behavior, and information processing. Furthermore, research is currently moving from an essentially brain-focused to a more comprehensive view involving other systems, such as the immune system, hormonal status, and metabolic pathways. When dysfunctional, these systems contribute to sleep loss and fragmentation as well as to sleep need. In this chapter, the implications of neural plasticity and sleep homeostasis for the diagnosis and treatment of some major sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep deprivation, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, and narcolepsy are discussed in detail with their therapeutical implications. This chapter highlights that sleep is necessary for the maintenance of an optimal brain function and is sensitive to both genetic background and environmental enrichment. Even in pathologic conditions, sleep acts as a resilient plastic state that consolidates prior information and prioritizes network activity for efficient brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Lourdes M DelRosso
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
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220
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S G, Pavlopoulou A, Lambrou GI, Koutelekos J, Cokkinos D, Albanopoulos K, Chrousos GP. Kisspeptin and the Genetic Obesity Interactome. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1339:111-7. [PMID: 35023097 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1 gene in humans) is an excitatory neuromodulatory peptide implicated in multiple homeostatic systems, including anti-oxidation, glucose homeostasis, nutrition, locomotion, etc. Therefore, in the current obesity epidemic, kisspeptin is gaining increasing interest as a research objective. AIM To construct an updated interactome of genetic obesity, including the kisspeptin signal transduction pathway. METHODS Kisspeptin and obesity-related genes or gene products were extracted from the biomedical literature, and a network of functional associations was created. RESULTS The generated network contains 101 nodes corresponding to gene/gene products with known and/or predicted interactions. In this interactome, KISS1 and KISS1R are connected directly to the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR), gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRH1), and indirectly, through the latter, to proopiomelanocortin (POMC), glucagon, leptin (LEP), and/or pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 1 (PCSK1), all of which are critically implicated in obesity disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our updated obesidome includes kisspeptin and its connections to the genetic obesity signalosome with 12 major hubs: glucagon (GCG), insulin (INS), arginine vasopressin (AVP), G protein subunit beta 1 (GNB1) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), leptin (LEP), gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1), adrenoceptor beta 2 and 3 (ADRB2-3), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) genes were identified as major "hubs" for genetic obesity, providing novel insight into the body's energy homeostasis.
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221
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Tao Y, Qiu D, Gong YM, Liu HL, Zhang J, Yin BF, Lu HY, Zhou XBB, Zhang YM. Leaf-root-soil N:P stoichiometry of ephemeral plants in a temperate desert in Central Asia. J Plant Res 2022; 135:55-67. [PMID: 34762207 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ephemeral plants are a crucial vegetation component in temperate deserts of Central Asia, and play an important role in biogeochemical cycle and biodiversity maintenance in desert ecosystems. However, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) status and interrelations of leaf-root-soil of ephemeral plants remain unclear. A total of 194 leaf-root-soil samples of eight ephemeral species at 37 sites in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China were collected, and then the corresponding N and P concentrations, and the N:P ratio were measured. Results showed that soil parameters presented no significant difference among the eight species. The total soil N:P was only 0.116 (geomean), indicating limited soil N, while the available soil N:P (4.896, geomean) was significantly larger than the total N:P. The leaf N (averagely 30.995 mg g-1) and P (averagely 1.523 mg g-1) concentrations were 2.64-8.46 and 0.93-3.99 times higher than the root N (averagely 8.014 mg g-1) and P (averagely 0.802 mg g-1) concentrations, respectively. Thus, leaf N:P (averagely 21.499) was 1.410-2.957 times higher than root N:P (averagely 11.803). Meanwhile, significant interspecific differences existed in plant stoichiometric traits. At the across-species level, N content scaled as the 3/4-power of P content in both leaves and roots. Leaf and root N:P ratios were mainly influenced by P; however, the leaf-to-root N or P ratio was dominated by roots. Leaf and root N, P contents and N:P were generally unrelated to soil nutrients, and the former presented lower variation than the latter, indicating a strong stoichiometric homeostasis for ephemerals. These results demonstrate that regardless of soil nutrient supply capacity in this region, the fast-growing ephemeral plants have formed a specific leaf-root-soil stoichiometric relation and nutrient use strategy adapting to the extreme desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan-Ming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui-Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ben-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hai-Ying Lu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing B Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.
