151
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Rogic MM, Demmin TR, Hammond WB. Cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds. Copper(II)-induced oxygenolysis of o-quinones, catechols, and phenols. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:7441-3. [PMID: 977874 DOI: 10.1021/ja00439a065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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152
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Bowien B, Mayer F, Codd GA, Schlegel HG. Purification, some properties and quaternary structure of the D-ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase of Alcaligenes eutrophus. Arch Microbiol 1976; 110:157-66. [PMID: 1015944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
D-Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase has been purified from autotrophically grown cells of the facultative chemolithotrophic hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus. The enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 505000 determined by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and a sedimentation coefficient of 18.2 S was obtained. It was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the enzyme consists of two types of subunits of molecular weight 52000 and 13000. Electron microscopy on the intact and the partially dissociated enzyme lead to the construction of a model for the quaternary structure of the enzyme which is composed of 8 large and 8 small subunits. The most probable symmetry of the enzyme molecule is 4:2:2. Michaelis constant (Km) values for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, Mg2+, and CO2 were 0.59 mM, 0.33 mM, and 0.066 mM measured under air. Oxygen was a competitive inhibitor with respect to CO2 suggesting that the enzyme also exhibits an oxygenase activity. The oxygenolytic cleavage of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate was shown and a 1:1 stoichiometry between oxygen consumption and 3-phosphoglycerate formation observed.
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153
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San Filippo J, Chern CI, Valentine JS. Oxidative cleavage of alpha-keto, alpha-hydroxy, and alpha-halo ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids by superoxide. J Org Chem 1976; 41:1076-8. [PMID: 176337 DOI: 10.1021/jo00868a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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154
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Moro-oka Y, Foote CS. Chemistry of superoxide ion. I. Oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol with KO2. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:1510-4. [PMID: 175108 DOI: 10.1021/ja00422a038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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155
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Nozaki M, Yoshida R, Nakai C, Iwaki M, Saeki Y. Subunit structure of nonheme iron-containing di oxygenases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 74:127-36. [PMID: 961529 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3270-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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156
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Moskvitina TA. [Current achievements in the study of the structure and specificity of flavin enzymes]. USPEKHI SOVREMENNOI BIOLOGII 1976; 81:68-82. [PMID: 944972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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157
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Keay RE, Hamilton GA. Letter: The epoxidation of alkenes and the hydroxylation of phenols by an intermediate in the reaction of ozone with alkynes. Possible model reactions for some flavin-containing mono oxygenases. J Am Chem Soc 1975; 97:6876-8. [PMID: 1184886 DOI: 10.1021/ja00856a054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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158
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Nakagawa M, Yoshikawa K, Hino T. The photosensitized oxygenation of Nb-methyltryptamine. J Am Chem Soc 1975; 97:6496-6501. [PMID: 1184867 DOI: 10.1021/ja00855a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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159
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Wada GH, Fellman JH, Fujita TS, Roth ES. Purification and properties of avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:6720-6. [PMID: 1158879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase (EC 1.13.11.27) was purified to a 1000-fold increase in specific activity over crude supernatant, utilizing a substrate analogue, o-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, to stabilize the enzyme. The preparation was homogeneous with respect to sedimentation with a sedimentation velocity (s20,w) of 5.3 S. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 97,000 +/- 5,000 by sedimentation equilibrium, and the molecular weight of the subunits was determined to be 49,000 +/- 3,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed heterogeneity of the purified enzyme. The multiple molecular forms were separable by isoelectric focusing, and their isoelectric points ranged from pH 6.8 to 6.0. The amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of the three forms isolated by isoelectric focusing were very similar. The forms of the enzyme had the same relative activity toward p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate. Conditions which are known to accelerate nonenzymic deamidation of proteins caused interconversion of the multiple molecular forms. Iron was the only transition metal found to be associated with the purified enzyme at significant levels. The amount of enzyme-bound iron present in equilibrium-dialyzed samples was equivalent to 1 atom of iron per enzyme subunit. Purification of the enzyme activity correlated with the purification of the enzyme-bound iron. An EPR scan of the purified enzyme gave a signal at g equal 4.33, which is characteristic of ferric iron in a rhombic ligand field.
