Functional expression and signaling properties of cloned human parathyroid hormone receptor in Xenopus oocytes. Evidence for a novel signaling pathway

Expression of human parathyroid hormone receptor (hPTHR) was obtained in Xenopus oocytes. Receptor function was detected by hormone stimulation of endogenous Ca2+-activated Cl- current. This current was blocked by injected, but not by extracellular, EGTA, confirming that the hPTHR activates cytosolic Ca2+ signaling pathways. PTH responses were acutely desensitized but were regained in 6 12 h. Injection of cAMP or analogues had no effect on either responsiveness or desensitization to hPTH. The hPTH response was more sluggish than seen with serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2C) receptor. In oocytes co-expressing both hPTHR and 5-HT2C receptors, homologous desensitization was seen, but cross-desensitization was not observed. Injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) elicited a fast inward current similar to that induced by serotonin, and complete cross-desensitization occurred between the InsP3 and 5-HT2C responses. Desensitization by hPTH did not affect responses to either InsP3 or serotonin, but cells desensitized to injected InsP3 still responded strongly to PTH. Oocytes did not respond to either cADPR or NAADP+, but NADP+ and analogues were found to be potent inhibitors of PTH signaling. We suggest that PTH cytosolic Ca2+ signaling in oocytes either involves a novel signaling system or proceeds through a Ca2+ compartment whose responsiveness is regulated in a novel way.

Outcome of patients with symptomless carotid bruits: a prospective study

Knowledge of the natural history of symptomless carotid artery disease is important in determining the best preventative treatment for symptom-free patients. To document the progression of carotid artery disease and the clinical course of a symptomless population, 336 patients with symptom-free carotid bruits were prospectively followed up initially with oculoplethysmography and subsequently with duplex scanning. During a mean follow-up of 4.87 years, eight patients (2.4%) suffered a stroke. Thirty-seven (11.0%) experienced transient ischaemic attacks (TIAS). The cumulative event rate (TIA plus stroke) was 13.4% (45/336). The annual event rates were 0.48% for stroke, 2.26% for TIA and 2.75% for all ischaemic events. In a subgroup of 69 high-grade carotid stenoses (80-99%), 31 carotid endarterectomies were performed before the development of a TIA or stroke and 21 after the development of symptoms, while 17 lesions were followed-up non-operatively. The total event rate (TIA and stroke) was significantly greater in the non-operated compared with the operated arteries (51.0% versus 6.4% at 5 years, P=0.0034). However, most of the events which occurred in the non-operated group were TIAs (85.7%) rather than stroke. There was no difference In the death rate of the two groups (P>0.05). Review of serial duplex studies performed on 540 carotid arteries revealed that 382 arteries (70.7%) remained unchanged and 158 (29.3%) showed disease progression. Forty-four of the 540 arteries became symptomatic (TIA or stroke). In 29 of the 44, the event occurred without any change in diameter of the artery, while in 15 there was a change of at least one category greater stenosis. In 39 patients, the stenosis was at least 40% and in five the stenosis was under 40%. Nine events occurred in the patients with severe contralateral carotid stenoses (>60%). The incidence of TIA (32.2%), stroke (6.8%) and death (18.6%) was higher in patients with internal carotid artery stenoses in excess of 80% than in those with lesions between 0 and 79% stenosis (P<0.0001, P= 0.0367 and P=0.0236, respectively). In this study the incidence of cerebrovascular events was higher in patients with high-grade internal carotid artery disease, and the preservation of neurological status in patients with symptomless high-grade carotid artery stenosis was improved by carotid endarterectomy, although the overall mortality remained unchanged.

Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) mRNA in blast cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients

A specific and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for measuring the mRNA of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). A region corresponding to bp 3897-4471 of MRP cDNA is amplified, which encompasses approximately half of the second nucleotide-binding domain (NBD2). In two multidrug resistant (MDR) sublines of the HL-60 human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line which overexpress MRP but not P-glycoprotein, the assay detects elevated levels of MRP mRNA (4- to 8-fold) relative to the drug-sensitive parental cells (designated HL-60/W). Blast cells from 24 patients with AML were also studied for MRP expression using this RT-PCR method. Expression of MRP was normalized for that of beta-actin in the blast cells, which was also determined by RT-PCR. All of these blast cell samples had MRP expression that was detectable after 35 PCR cycles. Eighteen of these patients samples had levels of expression of MRP mRNA equal to or less than that expressed by HL-60/W cells. In six patient blast cell specimens, the expression of MRP mRNA was up to 1.7-fold higher than that of HL-60/W cells. In 21 specimens, the steady-state intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin (1 microgram/ml, 3h) was also determined. The blast cells with MRP mRNA expression higher than HL-60/W had a lower median accumulation of daunorubicin compared to those whose MRP expression was less than HL-60/W, suggesting a functional defect in drug transport in the cells with higher MRP expression; a similar trend toward lower daunorubicin accumulation was also noted in the one-third of samples that displayed the highest expression of MDR1 mRNA (also determined by RT-PCR). These studies illustrate the range of expression of MRP in AML blast cell specimens. The identification of MRP overexpression in MDR AML cell lines and in some AML patient blast cells with low intracellular daunorubicin accumulation warrants further study of MRP as a component of clinical drug resistance in AML.

Expression of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in human embryonic kidney 293 cells: ligand binding characteristics, in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography

The human neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor cDNA was transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells and used to determine the selectivity of newly developed Y1 and Y2 radioligands in a model which expresses a single NPY receptor subtype. The Y1 receptor probe, [125I][Leu31,Pro34]PYY, binds with high afinity (KD of 0.4-0.6 nM) to Y1-transfected HEK 293 cells whereas the Y2 radioligand, [125I]PPY3-36 failed to demonstrate any significant labelling. Only non-selective (PYY) or selective Y1 receptor agonists behaved as potent competitors for [125I][Leu31,Pro34]PYY binding in transfected cells. Additionally, the efficacy of the transfection method used was evaluated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In situ hybridization revealed the heterogeneous distribution of the NPY Y1 receptor mRNA expressed in transfected HEK 293 cells. Similarly, the levels of NPY Y1 binding sites per transfected cell varied as shown using [125I][Leu31,Pro34]PYY receptor autoradiography. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HEK 293 cells transfected with the NPY Y1 receptor cDNA expressed both the related receptor mRNA and protein albeit at different levels depending upon each transfected cell. Additionally, these data further establish the selectivity of the newly developed Y1 and Y2 radioligands.