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222
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Abstract
Advances in gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 have made precise in vivo gene editing possible, opening up avenues of research into somatic cell reprograming to study adult stem cells, homeostasis, and malignant transformation. Here we describe a method for CRISPR/Cas9 mediated in vivo gene editing, in combination with Cre-based lineage tracing via electroporation in the mouse oviduct. This method facilitates the delivery of multiple plasmids into oviduct epithelial cells, sufficient for studying homeostasis and generation of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- Department of Human Genetics, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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223
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Mehramiz M, Porter T, Laws SM, Rainey-Smith SR. Sleep, Sirtuin 1 and Alzheimer's disease: A review. Aging Brain 2022; 2:100050. [PMID: 36908890 PMCID: PMC9997138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a major role in brain health, and cognition. Disrupted sleep is a well-described symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, accumulating evidence suggests suboptimal sleep also increases AD risk. The deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1), encoded by the SIRT1 gene, impacts sleep via its relationship to wake-sleep neurotransmitters and somnogens. Evidence from animal and human studies supports a significant and complex relationship between sleep, Sirt 1/ SIRT1 and AD. Numerous hypotheses attempt to explain the critical impact of Sirt 1/ SIRT1 on wake- and sleep- promoting neurons, their related mechanisms and neurotransmitters. However, there is a paucity of studies assessing the interaction between sleep and Sirt 1/ SIRT1, as a principal component of sleep regulation, on AD pathology. In this review, we explore the potential association between Sirt 1/ SIRT1, sleep, and AD aetiology. Given sleep is a likely modifiable risk factor for AD, and recent studies suggest Sirt 1/ SIRT1 activation can be modulated by lifestyle or dietary approaches, further research in this area is required to explore its potential as a target for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrane Mehramiz
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Lifestyle Approaches Towards Cognitive Health Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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224
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Thakur M, Praveen S, Divte PR, Mitra R, Kumar M, Gupta CK, Kalidindi U, Bansal R, Roy S, Anand A, Singh B. Metal tolerance in plants: Molecular and physicochemical interface determines the "not so heavy effect" of heavy metals. Chemosphere 2022; 287:131957. [PMID: 34450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An increase in technological interventions and ruthless urbanization in the name of development has deteriorated our environment over time and caused the buildup of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil and water resources. These heavy metals are gaining increased access into our food chain through the plant and/or animal-based products, to adversely impact human health. The issue of how to restrict the entry of HMs or modulate their response in event of their ingress into the plant system is worrisome. The current knowledge on the interactive-regulatory role and contribution of different physical, biophysical, biochemical, physiological, and molecular factors that determine the heavy metal availability-uptake-partitioning dynamics in the soil-plant-environment needs to be updated. The present review critically analyses the interactive overlaps between different adaptation and tolerance strategies that may be causally related to their cellular localization, conjugation and homeostasis, a relative affinity for the transporters, rhizosphere modifications, activation of efflux pumps and vacuolar sequestration that singly or collectively determine a plant's response to HM stress. Recently postulated role of gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and other secondary metabolites in heavy metal tolerance, which may be regulated at the whole plant and/or tissue/cell is discussed to delineate and work towards a "not so heavy" response of plants to heavy metals present in the contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur, 177 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shamima Praveen
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Pandurang R Divte
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Raktim Mitra
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Maharashtra, 413 115, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Gupta
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226 002, India
| | - Usha Kalidindi
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Suman Roy
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
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225
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Dey S, Misra A, Selvi Bharathavikru R. Long Non-coding RNAs, Lnc (ing) RNA Metabolism to Cancer Biology. Subcell Biochem 2022; 100:175-199. [PMID: 36301495 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is represented by a vast proportion of non-coding regions, which in recent years have been attributed to have important functional roles in gene regulation through a myriad of processes, ranging from proper localization, correct folding and, most importantly, spatial and temporally regulated expression of genes. One of the major contributing factors in these processes is ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism, which comprises the RNA-nucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that interact with and instruct the genome to function. Long non-coding RNAs are an integral component of several RNPs, and herein we provide an overview of the understanding of the long non-coding RNAs, their characteristics, their function and their balancing act as dual modulators in cancer manifestation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Dey
- RNP Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Berhampur, Transit Campus, Govt ITI Building, Engineering School Junction, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, India
| | - Arushi Misra
- RNP Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Berhampur, Transit Campus, Govt ITI Building, Engineering School Junction, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, India
| | - R Selvi Bharathavikru
- RNP Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Berhampur, Transit Campus, Govt ITI Building, Engineering School Junction, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha, India.
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226