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160
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Saito I, Chujo Y, Shimazu H, Yamane M, Matsuura T. Nonenzymic oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid with singlet oxygen to homogentisic acid. A model for the action of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase. J Am Chem Soc 1975; 97:5272-7. [PMID: 1165361 DOI: 10.1021/ja00851a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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161
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Hou CT. Circular dichroism of holo- and apoprotocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemistry 1975; 14:3899-902. [PMID: 240396 DOI: 10.1021/bi00688a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism studies have been carried out on both apo- and holoprotocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the absence and presence of competitive inhibitors, protocatechualdehyde and 4-nitrocatechol. The apo- and holoenzyme showed identical spectra in the ultraviolet region between 200 and 250 nm (peptide back bone region), but the low intensity negative bands at 330 and 480 nm of the holoenzyme were completely absent in the apoenzyme. On the side chain region, the positive ellipticity peaks of the holoenzyme change into a lower intensity and broader band indicating the participation of aromatic amino acid residues in the primary binding of iron ion. Under anaerobic conditions, spectral changes were evident in the side chain region for the binary complexes of both the holo- and the apoenzyme with protocatechuate. The presence of iron in the holoenzyme results in an increase in positive ellipticity between 290 and 320 nm. Either with or without the iron, the enzyme protein binds protocatechuate and has a greater positive circular dichroism increase at 240-260 nm. CD difference spectra indicate that the modes of binding to form the binary complexes of holo- or apoenzyme with either substrates or competitive inhibitors are different. The bound iron ion stimulates binding. Spectral changes of the holoenzyme in the aromatic region were also observed in different pH environments of lower enzymatic activity. It is still not established whether these aromatic residues play an active or passive role in the binding of iron and/or substrates and inhibitors.
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162
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Chollet R, Anderson LL, Hovsepian LC. The absence of tightly bound copper, iron, and flavin nucleotide in crystalline ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 64:97-107. [PMID: 1147938 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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163
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Chen CH, Eisenberg F. Myoinosose-2 1-phosphate: an intermediate in the myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase reaction. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:2963-7. [PMID: 1123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Partially purified testicular myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase was incubated with glucose 6-phosphate and NAD+. After 2 min the reaction was stopped by the addition of NaB3H4. Phosphorylated reduced sugars were isolated by ion exchange and dephosphorylated enzymatically. Scylloinositol and myoinositol, added as carriers, were re-isolated and purified to constant specific radioactivity. Since scylloinositol phosphate is uniquely related to myoinosose-2 1-phosphate, the finding of labeled scylloinositol and myoinositol is considered strong evidence for the presence of myoinosose-2 1-phosphate, an intermediate which has been postulated in the synthase-catalyzed isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to myoinositol 1-phosphate. About one-half the amount of intermediate was demonstrable with boiled synthase, indicating firm binding of myoinosose-2 phosphate to the enzyme.
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164
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Tusji J, Takayanagi H. Letter: Organic synthesis by means of metal complexes. XIII. Efficient, nonenzymatic oxidation of catechol with molecular oxygen activated by cuprous chloride to cis, cis-muconate as the model reaction for pyrocatechase. J Am Chem Soc 1974; 96:7349-50. [PMID: 4427057 DOI: 10.1021/ja00830a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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165
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Orf HW, Dolphin D. Oxaziridines as possible intermediates in flavin mono oxygenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:2646-50. [PMID: 4368986 PMCID: PMC388523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.7.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic hydroxylation reactions of flavin monooxygenases are suggested to involve an oxaziridine as the active oxygenating agent. The chemistry of these monooxygenases and their nonenzymatic model systems are consistent with an oxaziridine intermediate. Several advantages of the oxaziridine model over the previously proposed "carbonyl oxide" and flavin peroxide models are discussed.