Susceptibility of idarubicin, daunorubicin, and their C-13 alcohol metabolites to transport-mediated multidrug resistance

The intracellular pharmacokinetics and cytotoxicity of idarubicin (IDA), daunorubicin (DNR), and their corresponding C-13 alcohol metabolites, idarubicinol (IDAol) and daunorubicinol (DNRol), were studied in drug-sensitive HL-60/W human leukemia cells, and in two multidrug-resistant (MDR) sublines, HL-60/Vinc (overexpress P-glycoprotein, Pgp) and HL-60/Adr (overexpress multidrug resistance-associated protein, MRP). Intracellular drug accumulation (1 micrograms/mL) and retention were measured by flow cytometry. Mean intracellular steady-state concentration (Css, fluorescence units/cell) and area under the intracellular drug concentration x time curve (AUC, Fl.U/cell.min) were calculated. Relative to the values for the respective drugs in HL-60/W cells, the Css and AUC of IDA were much higher than those of DNR in the MDR cell lines, with Css and AUC of IDAol intermediate between IDA and DNR. In the MDR cell lines, the MDR modulator cyclosporine A (CsA), in concentrations of 0.3 to 30 mumol/L, caused minimal effects on 3-hr IDA accumulation, intermediate enhancement of IDAol accumulation, and greatest enhancement of DNR accumulation. The MDR cell lines were much less resistant to IDA (3- to 16-fold) than to DNR (65- to 117-fold). This difference was not the result of IDA being more potent than DNR, since the sensitivity of HL-60/W cells to IDA differed from their sensitivity to DNR by < 2-fold. The cellular pharmacokinetics and cytotoxicity of IDA in MDR human breast carcinoma cells MCF-7/AdrVp, which overexpress the putative MDR transporter P-95, were far superior to those of DNR, and were comparable to these parameters for IDA in parental MCF-7/W cells. These studies demonstrate that the cellular pharmacology and cytotoxicity of IDA in MDR cell lines that overexpress MRP, Pgp, or P-95 are more advantageous than those of DNR, suggesting that IDA is less susceptible to the transport-mediated MDR mechanism manifested. IDA is not completely invulnerable to MDR, however, since the MDR sublines studied did display a demonstrable level of resistance to IDA, compared with their drug-sensitive counterparts. IDAol, the major plasma metabolite of IDA, demonstrated behavior intermediate between the MDR-susceptible drug DNR and its parent compound, suggesting that its cytotoxic action is subject to transport-mediated cellular defenses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Duplex ultrasound assessment of the venous status of the swollen leg

Between January 1991 and December 1993, duplex ultrasound characterization of venous disease in leg swelling was studied in 214 patients (261 limbs; 167 unilateral and 47 bilateral). All patients were examined with a duplex scanner, the superficial and deep venous systems were evaluated for the presence of thrombus and valvular incompetence. Of the 261 limbs, 29 (11.1%) had deep venous thrombosis, 14 (5.4%) had superficial venous thrombosis, 66 (25.3%) had deep venous incompetence (31/66 limbs also had superficial venous incompetence), 65 (24.9%) had incompetence in the superficial veins only, and five (1.9%) had deep venous obstruction resulting from a popliteal cyst or a popliteal vein ligation. Eighty-two limbs (31.4%) had no evidence of venous obstruction or incompetence at the areas evaluated. This study showed that venous obstruction and valvular incompetence had occurred in two-thirds of swollen legs examined. Some of the venous obstructions resulted from surgically treatable diseases such as a popliteal cyst, and some of the venous disorders involved the superficial venous system only. Complete venous evaluation with duplex imaging can be very helpful in the determination of the underlying cause of the swelling.

Recurrent varicose veins following high ligation of long saphenous vein: a duplex ultrasound study

Duplex scanning was used to study recurrent varicose veins in 244 limbs with previous high ligation of the long saphenous vein. The recurrent varicose veins were classified into two types according to the presence or absence of a residual long saphenous vein. Varicose veins with a residual long saphenous vein (type I) occurred in 168 limbs (68.9%). A residual long saphenous vein with an incompetent saphenofemoral junction was present in 125 limbs and one without any residual saphenofemoral junction in 43 limbs. Besides the presence of an incompetent long saphenous vein in this group, an incompetent short saphenous vein was detected in 26 limbs, incompetent perforating vein(s) in 45 limbs and incompetent deep veins in 26 limbs. Varicose veins without a residual long saphenous vein (type II) occurred in 76 limbs (31.1%). An incompetent short saphenous vein was demonstrated in 44 limbs, incompetent perforating vein(s) in 18 limbs and incompetent deep veins in 32 limbs. Of the total 244 limbs with recurrent varicose veins, long saphenous vein incompetence was involved in 168 (68.9%), short saphenous vein incompetence in 70 (28.7%), perforating vein incompetence in 63 (25.8%) and deep venous incompetence in 58 (23.8%). Although saphenofemoral junction incompetence was found to be the main source of recurrence, a segment of incompetent residual long saphenous vein, an incompetent short saphenous vein, perforating vein and deep venous system incompetence are other common sources of recurrence. A precise assessment to identify underlying venous incompetence is important for the management of recurrent varicose veins.

An etoposide-resistant lung cancer subline overexpresses the multidrug resistance-associated protein

We have characterised an etoposide-resistant subline of the small-cell lung cancer cell line, UMCC-1, derived at our centre. Subline UMCC-1/VP was developed by culturing the parent line in increasing concentrations of etoposide over 16 months. UMCC-1/VP is 20-fold resistant to etoposide by MTT assays, relative to the parent line, and is cross-resistant to doxorubicin, vincristine and actinomycin D, but not to taxol, cisplatin, melphalan, thiotepa or idarubicin. Topoisomerase II immunoblotting demonstrates a 50% reduction of the protein in the resistant subline. The UMCC-1/VP subline demonstrates a marked decrease in the accumulation of [3H]etoposide relative to the parent line, as well as a modest reduction in the accumulation of daunorubicin. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays demonstrate no detectable mdr1 expression but marked expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene in the resistant subline. Northern blotting with an MRP cDNA probe confirms marked overexpression of the MRP gene only in the UMCC-1/VP subline. Western blotting with antisera against MRP peptide confirms a 195 kDa protein band in the UMCC-1/VP subline. Southern blotting experiments demonstrate a 10-fold amplification of the MRP gene in the resistant subline. Depletion of glutathione with buthionine sulphoximine sensitised UMCC-1/VP cells to daunorubicin and etoposide. Our studies indicate that MRP gene expression may be induced by etoposide and may lead to reduced accumulation of the drug.

Transforming growth factor alpha gene expression in cultured human keratinocytes is unaffected by cellular aging

BACKGROUND

Cultured human keratinocyte grafts have been shown to stimulate endogenous reepithelialization of both chronic nonhealing and acute partial-thickness wounds. This effect is most likely mediated by cytokines that stimulate keratinocyte growth, such as transforming growth factor alpha. The effect of cellular age on cytokine expression by cultured grafts used for this purpose is presently undefined. In this study, transforming growth factor alpha gene expression in cultured foreskin keratinocytes from donors varying in age from 2 to 82 years was analyzed semiquantitatively by two separate methods, ie, Northern hybridization and competitive polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

No pattern of decline in transforming growth factor alpha messenger RNA expression with increasing cellular age was observed by either analysis.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that expression of transforming growth factor alpha by cultured grafts may not be significantly affected by increasing cellular age and suggest that, even in the elderly, cultured autografts may be effective as pharmacologic agents for wound treatment.