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Makris S, de Winde CM, Horsnell HL, Cantoral-Rebordinos JA, Finlay RE, Acton SE. Immune function and dysfunction are determined by lymphoid tissue efficacy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049256. [PMID: 35072206 PMCID: PMC8807573 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue returns to a steady state once each immune response is resolved, and although this occurs multiple times throughout life, its structural integrity and functionality remain unaffected. Stromal cells orchestrate cellular interactions within lymphoid tissue, and any changes to the microenvironment can have detrimental outcomes and drive disease. A breakdown in lymphoid tissue homeostasis can lead to a loss of tissue structure and function that can cause aberrant immune responses. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lymphoid tissue function and remodelling in adaptive immunity and in disease states. We discuss the functional role of lymphoid tissue in disease progression and explore the changes to lymphoid tissue structure and function driven by infection, chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer. Understanding the role of lymphoid tissues in immune responses to a wide range of pathologies allows us to take a fuller systemic view of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte M. de Winde
- Department for Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harry L. Horsnell
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesús A. Cantoral-Rebordinos
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel E. Finlay
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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227
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Wu W, Li WX, Huang CH. Phospholipase A 2, a nonnegligible enzyme superfamily in gastrointestinal diseases. Biochimie 2021; 194:79-95. [PMID: 34974145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract is important for digestion, absorption, detoxification and immunity. Gastrointestinal diseases are mainly caused by the imbalance of protective and attacking factors in gastrointestinal mucosa, which can seriously harm human health. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a large family closely involved in lipid metabolism and is found in almost all human cells. A growing number of studies have revealed that its metabolites are deeply implicated in various inflammatory pathways and also regulates the maintenance of numerous biological events such as dietary digestion, membrane remodeling, barrier action, and host immunity. In addition to their phospholipase activity, some members of the superfamily also have other catalytic activities. Based on the in-depth effects of phospholipase A2 on bioactive lipid metabolism and inflammatory cytokines, PLA2 and its metabolites are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis, development or prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, this review will focus on the physiological and pathogenic roles of several important PLA2 enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, and reveals the potential of PLA2 as a therapeutic target for gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Li
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chun-Hong Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, 330006, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Huys QJM, Browning M. A Computational View on the Nature of Reward and Value in Anhedonia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021. [PMID: 34935117 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia - a common feature of depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders - encompasses a reduction in the subjective experience and anticipation of rewarding events, and a reduction in the motivation to seek out such events. The presence of anhedonia often predicts or accompanies treatment resistance, and as such better interventions and treatments are important. Yet the mechanisms giving rise to anhedonia are not well understood. In this chapter, we briefly review existing computational conceptualisations of anhedonia. We argue that they are mostly descriptive and fail to provide an explanatory account of why anhedonia may occur. Working within the framework of reinforcement learning, we examine two potential computational mechanisms that could give rise to anhedonic phenomena. First, we show how anhedonia can arise in multi-dimensional drive-reduction settings through a trade-off between different rewards or needs. We then generalise this in terms of model-based value inference and identify a key role for associational belief structure. We close with a brief discussion of treatment implications of both of these conceptualisations. In summary, computational accounts of anhedonia have provided a useful descriptive framework. Recent advances in reinforcement learning suggest promising avenues by which the mechanisms underlying anhedonia may be teased apart, potentially motivating novel approaches to treatment.
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Watanabe H, Martini AG, Brown EA, Liang X, Medrano S, Goto S, Narita I, Arend LJ, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system causes concentric hypertrophy of renal arterioles in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e154337. [PMID: 34762601 PMCID: PMC8783690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are widely used to treat hypertension. Using mice harboring fluorescent cell lineage tracers, single-cell RNA-Seq, and long-term inhibition of RAS in both mice and humans, we found that deletion of renin or inhibition of the RAS leads to concentric thickening of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. This severe disease was caused by the multiclonal expansion and transformation of renin cells from a classical endocrine phenotype to a matrix-secretory phenotype: the cells surrounded the vessel walls and induced the accumulation of adjacent smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, resulting in blood flow obstruction, focal ischemia, and fibrosis. Ablation of the renin cells via conditional deletion of β1 integrin prevented arteriolar hypertrophy, indicating that renin cells are responsible for vascular disease. Given these findings, prospective morphological studies in humans are necessary to determine the extent of renal vascular damage caused by the widespread use of inhibitors of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Alexandre G. Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Evan A. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shin Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Lois J. Arend
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Zhou X, Huang L, Wu J, Qu Y, Jiang H, Zhang J, Qiu S, Liao C, Xu X, Xia J, Lian Q. Impaired bone marrow microenvironment and stem cells in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112548. [PMID: 34923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia (BT) is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin synthesis with consequent ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with thalassemia major are dependent on long-term blood transfusions with associated long-term complications such as iron overload (IO). This excess iron can result in tissue damage, impaired organ function, and increased morbidity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that IO contributes to impairment of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment that largely impacts the function of BM mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and endothelial cells. In this article, we review recent progress in the understanding of iron metabolism and the perniciousness induced by IO. We highlight the importance of understanding the cross-talk between BM stem cells and the BM microenvironment, particularly the pathological effect of IO on BM stem cells and BT-associated complications. We also provide an update on recent novel therapies to cure transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia and iron overload-induced complications for their future clinical application.