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166
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Willingham AK, Matschiner JT. Changes in phylloquinone epoxidase activity related to prothrombin synthesis and microsomal clotting activity in the rat. Biochem J 1974; 140:435-41. [PMID: 4155625 PMCID: PMC1168020 DOI: 10.1042/bj1400435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of phylloquinone to the 2,3-epoxide (by phylloquinone epoxidase) was studied in liver from control and warfarin-resistant rats. The reaction requires microsomal fraction, soluble protein, a heat-stable soluble factor and O(2). It is not inhibited by CO or CN(-). Epoxidase activity was stimulated if plasma prothrombin was lowered either by anticoagulants or the absence of vitamin K. The activity of the enzyme rapidly returned to normal values after the administration of vitamin K to hypoprothrombinaemic rats. These differences in the activity of the enzyme occur in the microsomal fraction and not the cytosol. A thrombin-generating polypeptide that accumulates in microsomal fraction of hypothrombinaemic rats correlated directly with epoxidase activity. These data support the view that enzymic interconversion of phylloquinone and its 2,3-epoxide participates in the biological activity of vitamin K.
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167
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Bird JA, Cain RB. Microbial degradation of alkylbenzenesulphonates. Metabolism of homologues of short alkyl-chain length by an Alcaligenes sp. Biochem J 1974; 140:121-34. [PMID: 4375955 PMCID: PMC1167984 DOI: 10.1042/bj1400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. An organism isolated from sewage and identified as an Alcaligenes sp. utilized benzenesulphonate, toluene-p-sulphonate or phenylethane-p-sulphonate as sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Higher alkylbenzenesulphonate homologues and the hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, phenylethane and 1-phenyldodecane were not utilized. 2. 2-Phenylpropanesulphonate was metabolized to 4-isopropylcatechol. 3. 1-Phenylpropanesulphonate was metabolized to an ortho-diol, which was tentatively identified, in the absence of an authentic specimen, as 4-n-propylcatechol. 4. In the presence of 4-isopropylcatechol, which inhibited catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, 4-ethylcatechol accumulated in cultures growing on phenylethane-p-sulphonate. 5. Authentic samples of catechol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, 4-ethylcatechol and 3-isopropylcatechol were oxidized by heat-treated extracts to the corresponding 2-hydroxyalkylmuconic semialdehydes. Ring cleavage occurred between C-2 and C-3. 6. The catechol derived from 1-phenylpropanesulphonate was oxygenated by catechol 2,3-dioxygenase to a compound with all the properties of a 2-hydroxyalkylmuconic semialdehyde, but it was not rigorously identified. 7. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase induced by growth on benzenesulphonate, toluene-p-sulphonate or phenylethane-p-sulphonate showed a constant ratio of specific activities with catechol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol and 4-ethylcatechol that was independent of the growth substrate. At 60 degrees C, activity towards these substrates declined at an identical first-order rate. 8. Enzymes of the ;ortho' pathway of catechol metabolism were present in small amounts in cells grown on benzenesulphonate, toluene-p-sulphonate or phenylethane-p-sulphonate. 9. The catechol 1,2-dioxygenase oxidized the alkylcatechols, but the rates and the total extents of oxidation were less than for catechol itself. The oxidation products of these alkylcatechols were not further metabolized.
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168
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Cain RB, Houghton C, Wright KA. Microbial metabolism of the pyridine ring. Metabolism of 2- and 3-hydroxypyridines by the maleamate pathway in Achromobacter sp. Biochem J 1974; 140:293-300. [PMID: 4455192 PMCID: PMC1168000 DOI: 10.1042/bj1400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Washed suspensions of two Achromobacter species (G2 and 2L), capable of growth upon 2- and 3-hydroxypyridine respectively as sources of C and N, rapidly oxidized their growth substrate pyridine-2,5-diol (2,5-dihydroxypyridine) and the putative ring-cleavage product maleamate without a lag. Suspensions derived from fumarate plus (NH(4))(2)SO(4) cultures were unable to do so. 2. Extracts of both bacteria oxidized pyridine-2,5-diol with the stoicheiometry of an oxygenase forming 1mol of NH(3)/mol of substrate. 3. Heat-treated extracts, however, formed maleamate and formate with little free NH(3). 4. The conversion of maleamate into maleate plus NH(3) by extracts of strain 2L, fractionated with (NH(4))(2)SO(4), and the metabolism of maleamate and maleate to fumarate by extracts of both strains demonstrated the existence of the enzymes catalysing each reaction of the maleamate pathway in these bacteria. 5. The pyridine-2,5-diol dioxygenase (mol.wt. approx. 340000) in extracts of these Achromobacter species required Fe(2+) (1.7mum) to restore full activity after dialysis or treatment with chelating agents; the enzyme from strain 2L also had a specific requirement for l-cysteine (6.7mm), which could not be replaced by GSH or dithiothreitol. 6. The oxygenase was strongly inhibited in a competitive manner by the isomeric pyridine-2,3- and -3,4-diols.