Normal mouse skin lymphocyte, Langerhans cell, and keratinocyte responses to intradermal injections of interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma

To investigate the skin immune responses induced by intradermal injections of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), normal C3H mice were injected intradermally with murine recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFN-alpha), interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma), or the combination of rIFN-alpha and rIFN-gamma, three times per week for 2 or 4 weeks. Contralateral sites were similarly injected with placebo (saline). The results showed that after 6 or 12 injections of rIFN-alpha (10,000 IU/per injection), epidermal ATPase+ and Ia+ Langerhans cells (LGs) decreased significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) but dermal lymphocytic infiltrates, including CD3+ (pan-T cells), L3T4+ (T helper cells), Lyt-2+ (T suppressor/cytotoxic cells), MOMA+ (macrophages and monocytes), and dermal Ia+ cells, increased significantly (p < 0.01) compared with both saline injection sites and untreated skin. In contrast to rIFN-alpha, 6 injections of 10,000 IU rIFN-gamma failed to induce significant changes in either epidermal LGs or dermal lymphocytic infiltrates, except for an increase in dermal MOMA+ cells. High-dose rIFN-gamma injections (50,000 IU) strongly enhanced the expression of Ia antigen in epidermal keratinocytes (KCs), increased dermal lymphocytic infiltrates, and decreased the LGs in a similar pattern to that of rIFN-alpha. Furthermore, rIFN-gamma (50,000 IU) injections induced Ia antigen expression on the KCs in the contralateral saline injection areas, suggesting a systemic effect. Injections of a combination of rIFN-alpha and rIFN-gamma failed to show synergism for induction of skin immune responses.

Identification of a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase with sequence homology to the cytoskeletal proteins of the band 4.1 family

Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in conjunction with Southern hybridization, using probes corresponding to known phosphatase sequences, resulted in the identification of rat cDNA clones encoding a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase which was termed rPTP2E. The cDNAs comprise 5,543 bp and predict a polypeptide of 1175 amino acids possessing a single catalytic domain at its C-terminus. The N-terminal region of the deduced polypeptide displays high sequence homology to the cytoskeleton-associated proteins of the band 4.1 family. A variant form, termed rPTP2E1, was also identified which contains the catalytic domain only. rPTP2E and rPTP2E1 were expressed in various rat tissues, particularly abundantly in adrenal glands. The catalytic domain of PTP2E was expressed in Escherichia coli and was shown to possess specific protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. The identification of rPTP2E suggests the existence of a subfamily of band 4.1 domain-containing PTPs which may play an important role in signalling pathway and control of cytoskeletal integrity.

Computerized quantitation of synergism and antagonism of taxol, topotecan, and cisplatin against human teratocarcinoma cell growth: a rational approach to clinical protocol design

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy may achieve a complete response (i.e., no sign of tumor following treatment) in 70%-80% of patients with germ cell tumors. However, only a minority of patients in whom the firstline regimens fail are cured with the salvage regimens.

PURPOSE

The aim of these studies was to identify new agents or new regimens for the treatment of germ cell tumors by carrying out quantitative assessment in vitro of two promising new antitumor agents (paclitaxel [Taxol] and topotecan) and three more established agents (cisplatin, vincristine, and etoposide). These agents were used singly or in two- and three-drug combinations and were selected because they represent five distinct categories of antineoplastic mechanisms.

METHODS

The combination index-isobologram method, which is based on the median-effect principle developed by Chou and Talalay, was used for computerized data analysis. This method was selected because it takes into account both the potencies of each drug and combinations of these drugs and the shapes of their dose-effect curves.

RESULTS

Synergism against the growth of teratocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin (833K/64CP10 cells) was greater than against the growth of parent 833K cells. The degrees of synergism were in the following order: cisplatin + topotecan > or = paclitaxel + cisplatin + topotecan > paclitaxel + topotecan > or = paclitaxel + etoposide > paclitaxel + cisplatin + etoposide > paclitaxel + cisplatin. All other combinations showed nearly additive effects or moderate antagonism. The degrees of antagonism were as follows: cisplatin + etoposide > or = paclitaxel + vincristine > paclitaxel + cisplatin + vincristine > cisplastin + vincristine. The combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin was synergistic against 833K/64CP10 cells and moderately antagonistic against 833K cells. Since the combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and topotecan and the two-component combinations of these drugs (cisplatin + topotecan and paclitaxel + topotecan) showed synergism stronger than that of other combinations, these three drugs were selected for illustrating detailed data analysis, using a computer software program developed in this institute.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Our findings suggest that, as a result of synergy, the doses of these agents needed to achieve an antitumor effect may be reduced by twofold to eightfold when these agents are given in combination. The present quantitative data analyses for synergism or antagonism provide a basis for a rational design of clinical protocols for combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced germ cell tumors.

Localization of diazepam-binding inhibitor and peripheral type benzodiazepine binding sites in the rat ovary

Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) is the precursor of a family of peptides, including an octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), that share with DBI the ability to specifically displace benzodiazepines (BZD) from their receptors. An association of ODN with the peripheral type BZD receptors (PBR) has been reported in the brain and a few peripheral tissues. In order to investigate whether DBI and PBR are present in ovarian tissue, we have localized DBI by means of immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization and autoradiography of PBR in the rat ovary. Immunocytochemical localization was achieved by means of rabbit antibodies developed against rat ODN. Immunostaining was located in the cytoplasm of the theca interna, corpus luteum and interstitial gland cells, but not in the granulosa cells. Hybridization signal obtained following in situ hybridization with a [35S]-labelled single-stranded RNA probe complementary to DBI mRNA was observed in all the steroid-secreting cells, including granulosa cells of developing and mature follicles. Autoradiographic localization of PBR obtained by incubating ovary sections with [3H] PK11195, a ligand selective for PBR, revealed the presence of specific labelling in all the steroid-secreting cells. These results, which demonstrate for the first time that the ovarian steroid-secreting cells contain both PBR and its endogenous ligand, suggest that the BZD receptor might be involved in the regulation of ovarian function.

The value of duplex scanning in surveillance of infra-inguinal vein and synthetic grafts

The contribution of duplex scanning to improving early diagnosis of graft stenosis was evaluated in 195 patients after infrainguinal bypass procedures. Over a 31 month period. 406 duplex scans were obtained on 232 limbs with 191 vein and 41 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. Peak systolic velocities > 200 cm/s with spectral broadening and lumen reduction on B-mode image were the criteria adopted for identification of a haemodynamically significant (> 50%) stenosis. Sixty-one stenoses were identified in 55 of the grafted limbs. Thirty-three of the 55 limbs had a subsequent angiogram. The angiogram showed graft occlusion in six limbs, graft stenosis in 18, and native artery stenosis in four. Twenty-one of the grafts had the angiogram within 1 month after the duplex had detected graft stenosis, and one (4.76%) became occluded in this interval. Seven had an angiogram more than 1 month after the duplex study, and five (71.4%) had become occluded. The angiographic study did not confirm a graft stenosis in five limbs. Three were submitted to operation and stenosis was confirmed. Seventeen graft thromboses were detected by duplex scanning. Graft thrombosis was demonstrated following a previous negative duplex scan in one of the 106 vein grafts (0.94%), and in four of 30 PTFE grafts (13.3%). Duplex scanning is effective in the detection of graft stenosis. The precise anatomical location is less accurate when in the region of an anastomosis. Early attention should be taken when duplex studies suggest critical stenosis because there is a high risk of occlusion. Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts tend to thrombose without a precursory focal stenosis.