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Swamynathan S, Campbell G, Tiwari A, Swamynathan SK. Secreted Ly-6/uPAR-related protein-1 (SLURP1) is a pro-differentiation factor that stalls G1-S transition during corneal epithelial cell cycle progression. Ocul Surf 2021; 24:1-11. [PMID: 34923162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously we demonstrated that the secreted Ly-6/uPAR related protein-1 (SLURP1), abundantly expressed in the corneal epithelium (CE) and secreted into the tear fluid, serves as an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic molecule. Here we describe the Slurp1-null (Slurp1X-/-) mouse corneal phenotype for the first time. METHODS We compared the 10-week-old wild type (WT) and Slurp1X-/- mouse corneal (i) histology by hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff's reagent staining, (ii) cell proliferation by immunostaining for Ki67, (iii) cell adhesion molecules by immunostaining for desmosomal and tight junction proteins, (iv) barrier function by fluorescein staining and (v) wound-healing by epithelial debridement. Effect of SLURP1 on cell cycle was quantified in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells engineered to express SLURP1 (HCLE-SLURP1). RESULTS WT and Slurp1X-/- corneal histology was largely comparable, other than a few loosely attached superficial cells in Slurp1X-/- corneas. Compared with the WT, Slurp1X-/- corneas displayed (i) increase in Ki67+ cells, (ii) altered expression and/or localization of tight junction proteins Tjp1 and Pard3, and desmosomal Dsp, (iii) increased superficial fragility and (iv) slower CE wound healing. HCLE-SLURP1 cells displayed (i) decrease in Ki67+ cells, (ii) increased cell number doubling time, (iii) stalling in G1-S phase transition during cell cycle, and (iv) downregulation of cyclins CCNE and CCND1/D2, cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6, and upregulation of CDK inhibitor p15/CDKN2B. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results elucidate that Slurp1X-/- CE cell homeostasis is altered and suggest that SLURP1 is a pro-differentiation factor that stalls G1-S transition during cell cycle progression by downregulating cyclins and upregulating p15/CDKN2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Gregory Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA; Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
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Paci G, Mao Y. Forced into shape: Mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:160-170. [PMID: 34092509 PMCID: PMC8681862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a central role in shaping tissues during development and maintaining epithelial integrity in homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis, starting from the interplay of mechanics with cell growth and division. We then discuss several examples of morphogenetic processes where complex 3D structures are shaped by mechanical forces, followed by a closer look at patterning processes. We also review the role of forces in homeostatic processes, including cell elimination and wound healing. Finally, we look at the interplay of mechanics and developmental robustness and discuss open questions in the field, as well as novel approaches that will help tackle them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paci
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
In order to maintain a functional mitochondrial network, cells have developed a quality control mechanism, namely mitophagy. This process can be induced through different pathways. The most studied is the so-called PINK1/Parkin pathway, which is associated with ubiquitylation of several mitochondrial proteins that were initially found to be related to Parkinson's disease. Another type of mitophagy is known as receptor-mediated mitophagy, which includes proteins, such as BNIP3 and BNIP3L, also known as Nix. Through these two mechanisms, mitophagy fulfills its functions and maintains cellular homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the mechanisms of mitophagy regulation and their interplay with cancer progression as well as anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Gogvadze
- MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
This review updates three key concepts of autonomic neuroscience-stress, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and homeostasis. Hans Selye popularized stress as a scientific idea. He defined stress variously as a stereotyped response pattern, a state that evokes this pattern, or a stimulus that evokes the state. According to the "homeostat" theory stress is a condition where a comparator senses a discrepancy between sensed afferent input and a response algorithm, the integrated error signal eliciting specific patterns of altered effector outflows. Scientific advances since Langley's definition of the ANS have incited the proposal here of the "extended autonomic system," or EAS, for three reasons. (1) Several neuroendocrine systems are bound inextricably to Langley's ANS. The first to be described, by Cannon in the early 1900s, involves the hormone adrenaline, the main effector chemical of the sympathetic adrenergic system. Other neuroendocrine systems are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system, the arginine vasopressin system, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (2) An evolving body of research links the ANS complexly with inflammatory/immune systems, including vagal anti-inflammatory and catecholamine-related inflammasomal components. (3) A hierarchical network of brain centers (the central autonomic network, CAN) regulates ANS outflows. Embedded within the CAN is the central stress system conceptualized by Chrousos and Gold. According to the allostasis concept, homeostatic input-output curves can be altered in an anticipatory, feed-forward manner; and prolonged or inappropriate allostatic adjustments increase wear-and-tear (allostatic load), resulting in chronic, stress-related, multi-system disorders. This review concludes with sections on clinical and therapeutic implications of the updated concepts offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike MSC-1620, Building 10 Room 8N260, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA..
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Abstract
Cancer represents a novel homeostatic challenge to the host system. How the brain senses and responds to changes in peripheral physiology elicited by tumor growth is a largely untapped area of research. This is especially relevant given the widespread prevalence of systemic problems that people with various types of cancer experience. These include disruptions in sleep/wake cycles, cognitive function, depression, and changes in appetite/food intake, among others. Critically, many of these problems are evident prior to diagnosis, indicating that their etiology is potentially distinct from the effects of cancer treatment or the stress of a cancer diagnosis. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is well equipped to tackle these types of problems, as it uses approaches from multiple disciplines to understand how specific stimuli (endogenous and environmental) are transduced into neural, endocrine, and immune signals that ultimately regulate health and behavior. In this article, I first provide a brief historical perspective of cancer and PNI, introduce the idea of cancer as a systemic homeostatic challenge, and provide examples from preclinical literature supporting this hypothesis. Given the rise of advanced tools in neuroscience (e.g., calcium imaging), we can now monitor and manipulate genetically defined neural circuits over the extended time scales necessary to disentangle distal communication between peripheral tumors and the brain.