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169
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Watson GK, Houghton C, Cain RB. Microbial metabolism of the pyridine ring. The metabolism of pyridine-3,4-diol (3,4-dihydroxypyridine) by Agrobacterium sp. Biochem J 1974; 140:277-92. [PMID: 4375963 PMCID: PMC1167999 DOI: 10.1042/bj1400277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Pyridine-3,4-diol (3,4-dihydroxypyridine, 3-hydroxypyrid-4-one), an intermediate in 4-hydroxypyridine metabolism by an Agrobacterium sp (N.C.I.B. 10413), was converted by extracts into 1mol of pyruvate, 2mol of formate and 1mol of NH(3) at pH7.0. 2. Formate, but not the alternative likely product formamide, was further oxidized fivefold faster by 4-hydroxypyridine-grown washed cells than by similar organisms grown on succinate. 3. The oxidation of pyridine-3,4-diol by crude extracts at pH8.5 required 1mol of O(2)/mol of substrate, produced 1mol of acid and led to the formation of formate and a new compound with an extinction maximum of 285nm (Compound I). This step was believed to be mediated by a new labile dioxygenase (t((1/2))=4h at pH7.0, 4 degrees C) cleaving the pyridine ring between C-2 and C-3. 4. Many of the properties of this pyridine-3,4-diol dioxygenase paralleled those of the extradiol (;meta') oxygenases of aromatic-ring cleavage. The extreme lability of the enzyme has so far precluded extensive purification. 5. Compound I showed changes in the u.v.-absorption spectrum with pH but after acidification it was converted into a new product, 3-formylpyruvate, with an extinction maximum now at 279nm. 6. Both Compound I and 3-formylpyruvate were metabolized by extracts but at very different rates. The slower rate of metabolism of Compound I was nevertheless consistent with that of pyridine-3,4-diol metabolism. 7. On acidification Compound I released about 0.65mol of NH(3) and has been identified as 3-formiminopyruvate. 8. 3-Formylpyruvate was hydrolysed to formate and pyruvate (K(m) 2mum) by an acylpyruvate hydrolase active against several other dioxo homologues. The activity of this enzyme was much lower in extracts of succinate-grown cells.
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170
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Takemori S, Tajima H, Kawahara F, Nakai Y, Katagiri M. A lactate oxygenase from Mycobacterium phlei. 3. Evidence for the subunit structure. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 160:289-303. [PMID: 4828527 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(74)80037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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171
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Blumberg WE, Peisach J. The measurement of zero field splitting and the determination of ligand composition in mononuclear nonheme iron proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 222:539-60. [PMID: 4361868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb15286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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172
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Roza M, Francke A. Product specificity of soyabean lip oxygenases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 316:76-82. [PMID: 4737328 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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173
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Mamedov TG, Konev VV, Popov GA. [Chemiluminescence in the reactions of lipoxygenase and hemeprotein oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids]. BIOFIZIKA 1973; 18:643-8. [PMID: 4725833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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174
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Teng JI, Smith LL. Sterol metabolism. XXIV. On the unlikely participation of singlet molecular oxygen in several enzyme oxygenations. J Am Chem Soc 1973; 95:4060-1. [PMID: 4710067 DOI: 10.1021/ja00793a045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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175
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Yamauchi T, Yamamoto S, Hayaishi O. Reversible conversion of lysine monooxygenase to an oxidase by modification of sulfhydryl groups. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:3750-2. [PMID: 4634014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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