An anatomic source of false venous reflux with continuous wave Doppler

BACKGROUND

The limitations of continuous wave (CW) Doppler have been recognized in the assessment of venous reflux since CW Doppler is not able to distinguish reflux signals from more than one vein. In our experience, some regions with venous reflux suggested by CW Doppler were noted to have no reflux in any individual vein during duplex studies.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to assess the anatomic source of the venous reflux suggested by CW Doppler but not confirmed by duplex ultrasound.

METHODS

Five hundred and fifty-one consecutive lower limbs with primary or recurrent varicose veins were examined with CW Doppler and subsequently by color-coded duplex ultrasound to assess the source of venous reflux.

RESULTS

The duplex ultrasound study revealed no reflux in 44 specific regions (8%) where reflux had been indicated by CW Doppler. Two types of anatomy were noted. Two or more superficial veins joined the deep venous system via a common junction in 25 cases. A descending vein joined the deep venous system in 19 cases.

CONCLUSION

A bidirectional Doppler signal in a region of venous junction without any incompetent veins can be misinterpreted as venous reflux. A careful examination of veins not only at the region of the junction, but also at some distance down the stem of the vein is important during CW Doppler or duplex assessment.

Transfection of a nonactive site mutant murine DHFR cDNA (the tryptophan 15 mutant) into Chinese hamster ovary and mouse marrow progenitor cells imparts MTX resistance in vitro

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DHFR-cells were converted to the DHFR+ (dihydrofolate reductase) phenotype when transfected with a mammalian expression vector containing the murine mutant Trp15 DHFR cDNA. Transfection of the Trp15 DHFR cDNA into wild-type CHO cells resulted in resistance to high levels of methotrexate (MTX) in vitro indicating that this mutant DHFR cDNA can act as a dominant marker. Southern and Northern blot analyses of transfected cells indicated that the transfected mutant DHFR cDNA was integrated and expressed. Gene copy number analysis showed that the Trp15 cDNA was amplifiable in increasing concentrations of MTX. Transfection of murine bone marrow progenitor cells with the Trp15 mutant DHFR cDNA resulted in MTX resistant colony forming units-granulocyte macrophage.

The mitochondrial DNA mutation at position 11778 in Chinese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

We amplified the 340 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by PCR including the recognized sequence of restriction enzyme of SfaN I. After amplification and digestion of SfaN I, two bands of 190 bp and 150 bp appeared in the mtDNA of four normal individuals but only one band of 340 bp appeared in the mtDNA with the mutation of G to A at the site of the nucleotide 11778 because such mutation destroyed the recognized sequence of SfaN I. We studied the mtDNAs of the patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy from 19 Chinese families and their maternal relatives as well as the normal individuals i. e. the husbands of the female members of the pedigrees. The results show that 66.7% of the patients (30/45) and 54.7% of the maternal relatives (29/53) have such a mutation, while no such a mutation exists in the four normal individuals. So, we conclude that the mutation of mitochondrial DNA at position 11,778 is also a major cause of LHON in China.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: follow-up with treadmill exercise testing

Between 1986 and 1992, 308 percutaneous transluminal angioplasties in 252 patients were reviewed in the vascular laboratory of the Austin Hospital. The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 6 years. Treadmill exercise testing was used as an additional mode of assessment to resting ankle/brachial pressure indices in monitoring outcome. Early haemodynamic improvement rate was 86.7%. In 267 successful cases, 199 had increased the mean(s.d.) resting ankle/brachial pressure index from 0.68(0.15) to 0.96(0.14) (P < 0.05) and another 68 with normal or unchanged resting ankle/brachial pressure indices after the procedure increased the mean(s.d.) post-exercise pressure index from 0.45(0.24) to 0.82(0.23) (P < 0.05). The primary haemodynamic improvement rate of initially successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasties was 80.1% at 1 year and was maintained in 46.1% of cases 5 years after. Treadmill exercise testing revealed reduction of the ankle/brachial pressure index in 69 patients during follow-up, indicating restenosis of the dilated lesion or development of a new arterial stenosis. Fifty-two of the 69 patients exhibited a significant drop in the resting pressure index. However, in the 17 remaining patients, only the post-exercise index decrease indicated haemodynamic deterioration. Treadmill exercise testing proved to be valuable adjunct in detecting haemodynamic changes after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

Synergistic reversal of multidrug-resistance phenotype in acute myeloid leukemia cells by cyclosporin A and cremophor EL

Cremophor (Crem) EL, the vehicle for intravenous delivery of cyclosporin A (CsA), has been reported to counteract multidrug resistance (MDR) in P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-over-expressing cell lines. Because of this, we sought to determine whether Crem functions independently as a modulator of MDR in blast cells obtained from acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients, and the nature of its interaction in combination with CsA in reversing an MDR phenotype. In the phenotypically classical MDR AML cell lines HL-60/Vinc (overexpresses Pgp) or HL-60/AR (does not overexpress Pgp), the dose causing half-maximum enhancement (D50) of daunorubicin (DNR, 1 micrograms/mL, 3 hours) accumulation was achieved by the combination of CsA and Crem (CsA/Crem) at 1.2 mumol/L CsA. In contrast, the D50 for Crem alone was approached at an amount that would be needed to suspend 6.2 mumol/L CsA for HL-60/Vinc, and 81 mumol/L CsA for HL-60/AR. The D50 concentrations for CsA alone (dissolved in ethanol, which does not alter DNR accumulation) were also higher than those for CsA/Crem, being 6.5 mumol/L for HL-60/Vinc, and 3.1 mumol/L for HL-60/AR. The maximum absolute level of enhancement of DNR accumulation (Emax) in each cell line was approximately equivalent for CsA/Crem or CsA alone, and was equal to the 3 hr intracellular DNR accumulation observed in parental, drug sensitive HL-60/W cells. For Crem alone, HL-60/AR and HL-60/Vinc cells showed markedly different responses: HL-60/Vinc cells attained intracellular DNR content comparable to HL-60/W, whereas HL-60/AR cells achieved only approximately 35% of this level. Multiple-drug effects were analyzed by calculation of the Combination Index (Chou and Talalay, Adv Enzyme Regul 22:27, 1984), which indicated that CsA and Crem are synergistic in causing enhancement of DNR accumulation in these MDR HL-60 cell lines. In blasts from AML patients, 5 mumol/L CsA/Crem or an equivalent amount of Crem alone each caused significant (P < .001) enhancement of DNR accumulation (60 AML-patient marrow samples) or DNR retention (51 AML-patient marrows). Similarly, CsA/Crem or Crem alone caused significant (P < .01) enhancement of the cytotoxicity of DNR in 36 AML blast cell specimens. The degree of enhancement of accumulation/retention or cytotoxicity by CsA/Crem was approximately equivalent to that obtained with Crem alone. These studies indicate that Crem can reverse an MDR phenotype in patient AML blast cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Characterization of the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in tomato

A cDNA clone (DFR) encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase was identified from tomato hypocotyls. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons to Petunia hybrida, Antirrhinum majus and Zea mays DFR sequences confirmed that the cDNA encodes the structural DFR gene. In tomato, the DFR sequence appeared to be present as a single gene and mapped to a region on chromosome 2 near two loci affecting anthocyanin pigmentation, are and aw. DFR was expressed in both leaf and hypocotyl tissue. Sequencing data from two DFR cDNA clones indicated there are alternative polyadenylation sites on DFR.