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Benberin VV, Sibagatova AS, Nagimtayeva AA, Akhmetova KM, Voshchenkova TA. Systematisation of biological protectors for managing the metabolic syndrome development. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1449-1454. [PMID: 34900796 PMCID: PMC8630288 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS) is becoming a major health risk in the world. Disorders of homeostasis are a trigger for MS and subsequent cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). Its physiological role can be supported by biological protectors (BP). The purpose of this study is to develop a BP system for managing the MS development. METHODS Within the framework of the case-control study, 3000 participants aged 20-60 years formed 2 groups: the main group and the control group. RESULTS The study compared traditional markers of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance, which reflect the state of homeostasis. The BP system, proposed based on the concept of maintaining homeostasis, offers the following points for investigating the possibilities of therapeutic intervention: confronting dysregulation of homeostasis, resisting chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, resisting the consequences of disturbed homeostasis. This approach not only contributed to the understanding of general biological processes, but also provided a targeted search and development of BP to maintain the stability of homeostasis with MS. CONCLUSIONS The study results provided insight into new opportunities in the MS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V. Benberin
- Administrative Department, Medical Centre Hospital of President’s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 010000, 80 Mangilik El Ave., Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur S. Sibagatova
- Sector оf Clinical Research, Medical Centre Hospital of President’s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 010000, 80 Mangilik El Ave., Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Almagul A. Nagimtayeva
- Gerontology Centre, Medical Centre Hospital of President’s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 010000, 80 Mangilik El Ave., Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Kamshat M. Akhmetova
- Gerontology Centre, Medical Centre Hospital of President’s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 010000, 80 Mangilik El Ave., Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Tamara A. Voshchenkova
- Gerontology Centre, Medical Centre Hospital of President’s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 010000, 80 Mangilik El Ave., Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Baber R, Witte V, Villringer A, Kluge M. Free triiodothyronine (T3) is negatively associated with fasting ghrelin serum levels in a population sample of euthyroid subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2655-2664. [PMID: 33881751 PMCID: PMC8572188 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone secreted in times of stress and hunger. It is deeply involved in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis, promoting energy intake and inhibiting energy expenditure on a metabolic level. In this regard, it has in many ways antagonistic effect on the thyroid hormones, which increase metabolism and thus energy expenditure. While there is reasonable evidence of a negative association between ghrelin and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT-) axis from studies in patients with thyroid dysfunction and small intervention studies, large-scale studies in healthy subjects are lacking. Therefore, we studied the relationship between total ghrelin serum levels and serum levels of the thyroid hormones in a large sample of euthyroid subjects. METHODS Total ghrelin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) were determined after an overnight fast in 1666 subjects participating in a population-based cross-sectional study ('LIFE') including 10,000 adults. 1012 subjects were included in this analysis. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS FT3 was negatively associated with serum ghrelin; total sample: β = - 0.0001, p < 0.001; men: β = - 0.0002, p = 0.013; women: β = - 0.0001, p = 0.010, adjusted for age, BMI, alcohol consumption, serum levels of TSH and fT4 and smoking status. No associations were found between ghrelin serum levels and serum levels of fT4 or TSH. CONCLUSION This is to date the largest study investigating the relationship between total serum ghrelin and thyroid hormones. The results point to a complex interaction and should initiate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wittekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - J Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - R Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE, Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Stangherlin A, Seinkmane E, O'Neill JS. Understanding circadian regulation of mammalian cell function, protein homeostasis, and metabolism. Curr Opin Syst Biol 2021; 28:None. [PMID: 34950808 PMCID: PMC8660647 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2021.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are ∼24 h cycles of organismal and cellular activity ubiquitous to mammalian physiology. A prevailing paradigm suggests that timing information flows linearly from rhythmic transcription via protein abundance changes to drive circadian regulation of cellular function. Challenging this view, recent evidence indicates daily variation in many cellular functions arises through rhythmic post-translational regulation of protein activity. We suggest cellular circadian timing primarily functions to maintain proteome homeostasis rather than perturb it. Indeed, although relevant to timekeeping mechanism, daily rhythms of clock protein abundance may be the exception, not the rule. Informed by insights from yeast and mammalian models, we propose that optimal bioenergetic efficiency results from coupled rhythms in mammalian target of rapamycin complex activity, protein synthesis/turnover, ion transport and protein sequestration, which drive facilitatory rhythms in metabolic flux and substrate utilisation. Such daily consolidation of proteome renewal would account for many aspects of circadian cell biology whilst maintaining osmotic homeostasis.
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Zeidan RS, Han SM, Leeuwenburgh C, Xiao R. Iron homeostasis and organismal aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101510. [PMID: 34767974 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is indispensable for normal body functions across species because of its critical roles in red blood cell function and many essential proteins and enzymes required for numerous physiological processes. Regulation of iron homeostasis is an intricate process involving multiple modulators at the systemic, cellular, and molecular levels. Interestingly, emerging evidence has demonstrated that many modulators of iron homeostasis contribute to organismal aging and longevity. On the other hand, the age-related dysregulation of iron homeostasis is often associated with multiple age-related pathologies including bone resorption and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Thus, a thorough understanding on the interconnections between systemic and cellular iron balance and organismal aging may help decipher the etiologies of multiple age-related diseases, which could ultimately lead to developing therapeutic strategies to delay aging and treat various age-related diseases. Here we present the current understanding on the mechanisms of iron homeostasis. We also discuss the impacts of aging on iron homeostatic processes and how dysregulated iron metabolism may affect aging and organismal longevity.
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Kawagishi-Hotta M, Hasegawa S, Inoue Y, Hasebe Y, Arima M, Iwata Y, Sugiura K, Akamatsu H. Gremlin 2 suppresses differentiation of stem/progenitor cells in the human skin. Regen Ther 2021; 18:191-201. [PMID: 34307797 PMCID: PMC8280529 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is comprised of various kinds of cells and has three layers, the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Stem cells in each tissue duplicate themselves and differentiate to supply new cells that function in the tissue, and thereby maintain the tissue homeostasis. In contrast, senescent cells accumulate with age and secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors that impair surrounding cells and tissues, which lowers the capacity to maintain homeostasis in each tissue. Previously, we found Gremlin 2 (GREM2) as a novel SASP factor in the skin and reported that GREM2 suppressed the differentiation of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of GREM2 on stem cells in the epidermis and dermis. METHODS To examine whether GREM2 expression and the differentiation levels in the epidermis and dermis are correlated, the expressions of GREM2, stem cell markers, an epidermal differentiation marker Keratin 10 (KRT10) and a dermal differentiation marker type 3 procollagen were examined in the skin samples (n = 14) randomly chosen from the elderly where GREM2 expression level is high and the individual differences of its expression are prominent. Next, to test whether GREM2 affects the differentiation of skin stem cells, cells from two established lines (an epidermal and a dermal stem/progenitor cell model) were cultured and induced to differentiate, and recombinant GREM2 protein was added. RESULTS In the human skin, the expression levels of GREM2 varied among individuals both in the epidermis and dermis. The expression level of GREM2 was not correlated with the number of stem cells, but negatively correlated with those of both an epidermal and a dermal differentiation markers. The expression levels of epidermal differentiation markers were significantly suppressed by the addition of GREM2 in the three-dimensional (3D) epidermis generated with an epidermal stem/progenitor cell model. In addition, by differentiation induction, the expressions of dermal differentiation markers were induced in cells from a dermal stem/progenitor cell model, and the addition of GREM2 significantly suppressed the expressions of the dermal differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS GREM2 expression level did not affect the numbers of stem cells in the epidermis and dermis but affects the differentiation and maturation levels of the tissues, and GREM2 suppressed the differentiation of stem/progenitor cells in vitro. These findings suggest that GREM2 may contribute to the age-related reduction in the capacity to maintain skin homeostasis by suppressing the differentiation of epidermal and dermal stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kawagishi-Hotta
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Inoue
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hasebe
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., LTD., Japan
- Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaru Arima
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ippolito A, Deshpande VS. Contact guidance via heterogeneity of substrate elasticity. Acta Biomater 2021; 163:158-169. [PMID: 34808415 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact guidance, the widely-known phenomenon of cell alignment, is an essential step in the organization of adherent cells. This guidance is known to occur by, amongst other things, anisotropic features in the environment including elastic heterogeneity. To understand the origins of this guidance we employed a novel statistical thermodynamics framework, which recognises the non-thermal fluctuations in the cellular response, for modelling the response of the cells seeded on substrates with alternating soft and stiff stripes. Consistent with observations, the modelling framework predicts the existence of three regimes of cell guidance: (i) in regime I for stripe widths much larger than the cell size guidance is primarily entropic; (ii) for stripe widths on the order of the cell size in regime II guidance is biochemically mediated and accompanied by changes to the cell morphology while (iii) in regime III for stripe widths much less than the cell size there is no guidance as cells cannot sense the substrate heterogeneity. Guidance in regimes I and II is due to "molli-avoidance" with cells primarily residing on the stiff stripes. While the molli-avoidance tendency is not lost with decreasing density of collagen coating the substrate, the reduced focal adhesion formation with decreasing collagen density tends to inhibit contact guidance. Our results provide clear physical insights into the interplay between cell mechano-sensitivity and substrate elastic heterogeneity that ultimately leads to the contact guidance of cells in heterogeneous tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular morphology and organization play a crucial role in the micro-architecture of tissues and dictates their biological and mechanical functioning. Despite the importance of cellular organization in all facets of tissue biology, the fundamental question of how a cell organizes itself in an anisotropic environment is still poorly understood. We employ a novel statistical thermodynamics framework which recognises the non-thermal fluctuations in the cellular response to investigate cell guidance on substrates with alternating soft and stiff stripes. The propensity of cells to primarily reside on stiff stripes results in strong guidance when the period of the stripes is larger than the cell size. For smaller stripe periods, cells sense a homogeneous substrate and guidance is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ippolito
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
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242
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Nowak N, Rawleigh A, Brown SA. Circadian Clocks, Sleep, and Metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1344:21-42. [PMID: 34773224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A molecular circadian clock exists not only in the brain, but also in most cells of the body. Research over the past two decades has demonstrated that it directs daily rhythmicity of nearly every aspect of metabolism. It also consolidates sleep-wake behavior each day into an activity/feeding period and a sleep/fasting period. Otherwise, sleep-wake states are mostly controlled by hypothalamic and thalamic regulatory circuits in the brain that direct overall brain state. Recent evidence suggests that hypothalamic control of appetite and metabolism may be concomitant with sleep-wake regulation, and even share the same control centers. Thus, circadian control of metabolic pathways might be overlaid by sleep-wake control of the same pathways, providing a flexible and redundant system to modify metabolism according to both activity and environment.