Duplex scanning and light reflection rheography in the assessment of the severity of short saphenous vein incompetence

BACKGROUND

Duplex ultrasound assessment of veins in the popliteal fossa is an accepted alternative to venography. Light reflection rheography provides additional quantitative information on venous reflux in chronic venous insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE

To use duplex ultrasound and light reflection rheography to study the venous reflux patterns in the popliteal fossa in a group of patients.

METHODS

Duplex ultrasound examination and light reflection rheography were used in the assessment of the severity of short saphenous vein incompetence.

RESULTS

The study revealed that any associated deep venous reflux which was detectable beyond the saphenopopliteal junction represented a more advanced stage of superficial venous insufficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

Light reflection rheography, as a semiquantitative test, provided useful additional information to duplex scan findings in assessing venous reflux of the popliteal fossa. Short saphenous vein reflux with functional deep venous incompetence was associated with shorter venous refilling times and clinically represented a more advanced stage of primary varicose vein disease.

Normal human skin lymphocytic and Langerhans' cell responses to intradermal interferon alpha-2 beta injections

The effects of intradermal injection of interferon alpha-2 beta on normal human skin were studied in 12 healthy adult volunteers using 500,000 international units recombinant human interferon alpha-2 beta, 3 times a week for five injections (n = 6) and nine injections (n = 6). Saline injections served as control sites. Lymphocytic infiltrates and the population of epidermal Langerhans' cells in the injection areas were observed. The results showed that epidermal Langerhans' cells (both adenosine triphosphatase positive and CD-1+) decreased significantly whereas human leukocyte antigen-DR expression in keratinocytes was enhanced. Dermal CD-3+ (Pan T cells), CD-4+ (T helper cells) and human leukocyte antigen DR+ cells increased. No significant differences in the number of CD-19+ (B cells) and CD-57+ (NK cells) were observed. There were no significant differences between the five-injection and nine-injection groups.

p53 point mutations in dysplastic and cancerous ulcerative colitis lesions

BACKGROUND

The molecular basis of colorectal dysplasia and carcinoma arising in ulcerative colitis is poorly understood. Loss of heterozygosity involving the tumor suppressor gene p53 occurs frequently in neoplastic ulcerative colitis lesions. Point mutation affecting p53 is associated with loss of heterozygosity in other cancers. Therefore, it was determined whether p53 point mutation occurs in ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia.

METHODS

Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, DNA sequencing, and loss of heterozygosity studies were performed on 45 patients with ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia and carcinoma.

RESULTS

Point mutations were detected in 26 lesions from 20 patients, including 18 carcinomas, 6 dysplasia-associated masses, 1 flat dysplasia, and 1 lymph node metastasis. In two cases, identical p53 mutations were observed in both carcinoma and adjacent dysplasia. Missense mutations causing amino acid substitutions as well as nonsense mutations resulting in premature stop codons were seen. Tandem mutations, in which more than 1 sequence alteration occurred on the same allele of p53, were also detected. Point mutation was accompanied by loss of the other p53 allele in 8 of 10 patients informative for both loss of heterozygosity and mutation assays.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that inactivation of p53 by mutation and loss of heterozygosity is a common mechanism of malignant transformation in ulcerative colitis. They also imply that in contrast to sporadic colorectal carcinoma, ulcerative colitis-associated neoplastic progression may involve p53 inactivation at relatively early, noninvasive stages.

Altered messenger RNA and unique mutational profiles of p53 and Rb in human esophageal carcinomas

Seventy-nine esophageal carcinoma patients were studied for genetic abnormalities in the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor genes. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing were used to detect p53 point mutations, Northern blotting was used to examine abnormal expression of p53 and Rb, and polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting were used to analyze allelic loss. Twenty-five cases were analyzed by DNA sequencing to detect mutations in p53. Fourteen samples contained mutations within exons 5 through 9 of p53; seven had missense mutations giving rise to single amino acid substitutions. The remaining seven (50%) contained nonsense mutations leading to premature termination, five due to single base pair substitutions, and two that were the result of frameshift mutations. In other human tumors, p53 mutations are predominantly missense mutations, but our data as well as those from other groups show that nonsense mutations are common in human esophageal cancer. All but one of the constitutionally heterozygous samples containing mutations also manifested loss of the normal p53 allele; the one exception without allelic loss contained a silent mutation, which should not have had any affect on the p53 protein product. In addition, Northern blotting analysis revealed abnormalities (altered transcript size or mRNA levels) in 5 of 7 cases involving p53 and in 2 of 7 cases analyzed for Rb. Thirty-four cases were informative for allelic loss studies of both p53 and Rb; of these, 25 (74%) lost heterozygosity of p53, Rb, or both. When point mutations and mRNA expression abnormalities were also considered, 33 of 45 (73%) tumors informative for allelic loss assays of both genes as well as for mRNA or point mutation studies showed one or more abnormalities in p53 or Rb. Our results strongly suggest that a unique profile of molecular alterations involving p53 and Rb characterizes human esophageal cancer and that these specific genetic lesions are important in the development and/or progression of most human esophageal carcinomas.

[An observation of the effects of rat's condylar cartilage after application of retractive force on the mandible]

The changes of histologic structure and matrix secreting of rat's condylar cartilage after application of upward retractive force to the mandible were investigated by means of histology and histochemistry. After the force application, the condylar cartilage became thinner, the amount of the cells in the germ zone decreased, and that in the transition and transform zone were extremely or even disappeared. Sometimes a calcification zone was discovered in the cartilage and some cells of the mature zone were embed in it. The amount of acid mucopolysaccharide in the matrix also decreased. The result indicated that the retractive force inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of condylar cartilage remarkedly. This was the mainly morphologic bases of the shorted mandible which as a result of the retractive force applied to the mandible.