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243
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Abstract
Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as 'microglia activation' or 'neuroinflammation' are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Woodburn
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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González-Olalla JM, Medina-Sánchez JM, Norici A, Carrillo P. Regulation of Phagotrophy by Prey, Low Nutrients, and Low Light in the Mixotrophic Haptophyte Isochrysis galbana. Microb Ecol 2021; 82:981-993. [PMID: 33661311 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy combines autotrophy and phagotrophy in the same cell. However, it is not known to what extent the phagotrophy influences metabolism, cell composition, and growth. In this work, we assess, on the one hand (first test), the role of phagotrophy on the elemental and biochemical composition, cell metabolism, and enzymes related to C, N, and S metabolism of Isochrysis galbana Parke, 1949. On the other hand, we study how a predicted increase of phagotrophy under environmental conditions of low nutrients (second test) and low light (third test) can affect its metabolism and growth. Our results for the first test revealed that bacterivory increased the phosphorous and iron content per cell, accelerating cell division and improving the cell fitness; in addition, the stimulation of some C and N enzymatic routes help to maintain, to some degree, compositional homeostasis. Under nutrient or light scarcity, I. galbana grew more slowly despite greater bacterial consumption, and the activities of key enzymes involved in C, N, and S metabolism changed according to a predominantly phototrophic strategy of nutrition in this alga. Contrary to recent studies, the stimulation of phagotrophy under low nutrient and low irradiance did not imply greater and more efficient C flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Olalla
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Medina-Sánchez
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandra Norici
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Presentación Carrillo
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kamperi N, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Tamvakopoulos C, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Sampani K. Pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114809. [PMID: 34673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we trace links between biochemical pathways, pathogenesis, and metabolic diseases to set the stage for new therapeutic advances. Cellular and acellular microorganisms including bacteria and viruses are primary pathogenic drivers that cause disease. Missing from this statement are subcellular compartments, importantly mitochondria, which can be pathogenic by themselves, also serving as key metabolic disease intermediaries. The breakdown of food molecules provides chemical energy to power cellular processes, with mitochondria as powerhouses and ATP as the principal energy carrying molecule. Most animal cell ATP is produced by mitochondrial synthase; its central role in metabolism has been known for >80 years. Metabolic disorders involving many organ systems are prevalent in all age groups. Progressive pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of genetic mitochondrial diseases, the most common phenotypic expression of inherited metabolic disorders. Confluent genetic, metabolic, and mitochondrial axes surface in diabetes, heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and even in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Kamperi
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Anastasios N Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Zamboni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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246
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Zhang H, Xue X, Pan J, Song X, Chang X, Mao Q, Lu Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Chi X, Wang S, Ma K. Integrated analysis of the chemical-material basis and molecular mechanisms for the classic herbal formula of Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction in alleviating depression. Chin Med 2021; 16:107. [PMID: 34674715 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction (LBRD), is a traditional Chinese formula that has been shown to be safe and effective against depression; however, its material basis and pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown. Methods Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the chemical spectrum and qualitatively identify the major active ingredients in the LBRD standard decoction, respectively. Subsequently, we assessed the behavior, neuronal function and morphology, neurotransmitter levels, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis associated hormones, inflammatory cytokine levels, and miRNA/mRNA expression alterations in an in vitro/vivo depression model treated by the LBRD standard decoction. Finally, miRNA/mRNA regulatory networks were created through bioinformatics analysis, followed by functional experiments to verify its role in LBRD standard decoction treatment. Results A total of 32 prototype compounds were identified in the LBRD standard decoction, and the average quality of verbascoside in the fresh lily bulb decoction, fresh raw Rehmannia juice, and the LBRD standard decoction were 0.001264%, 0.002767%, and 0.009046% (w/w), respectively. Administration of the LBRD standard decoction ameliorated chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like phenotypes and protected PC12 cells against chronic corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury. The levels of neurotransmitter, cytokine, stress hormones and neuronal morphology were disrupted in the depression model, while LBRD standard decoction could work on these alterations. After LBRD standard decoction administration, four differentially expressed miRNAs, rno-miR-144-3p, rno-miR-495, rno-miR-34c-5p, and rno-miR-24-3p, and six differentially expressed mRNAs, Calml4, Ntrk2, VGAT, Gad1, Nr1d1, and Bdnf overlapped in the in vivo/vitro depression model. Among them, miR-144-3p directly mediated GABA synthesis and release by targeting Gad1 and VGAT, and miR-495 negatively regulated BDNF expression. The LBRD standard decoction can reverse the above miRNA/mRNA network-mediated GABA and BDNF expression in the in vivo/vitro depression model. Conclusion Collectively, the multi-components of the LBRD standard decoction altered a series of miRNAs in depression through mediating GABAergic synapse, circadian rhythm, and neurotrophic signaling pathway etc., thereby abolishing inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitter deficits, recovering the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and regulating the HPA-axis hormone secretion to achieve balance of the physiological function of the whole body. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00519-x.