Loss of heterozygosity involves multiple tumor suppressor genes in human esophageal cancers

Loss of heterozygosity occurring on various chromosomes has been described in the majority of human tumors. The targets of frequent or consistent subchromosomal deletions are believed to be tumor suppressor genes. We examined 72 esophageal tumors (46 squamous cell carcinomas and 26 adenocarcinomas) for loss of heterozygosity at the p53, Rb, APC, MCC, and DCC loci. Inclusion of these tumor suppressor genes in the allelic deletions was directly ascertained by performing polymerase chain reaction at polymorphic sites within the genes. Loss of heterozygosity occurred in 55% of informative cases at p53, in 48% of informative cases at Rb, in 66% at APC, in 63% at MCC, and in 24% at DCC. Ninety-three % of tumors informative at all loci (fully informative) lost heterozygosity of at least one locus. A high percentage of fully informative tumors (71%) also lost heterozygosity at more than one locus. There were no significant differences among histological types in the prevalence of loss of heterozygosity at any locus. There were correlations of losses involving MCC versus DCC, Rb, and p53. These data suggest that (a) allelic deletions including these tumor suppressor genes are important in the formation and/or progression of most esophageal cancers; (b) allelic deletions involving MCC may not occur independently of deletions involving other tumor suppressor genes; and (c) the accumulation of multiple allelic deletions involving specific tumor suppressor genes may be important in most esophageal tumorigenesis or tumor evolution.

Prolactin regulation of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus

It is well known that the opiate peptides, especially the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-related peptide beta-endorphin, stimulate the release of prolactin (PRL) in the rat. In order to evaluate the involvement of PRL on the activity of POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus, we have studied the effects of the injection of PRL into the third ventricle of intact and hypophysectomized rats as well as the effects of hyperprolactinemia induced by pituitary implants under the kidney capsule on POMC gene expression. The amounts of POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus were measured by in situ hybridization using a [35S]-labelled cDNA probe encoding for POMC. Hypophysectomy performed 2 weeks previously decreased by 24% the number of silver grains/unit of surface of labelled neurons. Intracerebroventricular injection of 3 micrograms of PRL 4 h before sacrifice induced a significant decrease in the hybridization signal of 32 and 20% in the intact and hypophysectomized rat, respectively. Hyperprolactinemia achieved by pituitary implants also led to a significant decrease in POMC mRNA levels. The present data show that hypophysectomy depresses hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels and that this effect is not related to the suppression of PRL secretion since this hormone exerts an inhibitory action on POMC gene expression. They suggest that the regulation of PRL secretion by short loop feedback mechanism might be well mediated by beta-endorphin which has already been shown to inhibit dopaminergic neuron activity in the arcuate nucleus.

Role of dopamine in the regulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus and pituitary gland of the female rat as studied by in situ hybridization

The effects of the dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol (HAL) as well as the D2 dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine (BRO) on proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in the female rat arcuate nucleus and pituitary were investigated by quantitative in situ hybridization. Since we had already shown that sex steroids could induce a decrease in POMC mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus of castrated rats, the involvement of the dopaminergic system in the inhibitory effect of estradiol (E2) was also investigated. In situ hybridization was performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections through the arcuate nucleus and whole pituitary gland using a 35S-labelled cDNA probe encoding for POMC. In the arcuate nucleus of intact animals, a 14-day treatment with BRO increased by 54% the number of silver grains/unit of surface of labelled neurons while HAL decreased by 30% the value of this parameter. Hypophysectomy which induced a 20% decrease in the hybridization signal could not prevent the effects of BRO or HAL. Ovariectomy performed 14 days earlier increased by 20% the number of silver grains while a 14-day treatment of ovariectomized animals with E2 decreased the hybridization signal by 32%. On the other hand, the concomitant administration of HAL and E2 did not induce significant variations in POMC mRNA levels compared to those obtained following HAL administration, but slightly decreased the hybridization signal by 20% compared to that induced by E2 alone. In the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, BRO markedly depressed (30% of control values) and HAL increased by 50% the levels of POMC mRNA. The present data clearly demonstrate that POMC mRNA levels are differently regulated by dopamine in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and the arcuate nucleus and that the effects of BRO and HAL on arcuate POMC mRNA are not mediated by the pituitary gland. They do not allow to draw any definite conclusion about the possible involvement of the dopaminergic system in the inhibitory role of E2 on POMC gene regulation.

[Anti-inflammatory effect of differently processed rhizoma Typhon] off

Rat was employed to study the anti-inflammatory effect of Rhizoma Typhon processed by different methods. The result showed that processed and raw Rhizoma Typhon had similar action. With the new processing method similar anti-inflammatory effect was obtained compared with the old processing method.

Regulation of Prolactin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels by Estradiol and Dihydrotestosterone as Evaluated by in situ Hybridization Performed on Implanted Pituitary Glands and Anterior Pituitary Cells in Culture in the Male Rat

We have recently demonstrated that 17ß-estradiol (E(2) ) administration increases protactin (PRL) mRNA levels in the male rat anterior pituitary gland and that this stimulatory effect is partially inhibited by concomitant administration of dihydrotestosterone. In order to gain more information about the site(s) of action of E(2) and dihydrotestosterone on PRL gene expression, we have studied the effects of these two hormones in pituitaries implanted under the kidney capsule as well as in anterior pituitary cells in culture. In implanted pituitaries, PRL mRNA levels were increased by 90% as compared to values obtained in the stalk-connected pituitaries from the same animals. Administration of E(2) induced a further increase of PRL mRNA levels in implanted pituitaries, while dihydrotestosterone did not produce any change in animals which had been treated or not with E(2) . In anterior pituitary cells in culture, addition of E(2) to the culture medium resulted in a 60% increase of PRL mRNA levels over control values. Supplementation with dihydrotestosterone did not induce any variation in the concentration of PRL mRNA in cells which were treated or not with E(2) . These results indicate that E(2) exerts a direct action on PRL cells at the pituitary level and strongly support the key role of the hypothalamus in the inhibitory effect of androgens on estrogen-induced stimulation of PRL mRNA in the male rat pituitary.

Loss of heterozygosity involving the APC and MCC genetic loci occurs in the majority of human esophageal cancers

The tumor suppressor gene APC was recently identified, and the cDNA was cloned from chromosome 5q21. Point mutations affecting APC are seen in the hereditary syndrome familial adenomatous polyposis, and point mutations in APC and a closely linked gene, MCC, as well as loss of heterozygosity involving chromosome 5q have been reported in sporadic colon cancer. To our knowledge, loss of heterozygosity involving APC or MCC or both has not yet been described in any other human cancer besides lung cancer. We used the polymerase chain reaction and DNA content flow cytometric nuclear sorting to examine 30 primary human esophageal cancers for loss of heterozygosity of APC or MCC or both. Loss of one allele was detected in 77% of 26 informative cases. These data suggest that loss of heterozygosity of regions on 5q including the APC and MCC genetic loci is involved in the development and/or progression of most human esophageal cancers. They imply that inactivation of APC, MCC, and/or a linked gene on chromosome 5q plays a role in the pathogenesis of some cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as in colon cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis.

Loss of heterozygosity affecting the p53, Rb, and mcc/apc tumor suppressor gene loci in dysplastic and cancerous ulcerative colitis

Allelic deletions of tumor suppressor genes have been observed frequently in a variety of human tumors. These losses are believed to contribute to the development of human cancer. Three of the most frequently deleted chromosomal loci contain the tumor suppressor genes p53, retinoblastoma (Rb), and mcc/apc. In order to detect loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within these genes in dysplastic and cancerous ulcerative colitis, we used an application of the polymerase chain reaction. LOH affecting p53 was observed in 8 of 17 (47%) of heterozygous patients, while LOH of Rb and the mcc/apc locus was observed in 9 of 27 (33%) and 13 of 39 (33%) of heterozygotes, respectively. Among 35 patients heterozygous at 2 or more loci, LOH of p53, Rb, and/or mcc/apc was observed in 18 (51%). LOH was more common in left-sided neoplasms. These data suggest that allelic deletion of p53, Rb, mcc, and/or apc is involved in the pathogenesis and/or progression of at least a subset of colonic dysplasias and carcinomas occurring in the setting of ulcerative colitis.

Venous reflux patterns in the popliteal fossa

Incompetent veins in the popliteal fossa were assessed with duplex ultrasound in 123 legs of 104 patients. In 91 cases the venous reflux was the result of a single incompetent vein draining into the deep system. In 32 cases duplex ultrasound demonstrated a combination of incompetent veins. With the exception of 3 patients duplex scanning accurately localised the incompetent veins and their "junctions" with the deep system. In 48 legs the reflux signal, detected in the surface vein, extended back beyond the "junction" into a proximal segment of the popliteal vein or superficial femoral vein; in most cases the distal popliteal vein remained competent. Six distinct venous reflux patterns were identified in the popliteal fossa, which seemed to correlate with the severity of related clinical symptoms.

In vivo Regulation of Prolactin Gene Expression in the Male Rat: Role of Sex Steroids and Dopamine

Abstract The influence of sex steroids and the dopaminergic system on the in vivo modulation of prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels was investigated by quantitative in situ hybridization in the male rat anterior pituitary gland. In situ hybridization was performed using a [(35)S]-labeled cDNA probe encoding PRL. Orchiectomy performed 14 days earlier did not modify PRL mRNA levels. In orchiectomized rats treatment with the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine for 14 days decreased PRL mRNA levels by 30%, while in intact animals the same treatment did not induce any changes in PRL mRNA levels. Administration of the dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist haloperidol in both intact and orchiectomized rats induced a 4-fold increase in mRNA levels. Administration of dihydrotestosterone to orchiectomized animals which had been treated or not with haloperidol or bromocriptine did not modify PRL mRNA levels. In orchiectomized animals administration of 17ss-estradiol (0.25 mug twice daily) for 14 days caused a 4-fold increase in amounts of PRL mRNA. Administration of bromocriptine to 17ss-estradiol-treated animals induced a 15% decrease of PRL mRNA levels compared to those obtained by 17ss-estradiol administered alone. The concomitant administration of 17ss-estradiol and haloperidol resulted in a 50% increase in PRL mRNA levels compared to those measured in animals treated with haloperidol alone. The present results clearly demonstrate that in vivo estrogen as well as dopamine-mediated mechanisms play a regulatory role in PRL mRNA levels in the male rat.

Distribution and characterization of endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand (endozepine)-like peptides in the rat gastrointestinal tract

Endozepine is the generic name for a family of peptides that are capable of displacing benzodiazepines and the 3-carboxylate ester of beta-carboline from their specific binding sites on synaptosomal membranes. The 104-amino acid polypeptide diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) and the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) generated by tryptic digestion of DBI are two members of the endozepine family. In the present study we have used RIA, HPLC, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical techniques to identify and localize endozepine-like molecules in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Significant amounts of endozepine-like immunoreactivity (LI) were detected throughout the gut; the highest concentrations were found in the duodenum and antrum. HPLC analysis revealed that the immunoreactive material eluted as a major peak with a higher retention time than that of synthetic ODN. The distribution of the immunoreactive peptide(s) was studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique at the light microscope level. Endozepine-LI was localized only in the epithelial cell layer of the intestine in both goblet cells and enterocytes. In the stomach, endozepine-LI appeared to be restricted to deep layer of the epithelial cells. The diffuse neuroendocrine cells (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system) as well as myenteric and neuronal cells were devoid of immunoreactivity. A good correlation was observed between RIA and immunocytochemical data, in that the esophagus, which contained very low concentrations of endozepine-LI, also exhibited weak immunostaining of secretory cells. In situ hybridization using a 35S-labeled cRNA probe showed that endozepine mRNA was located in the mucosa. Taken together, these results show that in the rat, epithelial cells synthesize endozepine-LI material. Since epithelial cells also contain a high density of peripheral-type benzodiazepine-binding sites, our data indicate that endozepines may play a role in water, electrolyte, and/or mucus regulation in the rat gastrointestinal tract. The occurrence of high levels of endozepine-LI in the rat stomach also suggests that endozepines can be involved in the regulation of gastric acid secretion through modulation of local gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurotransmission.

[Anti-inflammation and toxicity of radix Aconiti coreni and rhizoma Tyhon]

Rats, mice, pigeons and rabbits were employed to study the anti-inflammatory and toxic actions of Radix Aconiti coreni and rhizoma Tyhon. The result shows that Radix Aconiti coreni and rhizoma Tyhon have similar anti-inflammatory action. rhizoma Tyhon has an obvious stimulating effect on eye conjunctiva as well as throat and stomach mucosa, while Radix Aconiti coreni does not.

Localization of diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) mRNA in the rat brain by high resolution in situ hybridization

An endogenous peptide, named diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) capable of displacing benzodiazepines from binding sites has been recently fully characterized. In order to clearly identify the cell types responsible for the biosynthesis of DBI in the rat central nervous system, we have performed high resolution in situ hybridization in the area postrema, hypothalamus and cerebellum, using a [35S]-labeled single stranded RNA probe. Hybridization signal was detected in both semithin and ultrathin sections. In all the brain areas examined, specific labeling was exclusively observed in non-neuronal cells including ependymal and subependymal cells bordering the third ventricle. The results obtained clearly establish that DBI is synthesized by non-neuronal cells in the rat brain.

[Botanical survey and quality evaluation of Chinese drug shiwei (folium Pyrrosiae)]

This paper deals with a botanical survey and identification of the Chinese drug Shiwei (Folium Pyrrosiae) on the basis of three most widely used species included in the 1985 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, six species used in some districts of China, and two adulterant species. Three active constituents in seven species of Folium Pyrrosiae (mangiferin, isomangiferin and chlorogenic acid) have been determined.

Localization of peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites and diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) mRNA in mammary glands and dimethylbenz(a)antracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in the rat

An association of diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI), an endogenous ligand at the benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor, with the peripheral type BDZ receptor (PBR) has been reported in the brain and a few peripheral tissues. In order to verify whether or not DBI and PBR are present in the mammary tissue, we have proceeded to the localization of DBI mRNA and PBR in rat mammary glands and DMBA-induced mammary tumors. DBI mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization using a 35S-labelled single-stranded RNA probe complementary to DBI mRNA and PBR by in vitro autoradiography using [3H]PK11195 as the ligand. In mammary glands from virgin and lactating animals, both DBI mRNA and PBR were detected in acinar cells. In dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumors, hybridization signal was not detected in all the cells whereas PBR appeared to be present in all the tumoral cells, although non uniformly distributed. These data indicating that mammary DMBA-induced tumoral cells contain both DBI and PBR suggest that BZD receptors might be involved in the regulation of mammary glands as well as mammary tumoral cells.