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247
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Deshpande D, Fuchs L, Klose CSN. Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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248
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Eichinger JF, Paukner D, Aydin RC, Wall WA, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ. What do cells regulate in soft tissues on short time scales? Acta Biomater 2021; 134:348-356. [PMID: 34332102 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells within living soft biological tissues seem to promote the maintenance of a mechanical state within a defined range near a so-called set-point. This mechanobiological process is often referred to as mechanical homeostasis. During this process, cells interact with the fibers of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It remains poorly understood, however, what individual cells actually regulate during these interactions, and how these micromechanical regulations are translated to the tissue-level to lead to what we observe as biomaterial properties. Herein, we examine this question by a combination of experiments, theoretical analysis, and computational modeling. We demonstrate that on short time scales (hours) - during which deposition and degradation of ECM fibers can largely be neglected - cells appear to not regulate the stress / strain in the ECM or their own shape, but rather only the contractile forces that they exert on the surrounding ECM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cells in soft biological tissues sense and regulate the mechanical state of the extracellular matrix to ensure structural integrity and functionality. This so-called mechanical homeostasis plays an important role in the natural history of various diseases such as aneurysms in the cardiovascular system or cancer. Yet, it remains poorly understood to date which target quantity cells regulate on the mircroscale and how it translates to the macroscale. In this paper, we combine experiments, computer simulations, and theoretical analysis to compare different hypotheses about this target quantity. This allows us to identify a likely candidate for it at least on short time scales and in the simplified environment of tissue equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Eichinger
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany; Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Paukner
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Roland C Aydin
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Wall
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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249
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Winzeler B, Sailer CO, Coynel D, Zanchi D, Vogt DR, Urwyler SA, Refardt J, Christ-Crain M. A randomized controlled trial of the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in primary polydipsia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151800. [PMID: 34473645 DOI: 10.1172/jci151800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrimary polydipsia, characterized by excessive fluid intake, carries the risk of water intoxication and hyponatremia, but treatment options are scarce. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) reduces appetite and food intake. In experimental models, GLP-1 has also been shown to play a role in thirst and drinking behavior. The aim of this trial was to investigate whether GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce fluid intake in patients with primary polydipsia.MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-week crossover trial, 34 patients with primary polydipsia received weekly dulaglutide (1.5 mg, Trulicity) in one treatment segment and placebo (0.9% sodium chloride) in the other. During the last treatment week, patients attended an 8-hour evaluation visit with free access to water. The primary endpoint was total fluid intake during the evaluation visits. Treatment effects were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. In a subset of 15 patients and an additional 15 matched controls, thirst perception and neuronal activity in response to beverage pictures were assessed by functional MRI.RESULTsPatients on dulaglutide reduced their fluid intake by 490 mL (95% CI: -780, -199; P = 0.002), from 2950 mL (95% CI: 2435, 3465) on placebo to 2460 mL (95% CI: 1946, 2475) on dulaglutide (model estimates), corresponding to a relative reduction of 17%. Twenty-four-hour urinary output was reduced by -943 mL (95% CI: -1473, -413; P = 0.001). Thirst perception in response to beverage pictures was higher for patients with primary polydipsia than for controls, and lower for patients on dulaglutide versus placebo, but functional activity was similar among groups and treatments.CONCLUSIONSGLP-1 receptor agonists reduce fluid intake and thirst perception in patients with primary polydipsia and could therefore be a treatment option for these patients.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT02770885.FundingSwiss National Science Foundation (grant 32473B_162608); University Hospital and University of Basel; Young Talents in Clinical Research grant from the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences and the Gottfried & Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation; Top-up Grant from the PhD Programme in Health Sciences, University of Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Winzeler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara O Sailer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Coynel
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and.,Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Zanchi
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah R Vogt
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Trial Unit, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine A Urwyler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Refardt
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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250
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Song Z, Tian H, Li Z, Luo Y, Liu Y. Changes in plant nutrient utilization during ecosystem recovery after wildfire. J Environ Manage 2021; 295:112994. [PMID: 34167057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire is the primary natural disturbance in boreal forest ecosystems. It substantially changes soil nutrient conditions and plant nutrient dynamics. After a wildfire, various plant strategies of nutrient utilization are fundamental to ecosystem recovery processes. Stability of plant nutrients reflects the ability of plants possessing relatively constant elemental concentrations in the face of nutrient changes, which can be calculated by the value of "nutrient homeostasis". However, the mechanism of how nutrient homeostasis mediates plant community recovery in post-fire ecosystems remains unknown. The dominant tree species that survived after fire and the new emergence of regenerated tree species are the important components of a plant community during the recovery process. Our primary objective was to elucidate the nutrient homeostasis trade-off between dominant and regenerated species over years after recovery. Five treatments, namely, 2 year, 10 year, 20 year, 30 years after moderate burning severity, and unburned forests, were designed in the boreal forests of Great Xing'an Mountains, Northeast China. Compared with unburned forests, wildfire lowered the average value of homeostasis of plant nutrients (N and P). Moreover, the mean homeostasis value of the dominant species (i.e., Larix gmelinii) was higher than that of the regenerated species (i.e., Betula platyphylla). The slope of relationship between nutrient homeostasis and recovery years of the regenerated species was higher than that of the dominant species, suggesting that the nutrient homeostasis in the regenerated species recovered more quickly than dominant species after recovery. Compared with the dominant species, changes in the regenerated species' homeostasis can explained more to the changes of species diversity during the years after recovery. This study revealed plant nutrient adaptation in different species and different plant organs with years after wildfire and highlighted the importance of nutrient homeostasis in plant adaptation strategies and the recovery of plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Song
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Huixia Tian
- School of Environment and Safety, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA; College of Resources and Environment, And Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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