[Identification of Schisardra by TLC-densitometry]

This paper deals with the determination of the lignins in 10 species of Schisandra crude drugs by TLC-densitometry. The result shows that all the 10 species are unidentical in the lignin constituents; the same species vary in the contents with habitats; and the TLC chromatograms of the 10 species differ distinctly from each other.

[Determination and identification of alkaloids in folk drug caowu]

By means of HPLC method, yunaconitine and talatisamine contained in 10 samples of folk drug Caowu (aconite) have been analysed. The result shows that in 3 species both yunaconitine and talalisamine are present, and in 7 species only yunaconitine is found. The contents and HPLC chromatograms of these alkaloids vary with the samples.

[Changes of plasma fibronectin and antithrombin III in pregnancy-induced hypertension]

Plasma fibronectin (Fn) levels and activities of antithrombin III (AT-III) function were determined in 219 cases, including 61 cases of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and 127 normal pregnant women and 31 normal nonpregnant women as controls. The plasma Fn levels of PIH patients were significantly increases to 539.04 +/- 256.3 mg/L, while the plasma AT-III activities were significantly lowered to 76.1 + 13.9%. There was a negative correlation between plasma Fn and AT-III in PIH patients (r = -0.377, P less than 0.01). High plasma Fn and low plasma AT-III in PIH were related to proteinuria. Plasma AT-III decreased as PIH became more severe. The results suggested that the high plasma Fn with low AT-III levels may serve as an indicator of the severity of PIH.

Molecular genetic analysis of chalcone synthase in Lycopersicon esculentum and an anthocyanin-deficient mutant

Twelve loci have previously been identified in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) that control the intensity and distribution of anthocyanin pigmentation; these are useful genetic markers because they encode phenotypes that are readily visualized in the hypocotyls of emerging seedlings. In order to obtain molecular probes for tomato anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, we isolated two cDNAs which encode chalcone synthase (CHS), one of the key enzymes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, from a tomato hypocotyl cDNA library. By comparing their nucleic acid sequences, we determined that the two CHS cDNAs have an overall similarity of 76% at the nucleotide level and 88% at the amino acid level. We identified hybridization conditions that would distinguish the two clones and by Northern analysis showed that 1.5 kb mRNA species corresponding to each cDNA were expressed in cotyledons, hypocotyls and leaves of wild-type seedlings. Hybridization of the cDNAs at low stringency to genomic blots indicated that in tomato, CHS genes comprise a family of at least three individual members. The two genes that encode the CHS cDNAs were then placed onto the tomato genetic map at unique loci by restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping. We also assayed the activity of CHS and another enzyme in the anthocyanin pathway, flavone 3-hydroxylase, in hypocotyl extracts of wild-type tomato and a number of anthocyanin-deficient mutants. Five mutants had reduced CHS activity when compared to the wild-type controls. Of these, three were also reduce in flavone 3-hydroxylase activity, suggesting a regulatory role for these loci. The other two mutants were preferentially reduced in CHS activity, suggesting a more specific role for these loci in CHS expression.

Effects of estrogens on the ultrastructural characteristics of female rat prolactin cells as evaluated by in situ hybridization in combination with immunogold staining technique

We have recently reported that, in the rat pituitary, prolactin (PRL) is synthesized and stored in two different cell types: the typical PRL cell characterized by the presence of large irregular secretory granules and another cell type containing small round secretory granules. Since the secretion of PRL is stimulated by estrogens, we decided to investigate the effect of gonadectomy and estradiol (E2) replacement therapy in female rats on both cell types using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunostaining. Gonadectomy induced a marked decrease in hybridization signal and an almost complete disappearance of the classical PRL cells. The most abundant PRL cells were the small-granule-containing cells and other PRL cells characterized by the presence of both small and large granules. These changes in the PRL cell population were completely prevented by E2 administration to castrated animals. These studies indicate that E2 cannot only regulate PRL mRNA but also induce important morphological changes in PRL cell types.

[Forced tooth movement in rats and its histologic changes]

The first upper molars in 140 young adult wistar rats were moved buccally by fixed appliance. The phenomena of tooth movement and its periodontal tissue changes has been investigated systematically. The results indicate that the tooth movement can be divided into three periods: rapid movement reversal movement and slow persistent movement. The compression of the periodontium was the main cause of the rapid movement; The rising of the tissue pressure caused by tissue edema probably resulted in the reversal movement and the remoulding of the alveoli at the pressure side caused the slow, persistent movement. This experiment also indicates that the total distance of tooth movement at the end of each experiment is not related to the magnitude of the force applied. In general, the heavy force makes the extent of the necrosis larger and the time necessary for tissue recovery longer. The above phenomena suggest that in clinical practice, it is important to acquire rapid, effective tooth movement while avoiding undue tissue injury.

Ontogeny of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland

The ontogeny of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary was studied in rats of both sexes using quantitative in situ hybridization performed on fixed pituitary sections. Electron microscopic studies revealed in the adult animal the hybridization signal was found in all the secretory cells of the intermediate lobe and only in the POMC cells in the anterior lobe, thus indicating the specificity of the technique used. Hybridization signal was first detected on day 15 of gestation and progressively increased during foetal life. After birth, POMC and mRNA levels markedly increased so that, in one-day old animals, they were 4.5-fold higher than at the end of gestation. Thereafter, mRNA concentrations steadily increased to reach a plateau at 60 days of age in both sexes. No sexual dimorphism was observed at any ages. The results indicate that the development of intermediate lobe cells occurs mostly after birth. They are consistent with previous results indicating a 200-fold increase in the levels of POMC-derived peptides from birth to adulthood.

Ontogeny of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) binding in various areas of the rat brain

In order to evaluate the possibility that ANF might be associated with brain maturation, we have studied the distribution of ANF binding sites as a function of brain development in the rat. Using in vitro autoradiography, we have observed that ANF binding first appeared before the 13th day of foetal life. In some brain structures, the changes in ANF binding concentration and distribution were dramatic during maturation. In 13-day old foetus, specific ANF binding was observed in cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. On the 17th day of foetal life, two labeled layers were observed in the cerebral cortex: the basal layer (cortical plate) and the superficial layer. With further development, the ANF binding of the cortical plate decreased whereas the labeling increased in the superficial layer so that 9 days after birth a strong labeling was observed in the superficial layer of the cortex. Thereafter the density of ANF binding rapidly diminished and almost no specific labeling could be detected in the cortex of adult animals. In the hippocampus and amygdaloid complex, ANF binding was first detected at birth and increased rapidly in the following days to reach maximal concentration 5 days after birth. Then, the binding gradually decreased with age and completely disappeared in adult animals. In some other structures, such as the habenula, cerebellum, thalamus and some hypothalamic nuclei, the specific ANF binding appeared around the time of birth, increased until adulthood was reached, and then remained stable. These results indicate that ANF binding sites are transiently associated with some brain structures during maturation and suggest that ANF might be involved in brain development.